50 PB 328 Here Is The News P 1 NK

Barbara Otto .
Marcin Otto
English for Understanding World Reports

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Natural calamities Health

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Barbara Otto . Marcin Otto
nglish Und E’standfi g WorE .
part 1
0 Natural calamities
o Man-made disasters
0 cology
0 Health
0 Social issues
wydawnictwo
poltext
Projekt okladki
Radoslaw Krawczyk
Redakcja
J adwiga Witecka
Koncepcja graficzna i lamanie

Wladzimier Michnievié
Copyright © 2005 by Poltext Sp. z 0.0.

Wydanie W nowej szacie graficznej, Warszawa 2010
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ISBN 978-83—7561—092—5
Section one: Natural calamities - _ 9
News item 1: Forest fires ............................................................................... 11
News item 2: Drought ..................................................................................... 15
News item 3: Famine ...................................................................................... 19
News item 4: Hurricanes ................................................................................ 23
News item 5: Rainstorms ............................................................................... 27
News item 6: Floods ........................................................................................ 31
News item 7: Epidemics ................................................................................. 35
News item 8: Earthquake 1 ........................................................................... 39
News item 9: Earthquake 2 ........................................................................... 43
News item 10: Avalanches .............................................................................. 47
News item 11: Volcanic eruptions .................................................................. 51
News item 12: Gas poisoning ......................................................................... 55
Section two: Man-made disasters ..... _ 59

News item 13: Accidents at air shows ........................................................... 61
News Item 14: Aeroplane crashes ................................................................. 65
News item 15: Fires ........................................................................................ 69
News item 16: Mines —-—~ fires, explosions ....................................................... 73
News item 17: Oil spills .................................................................................. 77
News item 18: Sea collisions .......................................................................... 81
News item 19: Road accidents ....................................................................... 85
News item 20: Train crashes .......................................................................... 89
News item 21: Nuclear accidents ................................................................... 93
Section three: Ecology 97

News item 22: Nuclear waste disposal .......................................................... 99
News item 23: Toxic waste —— waste disposal ............................................... 103
News item 24: Recycling............................................................................... 107
News item 25: Air pollution ......................................................................... 111
News item 26: The greenhouse effect ................................................ -.......... 115
News item 27: Hole in the ozone layer ........................................................ 119
News item 28: Acid rain ............................................................................... 123
News item 29: Destruction of forests ........................................................... 127
News item 30: Soil erosion ........................................................................... 131
News item 31: Water pollution .................................................................... 135
News item 32: Algae blooms ........................................................................ 139
News item 33: Oil slicks ............................................................................... 143
5
News item 34: Endangered species ............................................................. 147
News item 35: Saving the elephant ............................................................. 151
News item 36: Saving the panda ................................................................. 155
Section four: Health ................. .......... ..... ....... 159

News item 37: Babies ................................................................................... 161
News item 38: Legionnaires’ disease ........................................................... 165
News item 39: Flu ......................................................................................... 169
News item 40: Food poisoning ..................................................................... 173
News item 41: Cancer ................................................................................... 177
News item 42: Breast implants ................................................................... 181
News item 43: Sunbathing ........................................................................... 185
News item 44: Fast food ............................................................................... 189
News item 45: Bulimia ................................................................................. 193
News item 46: Smoking ................................................................................ 197
News item 47: Pain ....................................................................................... 201
News item 48: Alternative medicine ........................................................... 205
News item 49: Testwtube babies 1 ................................................................ 209
News item 50: Working with computers ..................................................... 218
News item 51: Electromagnetic radiation threat ....................................... 217
Section five: Social issues .......................... .........................221

