Control and Coordination 10. ul. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. 21. Neurons: Struaural and functional units of nervous system. . Nervous System: It is composed of neurons and neuroglia (supporting connective tissue). Neuron: Each neuron is formed of a eyton (cell body), from which arises a number of smaller branched processes called dendrites and a single large axon. Axon’s terminal branches (telodendria) are swollen at the tip called synaptic knobs or terminal buttons. A cyton contains a central nucleus in the cytoplasm, niss!’s granules (RNA granules), and neurofibrils (also present in axons). Axon: It is formed of axis cylinder (axoplasm), surrounded by axolemma, which in turn is surrounded by myelin sheath (interrupted by nodes of Ranvier) and Schwann cells. Neurolemma or Schwann sheath is found outside the myelin sheath. Neurons transmit impulses fast from receptors to central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and then to effector organs, like glands and muscles. Neurons are of two types- Sensory neuron and Motor neuron. Sensory neuron transmits impulses from sensory organs to central nervous system. Motor neurons carry Central Nervous System: It includes brain and spinal cord. npulse from brain and spinal cord to effector organs. Peripheral Nervous System: It includes nerves arising from brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves). Autonomic Nervous System: It indudes sympathetic and parasympathetic system connected with the peripheral nervous system. Sponges lack nerve cells and coelenterates (Hydra) possess scattered nerve cells united with nerve fibres. In higher invertebrates the nervous system is well developed having ganglia (composed of nerve cells) and nerve fibres. Invertebrates possess ventral solid nervous system (brain and double ventral cord). Vertebrates (having backbone) have dorsal, hollow nervous system. nyclinated or medullated and non-myelinated. Myelinated fibres are white and non-myelinated are grey coloured. Axons or nerve fibres are of two typ Nerve fibres or neurons are sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) types. Brain is located in the cranial cavity of bony skull. Spinal Cord: It is present in the neural canal of vertebral column. Meninges (singular meninx) surround central nervous system and are of three types: outer duramater, inner piamater and middle arachnoid.22. Cerebrospinal Fluid: It is found in the cavities of brain, central canal of spinal cord and in between arachnoid and piamater. 23, Hindbrain includes cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata. 24, Brain is composed of outer grey matter (cortex) and inner white matter (medulla). 25, In spinal cord and medulla white matter is on the outer side and grey matter is in the centre, 26. Cranial nerves arising from the brain are 12 in pairs. 27. Spinal nerves arising from spinal cord are 31 in pairs. Each spinal nerve arises from 2 roots— dorsal root and ventral root. 28, Visceral nerves: It comprises of visceral sensory and visceral motor preganglionic and postganglionic fibres or neurons. 29, Reflex Action: (e response of the spinal cord toasudden impulse. Itisconducted by the spinal cord. 30. Reflex Are: Itis the basic functional unit of reflex action coming through dorsal root ganglion to the spinal cord and motor neuron with or without association neuron. 81, Endocrine Glands: The ductless glands which release their secretions directly into the blood. 82, Hormones: Chemical messengers secreted in small amounts from the endocrine glands and may isthe immedi the neighbourhood or at a distant place. (@ Pituitary hormones are growth hormones, which include prolactin, thyrotropin, gonadotropin, adrenocorticotropin, lipotropin, melanocyte stimulating hormone, vasopressin and oxytocin. (i) Thyroid hormones are thyroxin and calcitonin which control metabolism rate of fat, protein, carbohydrates and balances effect of PTH respectively. (iii) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is parathormone, which maintains proper levels of calcium ions in blood. ‘Thymus hormones develop immune system. (fv) Hormones of Islets of Langerhans are insulin and glucagon, which increase and decrease blood glucose level respectively. (v) Adrenal gland hormones are adrenalin and corticoids which regulate breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, etc. (vi) Testes hormone is testosterone. (vif) Ovary hormones are oestrogen, progesterone and relaxin. 33. Sensory Fibres: These (and dendrites) carry impulses to central nervous system. Motor nerve fibres (and axons) transmit response to effector organs. 34. ‘The function of control and coordination in plants is performed by chemical substances known. as plant hormones or phytohormones. 35. Phytohormones are of 4 different type: (a) auxins () gibberell © cytokinin (2) abscisic acid 36. Auxins: They promote cell-enlargement and cell-diflérentiation in plants. They also promote fruit grow 37, Gibberellins: Gibberellins cause stem elongation and leaf expansions. They help in breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds, and also promote fruit growth, ion in plants. They help in release of apical dominance. ing of stomata and also stimulate leaf expansion resulting from cell enlargement. 39. Abscisic acid (ABA): Abscisic acid is one example of hormones which inhibit growth. [t supports dormancy in seeds and buds. ‘BoHFUIPIOGD PUR VED40. 4. 42. 43. 45. Plant Movements: The movements in plants due to external stimuli are of two types: (a) Tropic movements, (¥) Nastic movements. Tropic Movements: Tropic movements are caused by external stimulus coming from one direction only. Depeni (a) Geotropism in response to gravity. (#) Phototropism in response to light. (©) Hydrotropism in response to water. (@) Chemotropism in response to chemicals. (@) Thigmotropism in response to touch. lastic movements are of the following two types: (a) Seismonastic movement, (®) Nyctinastic movement. Seismonastic Movement: The best example of seismonastic movement is the movement of the leaves of the sensitive plant commonly called ‘touch-me-not' (Mimosa pudica). These movements take place in response to touch. Nyetinastic Movement: The diurnal (change in day and night) movements of leaves and flowers of some species which take up sleeping position at night are called nyctinastic movements. Depending upon the stimulus they may be (a) photonastic or (b) thermonastic. (@) Photona: photonastic. (6) Thermonastic: The movement due to change in temperature, is called thermonastic. \f upon the nature of the stimulus there are various types of tropic movements. Nastic Movement ic: When the movement is induced by the change in light intensity, itis called Note thatall tropismsare growth movements but all nastic movementsare not growth movements, Qa. ‘Ans. 22. Ans. