‫ علي الطائي‬:‫إعداد المهندس‬

By Engr. Ali Al Taae

X-rays are a form of radiation or electromagnetic wave, as are radio waves and visible light.
•Electromagnetic waves are variations in the amplitude of energy in time and are classified according to the
speed with which they fluctuate over time. This defines the concept of the wavelength, the time taken by
a wave to complete a full sequence.
•As a wave oscillates faster its wavelength becomes smaller and its frequency increases. More specifically,
all electromagnetic waves lie in the electromagnetic spectrum, which is arranged by the wavelength or its
equivalent, the frequency. X-rays lie above ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and radio waves in the
spectrum, and below cosmic radiation; they are a form of high-energy radiation, with a high frequency
and short wavelength.

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 Law of conservation of energy
The law of conservation of energy states that in any isolated system, energy is neither created
nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another.
Julius Robert Mayer 1842

x-rays are produced in two main ways

•Braking radiation: This form of radiation is explained by the fact that the accelerated electrons, as they hit the
anode, are slowed down if they have high energy and the amount of braking (energy) is converted into different
forms of radiation. This radiation is diverse and of different wavelengths, because it originates from different
amounts of braking.

Characteristic radiation. This form of energy is produced by the eviction of orbital electrons through
impacts with other electrons sent from the cathode, and a characteristic x-ray emission occurs for
specific electron orbits.

‫ علي الطائي‬:‫إعداد المهندس‬

By Engr. Ali Al Taae
PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS
•X-rays are produced whenever electrons collide at very high speed with matter and are thus suddenly stopped.
The energy possessed by the electrons appears from the site of the collision as a parcel of energy in the form
of highly penetrating electromagnetic waves (X rays) of many different wavelengths, which together form a
continuous spectrum. X-rays are produced in a specially constructed glass tube, which basically comprises
•a source for the production of electrons,
•an energy source to accelerate the electrons,
•a free electron path,
•a mean of focusing the electron beam and
•a device to stop the electrons. Stationary mode tubes and rotating anode tubes are the two main types of X-ray
tubes.

Stationary Anode Tube

•Fig. shows the basic components of a stationary anode X-ra tube. The normal tube is a vacuum diode in
which electrons are generated by thermionic emission from the filament of the tube. The electron stream is
electrostatically focused on a target on the anode by means of a suitably shaped cathode cup. The kinetic
energy of the electrons impinging on the target is converted into X-rays. Most electrons emitted by the hot
filament become current carriers across the tube. It is, therefore, possible to independently set
•Tube current by adjusting the filament temperature
•Tube voltage by adjusting primary voltage.

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 The cathode block, which contains the filament, is usually made from nickel or from a form of stainless
steel. The filament is a closely wound helix of tungsten wire, about 0.2 mm thick, the helix diameter being
about 1.0–1.5 mm.
•The target is normally comprised a small tablet of tungsten about 15 mm wide, 20 mm long and 3 mm thick
soldered into a block of copper.
•Tungsten is chosen since it combines a high atomic number (74) making it comparatively efficient in the
production of X-rays. It has a high melting point (3400°C) enabling it to withstand heavy thermal loads.

Copper is an excellent thermal conductor, and performs the vital function of carrying the heat rapidly away
from the tungsten target. The heat flows through the anode to the outside of the tube, where it is normally
removed by convection. Generally, an oil environment is provided for convection current cooling. In
addition, the electrodes have open high voltages on them and must be shielded. The tube will emit X-rays
in all directions and protection needs to be provided except where the useful beam emerges from the tube.
In order to contain the cooling oil and meet the above-mentioned requirements, a metal container is
provided for completely surrounding the tube. Such a container is known as a ‘shield’.
‫ علي الطائي‬:‫إعداد المهندس‬
By Engr. Ali Al Taae
Rotating Anode Tube
• With an increasing need in radiology for more penetrating X-rays, requiring higher tube voltages and current,
the X-ray tube itself becomes a limiting factor in the output of the system. This is primarily due to the heat
generated at the anode. The heat capacity of the anode is a function of the focal spot area. Therefore, the
absorbed power can be increased if the effective area of the focal spot can be increased. This is
accomplished by the rotating anode type of X-ray tube. The tubes with rotating anode are based on the
removal of the target from the electron beam before it reaches too high a temperature under the electron
bombardment and the rapid replacement of it by another cooler target.