News item 52: Euthanasia ........................................................................... 223
News item 53434: Test—tube babies 2 and Surrogate motherhood ............ 227
News item 55: Pro-abortion movemépt ....................................................... 231
News item 56: Anti—abortion movemé‘nt ..................................................... 235
News item 57: Broken marriages ................................................................ 239
News item 58: Cosmetic surgery ................................................................. 243
News item 59: Anorexia ............................................................................... 247
News item 60m61: Fat rights and Gay rights ............................................. 251
-
News item 62: Video nasties ........................................................................ 255
News item 63: Pornography ......................................................................... 259
News item 64: Prostitution .......................................................................... 263
News item 65: Teenage gambling ................................................................ 267
News item 66: School violence ..................................................................... 271
News item 67: Soccer hooliganism .............................................................. 27 5
”1 News item 68: The homeless ........................................................................ 279
News item 69: Experiments on animals 1 .................................................. 283
News item 70: Experiments on animals 2 .................................................. 287
News item 71: Curbs on dogs ....................................................................... 291
News item 72: Dog attacks ........................................................................... 295
Key 299
W sytuacji, kiedy dostgp do anglojezycznych érodkéw masowego przekazu sta}
Sig powszechny, zaistniala potrzeba napisania podrecznika, ktéry pozwolflby
zrozumieé o czym ijak Sit; méwi W danym momencie na éwiecie p0 angielsku.
Here is the News... jest wlaénie realizacja tego pomyshl. Odbiorca ksiaiki
bgdzie kaidy, kto pragnie doskonalié znajomoéé jezyka angielskiego na pozio-
mie zaawansowanym, aby w pelnym zakresie méc korzystaé z prasy 1 mm—
kazéw satelitarnych.
Ksiaika zostala podzielona na pieé dzialéw: NATURAL CALAMITIES, MAN—
MADE DISASTERS, ECOLOGY, HEALTH i SOCIAL ISSUES. W kaidym
z nich zawarto 0d kilku do kilkunastu tekstéw (News items) poéwieconych
poszczegélnym zagadnieniom (nagranych na pl'ycie). Teksty W dwéch pierW—
szych dzialach majq zdecydowanie charakter doniesiefi prasowych ,,z estat—
niej chwfli”, podczas gdy trzy pozostale, a zwlaszcza te zawarte w dziale
SOCIAL ISSUES, sq krétkimi esejami polemicznymi na wzér tzw. editorials,
czyli artykuléw redakcyjnych, jakie moZna znaleié w kaidej gazecie.
Autorzy starali sie; zawrzeé W tekstach jak najwigkszq iloéé zwiazanych z da-
nym tematem sléw, ktére teoretycznie moglyby Sig znaleié w doniesieniach
agencyjnych. J eieli 11a przyklad sluchamy relacji o wybuchu wulkanu, wia—
domo, 2e niezaleinie 0d czasu i miejsca wybuchu pojawiq sic; W niej takie slo—
wa jak erupcja, lawa, wstrzqs, popiél, Wierzcholek, krater, aktywny, wygasly
itp. Aby taki cel osiqgnqé, trzeba bylo na podstawie szeregu relacji, ktére po-