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking? [CBSE 2019 (31/3/3)) Reflex action “Walking = Reflex action is involuntary action | — Walking is voluntary action wan = It is conueolled by spinal cord = Inis controlled by brain / cerebellum Men ICBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/3/3)] ‘What happens at the synapse between two neurons? The neurons lie end-to-end in a chain to transmit the impulses in an animal body. There occurs a very minute {gap between terminal portion of axon of one neuron and dendron of the other neuron. This gap is called synapse. At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap (synapse), and start a similar electrical impulse in the dendrite of the next neuron. Synapses actually act like one way valves. This is because the chemical substance is present at only one side of the ‘gap. In this way synapses ensure that nerve impulse travels only in one direction. ‘Synaptic transmission(iv) As the radicals come out of the seeds, they are scen to move towards the perforation. After some growth they bend back and enter the perforations to reach the moist saw dust in complete disregard of gravity (positive hydrotropism). Conclusion: Bending of radicals back into moist saw dust isa hydrotrophic movement. It occurs despite being against the force of gravit Q. IL. How does chemical coordination take place in animals? INCERT Exemplar] ‘Ans. In animals, chemical coordination is achieved through the agency of hormones which function as chemical messengers or informational molecules. Hormones are secreted in a very small amount by specialised tissues in the body called endocrine glands. These glands are ductless and pour their secretions directly into blood. Blood transports them to the target tissues/organs. Hormones coordinate the activities of living organisms and also their growth. For example, pancreas secretes two hormones—insulin and glucagon. Q.12. Why is the use of iodised salt advisable? [CBSE 2019 (31/2/1)| ‘Ans. Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to make the hormone thyroxin. Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body to provide balance for growth. Deficiency of iodine can lead to goitre. Q.13. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood? ‘Ans. Adrenaline hormone is secreted in small amounts all the time but in large amounts itis secreted when a person is frightened. It then prepares our body for action. It increases the rate of heartbeat and breathing, raises blood pressure and allows more glucose to go into the blood to give usa lot of energy so as to quickly fight or run away from the frightening situation, Adrenaline is termed as ‘hormone of emergency’. Q.14. Whyare some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin? [CBSE 2019 (31/3/2)] ‘Ans. The insulin hormone controls the metabolism of sugar. When pancreas does not produce or secrete suflicient amount of insulin into blood, then the sugar level in the blood rises. Therefore, the patient excretes sugar (glucose) in urine, feels excessive thirst and also urinates excessively. The people having severe diabetes are treated by jections of insulin, Q. 1. Which of the following a plant hormone? (@) Insulin (8) Thyroxine __(¢) Oestrogen (@) Cytokinin Ans. (d) Q.2. The gap between two neurons is called a (a) dendrite (®) synapse (©) axon (@) impulse Ans. (b) Q.3. The brain is responsible for (a) thinking (®) regulating the heartbeat (©) balancing the body (@) all of the above Ans. (d) Q.4. Whats the function of receptors in our body? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly. What problems are likely to arise? Ans. The receptors in our body collect information about changes in the environment around us in the form of stimuli, ¢g.. photoreceptors, gustatoreceptors, olfactory receptors. These receptors then passes the information in the form of nerve impulses to central nervous system (spinal cord. and/or brain) where message is interpreted and appropriate instructions are sent to effectors (glands or muscles) which reveal responses. When receptors do not function normally, the environmental stimuli are not able to create nerve impulses and body does not respond. For example, if our gustatory receptors located in the tongue do not work properly we will not perceive the taste of food such as sour, sweet, salty or bitter.Q.5. Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function. INCERT Exemplar] Ans. Neuron or nerve cell isa structural and functional unit of the nervous system that is specialised to receive, conduct and transmit nerve impulses. A neuron (nerve cell) has three components: (i) Cell body (cyton), (i) Dendrites, (if) Axon Nuctaus Cellbody or Cyton Nucdeus of Sehwann eel ‘ion Dendites (Fecinsuttion ‘and protection) Nissts gfanules C9t35m ‘Aneuron (nerve cel) Functions: The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a neuron sets off a chemical reaction which creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cyton along the axon of its end. At the end of axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release ‘of some chemicals, which cross the synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. In this way, nerve impulses travel in the body, from one neuron to another till it reaches the brain or the target organ. Thus, a nervous tissue is made up ofan organised network of nerve cells or neurons which are specialised in conducting information via electrical impulse from one part of the body to another. Q.6. How does phototropism occur in plants? Ans. The directional movement of a plant part/plant in response to light is called phototropism. The shoot responds by bending towards light while roots respond by bending away from the light. ‘We know that the plant stem responds to light and bend towards it due to the action of auxin hormone. This happens as follows: (® When sunlight falls on the plant, the auxin hormone present at the tip of the stem spreads uniformly down the stem. Due to the equal presence of auxin, both the sides of the stem ‘grow straight and with same rapidity. na eS Ly, 7 ght stem bends This side. ae ‘Aun More auxin ee et istrbuted collecting on ster uitorny this side (away trom) amiss, fight Exporiment to show the effect