—_—_—_/ {Basic Concepts als 10. uM. 12. 13. 4. 15. 16. Heredity: The transmission of characters (or traits) from the parents to their offsprings is called. heredity. In most simple terms, heredity means continuity of features from one generation to the next. Characteristics of an individual are present in the genes (DNA molecule). For each and every trait there is a gene. Genes are present on the chromosomes. Gregor Johann Mendel was the first person who studied the heredity or inheritance of characters, from parents to their offsprings. Garden pea plants were selected by Mendel for heredity experiments because they were easily available, grew in one season and their fertilisation was also easy to control. Factors (Mendelian factor) are the inherited components that are responsible for the determination of a characteristic. In modern terminology, the term gene is used. Allele: Alleles are alternate forms of a gene. Dillerent alleles of a gene give rise to dillerent expressions of a character. Hence, alleles for ‘green’ and ‘yellow’ are alternative expressions of a gene governing the characteri Dominant gene refers to an allele that masks the expression of a different allele (both alleles are ferent expressions of the same character). The dominant gene expresses itself over the other (that is called recessive). Recessive gene expresses itself only in the absence of the dominant allele. They are rare in a population. for seed colour. A chromosome has two chromatids connected to a centriole. Each chromatid is composed of a ingle DNA molecule, DNA is a genetic material which carries information from parent to their offsprings. DNA is a major store of genetic information. Genetics: The branch of biology which studies heredity and variation, is called genetics. Genes are the hereditary units and are transmitted from one generation to the next. Genes carry individual characters. Genes are located in a linear manner on the chromosomes and are linked together. Genes are functional segments of DNA and are made of nucleoproteins (nucleicacids and proteins). Sex determination: In human beings, male produces sperms and female produces ova. During fertilisation, resulting zygote becomes diploid (46 chromosomes). Here, chromosomes are of two types: autosomes, for body characters and sex chromosomes, for sexual characters. Out of 46, 44 are autosomes and 2 are sex chromosomes: XX in females and XY in males. Sperms contain either X or ¥ sex chromosome. (Ova: An ova or egg contains X sex chromosome. Presence of X and ¥ chromosome in the sperm determines the sex of the offspring. Sapa17. Ifa sperm bearing X sex chromosome unites with an ovum having X sex chromosome, forming, zygote (XX chromosome), female child will develop. Ifa sperm having Y sex chromosome unites with an ovum, male child will be born/develop. Cells in human beings have 46 chromosomes. In gametes (sperms and ova), only half of their number is present, i, 23. Q.1. Ifa trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen e Ans. Trait B is likely to have arisen earlier in a population of an asexually reproducing species. Q.2. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive? [CBSE 2019 (31/4/1)| [CBSE (AI) 2015, Delhi (C) 2017) ‘Ans. When Mendel first crossed pure tall pea plants Tal plant Dwarf plent with pure dwarf pea plams, he found that only tall TT iw plants were produced in the first generation(F, generation). No dwarf pea plants were obtained py sansa on in the first-generation of progeny. When F; tall hai | reenter tum plants were self-pollinated, Mendel got both tall 19 nate [= 3 and dwarf plants in Fy generation in 3: trae. oot In other words, in the F, generation three-fourth __ (____j_ wart lant plants were tall and one-fourth were dwarf. TABNS 3 a Mendel called this tall character as dominant trait Puro tell Hybid Pure and dwarf character as recessive trait. ‘on wart Q.8. Howdo Mendel's experiments show that traits are inherited independently? [CBSE Del Ans. |__ etna ee petra mg few bisa il Loads pee gegen pk pest f eae sone Lath. + Oe rea 5 ae |< them BS p-0F plamts (po-pimt) wena shad. anal t ——_}4anr. “there? this hu tomeluctd. ted Beth talirass | eee. tee Enbauted mF t ce epea ras an watiink a wnat | _ Venus 1 conntysti vod it is posstble sta a tatt is = te tee an vg [opper's Answer 2617] Q.5. Aman with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group ©. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits blood group A or O is dominant? Why or why Ans, It man has blood group so, their genotype may be 1414 on IM1°. It woman has blood group O, then, the genotype of woman is 1°1°. Ir their daughter has blood group O then, the genotype of daughter So, Case I: 11. Ifman has genotype IM and woman has genotype [°1°Q.2. A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light- coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive? Why or why not? ‘Ans. From this study, we can say light-coloured eye is a dominant trait because children born from parents having light-coloured eyes also had light-coloured eyes. Q.3. Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs. Ans. Select a homozygous black (BB) male dog and a homozygous white (bb) female dog. Cross breed them to produce offsprings (F, generation). fall the offsprings are black, we can conclude that black coat colour is dominant over white coat in dogs. Q.4. How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny? Ans. In case of human beings, 28 pairs of chromosomes have a maternal and a paternal copy. (Out of 28 pairs, 22 pairs are said to be autosomes and one pair is called sex chromosome. At the time of fertilisation, the egg cell fuses with the sperm cell which is haploid (n) to form zygote. Zygote is diploid (2n) which contains 23 chromosomes from mother and 25 from father. In this, way, an equal genetic contribution of male and female parents is ensured in the progeny. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d). Choose and write the correct option. 1. Exchange of genetic material takes place in [NCERT Feemplar] (a) vegetative reproduction (8) asexual reproduction (©) sexual reproduction (@) budding 2. Two pink coloured flowers on crossing resulted in 1 red, 2 pink and I white flower progeny. ‘The nature of the cross will be [NCERT Exemplar] (a) double fertilisation () self-pollination (0) cross-fertilisation (@) no Fertilisation 3. Which of the following statement is incorrect? INCERT Exemplar] (a) For every hormone there is a gene. () For every protein there is a gene. (©) For production of every enzyme there is a gene. (@) For every molecule of fat there is a gene. 4, In human males all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. This/these unpaired chromosome is/are (® large chromosome (ii) small chromosome (iif) ¥-chromosome (iv) X-chromosome [Competency Based Question] [NCERT Exemplar] (a) (@ and (i, ©) Gi) only (© Gi) and (io) @ (and vy 5. The maleness ofa child is determined by [NCERT Exemplar] (a) the X chromosome in the zygote. (6) the ¥ chromosome in 2ygote. (6) the cytoplasm of germ cell which determines the sex. (@) sex is determined by chance.6. The inheritance of color trait in flower is as shown. pau Rand r denote two different genes for color. Which Iaw of | %™*"*" Mendel can be explained using the image? ae \, ‘“ - [CBSE Question Bank] (@) Law of segregation and law of independent assortment fi (6) Only Law of segregation oe (©) Law of segregation and law of dominance ® (@) Only Law of independent assortment es 7. Two pea plants one with round green seeds (RRyy) and another with wrinkled yellow (rFYY) seeds produce F, progeny that have round yellow (Rr¥y) seeds. When F, plants are self-pollinated, the F, progeny will have new combination of characters. Choose the new combination from the following (® Round, yellow (ii) Round, green (ii) Wrinkled, yellow (iv) Wrinkled, green INCERT Exemplar] (a) @ and (i) ®) @ and Gi) (© @and @) @) @and Git) 8. ‘Two individuals are as shown using geometric shapes. [Competency Based Question] [CBSE Question Bank] Their sex chromosomes are respectively denoted by X‘, X™, and Y. What are the possible combinations of sex chromosomes. for their male and female offspring respectively? (a) XY and X"X™__(b) X‘Vand X"Y_ xy (©) XIX and X™X™ (d) X"Y and X™X! xe 9. The twa versions of a trait (character) which are brought in by the male and female gametes are situated on INCERT Exemplar] (a) copies of the same chromosome (8) two different chromosomes (©) sex chromosomes (@) any chromosome 10. Select the statements that describe characteristics of genes. (® Genes are specific sequence of bases ina DNA molecule. (i) A gene does not code for proteins. (iif) In individuals of a given species, a specifie gene