INISTITUTE OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCE

REPPORT OF RAPPID ASSESSMENT ON HEALTH AND HEALTH

RELATED PROBLEMS IN HERMATA MENTINA KEBELE OF
JIMMA TOWN SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA,2021
1.Introduction

1.1Background
The vision of Ethiopian ministry of health is to see health, productive and prosperous Ethiopians.
Universities in Ethiopia are established to address core academic activities as teaching/learning,
research and to deliver services to the community at large which are the means to see the vision to
be realized. To this end Jimma University aspires to be the leading higher education institute in
the above three mentioned mandate areas.
To accomplish its vision, Jimma University developed Community based education (CBE)
program. Community Based Education (CBE) is a means of achieving educational relevance to
community needs. It consists of learning activities that uses the community extensively as a
learning environment. Students, teacher, members of the community and representatives of other
sectors are actively and continuously engaged in the CBE exercises, with its component of
Community Based Training Program (CBTP); Development Team Training Program
(DTTP/TTP); and Student Research Programs (SRP).

The DTTP is a component of CBE and implemented in post graduate programs. The PG student
in a college level is creating a team and the team encompasses a mix of disciplines. The students
of different discipline in a college which formed a team review the Woreda/Kebele plan and take
activities from the Kebele and plan for data analyses and intervention. The team also mobilize the
community, solicits funds from the community, government and nongovernment sources.

Health status and related health behaviors are determined by influences at multiple levels:
personal, organizational/institutional, environmental, and policy. Because significant and
dynamic interrelationships exist among these different levels of health determinants, educational
and community-based programs are most likely to succeed in improving health and wellness
when they address influences at all levels and in a variety of environments/settings(2).

Community health assessment is an ongoing process that seeks to identify a community’s

strengths and needs to guide in establishing priorities that improve the population’s health status
including maternal and child health.
The studies show environmental health problems are serious problem which reported from
different health units and experiences of health professional. It attributes the problems
occurrence of 60 – 80% of the communicable disease that results high morbidity and mortality,
especially among infants and children in developing countries including Ethiopia(3). Waste was
an early problem of mankind, and it is major concern to every nation of the world. Solid waste,
which is a consequence of day-to-day activity of human kind, needs to be managed properly. The
amount of solid waste generated in developing countries is rising over time due to economic
growth, change in consumer behavior, and lifestyles of people. But it is hard to manage and
handle the increase of solid waste with existing waste management infrastructure. (4). Every year
a significant amount of human waste is created by the human population and if it improperly
managed it causes for health problems (4).

Access to safe and adequate water supplies is a vital part of ensuring a safe sanitation service
chain for operation (e.g., flushing, sewerage), maintenance and cleaning of facilities and various
parts of the sanitation service chain (containers, personal protective equipment, etc.), as well as
for personal and domestic hygiene purposes and promote the health. And in some cultures, water
is also needed for cleaning after defecation, so its absence can encourage open defecation near
surface water bodies. Therefore, adequate water must be provided for safe sanitation. The
evidence shows that good sanitation is related to improved health, such as positive effects on
infectious diseases, food and well-being (5).

‘Substance abuse’ refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including
alcohol and illicit drugs. The most common substance abused are alcohol, marijuana (ganja),
hashish (charas), various kinds of cough syrups, sedative tablets, brown sugar, heroin, cocaine,
tobacco (cigarette, gutka, pan masala) etc.. It leads to substance addiction with the development
of tolerance and dependence(6). For quite a long time, communicable diseases were the primary
driver of death around the globe. Future was frequently restricted by uncontrolled pandemics(7)

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory

diseases and diabetes are conditions of long duration and slow progression, having the most
significant impact on deaths worldwide(8). Their devastating social, human, economic and
public health impact is recognized as a global burden by all societies and economies. NCDs are
driven by the effect of globalization, rapid urbanization, trade of health-harming products and
population growth. Most premature deaths are linked to common risk factors such as tobacco
use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol(9).