of auxin on the growth ofa plantin response to ight (Phototrepism) (i When the light falls only on the right side of the stem, then the auxin hormone collects in the left side of the stem, away from the light. This is because auxin hormone prefers to stay in shade, ie, moves away from the light. Thus, more auxin hormone is present in the left side of stem as compared to the right. The left side of stem, grows faster than its right side and therefore, the stem bends towards the right side (direction of Ii ‘DTFUHRIOND pur ONGODQ7 Ans. Q8. Ans. a9. Ans, Q10. ‘Ans. Qu. Ans. ‘The effect of auxin on the growth of root is exactly opposite to that on a stem. Auxin hormone increases the rate of growth in stem but it decreases the rate of growth in a root. The side of root away from light will have all the auxin concentrated in it. Due to this, the side of root which is away from light will grow slower than the other side and make the root bends away from light, Which signals will get disrupted in case of @ spinal cord injury? In case ofa spinal cord injury, reflex actions and involuntary actions will get disrupted. How does chemical coordination occur in plants? In plants, chemical coordination occurs with the help of plant hormones (phytohormones). Different plant hormones help to coordinate growth, development and responses to the nment. They are synthesised at places away from where they act and simply diffuse to the area of action, for example, auxin. Another example of plant hormones are gibberellins which help in growth of the stem. Cytokinins promote cell division. Abscisic acid is a plant hormone which inhibits growth and its effects include wilting of leaves. ‘What is the need for a system of control and coordin: jon in an organism? The body of a multicellular organism consists ofa number of components and sub-components and each is specialised to perform a particular function. Therefore, it is necessary that various ‘organs of the body of an organism work together in a proper manner to carry out various functions and respond to stimuli. In human beings, nervous system and endocrine system work together to control and coordinate. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other? Involuntary Actions Reflex Actions 1. They involve autonomic nervous system. 1. They involve all pars of involuntary nervous system. 2. They usually occur in response to internal | 2. They operate against harmful stimuli which are stimuli generally external and may cause injury. 3. They are connected with functioning of | 3. They are connected with emergency. internal body pants. 4. These are regulated by medulla (hind-| 4. Reflex action is controlled by spinal cord. brain). 5. The speed of response is slower. 5. The speed of response is very fast. 6. Example: Beating of heart muscle. 6. Example: Removal of hand with jerk when someone touches a hot object accidently. ‘Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination in animals. Nervous Control ‘Hormonal Control 1 Information is passed as electrochemical | 1. Information is sent as a chemical substance conduction. through the blood stream. 2. Information travels rapidly; in milliseconds. | 2. Information travels slowly. ‘3. Response is immediate. 3. Response is usually slow. 4. lis effects are short-lived. 4, lus effects are generally more prolonged.22. Which option illustrates the location of centre that controls the feelings associated with hunger (M) and the centre that allows a person to walk ina straight line (N)?_ [CBSE Question Bank] () Foe © ) 28. Which of the following statement (s) is (are) true about nastie movements? L. These are slow movements. 2. These occur either towards or away from the stimulus. 3. These involve the use of electrochemical signals by the plants. 4. In such movements, the plant cells change shape by altering their water content. (a) Land 2 only (H) Land $ only (2) Sand 4 only (@) 2and 4 only 24. The image shows structure of a neuron. After our nose senses a smell, which option shows the mechanism of the travelling of sense in ‘our body? [Competency Based Question] [CBSE Question Bank] (a) olfactory receptors- dendritic tip of a nerve cell- axon- nerve ending-release of signal- dendritic tip of other nerve cell (6) olfactory receptors- dendritic tip of a nerve cell- axon- cell body- release of signal-dendritic tip of other nerve cell (©) gustatory receptors- dendritic tip ofa nerve cell-cell body- axon- release of signal-dendritic Lip of other nerve cell (2) gustatory receptors- dendritic tip ofa nerve cell- axon- cell body- release of signal-dendritic Lip of other nerve cellQ 12. What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place ii and the movement in our legs? sensitive plant Ans. Tt occurs In response 10 an external simolus | 1. It occurs in response o our requirement and i The tuch and shock Secrnined byl 2. Phim cells change shape by changing the | 2. Movement in our legs is a voluntary action amount of water Qurgor changes). ‘which is controlled by cerebellum in hind-brain, 3. No nerves are involved. 3. Nerves carry the message for movement of legs. 4. 1s contolled by plant hormones. Ne Get Ay scene ie leah ts Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d). Choose and write the correct option. 1. Choose the incorrect statement about insulin. (NCERT Exemplar] (a) Itis produced from pancreas. (6) It regulates growth and development of the body. (0) It regulates blood sugar level. (@) Insufficient secretion of insulin 2. When we touch the leaves of “touch-me-not” plant, they begun to fold up and droop. How does the plant communicate the information of touch? [CBSE Question Bank] (a) The plant uses electrical signals to transfer information from external environment to cells. (b) The plant uses electrical- chemical signals to transfer information from cell to cell. (0) The plant uses electrical- chemical signals to transfer information from tissue to specialized cells. @ The plant uses electrical signals to transfer information from cell to specialized tissues. 3. Upon receiving a signal, the dendrite tip of a nerve cell sets off a chemical reaction that (a) creates an electrical impulse in the dendrite. (6) creates an electrical impulse in the next neuron (© releases some chemicals in the cell body of the neuron. (@) creates a stimulus. 