jawily Sig na dany temat w. ciqgu ostatnich lat, stworzyé zupelnie nowy tekst.
Prezentowane wydarzenia nigdy w rzeczywistoéci nie zaistnialy W taki spo—
séb, w jaki przedstawfli to autorzy. Miejsca zdarzefi i nazwiska sq zmyélone,
gdyz ksiqika z zaloficenia nie jest kronikq tragicznych wypadkéw i trudnych
zagadniefi, z jakimi boryka Sig! wspélczesny éwiat, lecz podrecznikiem do
nauki slownictwa.
Ksiaika wraz z nagraniem umoZliwi czytelnikowi:
. osluchanie sig 2: tekstem imitujqcym doniesienie agencyjne,
o utrwalanie slownictwa z danej dziedziny,
o zdobycie umiejetnoéci wychwycenia najistotniejszych informacji z tekstu
napisanego ,jezykiem prasowym”.
Autorzy maja£ réwniez nadziejeg, Ze jeéli czytelnik bedzie chcial wypowiedzieé
Sig p0 angielsku na dowolny z przedstawionych tematéw, znajdzie W tekstach
wszystkie potrzebne do tego sléwka i zwroty.
I jeszcze jedna uwaga: poglqdy prezentowane w tekstach i tematach do dys-
kusji nie zawsze sq zgodne z pogladami autoréw.
Jak pracowaé 2 Here is the News...
Pierwszy etap pracy z ksiaika to éwiczenie rozumienia ze sluchu. Poniewaz';
z podregcznika czytelnik moie korzystaé wybiérczo, powinien odnaleéé 11a plycie
ten news item, nad ktérym wlaénie chce pracowaé, oraz odszukaé 0dp0wiada—
jqcy mu zestaw éwiczefi w dziale Listening comprehension. Po dwukrotnym
wysluchaniu relacji, powinien przeczytaé zdania z pierwszego éwiczenia i usta-
lié, czy pedane stwierdzenja sq zgodne z tymj, o ktérych méwi lektor.
Nastegpne éwiczenie polega na lqczeniu wyrazéw w zwiazki frazeologiczne
Collocations. Kolumna A to przewainie przymiotniki, B -— rzeczowniki. N a—
1e2y je zestawié W pary zgodnie z uslyszanym tekstem.
Na nastepnej stronie czytelnik znajdzie pelny tekst wysluchanej relacji oraz
slowniczek, W ktérym, oprécz polskiego znaczenia 516W wyl‘éznionych w tek-
écie, podano ich angielska} definicjg qi synonimy. Stwarza to moiliwoéé pel—
niejszego zrozumienia sléw oraz poslugiwania Sig szerszym zasobem slownio-
twa podczas omawiania tekstu w jezyku angielskim. Gdyby w tekécie znalaz}
Sig wyraz nie znany czytelnikowi, a nie umieszczony w slowniczku, nalefay
sprawdzié, czy jest wymieniony W indeksie 11a koficu ksiaZki. Jeéli tak, nu—
mer tekstu kieruje do odpowiedniego slowniczka, gdzie znajduje Sign, poszuki-
wana definicja. W przypadku réznych znaczefi, w indeksie podane sq rééxne
numery.
Nastepne zadanie --— Reading comprehension -- sprawdza zrozumienie czy-
tanego tekstu. Kilka pytafl w aim zawartych porzqdkuje pedane W tekécie
informacje. Potem Phrases to learn — zbiér uéytecznych zwrotéw, ktére wy-
stapily w tekécie. N aleiy je wpisaé obok polskich odpowiednikéw. Pierwsze
litery 316W ulatwiajq zadanie.
Na nastepnej stronie éwiczenie Headline dotyczy nagléwkéw prasowych, k136—
rych styl i skladm'a czesto odbiegajg 0d form jezyka méwionego. Zadanie p0-
lega na ustawieniu poszczegélnych wyrazéw W takiej kolejnoéci, aby powstal
nagléwek przeczytanego tekstu.
Translation practice wymaga 0d uczqcego sit; przetlumaczenia na jezyk
angielski polskiego streszczema gléwnego tekstu za pomoca sléw i zwrotéw
z poprzednich éwiczefl. Jest to ostateczny sprawdzian, czy czytelnik zapamie-
ta} material leksykalny wystepujacy w tekécie.
I wreszcie Discussion topics, gdzie znajdujq sit; pytania problemowe i zagad-
niem'a do dyskusji (dzial ten jest zasadniczo przeznaczony do pracy w gTupie).
W slowniczkach zastosowano nastepujace skréty:

n (noun) — rzeczownik
v (verb) -—- czasownik
adj (adjective) -- przymiotnik
adv (adverb) -- przysléwek
prep (preposition) ~— przyimek
sl (slang)
US (American English)
News item 1: Forest fires ........................................................ 11
News item 2: Drought ............................................................ 15
News item 3: Famine .............................................................. 19
News item 4: Hurricanes ........................................................ 23
News item 5: Rainstorms 27
News item 6: Floods ................................................................ 31
News item 7: Epidemics ......................................................... 35
News item 8: Earthquake 1 ..§................................................ 39
News item 9: Earthquake 2 ................................................... 43
News item 10: Avalanches ....................................................... 47
News item 11: Volcanic eruptions ............................................ 51
News item 12 : Gas poisoning ................................................... 55
( News item 1: Forest fires 1
Listening comprehension
Tick the statements: true (T) or false (F)?
1. This year’s forest fires have brought several million dollars’

worth of losses.
. For the last three years there has been very little rain.
N 0 rains accompanied the storms which started the fires.
. Fire can spread faster than one can imagine.
. Some firefighters died because of smoke inhalation.
. The water—bombing aircraft dropped its load on the man by mistake.
. If a fire is put out, it no longer represents danger.
. Helicopters and planes are used only to spot new outbreaks of fire.
The fact that the conflagration is seen from space indicates the
scale of the disaster.
In;
53
After the fire, the forests will soon look as before.
Collocations
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
collocations as they appear in the report.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
cause ........................................................................... damage
dense ........................................................................... eyes
eerie ........................................................................... fire
glow ........................................................................... lightning
fire ........................................................................... reserves
natural ........................................................................... retardants
raging ........................................................................... satellites
smouldering ........................................................................... smoke
swollen ........................................................................... spot
weather ........................................................................... storms
11
Forest fires
More than one million acres of forests have gone up in flames
this year. This represents the worst loss of timber in Norwood
this century. Millions of dollars worth of damage has been
caused, with beautiful woodland areas and natural reserves
being reduced to ashes. Following a severe drought for the third
year in succession, a series of lightning storms ignited a wave
of fires which were almost impossible to contain. In just one
National Park, the inferno got out of control and seared
700,000 acres in five months. When one raging fire is put out,
firemen move on to another outbreak, often caused by airborne
embers.
“Fire spreads so quickly,” said one firefighter, his eyes swollen,
his face covered with grime, “that you can easily be cut off by
the flames.” Indeed, twenty firefighters have died battling this
year’s forest fires: some were overcome by smoke and flames
before they could reach the safety of fire—resistant shelters, While
several were taken to hospital with burns and injuries from
falling trees. One was killed when a water-bombing aircraft
accidentally emptied its 1,000 gallon load over him.
At the scene, it is impossible to endure the heat; in some areas
the fire reaches 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit ~——- hot enough to melt
metal traffic signs and vaporize small streams. Dense smoke
cuts visibility by half. The ashes at each smouldering spot
have to be checked to make reignition impossible. In an effort
to prevent the fire from spreading further, helicopters and
planes dump fire retardants. At night, an eerie orange glow
can be seen in the sky from many miles away, and the
conflagration was detected by weather satellites.
Forests, with the exception of some very old and large trees, will
regenerate quickly -~ although it could take three hundred years
before the worst-burnt areas return to their full majesty.
12
timber n (wood suitable for building and carpentry) —— drewno
ashes n (powder that remains afler burning) «- popiél
ignite v (inflame, set on fire) ~— zapalié, podpalié
contain 0 (stop, keep under control) «- tu: powstrzymaé, opanowaé
inferno n (something burning fiercely) -——- morze ognia, Zar (piekielny)
sear v (burn, scorch the surface) -—— przypalaé, osmalié
rage v (burn fiercely) -— szaleé
embers. n (small pieces of burning wood) ... Zarzace Sig: wegle
grime n (soot) ~— sadza
endure 0 (stand, bear; put up with) ~— wytrzymaé, znies’é
vaporize 0 (become steam) - wyparowaé
smoulder U (burn slowly without flame) -— tlié sic;
retardant n (chemical which slows down, burning) — S’rodek hamujacy
rozprzestrzenianie Sig ognia
eerie adj (strange, unearthly) — dziwny, niesamowity
glow n (radiance) -——— pos’wiata
conflagration n (Maze, destructive fire) ~— pos'mga
Reading comprehension
Answer the following questions.
1. What sort of damage has been caused by the fires?