.
2.Objective: - To explore health and health related problems in Hermata Mentina Kebele,
Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia 2021

Methods and Materials

3.1. Study design, area, and population

Qualitative study was conducted in Hermata Mentina kebele of jimma town, from Jan 16-20,
2021. Hermata Mentina kebeles is one of the 17 kebeles within Jimma town which found to be
located at Southwestern part of Ethiopia and about 352 km distant from Addis Ababa, the capital
city of Ethiopia. The town is located at 7º 4’ north latitude and 36º 5’ East Longitude whereas the
climate condition is “Weyina Dega”.

Based on the information found from the kebele, Hermata mentina is Located 4 km away from
JU main campus. There are 1400 households in the six zones. Total population of 14,600 in six
zones of whom 7227 are males and 7373 are females, from this 2366 are under five children.

There are different religious institutions (1 protestant churches and three mosques), one
kindergarten, and one private clinic. There are no governmental health institutions except a
health post in the kebele.

3.2. Data collection and quality control Process

Qualitative data was collected using tools prepared to conduct FGD, in-depth interview,
observation and document review.
Discussion was made to assure each member fully understands the methods and tools including
interviewing procedures, recording techniques, content of the guides and ethical issues. Some of
the group member was assigned as supervisors to physically follow each activity of the sub-
groups are properly conducted and check data collection procedures are up to the standard. The
selected member supervises data collection, provides progress updates to the research teams and
gives feedback for data collectors. Information collected from each method was triangulated to
determine the priority health and health related needs of the community.
FGD: Community members, community leaders and HDA were participated. Selection of
participants was based on their experience and willingness to participate. The FGDs was held at
kebele office and nearby settings selected by each group. A total of 5 FGDs each comprising of
8 - 10 participants was conducted.
Key Informant Interview:- Representatives of community leaders, kebele manager, health
extension workers, and principal of KG were participated.
Document Review: Relevant documents reviewed from nearby Health center, health post,
kebele office and town health office. Specifically, annual reports and recent quarter reports
prepared by health center and reports of health extension workers was reviewed.

Physical Observation/transect walk: Observation was made around the six zones of Hermata
Mentina kebele. The group was led by a community guide selected by the kebele Office. The
group then came back together to share and discuss what they have seen during the observation.

.
3.3. Ethical Issue
Formal letter of permission was obtained from Jimma University CBE office to communicate
with local administrative bodies in the study site. Informed oral consent was obtained from the
study participants before data collection.

3.4. Data processing and analysis

The data collected by each group including field notes and copies of documents was summarized
and translated in to English. Information collected from the FGDs and key informant interviews
were transcribed and translated into English. Exploring findings of the qualitative data needs full
participation of all members, thus a two day meeting we organized to conduct analysis. Codes
and theme were organized from the data collected, and grouping of data made our thematic area
Group members started analysis with verbatim transcription of audio-recorded data. Reading and
re-reading of the quotation was done to extract important statement from the description. Coding
by summarizing was done manually on Microsoft word. Sub-categories were developed by
clustering related codes. Then, related sub- categories were given similar color. Themes were
developed by clustering similar sub-categories that answer the research questions. Finally,
identified problems at sub-categories level was prioritized by using communicable disease
control prioritization method (for further look the annexes.) The prioritized problems will be
planned for further quantification and intervention.

4. Result
4.1 Socio economic and demographic data
For qualitative study, five FGDs with 8-10 participants in each FGD involving total of 43
people were conducted. Total of 11 IDI were also conducted in combination with observation..

Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of Hermata Mentina Kebele` January, 2021

Socio-demographic status of respondents Frequency Percent %

Sex of respondent Male 29 53.7

Female 25 46.3

Age of respondent 18-33 18 33.3

34-49 20 37

50-64 10 18.5

65-79 6 11.1

Marital status Married 25 46.3

Single 11 20.4

Divorced 8 14.8

Widowed 10 18.5

Total 54 100

Educational Status Can’t read and write 4 7.4

Can read and write 15 27.8

Primary 5 9.3

Secondary 14 25.9
 College and above 16 29.6

Occupation Unemployed 12 22.2

Street vendor 12 22.2

Govt employee 15 27.8

Own business 8 14.8

Private employee 5 9.3

Other 2 3.4

1.2. Environmental problem

1.2.1Water supply problem
“… The major health problem is lack of pure water, especially those living around zone 1 &3.
Since many households have no tap water, they are using Spring water which is not clean, even,
those who have tap water, since most of the time it is not available, they are using these spring
water. Due to this many people specially, children are being affected by diarrhea & amoeba,
which is going to be continue if it does not get solution” (IDI 3)

” I was being here starting from H/Selassie regime, we were using this spring water, this small
brick is done by Italians. Previously since we are small in number the water was clean and we
were also cleaning it regularly. But currently there are so many peoples which are using this
water. Due to this, its pureness is decreased, because most individuals are standing in the water
by their shoes while using it and no one is also cleaning it as previously. (FGD1p1)

“the kebele has a large problem related to water there are shortage of water supply. The
community spring water is contaminated and put residents at risk of different diseases”. (IDI 1)
The water sources for domestic and drinking purpose in Hermata Mentina kebele during the
assessment were as shown figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Unprotected spring in Hermata Mentina kebele, Jimma, 2021

According to data collected through in-depth interview (IDI) and observation, the majority of
community members in Hermata Mentina kebele are partially supplied with water from the town
water supply systems. However, there is insufficient water to meet all demands and the deficit
made up them to use from others sources including unprotected spring
The focus group discussion (FGD) also showed that there is poor supply of water. When they
face shortage from the town water supply; they had to travel to other source such us using
unprotected spring in the kebele which were contaminated by floods from different ditches and
solid waste disposal.

4.2.2. Sanitary service

4.2.2.1 Solid waste disposal
The majority of households have no containers for storing garbage. They are few garbage
collection facilities located in the community, therefore, residents of the kebele dispose of
domestic waste in any open spaces especially on the road verge, in drainage ditches and burn at
site. There is no appropriate solid waste segregation and disposal site and Inappropriate
placement of waste containers in a condition which makes nuisance to the community. There is
accumulated wastes around the ditch and on field like highlands, thrown plastics, chat and
domestic wastes.

“The people in our community didn’t dispose liquid and solid wastes properly. There is no
enough pit and container to collect solid wastes”. (IDI 2)
.
Figure :2 Inappropriate solid waste disposal.

4.2.2.2 Liquid waste disposal

As we observed communities found in the kebele dispose liquid wastes in ditch, to the river and
they also dump to the street, open fields and also there is stagnant water in the ditch.

“There is shortage of public latrine which make people to urinate on the field , poor solid and
liquid waste disposable and problem of pure water supply are in the kebele’’(IDI1)
Figure: 3 Inappropriate liquid waste disposals

4.2.2.3. Toilet facilities

“We know health is before all, our problem is absence of private toilet, we are using public
latrine which built beside kebele co living houses which we are living in. it is not clean and has
poor quality. It was built by kebele 03 several years ago. Since we are extremely poor, we
couldn’t rebuild the toilet. Even though we appealed to kebele administration many times no one
is heard us” (FGD2P1)

“Mostly in our community people are sicked by a disease like Typhoid and related diseases. In
the last one year I saw a numbers ill person in our kebele, and most of these illnesses are
because of this problem”. (FGD4p4)

There is public latrine in the communities which are dry pit latrine type which is found zone 4 of
the kebele and they use it for above 8 households for each latrine. Some of the latrines are used
for anyone who wants to use it. There are feces in the floor of the toilet, pungent odor no hand
washing facility and it is no adequately fenced.
.