is located on a particular chromosome. (j) Each chromosome has only one gene. [NCERT Exemplar] (a) (i) and (i) (@) @ and Gi) (© @and @) (@ (and Gv) 11. In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plants to short plants in F, is INCERT Exemplar] (@) 1:3 sit (tel M21 12. Humans have two different sex chromosomes, X and Y. Based on the Mendel’s laws, a male offspring will inherit which combination of chromosomes? ICBSE Question Bank] (2) both the X chromosomes from one of its parents (&) both the Y chromosomes from one of its parents (©) combination of X chromosomes from either of its parents (@ combination of X and Y chromosome from either of its parents Answers Lo 2) 3.@) 4.0 5. ©) 6 © 8. d) 9. (a) 10. (6) 1. 12. @) TpEach of the following questions are of I mark and have to be answered in one word or one sentence. Q.1. Define alleles. ‘Ans. Genes which code for a pair of contrasting traits are known as alleles, Z¢., they are the different forms of the same gene. Q.2. Where is DNA found in a cell? ICBSE (AN) 2015] ‘Ans. DNA is found in genes or chromosomes. Q.3. What is the funtion of a gene? Ans. Gene is the carrier of the genetic information from one generation to the next. Q.4. Which of the following traits are recessive in pea plant? Dwarfness, violet flower, wrinkled seed. Ans, Dwariness and wrinkled seeds are the recessive characters. Q.5. In humans, the gene for black hair colour is B and gene for brown hair colour is b. What will be the hair colour of person having the genetic constitution (a) BB (bb (© Bb? Ans. (2) Black hair, (b) Brown hair, (¢) Black hair (Heterozygous) Q.6. Newly formed DNA copies may not be identical at times. Give one reason. [CBSE (Al) 2017 Ans. Newly formed DNA copies may not be identical at times if thers i copying. Q.7. Do genetic combination of mothers play a significant role in determining the sex of a new born? [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. No, because mothers have a pair of X-chromosomes. All children will inherit an *X’ chromosome from their mother regardless of whether they are boys or girls. Q.8. Give reasons for the appearance of new combinations of characters in the F, progeny. INCERT Exemplar] ‘Ans. The tall/short and roundfwrinkled seed trait are independently inherited. Each of the following questions are of 2 marks and have to be answered in about 30-50 words. Q.1. Why do all the gametes formed in human females have X chromosome? [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. Human females have two X chromosomes called sex chromosomes. During meiosis at the time of gamete formation, one X chromosome enters each gamete. Hence all the gametes possess an X chromosome. Q.2. Why did Mendel choose pea plant for his experiments? INCERT Exemplar] Ans. (#) Easy to grow (@) Short lifespan istinguishable characters () Larger size of flower (v) Sell-pollinated Q.3. Give the pair of contrasting traits of the following characters in pea plant and mention which is dominant and recessive (® yellow seed (ii) round seed [NCERT Exemplar] ‘Ans. (yellow — dominant (i) round — dominant green — recessive wrinkled — recessivea4 Qs Ans. List two differences in tabular form between dominant trait and recessive trait. What percentage/proportion of the plants in the Fz generation/progeny were round, in Mendel’s cross between round and wrinkled pea plants? [CBSE (F) 2015} Dominant trait Recessive trait 1. The trait which appears in the F, progeny is| 1. “The trait which remains hidden or which does not dominant. appear in the F, progeny is the recessive trait, 2. Itappears in mare numbers. 2. Iwappears in less number. 75% of the plants were with round seeds. List the two types of reproduction, Which one of the two is responsible for bringing in more variations in its progeny and how? [CBSE (AN) 2017 ‘The wwo types of reproduction are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is responsible for bringing in more variations because of the process of DNA copying which may result in some error involves fusion of male and female gametes from two different parents. A woman has only daughters, analyse the situation genetically and provide a suitable explanation, INCERT Exemplar] ‘The woman produces ova with “X’ chromosome. The man produces sperms with ‘X’ and ‘Y’ chromosome which actually determines the sex of the baby. In this case, everytime the