2. What makes containing the fire so difficult?
3. What caused the casualties?
4. What is being done to prevent the fire from spreading?
5. Is the damage caused by the fire irreversible?
Phrases to learn
Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word.
a splonqé ~ g ...... u.... in ...................
e stanowié strate; - r ......................... a l .............
a rozpalié ogiefl ~— i ................. f. ..........
o niemoiliwy do opanowania -——— i ........................... to c ......................
a wymknqé Sit; spod kontroli —-—- g .......... o ......... of c ..................
o ugasié poiar w p ........... o......... a f. ...........
a znies’é gioratco —— e.................. the h ............
e stopié 519 i wyparowaé — m ........... and v............................
o ograniczyé Widocznoéé o polowe —— c .......... v......................... by h ..........
a zapobiec rozprzestrzenianiu sis; ognia ~— p ................... the f. ........... f. ..........
s.......................
a sprawdzié tlace sit; miejsca -—~ 0.............. s.................................. s.................
13
Headline
Rearrange the words to form the headline to the report.
IN 0 FORESTS 0 DESTROYED 0 MORE 0 BLAZES 0 UNCONTROLLABLE
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Q I I O I I I I I D O C C O O I l o l l 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 n t o - Q 0 0 c . G I O I I ' o u t . . . o . . . D e l l a - a I l l a - I o C l o - o I n c i s i o n c o c o n u n v c l l l l l l l
Translation practice
W tym roku Wiele laséw poszlo z dymém. Poiary powoduja straty 11a sume
wielu milionéw dolaréw. Lasy zapalajq sit; 0d piorunéw. Poiary laséw sq tmdne
do opanowania. Szalejqcy ogiefi szybko sic; rozprzestrzenia. Goraco jest nie
do zniesienia. Dwudziestu straz'zakéw zg‘ineglo walczqc z ogniem, ktéry nie daje
sic; ugasié. Stracili iycie, gdyi nie qiyli wrécié do ognioodpornego schronu.
Samoloty zrzucaja érodki zapobiegaj ace szerzeniu sic; ognia. Poéwiata jest wi-
doczna z odleglos’ci wielu mil. Uplynie Wiele lat, zanim najbardziej wypalone
obszary powréca do dawnej éwietnoéci.
u . . . oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo c u . ooooooooooo upon ooooooooooooooo O t o b t l t l b l o t t i a l t l ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 0 ' 0 . . . . . . . o
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C . O . D Q C I . D I I O O I I I I I O I O . I I I I I I I I I . I . . . I D U . I O O I . I I O O I I O O I I O I . I I I I I I I I . U I . I . O 0 . . O D . C D C I C I I I O I I I I I I O I O I I I O I I I I I .
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C C U O 0 . 0 0 . . 0 O I I . I I I . I . I . I I I . I I O I I I I I O . fl I I I I I I . O I I I I I I I I I I C I C I I O I I O I ‘ C I U O O O D . O O O Q O Q D . I I I U I I I I I I O I I G O I O I I I I I .
. . . . . . . . . . C . . O U O . C . . . . . Q . . . I I I I I C I I . I C I I O O I O I I I . O I 0 . . O I I . O I O I I . O I I I I I I I I O O I I U I . . . C O I . I . O I I O I I . . I C O I I I I I I O I G I G I I O I I I l i l o .
. o o o o a a ¢ o ~ a o . o c o o o o oooooooooooooooo o n . . . . . . . . . . 00¢... oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo cunncoananc . . . . . . .
t t t t t n . ¢ a c - n a n c n n u n c c o c o n u o n o I n a a o o s t u n . a I n a . o n a . - o n a n c u o u . o . o a . u n a n n o o o . a o . n n s o s o o n - o . u n c u - n o n o . . . n u n - o n » : - p u t t - a c o o u n a i b s l t l o
Inan.OOOOIlQIOOODQOCOOSOIODO oooooooooo q . . . oooooo c o o l . . . ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo c n I I I O D ¢ I n l l t n n v o l o a n c n nnnnnn
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo O I o u t . O I . I . D a l t u t - c o c h i n a - I o I O I I O Q O l D b u t i n . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . . . l a c l a - I a g o - A n o n O I I I O I O I I O O O I O I O I O I I I I I I I I
a s . . . ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo no ooooooooo . n c q n u nnnnnnnnnnnnnn c o c a n o u a c o n n o o - o c - n a . o n nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
nc-onuonooanu-uooo oooooooooooooooo «on... oooooo . 0 - 0 ‘ ooooooooooooooo g a g - o c c a a a o o a o o - o oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
oooooooooooooooooooooo o q - a c g c o o o c o o u l o l o c - o g o s n o o n . o n o . n . . . u u e « s o . n o o u n u - o u - c u o u s - u - o o n . . . c u s o n o s t a n : n ¢ o n a n n n n a t n a a a a n u a a n . . . . a
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I n c a n O ’ c c o o I I I I I l i a . . . c c o l o I I o n . c 0 I Q O I Q Q O D I I I n t o o u t . n o o n - O I . o u t . i t ' s . a t . $ 0 0 . 0 0 Q . D D O D D O O D D O I O C O O O ' I I O I I O
O t t o I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I n o t . nnnnnnnnnn o c c c c c c c ouo . . . . . . . . n u c u u - o c u n v c n c c . . . . . . O ‘ D o Q D I I D D O I O I Q aaaaa nI I I I I I I
Discussion topics
1. D0 forest fires occur naturally, regardless of man’s activities? What can
start them?
2. If they occur naturally, why are people so desperate to fight them?
3. Why do so many young people choose the occupation of a firefighter
despite its evident danger? Would you like to be one? Why?
4. Put yourself in the position of an officer in charge of putting out a forest fire.
How would you organize the operation? What circumstances would affect
your decisions? What methods do you believe to be the most effective? How
would you protect the lives of the people under your command?
14
f News item 2: Drought 3
1. The conference was devoted to analyzing the causes of this year’s