Fgure:4 poorly kept public latrine

The shortage of public latrine, poor solid and liquid waste disposable, problem of adequate and
pure water supply are repeated by many key informants and, FGD participants

4.3. Psychosocial problem

4.3.1 Homelessness problem

“Mentina kebele is an oldest kebele among Jimma town kebeles with high number of government
houses. There are high population density with below poverty line. There are many homeless
people who live on street in front of St. Marry church and Nur Mosque” (IDI1).

“there are many poor people even who have no home, due to this they are living on the street
especially on the gate of church and Mosque” (FGD5p3)

4.3.2 Substance Use

“Currently using addictive substances like Khat, alcohol, and cigarette are increasing especially
among youths which affects the health of them and economy of the country”. (IDI5)

In this Kebele there are so bulky garbage of khat on the street and in ditch which might indicate
high substance use, especially khat chewers among the community. Because of this it is
affecting the beauty of the town and blocked the ditch which affects the flow of floods and liquid
wastes.

4.3.3 Youth Center

“The kebele has rich in youth and adolescent age group who were productive group among
population but there is no youth center available for them” (IDI 9)

‘our youth have no place to read, play and enjoy during their free time because of that they spent
their time with different drug abuse which is dangerous for future generation, government and
respected body should give due attention to solve this problem our tomorrow fruit today’s
flowers are endanger condition…. there is no any library, sports club.” (FGD4p1)

4.4 Communicable disease

“There are HIV positive individuals which are not getting any support like plumpynut which
they were previously getting, but currently only medication, this may lead them to discontinue
the medication” (IDI 3)

“The population of the town increases over night but the earth is not, I was born in this kebele
by that time the kebele house hold is too small, now one Zone is equivalent of the previous kebele
total resident populations during that time there was not any disease but know as parallel to
improvement of health system expansion there are high burden of communicable disease as
such ,TB,HIV/AIDS, Typhoid and Typhus, Diarrhea, Malaria and corona”. (FGD2p2)

“Mostly in our community people are sicked a disease like Typhoid and related diseases. In the
last one year I saw 25 deaths, and most of deaths are because of such like illnesses” (IDI7.)

Due to the problem raised above by my father and sister, we are facing many illnesses like
diarrhea and typhoid especially to our children. (FGD1p10)

Regarding COVID 19, as we observed the communities do not keep their physical distance
especially in the area of the market and food and drinking establishment areas, do not wear face
masks and most of the people do not use sanitizers. We didn’t observe functional hand washing
facilities in the communities even in the compound of kebele office to prevent and control
COVID 19.

4.5 Non communicable disease

“There are also people who have different illness like Diabetic mellitus, hypertension and
mental illness which left untreated due their poverty and they have no anybody who support
them”. (IDI 3)

4.6 Reproductive health problem

“… there are also Low post-natal care services, Low HIV testing kit and counseling and No
youth friend service”. (IDI 3)

Table1. Summarized health and health related problem

S.No List of problems
1 Problem related to environmental health Shortage of water supply
Public latrine problem
Poor sold waste disposal
poor liquid waste disposal
2 Psychosocial problem Homeless problem
Substance Use
Youth Center
3 Communicable disease COVID 19
HIV/AIDS
TB
Typhoid and Typhus
Diarrhea disease
Malaria
4 Non communicable disease Diabetic mellitus
Hypertension
Mental illness
5 Reproductive health problem Low post-natal care services
Low HIV testing kit and counseling
No youth friend service

5. prioritization of the problems

 Economic or social
Availability of

Public health
interventions
Problems

Magnitude

Severity

concern
current

impact

Rank
Total
1 Public latrine problem N/A 5 5 5 4 19 2nd

2 Liquid waste disposal problem N/A 4 4 4 4 16 5th

3 Shortage of pure water supply N/A 5 5 5 5 20 1st

4 Substance use N/A 3 3 5 4 15 6th

5 Low PNC service N/A 3 3 2 3 11 9th

6 Solid waste disposal problem N/A 5 5 4 4 18 3rd

7 Poor practice for prevention N/A 5 4 4 4 17 4th

of COVID19

8 Typhoid N/A 5 4 3 3 15 6th

9 Diarrheal disease N/A 5 4 3 3 15 6th

2. Conclusion
Based on qualitative study we conducted we found that environmental health problem like
shortage of pure water supply, public latrine, liquid and solid waste disposal problems,
communicable diseases like diarrhea and typhoid and psychosocial problem like substance use
are most prominent health related problems in Hermata Mentina kebele with their respective
order..