• The anode rotates at a speed of 3000–3600 or 9000–10000 rpm.

• The tungsten disk that represents the anode has a beveled edge that may vary from 5°–20°. Typical angles
are around 15°, in keeping with the line focus principle. These design elements help to limit the power density
incident on the physical focal spot while creating a small effective focal spot.

•With the rotating anode, the heat produced during exposure is spread over a large area of the anode, thereby
increasing the heat loading capacity of the tube and allowing higher power levels to be used which
produces more intense x-radiation.

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 The tube housing serves several technical purposes.
•It is a part of the electrical isolation between the high-voltage circuits and the environment.
•The housing is lead-lined to keep the amount of leakage radiation below legal levels, thereby providing
radiation protection for both the patient and the operator.
•Finally, tube housing is an important part of the waste-heat handling system.
•While housings for tubes used at low mean power levels can be adequately air-cooled, it becomes necessary
to provide additional cooling in case of higher power levels, which is done by circulating water through a
heat exchanger contained in the tube housing or by circulating insulating oil through an external radiator

Construction Control
desk

X-Ray Machine
A Radiography system consists of: High voltage
Cables
•X-ray tube
•High Voltage Generator
•X-ray Collimator
•High Voltage Cables Tube,
Collimator,
•Stand or Rail assembly and rail
High Voltage assembly
•X-ray Detector Transformer

•Control Desk
‫ علي الطائي‬:‫إعداد المهندس‬
By Engr. Ali Al Taae
X-ray Tubes
Different types of tubes exist for different clinical uses and systems:
•different anode construction, focal spot size, maximum heat capacities, tube
housing style, insert materials.
•Dental tubes often have a stationary anode. Radiographic tubes normally
have a rotating anode. A rotating anode is more complex but allows for
great ‘heat loading’.

Rotor control
•The rotation of the anode is controlled by the rotor controller. There are low
speed controllers and high speed controllers. Low speed tubes are for
general radiography and typically rotate about 3,000 rpm. High speed
tubes are for special procedures like fluoroscopy and typically rotate at
up to 10,000 rpm.
•The rotor controller will inhibit exposures with an interlock circuit if the
tube is not achieving adequate rotation.
•The rotor control may be a generator function or in a separate electronic
cabinet.
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 X Ray Tube High Voltage In X-ray Tube Container
protects the tube from mechanical shock
Anode disc rotation and absorbs stray X-ray radiation
mechanism (‘rotor’)

anode disk

kathode

X-ray Out
In high-end X-ray tubes, the anode is rotating, so that it can absorb more heat. Temperatures of 3000oC can
be reached.
Also, the anode may be cooled with water or with oil, that is circulated through the tube and cooled with a
‘heat exchanger’ outside the tube.

tubes with cooling fluid

The place on the anode where X-rays are generated is
called the ‘focal spot’.

‫ علي الطائي‬:‫إعداد المهندس‬

Troubleshooting X-ray By Engr. Ali Al Taae

X-ray tubes wear out by their use and need to be replaced regularly. Depending on use this will be done
every 2-4 years or longer.
Many tube components can break down, including rotor bearings, filament failure, anode track damage, …
Simple indications for a defect X-ray tube
•Normally, you can hear the rotor spin up! If the machine has a rotating anode and you can’t hear it spin that
is probably the reason the machine is prevented from generating X-rays.
•In a dimly lit room, you can see the X-ray tube make an intensifying screen glow! Is the housing red hot?

There are no field serviceable parts inside the tube

‘assembly’ (tube and housing). Do not disassemble a tube housing:
it has implosion hazard (vacuum!). Replacing X-ray tubes is not
possible without expensive and specialized test equipment plus
knowledge of working with high voltages and radiological re-
calibration.