4. Which is the correct sequence of the components of a reflex are? (NCERT Exemplar] (@) Receptors > Muscles Sensory neuron > Motor neuron —> Spinal cord (b) Receptors > Motor neuron -» Spinal cord > Sensory neuron -> Muscle (©) Receptors Spinal cord —> Sensory neuron > Motor neuron > Muscle (@) Receptors — Sensory neuron — Spinal cord -> Motor neuron > Muscle 5. The image shows the labelled structure of a brai [CBSE Question Bank] ll cause diabetes. ‘Dor waRpION Pw AUTWhich parts of the brain controls the blood pressure? (@) Cord, skull, cerebrum (0) Pons, medulla, pituitary (©) Pons, medulla, cerebellum (@) Spinal cord, skull, hypothalamus 6. Dramatic changes of body features associated with puberty are mainly because of the secretion of [Competency Based Question] [NCERT Exemplar] (@) oestrogen from testes and testosterone from ovary. (®) estrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone from pit (0) testosterone from testes and estrogen from ovary. (d) testosterone from thyroid gland and estrogen from pituitary gland, ‘Dwarfism in human beings is caused due to deficiency of ry gland, (@) thyroxin (6) growth hormone (¢) adrenalin @ insulin 8. Spinal cord originates from INCERT Exemplar] (@) cerebrum (0) medulla © pons @ cerebellum Diabetes mellitus is caused due to deficiency of (a) glucagon, (0) thyroxin (© insulin @) prolactin 10. Which of the following statements is correct about receptors? INCERT Exemplar) (a) Gustatory receptors detect taste while olfactory receptors detect smell. (@) Both gustatory and olfactory receptors detect smell (©) Auditory receptors detect smell and olfactory receptors detect test. (@) Olfactory receptors detect taste and gustatory receptors smell 11, What is the correct direction of flow of electrical impulses? INCERT Exemplar] 12. Ina synapse, chemical signal is transmitted from INCERT Exemplar] (a) dendritic end of one neuron to axonal end of another neuron. (0) axon to cell body of the same neuron. (©) cell body to axonal end of the same neuron. @ axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron, 13. Posture and balance of the body is controlled by INCERT Exemplar] (@) cerebrum (©) cerebellum © medulla @ pons 14, The growth of pollen tubes towards ovules is due to INCERT Exemplar] (a) hydrotropism (b) chemotropism (©) geotropism (@) phototropism25. Match the terms of Column (A) with these of Column (B): Column A Column B ‘A Olfactory receptors @ Tongue 1B. Thermoreceptors (Eye C.Gustatary receptors (i) Nose D.Photoreceptors (Ge) Skin (@) A-Gi), B-(), Ci), D4) (6) Ai, BH), C0), DQ) (© Activ), Bil), CG), Di) @) Ai), Bi), Cit), D-Gio) Answers 1 @ 20) 3. (@) 4.) 5 60 0) 8. () © 10. (a) 11. @) 12. (@) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. b) 21. (d) 22. d) 23. 24. (a) 25. (a) The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (o) Ais true but R is false. (d) Ais false but R is true. 1, Assertion(d) + Insulin regulates blood sugar level. Reason (R) : Insullicient secretion of insulin will cause diabetes. 2. Assertion(4) : Animals can react to stimuli in different ways. Reason (R) + Allanimals havea nervous system and an endocrine system involving hormones. 3. Assertion(4) = The effect of auxin hormone on the growth of root is exactly opposite to that on astem Reason (R) : Auxin hormone increases the rate of growth in root and decreases the rate of 4. Assertion(4) : The brain is also known as the central nervous system. Reason (R) : Central nervous system controls and regulates the voluntary actions. 5. Assertion(A) : A receptor is a specialized group of cells in a sense organ that perceive a particular type of stimulus. Reason (R) + Different sense organs have different receptors for detecting stimuli 6. Assertion(A) : Cyton region of nerve fibre collects information for the brain. Reason (R) : Nerve fibres can either have or lack myelin sheath. Answers 1 @ 2 @) 30 4@ 5.) 6.@)15. ‘The substance that triggers the fall of mature leaves and fruits from plants is due to INCERT Exemplar] (@) auxin () gibberellin (6) abscisic acid (@) cytokinin 16. Akshay potted some germinated seeds in a pot. He put the pot in a cardboard box that was open from one side. He keeps the box in a way that the open side of box faces sunlight near his window. After 2-3 days, he observes the shoot bends towards light as shown in image. Which type of tropism did he observe? [CBSE Question Bank] (@) Hydrotropism \ @) Phototropism (6) Geotropism (@) Chemowropism 17. Which option correctly shows the order of events when a bright ligh focused on our eyes? [Competency Based Question] [CBSE Question Bank] (@) Bright light > receptors in eyes > sensory neuron —> spinal cord —» motor neurons — eyelid closes () Bright light > receptors in eyes — spinal cord > sensory neuron —> motor neurons — eyelid closes (©) Bright light —» receptors in eyes —» sensory neuron —» motor neurons —> spinal cord — eyelid closes (@) Bright light —> receptors in eyes —> spinal cord —* motor neurons —* sensory neuron — eyelid closes 18. Which statement is not true about thyroxin? INCERT Exemplar] (@) Iron is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin. () Ie regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body. (©) Thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesise thyroxin. (@) Thyroxin is also called thyroid hormone. 19. A doctor advised a person to take an injection of insulin because INCERT Exemplar] (a) his blood pressure was low, () his heart was beating slowly. (©) he was sullering from goitre () his sugar level in blood was high. 20. The hormone which increases the fertility in males is called INCERT Exemplar] (@) oestrogen () testosterone (©) insulin (@ growth hormone 21, Study the table below and select the row that has the incorrect information. [| Remex action | Waking’ = (@)| tnvolumary action Voluntary action )| Conducted by spinal cord Conuolled by hind brain © | Oceursin faction of seconds “Takes longer time (@) | Intentional and non-mechanical reponse | Spontaneous, automatic and mechanical response ‘BoREWTPIOOD PAE |aAWTDExplanations of selected Assertion-Reason Questions 3. (2) Auxin hormone increases the rate of growth in a stem but it decreases the rate of growth in a root. 4. (d) The brain and the spinal cord are the central nervous system. 5. (0) The stimulus is received by sense organs and sent through sensory neurons to spinal cord. 6. ()_Cyton region of nerve fibre regulates neuron’s metabolism. Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow. PASSAGE-1 Study the table in which the levels of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in women are given and answer the questions that follow on the basis of understanding of the following paragraph and the related studied concepts. ‘Age Range ‘Normal (mU/L) [ Low (mU/L) | 1829 years 04-234 mU/L <04 mUA. 30-49 years 04-4.0 mA. <0 mU/L 50-79 years 0.46 ~ 4.68 mU/L < 06 mU/L Women are at greater risk for developing abnormal TSH levels during menstruation, while giving birth and aller going through menopause. Around 5% of women in the United States have some kind of thyroid problem compared to 38% of men. Despite claims that high TSH increases your risk for heart disease, a 2013 study found no link between high TSH and heart disease. But a 2017 study showed that older women are especially at risk for developing thyroid cancer if they have high TSH levels along with thyroid nodules. (@) A358 year old woman has TSH level 6.03 mUY/L. What change should she bring in her diet to control this level? 1 (6) When do women face a greater risk of abnormal TSH level? 1 (©) State the consequence of low TSH level. 1 (d) Name the mineral that is responsible for synthesis of hormone secreted by thyroid gland. 1 [CBSE 2020 (31/3/3)] nse 4 a} She shouted tod nose fei and sepeties ond fin Bebe her | tatake of séceied salt. = 5) Iarn face a gruattr rich of abnerrat Ts Leek chiding 7 pantie eae og Seek opal pag Detp. a ig ee ~ ch oe: (si Aol ar owen gol (uslog af thnwid gland). | Godine is, espentilte for -aynthast of hormine L1crelid by Thyroid | plends _ _ [opper’s Answer 2020)PASSAGE-2 Reflex action is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which is not under the voluntary control of the brain. Thus, a reflex action is the one which we perform automatically. [Lis a comparatively simple form of behaviour in which the same stimulus produces the same response every time. If we unknowingly touch a hot plate, we immediately move our hand away from it. Moving our hand away on touching a hot plate is an example of reflex action. In a rellex action, we are unaware of what is going to happen to usand are done without thinking. How do we respond to it? We respond to it by the process of detecting the signal or the input and responding to it by an output action. Such a connection is commonly called a reflex are. Nerves from all over the body meet in a bundle in the spinal cord on their way to the brain. Reflex ares are formed in this spinal cord itself, although the information input also goes on to reach the brain. [Competency Based Question] (Reflex arc consists of 1 (a) motor nerve () sensory nerve (©) both motor and sensory nerve (@) mixed neve (ii) The given figure represents the path of message from the receptor to the effector. In the given figure, identify “X” and its fun (a) It is a sensory neuron that carries the message from the receptor to the central nervous system. (6) Itisa motor neuron that carries the message from the central nervous system to the effector. (©) Itisa sensory neuron that carries the message from the central nervous system to the effector. (@) Itisa motor neuron that carries the message from the receptor to the central nervous system. (iil) The following stages occur ina reflex action: 1 1. Receptor detects a stimulus 2. Sensory neuron sends impulses to relay neuron 3. Effector produces a response 4, Motor neuron sends impulses to effector ‘The correct order of the stages i (@) 2,3, 4, 2143 OL243 (@) 3,4,1,2 (ix) Which of the given pair of activities doesn’t come under reflex action? 1 (a) Salivation and blinking of eyes () Salivation and sweating, (©) Sweating and breathing (@) Salivation and coughing Ans. () (0); Reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls the reflex. It includes sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse in between. ‘oFUTRIOND PUR NGO(ia); In the given figure, “X” is a sensory neuron that carries the message from the receptor to the central nervous system (the spinal cord and brain). i} (jv) 40); An automatic (involuntary) neuromuscular action excited by a defined stimulusis called reflex action. Sweating and breathing are not reflex actions. PASSAGE-3 When we touch the leaves of a chhui-mui (touch-me-not’ plant of the Mimosa family), they begin to fold up and droop. When a seed germinates, the root goes down and the stem comes up in the air. Plants show two different types of movements — one dependent on growth and the other independent of growth. The plants also use electrical-chemical means to convey information from cell to cell, but unlike in animals, there is no specialised tissue in plants for the conduction of information. In animals some cells must change shape in order for movement to happen. Instead of the specialised proteins found in animal muscle cells, plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them resulting in swelling or shrinking and therefore changing shapes. More commonly, plants respond to stimuli slowly by growing in a particular direction. Because this growth is directional, it appears as if the plant is, moving. (The movement in a plant caused as a result of differential growth is called 1 (2) tactic movement (@) tropic movement (©) turgor movement (@) growth movement (ii) The figure given below represents the types of plant movements. 1 ‘Thigmotiopism Identify X, Y, Z and choose the correct option. (a) X -Haptotropism, Y-Chemotropism and Z-Geotropism (6) X-Chemotropism, Y-Hydrotropism and Z-Geotropism {@) X-Geotropism, Y-Haptotropism and Z-Hydrotropism (@) X-Phototropism, Y-Hydrotropism and Z-Geotropism (iif) Choose the incorrect combination of information provided in the following table. 1 Column 1 @ ‘Shoot (H) | The folding or drooping of leaves of Growth dependent (Tropic) movement ‘rouch-me-not’ plant (©) | Plant hormone Cytokinin @) | Positively geotropic Root@) Which of the following is a tropic movement? 