male X chromosome only fuses with the female X chromosome thus producing XX combination, . Why offsprings differ from parents in certain characters? It is due to biparental percentage. The genes on chromosomes which pass over to the next generation is partly derived from both the parents (mother and father). During fertilisation of egg by the sperm, new combination of chromosomes enter the zygote, due to which certain variations occur in the offsprings. Thus, brothers and sisters show variations in their complexion, habits and behaviour. (® What is genetics? (ii) What are genes? Where are the genes located? (@ Study of heredity and variations in organisms. (i) © Gene: A segment of DNA which is a carrier of genetic information from one generation to another. ‘© Genes are located on the chromosomes. Each of the following questions are of 3 marks and have to be answered in about 50-80 words. Qt After self-pollin: obtained by Mendel: in pea plants with round, yellow seeds, following types of seeds were Seeds ‘Number Round, yellow 630 Round, green 216 Wrinkled, yellow 202 Wrinkled, green 4 Analyse the result and describe the mechanism of inheritance which explains these results. ICBSE Sample Paper 2021] TaperQ3. Ans. Ans. ‘The ratio obtained is 9:3:3:1 in which parental as well as new combinations are observed. This indicates that progeny plants have not inherited a single whole gene set from each parent. Every germ cell takes one chromosome from the pair of maternal and paternal chromosomes. When two germ cells combine, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of other pair of characters. In humans, there is a 50% probability of the birth of a boy and 50 % probability that a girl will be born. Justify the statement on the basis of the mechanism of sex-determination in human beings. ICBSE Sample Paper 2021) OR In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a male or female child is 50 : 50. Give a suitable explanation. INCERT Fxemplar] In human beings, the genes inherited from our parents decide whether we will be boys or girls. Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes (XX). But, men have a mismatched pair (XY). mother regardless of whether they are boys or girls. Thus, the sex of the children will be determined by what they inherit from their father. ‘A child who inherits an X chromosome from her father will be a girl, and one who inherits a Y chromosome from him will be a boy. All children will inherit an X chromosome from th ‘A change in DNA that is useful for one property to start with, can become useful later for a different function. Explain. A change/feature/property ofan organism that may have helped it to adopt to an environmental condition can also become useful for a completely different function in the future. For example, feathers in birds, a character developed and selected during natural selection for providing insulation in cold weather, became useful in later stages for flight. ‘Some dinosaurs had feathers, but they could not fly. Birds later adapted the feathers to fly. A green stemmed rose plant denoted by GG and a brown stemmed rose plant denoted by gg are allowed to undergo a cross with each other. (@) List your observations regarding (®) Colour of stem in their F, progeny (ii) Percentage of brown stemmed plants in F, progeny if F, plants are self-pollinated (iif) Ratio of GG and Gg in the F; progeny. (@) Based on the findings of this cross, what conclusion can be drawn? [CBSE 2020 (31/3/1)] Parents co 99 Gametes neration (Gg (Green) Fy generatior ate J Setting aes al 9 Sa 99 ZL. (a) (@) Green (i) 25% (i) GG: GgQ8. Ans. Q10. ‘Ans. Qu Ans, In one of his experiments with pea plants Mendel observed that when a pure tall pea plant is crossed with a pure dwarf pea plant, in the first generation, F, only tall plants appea: (® What happens to the traits of the dwarf plants in this case? (ii) When the F, generation plants were self-fertilised, he observed that in the plants of second generation, Fz both tall plants and dwarf plants were present. Why it happened? Explain briefly. [CBSE Delhi 2016} ( The dwarf traits of the plants is not expressed in the presence of the dominant tall trait. (8 In the Fy generation, both the tall and dwarf traits are present in the ratio of 3 = 1. This showed that the traits for tallness and dwarfness are present in the F, generation, but