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 X-ray High Voltage (HV) generator
The X-ray HV generator creates the high voltage required to accelerate the
electrons travelling to the anode. The high voltage used is in the order of 80 kV =
80,000 Volts.

The X-ray HV generator also creates the (low voltage) electric current that is used
to heat up the filament of the X-ray tube.
High Voltage Connector
•Can arc destructively just from sweat on human fingers!
•Can hold a large capacitive charge after the machine has
been ‘turned off’. Grounding procedures must be used
to render the high voltage section safe.
•Can not be measuredwith ‘normal’ voltage measurement
instruments.

A special High Voltage cable is used to connect the X-ray generator and the X-ray tube.

X-ray collimator
The primary function of the collimator is to reduce the size of the radiation field
to the area of interest.
This also reduces scatter and helps with image quality.
The collimator is also where the beam filtration is installed. Beam filtration
consists of plates of mostly Copper or Aluminum where the X-ray beam passes
through. Such filters absorb useless, low energy radiation (‘Bremsstrahlung’).

The collimator setting needs to be adapted to the size and position of

the image detector: no X-ray radiation should be sent out to where it is
not detected.
A lamp in the collimator projects light on the patient to indicate where
the X-ray beam will be.

‫ علي الطائي‬:‫إعداد المهندس‬

Collimator fixed to X-ray tube By Engr. Ali Al Taae

X-ray detection
‘Photographic’ film is insensitive to X-ray: 98% of X-rays
would travel through without interaction.

That’s why an ‘intensifying screen’, made of fluorescent Photographic film

material, is mounted in front of the film. It converts the X-ray
photons into visible light photons. The amount of light that it
produces is proportional to the amount of incoming X-rays. The
light photons are recorded by the photographic film.

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 Preventive Maintenance
An X-ray Room PM occurs at least once (or twice) a year. A full X-ray room PM will take several hours to two days to complete.

Get the preventive maintenance instructions from the service manual. It should include activities on all the main system components as
well as on Automatic Exposure Control and on Image Quality.

‫ علي الطائي‬:‫إعداد المهندس‬

By Engr. Ali Al Taae

Troubleshooting
When trouble shooting an X-ray system, it is not practically possible to start with a book of schematics. X-ray systems are too complex for
that.
First, you need to ‘narrow down’ the problem – based on your understanding of the system - to a specific sub-system. Then you need the
service documentation to find the faulty component.
Actual mechanical and electronic designs vary a a lot between different manufacturers. However, the sub-system functions are similar.

‫ علي الطائي‬:‫إعداد المهندس‬

By Engr. Ali Al Taae

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 ‫إعداد المهندس‪ :‬علي الطائي‬
‫‪By Engr. Ali Al Taae‬‬

‫اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻹﺷﻌﺎع أو اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺮادﯾﻮ واﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﯿﺔ ھﻲ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻔﮭﺎ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﺤﺪد‬
‫ھﺬا ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮫ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻹﻛﻤﺎل ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺄرﺟﺢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺮع‪ ،‬ﯾﺼﺒﺢ طﻮﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ أﺻﻐﺮ وﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﺗﺮددھﺎ‪ .‬وﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪا‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﯿﻒ اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺒﮫ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ أو ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺎدﻟﮫ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻊ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﯿﺔ واﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ وﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺮادﯾﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﯿﻒ وﺗﺤﺖ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ؛ وھﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮدد ﻋﺎل‬
‫وطﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﯾﻨﺺ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ أي ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﺰول‪ ،‬ﻻ ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أو ﺗﺪﻣﯿﺮھﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﻮﻟﯿﻮس روﺑﺮت ﻣﺎﯾﺮ ‪18‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫• إﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﻜﺒﺢ‪ :‬ﯾﻔﺴﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ أن اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎرﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻮد‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﺎطﺄ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ طﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺢ )اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ( إﻟﻰ أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع‪ .‬ھﺬا اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﺘﻨﻮع وﺑﺄطﻮال ﻣﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺒﺢ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰ‪ .‬ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ إﺧﻼء اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺪارﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﻣﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد‪ ،‬وﯾﺤﺪث اﻧﺒﻌﺎث أﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﯿﺰ ﻟﻤﺪارات إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة‪.‬‬