1 (a) Response of plant to touch (6) Movement due to change in temperature {€) Movement induced by the change in the light intensity (2) Response of plants to gravity (@—(@); Plant movement is of two types: growth movement and turgor movement. Growth movement occurs by differential growth of plants while turgor movement is caused by changes in turgidity of the cells. (1d); In the given figure, X, Yand Z represents chemotropism, hydrotropism and geotropism. respectively. (i) 10); The folding or drooping of leaves of ‘touch-me-not’ plants is growth independent movement. () (a); Response to gravity is geotropism. Hence, is a tropic movement. / Short Answer Questions Each of the following questions are of I mark and have to be answered in one word or one sentence. Qu. Ans. Q2 Ans. Q3. ‘Ans. 4 Ans. Qs. ‘Ans. Q6. ‘Ans. Q7 ‘Ans, Qe ‘Ans. Qo. Ans. Q.10. Mention the receptors for light and sound in animals. Sense organs are called receptors. The receptor of light in animals is called photoreceptor. The receptor of sound in animals is called phonoreceptor. Which hormone regulates the concentration of sugar in the blood? Insulin secreted by islets of Langerhans of pancreas. Name few involuntary actions controlled by the hindbrain. Involuntary actions controlled by hindbrai i ‘What is an axon? Itisa large, single, unbranched nerve fibre arising from the cyton. It carries impulses from cyton located in CNS to effectors. ‘What is the number of cranial nerves and spinal nerves in human beings? ‘There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves in human beings. Name the largest cell present in the human body. Neuron What is tropism? [EBSE 2020 (31/1/3)) ‘The directional movement of the plant part towards or away from the stimulus is called tropism. Which hormone controls the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in human beii Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) 1g? [HOTS] Name two tissues that provide control and coordination in multicellular animals. ‘The two tissues that provide control and coordination in multicellular animals are nervous tissue and muscular tissue. In the figure below (a), (b) and (c), which appears more accurate and why? [NCERT Exemplar] ah wal oe an par onveDAns. Figure (a) is more appropriate because in a plants, shoots are negatively geotropic. Hence, they grow upwards and roots are positively geotropic so they grow downwards. Q. 11. State the main function of abscisic acid in plants. ‘Ans. Abscisic acid slows plant growth and inhibits division of cells. Q.12. What is hydrotropism? [CBSE 2019 (31/2/1)| ‘Ans. Hydrotropism is the movement or growth of plant in response to water. Q.15. Ifa ripened fruit is kept in a basket of raw fruits, then what will happen? What causes it? [Competency Based Question] [NCERT Fxemplar] ened fruit will release ethylene (hormone) which causes ripening of other raw fruits kept Ans, The in the basket. Each of the following questions are of 2 marks and have to be answered in about 30-50 words. Q.1. Sameer was studying in his room. Suddenly he smells something burning and sees smoke in the room. He rushes out of the room immediately. Was Sameer’s action voluntary or involuntary? Why? [Competency Based Question] [HOTS] Ans. Samecr’s action was voluntary because rushing out of the room was under his conscious control. The smoke and smell were perceived by the receptors in the sense organs and signals are sent to the brain. The bra » the muscles, to move out of the room. Q.2. Answer the following: (® Which hormone is responsible for the changes noticed in females at puberty? (i) Dwarfism results due to deficiency of which hormone? Blood sugar level rises due to deficiency of which hormone? (iz) Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which hormone? INCERT Exemplar] Ans. (i) Oestrogen Gi) Growth hormone (iii) Insulin () Thyroxin Q.3. Label the endocrine glands in figure. INCERT Exemplar] @ Mae J ‘Ans, The endocrine glands are as follows: (@) Pineal gland () Pituitary gland (©) Thyroid gland (@) Thymus Q.4, Name the hormones responsible for the regulation of tors) (® metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. (i balance of calcium and phosphate. (iii) blood pressure. (iv) water and electrolyte balance. Ans. (#) Thyroxin (i) Parathormone (i) Adrenaline () VasopressinQz. . Why is pancreas called a ‘dual function’ gland? Write the names of its hormones. Pancreas is an exocrine gland as well as an endocrine gland. Exocrine part of the gland secretes digestive enzymes and the endocrine part (Langethan’s cells) produce hormones. Hormones secreted by pancreas are insulin and glucagon, }. List two different functions performed by pancreas in our body. [CBSE 2019 (31/1/3)) (@ Pancreas act as a exocrine gland by secreting pancreatic juice which contains enzymes. 1 (i Secretes hormones like insulin/glucagon. 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/1/3)] ‘What is a nerve impulse? State the direction followed by a nerve impulse while travelling in the body of an organism. [CBSE 2019 (31/3/1)| 12. |} bends: | [lopper’s Answer 2019} ‘oTFUTRIOND pu ONGODQ.8. Answer the following: (@ Name the endocrine gland associated with brain. (i) Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones? Gi Name the endocrine gland associated with kidneys. (jv) Which endocrine gland is present in males but not in femal [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. ( Pituitary (i) Pancreas (ii) Adrenal () Testes Q.9. What will happen if intake of iodine in our diet is low? [NCERT Feemplar] Ans. (a) When iodine intake is low, release of thyroxin from thyroid gland will be less by which protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolisms will be allected. (6) A person might suffer from goitre in case of iodine deficiency in the body. Each of the following questions are of 3 marks and have to be answered in about 50-80 words. QL. @ Name one gustatory receptor and one olfactory receptor present in human beings. (i) Write a and b in the given flow chart of neuron through which information travels as an electrical impulse. [CBSE 2078) Dendrite] —> [a] —> [b] —> [End point of Neuron Ans. neat Le Guutatou er fa snetect trate.“ | Of "lee pat 2 Aa_ Aha. pele Dendrite est like fon _—be, ep ea [Tffels Answe! 2018) Q.2. Trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright light is focused on your eyes. [CBSE 2079 (31/1/1)] Ans. Receptor cells of eyes/Retina —» Sensory neuron —» Brain/Central Nervous System (CNS) 4 Pupil contracts/Eye lids close/Blink +— Eye muscles <— Motor neuron Q.3. @ Whatis a tropic movement? Explain with an example. INCERT Exemplar] (i) Why Mimosa pudica (touch-me-not) leaves droop down when touched? Ans. ( The directional growth movement of plants due to external stimuli is called a tropic movement. It can be either towards the stimulus, or away from it. For example, in case of phototropic movement, shoots respond by bending towards light while roots respond by bending away from it. (i) I is due to turgor pressure difference between the upper and lower halves of the base of petiole (pulvinus). Lower half cells lose water and upper half cells of pulvinus become turgid due to transfer of water from lower cells. Thus, the entire leaf droops down when touched. Q.4. Nervous and hormonal system together perform the function of control and coordination in human beings. Justify the statement. INCERT Exemplar (CBSE 2019 (31/1/3, 31/5/3)]Ane) Q6 ‘Ans. Qs. ‘Ans. - What are the advantages of the fact that most reflex actions are governed by spinal cord? . What is turgor movement? . Targor movement For nérvous and hormonal systems to control and coordinate in human beings, hypothalamus playsan important role in receiving the neural/nerve signals from brain and release hormones. 