References
1. guidelines and procedures for community based education approved by jimma university
senate on its deliberation of march, 2013

2. Allan J, Botting I, Campbell M, Fatoye B, Funk B, Erickson T, et al. Additional copies

are available from

3. Begashaw G. Community health, water supply and sanitation. Integrated water and land
management research and capacity building priorities for Ethiopia. 2003;98.
4. Tafere Y, Woldie M, Assefa H. Investigations of latrine coverage and associated factors
among Debretabor town, Amhara Region North west Ethiopia. Int J Public Health Sci (IJPHS).
2016;5(2):137-41.
5. Organization of WH. Guidelines on sanitation and health. 2018.
6. Sahu KK, Sawatkar GU, Jeyaraman P, Prakash G, Varma SC, Malhotra P. Bullae and
blisters: a rare case of bendamustine skin toxicity. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood
Transfusion. 2016; 32:368.
7. Organization WH. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable
diseases 2013-2020. 2013.
8. Agreement AA-EW, Virus BBYD, Certificate CCS, DiammoniumPhosphate D,
Authority EEC, Assessment EEI, et al. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Ethiopia’s 4th
Country Report. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2009.
9. Organization WH, UNICEF. Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: World Health
Organization; 2013.

Annexes
CDC Criteria of Prioritization

1. Size of problem: -
Definition: - Number or percentage of people affected by the health condition

Rating: - 1. Relatively few people affected

2. Moderate number of people affected in particular subgroup

3. Moderate number of people affected in entire population

4. Large number of people are affected in particular subgroup

5. Large number of people are affected in entire population

2. Seriousness of problem
Definition: - Potential of a health problem to a result in severe disability or death

: - Source is cause specific death rate and DALY

Rating: - 1. Not life threatening or disabling

2. Not life threatening but sometimes disabling

3. Moderately life threatening or disabling

4. Moderately life threatening but strong likelihood of disabling

5. High likelihood of death or disability

3. Availability of current interventions

Definition: Are there evidence – based intervention or promising practices to prevent or to
control this health problem. Can these intervention or practice be implemented easily

Rating: - 1. No evidence-based intervention or promising practice available

2. No evidence-based interventions are available but promising practices are

available.

3. Evidence-based interventions are available but difficult to implement

 4. Evidence-based interventions are available and can be implemented with
moderate effort

5. Evidence-based interventions are available and can be implemented easily

4. Economic or social impact

Definition: - Monetary cost

: - Societal cost

Rating: - 1. Economic or societal costs are minimal

2. There is some potential increased costs

3. There is likely to be moderate costs

4. There is likely to be substantial cost

5. There are great economic and societal costs

5. Public health concern: - Government concern policy, media, commitment,

Availability of resources: - time, monetary,

KEY INFORMANT IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDE LINE

Oral consent form

Name of the interviewer ______________________________

We are post graduate students from Jimma University. As part of our academic requirements,
we are expected to conduct assessment on the major health problems in Jimma Town.
And the team members are going to conduct a rapid assessment in Hermata Mentina and
design possible intervention strategies based on our findings to tackle them. Thus, this
interview is prepared for this purpose to get appropriate information on the major health and
health related problems in the kebele.

The information that we will obtain using this interview will be used only for assessment
purpose and also we need to assure you that confidentiality of your response will be kept. The
study has no risk to you and your family members but has mild discomfort and time consuming.
Therefore we politely request your cooperation to participate in this interview. You do have
the right not to respond at all or to withdraw in the meantime, but your input has great
value for the success of our objective

Thank you for your cooperation!