drought.
9000403971???“
. There will be no grain left for winter.

Farm animals were also affected by the drought.
Last Winter did not differ significantly from the previous ones.
The problem was that last winter the soil was exposed to the weather.
. Chemical fertilizers will repair the damage done to the topsoil.
. Irrigation is one of the means of gaining extra land for growing crops.
. Turnn up soil is one of the methods of getting rid of weeds.
It can be concluded that Agunda relies heavily on electricity
generated by water—power.
10. Now people are banned from washing cars and watering gardens.
11. To make water safe for consumption it must be boiled first.
12. Calamitous weather abnormalities are now taking place more often
than before.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
chemical .............................................................................. devastation
climatic .............................................................................. fertilizer
fertile .............................................................................. future
foreseeable .............................................................................. pattern
insufficient .............................................................................. rain
massive .............................................................................. rivers
rainless .............................................................................. shortages
roaring .............................................................................. summer
scorching .............................................................................. sun
water .............................................................................. topsoil
15
Draught
A conference was held today in Agunda’s capital, Barnaros, to
discuss possible measures for averting the major food crisis
caused by this year’s drought. Reports Show that the autumn
grain stockpiles will fall to little more than a month’s supply.
Several factors combined to contribute to the disaster. First,
the rainless summer and scorching sun parched the land
damaging Wheat, corn, and peanut crops, and killing millions
of chickens and turkeys. Second, last winter, the driest in nearly
a century, left areas bare of their normal snow cover and
vulnerable to high Winds. Subsoil moisture was depleted and
the insufficient Winter rain and snow failed to restore it. Fertile
topsoil has thus eroded faster than it has been renewed. It
cannot be improved even with the heavy use of chemical
fertilizers. These two facts have resulted in the drastically
diminished yield of crops.
Drought has brought other problems, too. Water shortages in
many areas limit the amount of land that can be converted to
agriculture by irrigation methods. Also, getting rid of weeds,
Which suck up the remaining water, poses yet another problem;
turning up the soil causes it to lose even more moisture. To add
to the drought damage, uncontrollable fires swept through coffee
plantations bringing massive devastation.
Drought has also seriously cut the country’s hydroelectric
potential bringing about cuts in electricity. It has virtually
emptied the smaller reservoirs and produced water emergencies.
Formerly roaring rivers have been turned into trickles. Water
restrictions have been imposed and city residents have been
banned from using hose pipes for domestic purposes. In some
areas, 10W river levels concentrate chemical pollutants to such
an extent that the water is unsafe to drink. According to
weather forecasts, there is little prospect of a steady rainfall in
the foreseeable future. As last year’s rain was also sparse, it
looks as if the climatic pattern is changing for the worse.
16