1 E.g.~ In situation of iodine deticiency, hypothalamus releases hormones to stimulate pituitary gland, it further sendsstimulating hormone to thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. 141 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/1/3)] [Competency Based Question] [HOTS] ‘The advantages ar (@ This enables the body to give quick responses to harmful stimuli thus protecting the body: (i) It minimises overloading of brain. (a) In many animals, reflex arcs have evolved as eflicient ways of funct true thought processes Why is chemical communication better than electrical impulses as a means of communication betwen cells in a multi-cellular organism? [CBSE 2020 (31/1/1)] © Electrical impulses have limited access to only those cells that are connected by nervous tissue/ neurons, whereas chemical signals can reach each and every cell of the body. 1% © Cells need time to reset in order to create repeated/ new electrical impulses whereas no such time is required for chemical communication. 1% ICBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (31/1/1)) A cheetah, on seeing a prey, moves towards him at a very high speed. What causes the movement of his muscles? How does the chemistry of cellular components of muscles change during this event? [CBSE 2020 (31/4/3)] © A cheetah on seeing a prey generates a nerve impulse which reaches the muscles and the muscle fibre moves. ‘\ The muscle cell will then move by changing their shape so that muscle cells shorten. %& © Muscle cells have special proteins that change both shape and their arrangement in the the absence of ng, cell in response to nervous electrical impulses. 1 When this happens new arrangements of these proteins give the muscle cells a shorter form. % [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (31/4/3)] jhe movement due to the difference of turgidity of the cells in the lower half and upper half of pulvinus (petiole of leaf). When leaf of touch-me-not’ plant (Mimasa pudica) is touched, the electrical signal send chemical signals from leaflets to pulvinus (petiole) of leaf. Cells in the lower halfofpulvinus lose water and become flaccid, while cells in the upper half of pulvinus become tungid due to accumulation of more water. Hence, leaf droops down for a short tim Define geotropism. Draw a labelled diagram of a plant showing geotropic movements of its parts. [CBSE 2020 (31/4/1)] ‘The movement of the growth of the roots downwards and the shoots upwards under the stimuli of gravity is called geotropism/ The movement of the part of the plant towards or away from the stimulus gravity. 1 Diagram 1 Labelling 44% [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (31/4/1)) 100) ‘BOHFUIPIOGD PUP#8 Qu. Ans. Qiz Why do tendrils coil around hard rough objects? The growth movement of tendril in response to unilateral stimulus of touch is called thigmotropism. Tendrils of louki, tori, karela, and sweet pea plants coil around hard objects ‘when they come in their contact. It occurs due to unequal growth of two sides ofa tendril. The ‘growth of the surface which comes in contact of the support is retarded, while it remains normal or increased on the other side, due to which tendril coils around the support. (8 Plants do not have any nervous system but yet, if we touch a sensitive plant, some observable changes take place in its leaves. Explain how could this plant respond to the external stimuli and how it is communicated. (ii) Name the hormone that needs to be administered to (a) increase the height of a dwarf plant. () cause rapid cell division in fruits and seeds. [EBSE 2019 (31/42) ( The changes in the leaves of the sensitive plant when touched is due to the difference in the turgor pressure. When leaf of the sensitive plant is touched, the electrical-chemical signal conveys the information from cell wo cell. Plants lack specialised ussues for conduction of information and thus change the shape by changing the amount of water. Cells in the lower hralf of the leaf lose water and become flaccid while cells in the upper half gains water and become turgid. (@) @ Auxin (6) Cytokinin What is feedback mechanism of hormonic regulation? Take the example of insulin to explain this phenomenon. [CBSE 2019 (31/1/2)) Normal functioning of endocrine glands and regulation of level of hormones in the body is the feedback mechanism. For example, afier a meal, the glucose level of the blood rises which stimulates the panereas to secrete insulin to act on it. Insulin stimulates target cells to take up extra glucose which is cither utilised in respiration or is stored as glycogen. In this way, glucose level of blood is brought back to normal. When there is fall in glucose level in blood, a decrease of insulin level takes place, insulin secretion by pancreas decreases. This checks further fall in the blood glucose level. In this way insulin maintains the blood-glucose homeostatis. List in tabular form three distinguishing features between cerebrum and cerebellum. [CBSE 2019 (31/3/1)) Qu. T. Ie forms the part of forebrain. 1. I forms the part of hindbrain. 2 tis composed of two cerebral hemispheres, each |. It has two cerebellar hemispheres and the consisting of four lobes, namely temporal, parietal, | presence of a medial vermis. ‘occipital and frontal. 3. 1 controls the muscular movements, interprets |. It maintains the body equilibriuin, muscle sensory impulses and is concerned with emotions| coordination and muscle tone. and intelligence ‘Write in tabular form the location and function of the hormones secreted by each of the following glands present in the human body: (a) Pituitary gland (@) Thyroid gland (© Pancreas [CBSE 2020 (31/42)] (@) Pituitary gland Stimulates growth in all organs. © Thyroid Regulates metabolism offas, proteins & carbohydrates (© Pancreas Regulates blood sugarQ.15. Why is the flow of signals in a synapse from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron but not the reverse? [Competency Based Question] [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. When an electrical signal reaches the axonal end ofa neuron, it releases a chemical substance. This chemical diffuses towards the dendrite end of next neuron where it generates an electrical impulse or signal. Hence, the electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal at the axonal end, Since these chemicals are absent at the dendritic end of the neuron, the electrical signal cannot be converted into chemical signal Each of the following questions are of 5 marks and have to be answered in about 80-120 words. Q. 1. Differentiate between tropic and nastic movements in plants. ‘Ans. Tis clearly observed in bilaterally symmetrical ‘organs such as leaves and petals of flowers. 