‫إعداد المهندس‪ :‬علي الطائي‬

‫‪By Engr. Ali Al Taae‬‬

‫إﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻣﺖ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎدة وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ إﯾﻘﺎﻓﮭﺎ ﻓﺠﺄة‪ .‬ﺗﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻜﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻻﺻﻄﺪام ﻛﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﻛﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق )أﺷﻌﺔ ‪ (X‬ﻟﻠﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷطﻮال اﻟﻤﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ طﯿﻔﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮا‪ .‬ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮب زﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻣﺼﻨﻮع ﺧﺼﯿﺼﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﺼﺪر ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬
‫• ﻣﺼﺪر طﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺮﯾﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬
‫• ﻣﺴﺎر إﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﺣﺮ‬
‫• وﺳﯿﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﺷﻌﺎع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون‬
‫• ﺟﮭﺎز ﻹﯾﻘﺎف اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‪ .‬أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ وأﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻷﻧﻮد اﻟﺪوارة ھﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﺎن اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫أﻧﺒﻮب اﻷﻧﻮد اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫• ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻷﻧﺒﻮب ‪ X-ra‬اﻷﻧﻮد اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‪ .‬اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻌﺎدي ھﻮ اﻟﺼﻤﺎم اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻣﻦ ﺧﯿﻮط اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‪ .‬ﯾﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﯿﺎر اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻛﮭﺮوﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻜﯿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺪف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻮد ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﻛﻮب‬
‫ﻛﺎﺛﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ أﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺘﯿﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻼت ﺗﯿﺎر ﻋﺒﺮ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﯿﺎر اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺿﺒﻂ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻔﺘﯿﻞ‬
‫• ﺟﮭﺪ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﮭﺪ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪https://www.linkedin.com/in/ali-al-taae‬‬
 ‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺘﯿﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﻜﻞ أو ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠﺼﺪأ‪ .‬اﻟﻔﺘﯿﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻲ ﻣﺠﺰأ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻨﻐﺴﺘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 0.2‬ﻣﻢ‪ ،‬وﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺐ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 1.5-1.0‬ﻣﻢ‪.‬‬

‫• ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﮭﺪف ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮص ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻐﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﻌﺮض ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻣﻢ وطﻮل ‪ 20‬ﻣﻢ وﺳﻤﻚ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻢ ﻣﻠﺤﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‪.‬‬

‫• ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﺘﻨﻐﺴﺘﻦ ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد ذري ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ )‪ (74‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻠﮫ ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻧﺼﮭﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ )‪360‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ( ﺗﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺣﺮاري ﻣﻤﺘﺎز‪ ،‬وﯾﺆدي اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﯿﺪا ﻋﻦ ھﺪف اﻟﺘﻨﻐﺴﺘﻦ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﺒﺮ اﻷﻧﻮد‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﺧﺎرج اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ إزاﻟﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري‪ .‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻧﻔﻄﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺗﯿﺎر اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻷﻗﻄﺎب اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ وﯾﺠﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺘﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﯿﺼﺪر اﻷﻧﺒﻮب أﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎھﺎت وﯾﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﯾﺨﺮج ﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﺸﻌﺎع اﻟﻤﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‪ .‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﺣﺘﻮاء زﯾﺖ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ وﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة أﻋﻼه‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺣﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ ﻹﺣﺎطﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎوﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "اﻟﺪرع"‪.‬‬