the dwarfness, being the rece does not express itself in the presence of tallness, the dominant trait. |. What are chromosomes? Explain how in sexually reproducing organisms the number of chromosomes in the progeny is maintained. [CBSE (41) 2015, Dethi (C) 2017] Chromosomes are thread-like structures, made of proteins and DNA, found in the nucleus at the time of cell division. In sexually reproducing organisms, the gametes undergo meiosis, and hence, each gamete contains only half a set of chromosomes. When two gametes fuse, the zygote formed contains the full set of chromosomes. Hence, the formation of gametes by meiosis helps to maintain the number of chromosomes in the progeny (®) Why did Mendel carry out an experiment to study inheritance of two traits in garden-pea? (fi) What were his findings with respect to inheritance of traits in F, and F, generation? (iii) State the ratio obtained in the Fy generation in the above mentioned experiment. [Competency Based Question] [CBSE 2020 (31/2/2)] ( To show independent inheritance of traits/Independent assortment. 1 (i In F, progeny : All dominant traits. % In Fy progeny : original parental and new combinations are visible. % (i) 9:23:32 1 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (31/2/2)] Name the plant Mendel used for his experiment. What type of progeny was obtained by Mendel in F, and Fy generations when he crossed the tall and short plants? Write the ratio he obtained in F, generation plants. [EBSE 2019 (31/1/1)] Mendel used garden pea (Pisum saltmum) for his experiment When Mendel crossed a pure tall plant (TT) was called F, progeny/generation. a dwarf plant (tt), the progeny thus obtained va Shon 7 * w + + q Atal eveEach of the following questions are of 5 marks and have to be answered in about 80-120 words. Q. 1. Give the basic features of the mechanism of inheritance. INCERT Exemplar] ‘Ans. _(f) Characters are controlled by genes. (i) Each gene controls one character. (iii) There may be two or more forms of gene. (iv) One form may be dominant over the other (v) Genes are present on chromosomes. (vi) An individual has wo forms of gene whether similar or dissimilar. (vif) The two forms separate from each other at the time of gamete formation. (iti) The two forms are brought together in the zygote. Q.2. “Itis possible that a trait is inherited but may not be expressed.” Give a suitable example to justify this statement. {CBSE (F) 2015] oR With the help of an example justify the following statement: “A trait may be inherited, but may not be expressed”. [CBSE (AN) 2016] OR How did Mendel explain that it is possible that a trait is inherited but not expressed in an organism? [CBSE (Al) 2017) oR ( What are dominant and recessive traits? (ii) “Is it possible that a trait is inherited but may not be expressed in the next generation?” Give a suitable example to justify this statement. [CBSE 2019 (31/22) Ans. (®) Dominant traits are those which expresses itself in the F, generation, Recessive traits are those traits which remains hidden or does not express itself in the Fy ‘generation, (i) Yes, itis possible that a trait is inherited but may not be expressed. For example, when pure tall pea plants are crossed with pure dwarf pea plants, only tall pea plants are obtained in F, generation. (On selfing tall plants of F,, both tall and dwarf plants are obtained in F, generation in the ratio 31. Reappearance of the dwarf character, a recessive trait in F, generation shows that the dwarf trait was present in individuals of F but it did not express. Q.3. In the following crosses write the characteristics of the progeny. Cross Progeny (@® RR YY x RR YY Round, yellow and round, yellow (i) Rr Vy X Rr Yy Round, yellow and round, yellow (iif) er yy X rr yy Wrinkled, green and wrinkled, green (ie) RR YY x rr yy Round, yellow and wrinkled, green [Competency Based Question] [NCERT Exemplar]Ans. Q4. Ans, Steels Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 40, Choose and write the correct answer for each of the following. (ax1=4) a: 3. (@ Round, yellow (i) Round, yellow Round, green Wrinkled, yellow Wrinkled, green (iii) Wrinkled, green (fv) Round, yellow Explain Mendel's experiment with peas on inheritance of characters considering only one visible contrasting character. [CBSE (F) 2015] Mendel conducted breeding experiments with garden peas: (@ He studied plants (pure) of tall/short varieties. (i) He crossed them and obtained F, progeny. (iif) He found that F, progeny was all eall plants. (iv) He selfed the (hybrid) plants of F, progeny. (») He found that in F, progeny there were tall as well as short plants. (vi) The three quarter plants were tall and one quarter was short . SECTION-A ‘What is the name of the cross performed by Mendel? (a) Test cross (6) Back cross (©) Dihybrid cross (@) None of these A zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a (a) boy © girl (©) X-chromosome does not determine the sex ofa child (@ either boy or girl Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about traits? 1. Traits have alternate forms. Tl, Analternate form of trait may remain hidden for one or more generation. Il]. Hidden form of trait may reappear in the unchanged state. IV. Out of two alternate traits present together, only one is expressed. (@) Land I only () Hand IIT only (QI, Hand I only (@ Allare correct Taper4. Study the table below and select the row that has the incorrect information. Selfing of F, Generation Resulted F, Generation @ Rr¥y x Rrvy Round and Yellow © RrVy x ReVy Round and Green © Revy x Revy Green and yellow @ Rey x Revy Wrinkled and green The following questions consist of two statements—Assertion(A) and Reason(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (@) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A. (®) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation for A. (©) Ais true but R is false. (@) Ais false but R is true. @x1=2) 5. Assertion(4) : Free ear lobe is a dominant trait. Reason (R) :_ Itismorecommonasitisexpressed both in homozygousand heterozygousconditions. 6. Assertion(4) :_ Law of independent assortment can be proved only through mono hybrid cross. Reason (R): In a dihybrid cross, besides the parent combination of traits, two new combinations are formed, Answer the following questions in one word or one sentence. @x1=3) 7. Name the segment of DNA that codes for a specific character. 8. List two visible traits of garden pea that Mendel considered in his experiments. 9. State the meaning of dominant and recessive allele. SECTION-B Answer the following questions in about 30-50 words each. @x2=4) 10. What is DNA copying? State its importance. [CBSE Dethi 2015] 11. Fill in the blanks Parents Tr RR Traits Tall, wrinkled = @) 4 i Gametes © © F,generation “oo” Tats ® SECTION-C Answer the following questions in about 50-80 words each. (4x3=12) 12. Ina cross between plants with purple flowers and plants with white flowers, the oflspring of Fy generation had all white flowers, the offspring of F, generation had all white flowers. When Fy generation individuals were sell-bred, the F, generation gave rise to 100 individuals, 75 of which had white flowers. Make a cross and answer the following: (@) What are the genotypes of Fy individuals? (®) What is the ratio of white to purple flowered plants in F, generation? [CBSE 2012)18. “Ivisa matter of chance whether a couple will give birth toa boy or a girl.” Justify the statement and support your answer with a neat illustration? [CBSE 2072, 2014, 2019] 14, How can you say that in Mendel’'s monohybrid cross, the F, dominants are not all the same? [CBSE 2013) 15. (a) Define genetics, (6) List any wo contrasting characters, other than round seeds of Pea plant that Mendel used in his experiments. [CBSE 2019) SECTION-D Answer the following questions in about 80-120 words each. (x5 =15) 16. A boy of 15 years has attached ear lobes and weight of 65 kg. Which of these is an acquired character and which is inherited? Give reason for your choice. 17. (a) Why's the F, progeny always of tall plants when a tall Pea plant is crossed with a short Pea plan? (&) How is F, progeny obtained by self pollination of F, progeny different from F, progeny? Give the reason for this observation. (©) State a conclusion that can be drawn on the basis of this observation. _ [CBSE Delhi 2020] 18. (2) Why do we say the homozygous plants produce pure progeny? (b) Define heterozygous. [CBSE Delhi 2015] Answers a a) 3 @) 40 5. @) 6. (2) Law of independent assortment can be proved by dihybrid cross. 7. Gene 8. Tall/Dwarf, Round/Wrinkled seed 9. The allele which expresses its elfect in the hybrid is called dominant allele while which is unable to show its effect in the hybrid is called recessive allele. Tapa