avert 1) (hold off, prevent) — zapobiec
stockpiles n (reserves) —— zasoby, zbiory
combine 1) (put together) ~— polqczyé
scorch I) (burn lightly or dry up with heat) — przypalié, wypalié
parch 0 (become dry from heat) - praiyé, wysuszaé
bare adj (unfertile and unproductive) -—-— tu: jalowy, nieurodzajny
vulnerable adj (exposed) -- wystawiony 11a dzialanie, pozbawiony ochrony
moisture n (water within another material) -——~ wflgoé
deplete u (use up and weaken) ——— wyczerpaé, uszczuplié
fertile adj (productive) -—- Zyzny
yield n (production) —~ plon
convert v (adapt) -—-— zmienié, przystosowaé, tu: pozyskaé
irrigation n (supplying water) — nawadnianie
virtually adv (practicaliy) — zasadniczo, w rzeczywistoéci
sparse adj (not profuse) — Skqpy
What are the consequences of a rainless, hot summer?
ewpoyor‘
How can winter weather affect the quality of the soil?

What is the relationship between soil fertility and crop yield?
HOW is it possible to increase the acreage for agriculture?
What are the consequences of low water levels?
In what way does the situation pose a health hazard?
Phrases to learn
a zapobiec kryzysowi -— a ................ a c ...............

e czynniki przyczyniaj ace 31:; do katastrofy "— f2....................... c ...........................
to the d ........................
e niedostateczne opady deszczu- —- i ................................ r ...........................
e pozyskaé ziemie; dla rolnictwa — c ................................. the l ..................... to
a ..................................
e spowodowaé znaczne zniszczenia -—~ b ......... m .................. d ............................
e zmniejszyé moc elektrowni wodnych — c ....... h ............................ p ................
e narzucié ograniczenia ~— i ................. r ................................
o w takim stopniu, Ze... —- to s ............... an e ................ that...
e niewielka szansa -—~ l ............... p .......................
a zmiana na gorsze -— c ..................... for the w ................
17
eadhne
WATER e DROUGHT a REDUCED 9 SEVERE 9 RESERVES a DRAMATICALLY @ BY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dzisiaj odbyla sic; konferencja na temat sposobéw zapobieienia kryzysowi Zyw-
noéciowemu. Kryzys zostal spowodowany przez susze. Kilka innych czynni—
kéw 1‘6wniez przyczynilo sic; d0 katastrofy. Palace slofice spieklo ziemie. Su-
cha zima pozbawfla glebg: poklywy énieZnej, przez co wystawfla jq na dzialanie
zimna i silnych Wiatréw. Zmniejszyla sit; wilgotnoéé gleby. J ej Zyzna, wierzch—
nia warstwa ulegla erozji. Plony znacznie sie; zmniejszyly. Susza zmniejszyla
tez potencj a} elektrowni wodnych powoduj ac przerwy W dostawie pradu. Rwace
niegdys’. rzeki zamienily sic; w strumyki. Wprowadzono ograniczenia w uiy-
waniu wody. Niski jej poziom spowodowal koncentracje trujacych érodkéw
chemicznych w takim stOpniu, 2'23 nie nadaje Sig do picia. Istnieje nikla 32311—
53. na obfite opady deszczu.
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Discussion tepics
1. Is it true to say that the world’s climatic pattern is changing?
2. If so, What kind of effect will it have on agriculture and on people’s lives
in general?
3. How does soil erosion occur in summer and in winter?
4. How does a shortage of water affect people’s daily lives?
5. Are you aware how often you need water in everyday life? Imagine that
your water supply has suddenly been cut off. Describe the situations in
which you are helpless without water. How would you cope knowing there
would be no water for three days and you have just five litres to last you.
(additional difficulties: 3 baby to wash, pets to feed, plants to water etc.)
18
F N ews Hem
Ten million people died of starvation in Agunda in 1981.