‫أﻧﺒﻮب اﻷﻧﻮد اﻟﺪوار‬

‫• ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺘﯿﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﯿﺎر اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﯾﺼﺒﺢ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻘﯿﺪا ﻓﻲ إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‪ .‬ﯾﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪة ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻧﻮد‪ .‬اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻮد ھﻲ داﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻘﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﻧﻮع اﻷﻧﻮد‬
‫اﻟﺪوار ﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ذات اﻷﻧﻮد اﻟﺪوار ﻋﻠﻰ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﮭﺪف ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﺎع اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪا ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﺼﻒ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون واﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﻟﮫ ﺑﮭﺪف آﺧﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة‪.‬‬

‫• ﯾﺪور اﻷﻧﻮد ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 3600-3000‬أو ‪ 10000-9000‬دورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻗﺮص اﻟﺘﻨﻐﺴﺘﻦ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻷﻧﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺸﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬درﺟﺎت إﻟﻰ ‪ 20‬درﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺰواﯾﺎ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﯿﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪15‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺸﯿﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﺨﻂ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ھﺬه ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻘﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﺆرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‪.‬‬

‫• ﻣﻊ اﻷﻧﻮد اﻟﺪوار‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻮد‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ زﯾﺎدة ﻗﺪرة ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮب واﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت طﺎﻗﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ إﺷﻌﺎع ‪ x‬أﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫إعداد المهندس‪ :‬علي الطائي‬

‫‪By Engr. Ali Al Taae‬‬

‫‪https://www.linkedin.com/in/ali-al-taae‬‬
 ‫إعداد المهندس‪ :‬علي الطائي‬
‫ﯾﺨﺪم اﻟـ ‪ hosing tube‬ﻋﺪة أﻏﺮاض ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪By Engr. Ali Al Taae‬‬
‫• إﻧﮫ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ ذات اﻟﺠﮭﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• اﻟـ‪ hosing‬ﻣﺒﻄﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺎص ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ إﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺘﺴﺮب أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ واﻟﻤﺸﻐﻞ‪.‬‬
‫• أﺧﯿﺮا‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﺪ ﺟﺰءا ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﮭﺪورة‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ أن ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﮭﻮاء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎف‪ ،‬ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺪوﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺒﺎدل ﺣﺮاري ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﻏﻼف‬
‫اﻷﻧﺒﻮب أو ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺪوﯾﺮ اﻟﺰﯾﺖ اﻟﻌﺎزل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺒﺮد‬

‫‪Control‬‬ ‫ھﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ آﻟﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬

‫‪desk‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬

‫• أﻧﺒﻮب اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫• ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﺠﮭﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪High voltage‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺼﺎدم اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Cables‬‬ ‫• ﻛﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﺠﮭﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫• اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪﯾﺔ‬
‫• ﻛﺎﺷﻒ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫• ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬

‫‪Tube,‬‬
‫‪Collimator,‬‬
‫إعداد المهندس‪ :‬علي الطائي‬
‫‪and rail‬‬
‫‪High Voltage‬‬ ‫‪assembly‬‬ ‫‪By Engr. Ali Al Taae‬‬
‫‪Transformer‬‬

‫أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺑﻨﺎء اﻷﻧﻮد اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺆرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺪرات اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺳﻠﻮب ﻏﻼف اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‪،‬‬
‫وﻣﻮاد اﻹدﺧﺎل‪.‬‬
‫• ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻮد ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻮد دوار‪ .‬اﻷﻧﻮد‬
‫اﻟﺪوار أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺪا وﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ "ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري" اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪوار‬
‫• ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ دوران اﻷﻧﻮد ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ وﺣﺪة ﺗﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺪوار‪ .‬ھﻨﺎك وﺣﺪات ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ووﺣﺪات ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 3000‬دورة‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ‪ .‬اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﻠﻮري وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪور ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪ 10000‬دورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺳﺘﻤﻨﻊ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪوار اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﺑﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﺘﻌﺸﯿﻖ إذا ﻟﻢ ﯾﺤﻘﻖ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب دوراﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺪوار وظﯿﻔﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ أو ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰاﻧﺔ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫انبوب االشعة السينية‬
‫‪Anode disc rotation‬‬ ‫‪High Voltage In‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎوﯾﺔ أﻧﺒﻮب اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫)’‪mechanism (‘rotor‬‬ ‫ٮ "ﺤم&ى اﻷ)ٮ‪+‬ٮﻮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤ"ٮﲀ)ٮ"ٮﻜ"ٮﺔ ويﻤ;ٮﺺ إﺷﻌﺎع اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴ"ٮ)ٮ"ٮﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‪anode disk‬‬