2. The movements occur due to stimulus of light, and temperature. Its nota growth movement. 2. It is due to unilateral stimulus which causes ‘unequal growth on the two sides of a stem, root and tendril, 3. Movement is related to stimulus, ie., plant organs cither move towards source of stimulus or away from it, Stimuli which causes movements in plants are gravity, light, touch, water and chemical substances. 4, Example: Bending of root towards gravity and. shoot towards light. 3. [udoes not depend on the direction of stimulus applied, 4, Example: Leaves of ‘touch-me-not’ plant bend and droop on touching. Q.2. (i) What are cranial and spinal nerves? Describe a spinal nerve. (ii) Draw a diagram of the human brain and label the following parts: (@) Cerebrum (b) Meninges (c) Medulla oblongata (d) Cerebellum Ans. (i) Cranial nerves are the nerves associated with the brain. These are 12 pairs in number and carries both sensory and motor nerves. Spinal nerves are the nerves connected with the spinal cord. These are 31 pairs in number. Spinal nerve arises in the form of dorsal root and ventral root and both unite in the neural canal to form a single branch. It comes out of the vertebral column through intervertebral @ ‘blengat {brain stom) ‘Structure of Human Brain Q.3. Which hormone is released into the blood when its sugar level rises? Name the organ which produces the hormone and describe its effect on blood sugar level. Also name one digestive ‘enzyme that this organ secretes and the function of this enzyme. ‘woREUpIboD pur poneQa. Ans. 5. What are reflex at Insulin hormone is released into the blood when its sugar level rises. Pancreas secretes the sulin hormone. The function of insulin hormone is to lower the blood sugar level. Deficiency of insulin hormone in the body causes a disease known as diabetes. Diabetes is characterised by large quantities of sugar in the blood. The insulin hormone controls the metabolism of sugar. I due to some reason pancreas does not produce and secrete sufficient amount of insulin into bblood, then the sugar level in the blood rises. The high sugar level in the blood can cause many harmfal effects to the body of person. The person having severe diabetes are treated by giving n of insulin. inject ‘The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins, lipase for breakdown of emubified fats and amylase for breakdown of starch. Name various plant hormones. Also give their physiological effects on plant growth and development. INCERT Fxemplar] The various functions performed by the plant hormones are: ( Auxins promote cell enlargement and cell differentiation. They also promote growth. (i Gibberellins promote cell enlargement and cell differentiation in the presence of auxin. It also help in breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds. It promote the growth in fruits. (iii) Cytokinins promote cell division and help in breaking the dormancy of seeds and buds. It delays the ageing in leaves. It promotes the opening of stomata and also fruit growth. (fv) Abscisic acid promotes the dormancy in seeds and buds. It promotes the closing of stomata and falling of leaves. It also inhibits growth, reverses the growth promoting effects of au and gibberellins. Its effects include wilting of leaves. (v) Ethylene promotes the falling of leaves, ripening of fruits and helps in breaking bud dormancy. ns? Give two examples. Explain a reflex are. INCERT Exemplar] A reflex action is defined as a spontaneous, automatic and mechanical response to a stimuli without the will of an individual. In such actions there is no involvement of the brain. All reflex actions are conveyed through the spinal cord by a path called reflex arc. ‘The reflex action travels in the following sequence: Hotplate (stimulus) —= Recoptors —= Sensory neurons. (Qike muscles) Spinal core Response effectors «Motor neurons (Like muscles) ‘The reflex arc constitutes the following components: ( A receptor to perceive the stimulus. (i) A sensory or afferent nerve which carries the message from the receptor to the spinal cord. (Gif) The neurons of spinal cord transmit the impulse from afferent neurons to efferent neurons. (fv) The motor or efferent nerve carries messages from spinal cord to the muscles (effectors) that show the response. Some examples of reflex actions are: ( Blinking of eyes when a foreign particle gets in them. (i) Sneezing if an unwamed partie enters the nose. (Gif) Watering of mouth at the sight or smell of good food. (fv) Withdrawal of foot ifa nail comes in the way while walking and pricks the foot (v) Immediate withdrawal of hand on touching some hot thing.SECTION-B Answer the following questions in about 30-50 words each. ex 10. What is cerebrospinal fluid? What is its function? [HOTS] 11. How are the brain and spinal cord protected? SECTION-C Answer the following questions in about 50-80 words each. (4x3 = 12) 12. Explain how the human body responds when adrenaline is secreted into blood. 13. Why does the flow of signals in a synapse from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron take place but not in the reverse direction? Explain. [CBSE 2019 (31/5/1)] 14, Nervous and hormonal system together perform the function of control and coordination in human beings. Justily the statement. (CBSE Delhi 2017] 15. @Define reflex are. (i) What happens at the synapse between two neurons? INCERT Exemplar] SECTION-D Answer the following questions in about 80-120 words each. (3x5 = 15) 16. With the help ofan activity demonstrate geotropism in plants. 17. (Why is the use of iodised salt advisable? Name the disease caused due to deficiency of iodine in our diet and state its one symptom. [CBSE 2019 (31/2/1)] (i How do nerve impulses travel in the body? Explain, 18. What are the major parts of the brain? Mention the functions of different parts. INCERT Exemplar] Answers L® 20 3.0) 4.0 5. (@) 6. (6); Spinal nerves have both sensory and motor neurons in them. 7. Nyctinastic 8. Adrenalin 9. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.