 In Depth Interview Guide Developed for Municipality of the town

Part I: General Information

1. Position (responsibility) ________

2. Work experience in the area ______

Part II: Socio demographic information

1. Code of participant ____________

2. Age: _______________________
3. Se x__________ ____________
4. Marital status__________________
5. Educational status ________________
6. Occupation_______________

Part III: Interview Questions

1. What is the total population of jimma town ?

2. How many kebeles are there in jimma town? ___________
3. How many households and total population of Hirmata Mentina kebele?
4. What are the main health problem in this town and of Hirmata Mentina
kebele ?
5. In your perception what are the reasons for the common health problems in the
community?
6. What do you suggest to alleviate these problems? (community side, Government,
Health ,etc )?
7. . As municipal how do you manage wastes in the town?
8. What disease do you know, that can be occurred due to improper waste disposal?
9. How many house hold do have toilet ?______
10. How many public toilets in the town & what about their quality?
 11. What are the environmental health related problems in the community?
12. What is mental health & substance abuse related problem?
13. What is Problem related with covid 19 in the town?

In Depth Interview Guide Developed for Health office

Part I: General Information

1. Position (responsibility) ________

2. Work experience in the area ______

Part II: Socio demographic information

1. Code of participant_______________
2. Age: _______________________
3. Se x__________ ____________
4. Marital status _________________
5. Occupation___________________
6. Educational status ________________

Part III: Interview Questions

1. What is the most health related problem in Hermata Mentina ?

2. What is your program to solve health problems in this kebele?
3. What are the top ten disease of the adult & under five?
4. What are reproductive health related problem?
5. How many health institution & professionals are there in kebele?
6. which non communicable diseases are prevalent in the kebele?
7. What are mental health & Substance use related problem?
8. What are the most prevalent communicable diseases in the kebele ?
9. What are social and environmental related diseases in this kebele?
In Depth Interview Guide Developed for Health Post

(Health Extension Worker )

Part I: General Information

1. Position (responsibility) ________

2. Work experience in the area ______

Part II: Socio demographic information

1. Age: _______________________
2. Se x__________ ____________
3. Marital status_________________
4. Educational status ________________

Part III: Interview Questions

1. What are the ten top diseases seen last one year in your catchment area? Can you
mention which Zones are more affected with respect to the disease?
2. what do you think about the risk factors for the common health problems in the
community?
3. How do you rate them?
4. How do you see the health seeking behavior of the community and for what type of
service provision is the community highly reluctant?
5. What gaps are there in terms of human capacity and quality of service delivery in your
health center?
6. What do you suggest to alleviate these problems? (community side, Government,)
In Depth Interview Guide Developed for Youth Association (representative/leader)

Part I: General Information

1. Position (responsibility) ___________________

2. Work experience in the area___________

Part II: Socio-demographic information

1. Age: _________________
2. Sex: ________________
3. Marital status:________________
4. Occupation:___________________
5. Educational status :________________

Part III. Interview Questions

1. What is the common health and Health related problems in Hermata Mentina kebele ?
2. How do you rate them?
3. Which Zone is more affected and which population group is more at risk?
4. What do you think the most common problems among youth?
5. In your perception what are the reasons for the common health problems in the
community?
6. What do you suggest to alleviate these problems? (community side, Government,
Health ,etc )
7. Is there youth centers in your kebele?
a. If yes, what type of services the youth center provides? What problems are you
observe on service provision of youth center?
8. If no, where does the young age group spent more of its refreshment time?
In Depth Interview Guide Developed for Community Representative/ Kebele Administration

Part I: General Information

1. Position (responsibility) ___________________

2. Work experience in the area___________

Part II: Socio-demographic information

1. Age: _________________
2. Sex: ________________
3. Marital status_______________
4. Educational status ________________