‫‪kathode‬‬

‫‪https://www.linkedin.com/in/ali-al-taae‬‬ ‫‪X-ray Out‬‬

 ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺠﮭﺪ )‪(HV‬‬

‫ﯾﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ‪ HV‬اﻟﺠﮭﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﺘﺴﺮﯾﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﻮد‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﮭﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪود ‪ 80‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ = ‪ 80000‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ‪ HV‬أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ )ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺠﮭﺪ( اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﺧﯿﻮط‬
‫أﻧﺒﻮب اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫موصل الجهد العالي‬

‫• يمكن أن تقوس بشكل مدمر فقط من العرق على أصابع اإلنسان!‬

‫• يمكن أن تحمل شحنة سعوية كبيرة بعد "إيقاف تشغيل" املاكينة‪.‬‬
‫يجب استخدام إجراءات التأريض لجعل قسم الجهد العالي آمنا‪.‬‬
‫• ال يمكن قياسه باستخدام أدوات قياس الجهد "العادية"‪.‬‬

‫يتم استخدام كابل خاص عالي الجهد لتوصيل مولد األشعة السينية وأنبوب األشعة السينية‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮازاة اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬

‫ـ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازاة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ أﯾﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ وﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺼﻮرة‪.‬‬
‫ـ اﻟﻤﻮازاة ھﻲ أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺢ اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺢ اﻟﺸﻌﺎع ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﺎت ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس أو اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﯿﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﺮ ﺷﻌﺎع اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت إﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫ﻋﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة وﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )"‪.("Bremsstrahlung‬‬

‫ـ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻒ إﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﻮازاة ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ وﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ اﻟﺼﻮر‪ :‬ﻻ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ إرﺳﺎل إﺷﻌﺎع‬
‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﮫ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﯾﺴﻠﻂ ﻣﺼﺒﺎح ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮازاة اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺷﻌﺎع اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫إعداد المهندس‪ :‬علي الطائي‬

‫‪By Engr. Ali Al Taae‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬

‫ﻓﯿﻠﻢ "اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ" ﻏﯿﺮ ﺣﺴﺎس ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪ ٪98 :‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﺳﺘﺴﺎﻓﺮ دون ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ "ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺗﻜﺜﯿﻒ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﺳﻨﺖ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎم اﻟﻔﯿﻠﻢ‪ .‬إﻧﮫ ﯾﺤﻮل ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎت ﺿﻮﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺮﺋﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮاردة‪ .‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﯿﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪https://www.linkedin.com/in/ali-al-taae‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

‫ـ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ )أو ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺎت إﻟﻰ ﯾﻮﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ـ اﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض وﺟﻮدة اﻟﺼﻮرة‪.‬‬

‫إعداد المهندس‪ :‬علي الطائي‬

‫‪By Engr. Ali Al Taae‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﺧﻄﺎء وإﺻﻼﺣﮭﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎ اﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت‪ .‬أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ـ أوﻻ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ "ﺗﻀﯿﯿﻖ" اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﮭﻤﻚ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ‪ -‬إﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﺤﺪد‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ وﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﺎطﺊ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ واﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻛﺜﯿﺮا ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن وظﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ‪.‬‬

‫إعداد المهندس‪ :‬علي الطائي‬

‫‪By Engr. Ali Al Taae‬‬

‫‪https://www.linkedin.com/in/ali-al-taae‬‬