Part III. Interview Questions

1. What are the common health and Health related problems in Hermata Mentina kebele
?
2. How do you rate them?
3. In your perception what are the risk factors for the common health problems in the
community?
4. Which community members is the most affected group by these health problems?
5. What do you suggest to alleviate these problems? (community side, Government,
Health ,etc )
In-depth interview designed for key informants in school community

For teachers and school director

1. What do you think of the main health related problems of the community?
2. How do you rate them?
3. Who are most affected?
4. What do you think the solution of the problem?
5. Whom do you think responsible for solving the problem?
6. What can your community contribute for solving the problem?
Hermata Mentina Kebele Observation Checklist

1. Availability of religious institutions and their quantity

A. Number of churches___________________
B. Number of mosques___________________
C. Others (specify with their quantity) _______
2. Is there public or private school?
 YES  NO
2.1. If yes, for question number 2 type of school observed?
 Kindergarten
 Elementary
 Junior high school
 Senior high School
 Others specify ____________________
2.2. Total number of classrooms ______________________
2.3. Average number of students in a class (consider an averaged sized class
room) _____
2.4. Is there toilet facility? (for students) which is separated for males and
females?
a. Yes ______ No _______ (for staff only) ______
2.5. Is there a functional water supply system for the school?
Yes ______ No ______
2.6. How far is the water source from the latrine (in meter)? ___________

3. Community Health Facilities (in number) and their types

a, Health post____ b, Health centers___ c, Hospitals___ d. Drug vendor

4 Liquid wastes Disposal.

 liquid pit
 Ditch
 open dumbing in the area
  Septic tank
 Dumb to latrine
 Dispose to the river

5 Solid wastes
. street sweeping
. Residential solid waste collection(House to house)
 Private solid waste collection
 Thrown in to the river
 Supplied to municipal service
 Burn at site

6. What is the main source of waste in your community?

a. Residential/domestic/household
b. Commercial
c. Industrial
d. Other (specify)______________________________

7. Is there availability of public latrine

 Yes  No

8. If yes for Q 7, what is type of Latrine?

 Flash water latrine  VIP latrine
 Dry pit latrine  Septic latrine
9. What is the condition of the latrine?
 Good - if there is adequate water supply.
-If latrine is separated for male and female.
 Bad – if there is a face in the floor of the toilet
-if there is pungent odor
-If there is no adequate water supply.
10. Is there Hand washing facility near to the Toilet ?
  Yes  No

11. Housing condition of toilet

 Mud with corrugated iron  Thatched  Bricks
12. Stagnant water (motionless water with unpleasant odor),

 Yes  No

13. Is there substance use in the kebele?

 Yes  No

14. If yes for Q 13, list the type of substances

_________________________________________

15. What is the source of water for the community?

 Tap  Spring  Well  Other

16. Do all people keep their physical distance to prevent and control COVID 19?
 Yes  No

17. Is there public hand washing facility in the community?

 Yes  No

18. Do all people have the face mask in the community?

 Yes  No

19. Do people use sanitizer for COVID 19 prevention and control? 

 Yes  No

Focus group discussion (FGD) interview guide

1. socio-demographic information
A. code of respondent:____________
 B. Age: _________________
C. Sex: ________________
D. Marital status:______________
E. Occupation:________________
F. Educational status_________________
2. What is/are the common public health related Problem/s in your kebele?
A. What is /are the Causes for above mentioned problems?
B. What will be the possible Solution for the above mentioned problems?
3. What is the environmental sanitation and social related problem in your kebele?
A. What is /are the Causes for above mentioned problems?
B. What will be the possible Solution for the above mentioned problems?
4. What is/are the reproductive health related problems in your kebele?
A. What is /are the Causes for above mentioned problems?
B. What will be the possible Solution for the above mentioned problems?
5. What is/are mental health related problems in your kebele?
A. What is /are the Causes for above mentioned problems?
B. What will be the possible Solution for the above mentioned problems?
6. What measures are had been taken to solve those problems previously from the perspective
of Government, NGO, community and others?