Action by the world community is desperately needed.
5:3 5 9 9 0 : 3 9 3 9 " ? p
The current famine is the result of prolonged drought.

Small children have no chance of survival.
Malnutrition can affect a child’s mental development.
Lack of drinking water is another life-threatening issue.
Cases of looting are sporadic.
People move from the cities as it is easier to find food in the country.
Farm animals have died because they had nothing to eat.
Now there is more land available that can be used for farming.
H
P4
. Food supplies will be distributed by air and by land.

H
1...;
b0
. Civil war will prevent relief agencies from delivering their supplies.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
affected .......................................................................... agencies
basic .......................................................................... aid
chronic .......................................................................... area
daily .......................................................................... damage
famished .......................................................................... drought
grazing .......................................................................... land
humanitarian .......................................................................... malnutrition
irreversible .......................................................................... occurrences
major ........................................................... -
............... peasants
pitiful .......................................................................... picture
relentless .......................................................................... rations
relief .......................................................................... tragedy
19
Famine
Fears are growing of another famine in Agunda which could

prove to be much worse than that of 1981 when more than a
million people starved to death. Relief agencies are talking in
terms often million at risk in the affected area. They are calling
on the world community to act now to avert a major tragedy as
the situation is worsening rapidly.
Reporters speak of a pitiful picture of human suffering caused

by drought and disease. The infant mortality rate is steadily
climbing, and for many of the children who survive, there is only
a prospect of stunted growth and irreversible brain damage from
chronic malnutrition. Hundreds of thousands of emaciated
people are said to be undernourished, dehydrated and on
the move, searching for food. Looting by hordes of famished
peasants are daily occurrences. Villages are deserted and towns
overpopulated. According to estimates, two million tons of food
are needed immediate One ton feeds five people at an “absolute
minimum” subsistence level for a year.
The current emergency has arisen because there has been no
rain for the second year running. The relentless drought has
withered crops and turned grazing land into deserts.
Consequently, livestock has been decimated. Before the dry
spell, there were two successive years of poor harvests which
complicated the country’s economic plight. Annual targets for
grain production have not been met and the acreage of land
used for agriculture has shrunk dramatically. Among other
necessities, fertilizers and high quality grain are needed to boost
production.
Besides food, funds are being sought for medical aid and fuel
for the fleet of trucks laden with supplies. A major airlift of
stockpiled flour has been improvised to reach the worst hit areas
that are inaccessible to convoys, and to distribute basic rations
to the starving. Despite a raging civil war, humanitarian aid to
the famine-stricken areas will continue.
20
starve I) (suffer severely from hunger) -- glodowaé
3' pitiful adj (causing pity) - przyprawiaj qcy 0 litoéé
infant n (baby) ~— niemowle;
_ stunt 0 (stop or slow down growth) -— zahamowaé wzrost
malnutrition n (condition caused by not getting enough food) — niedoiywienie
emaciated adj (skinny, skeletal) ~— wychudzony, wycieficzony
undernourished adj (without sufiicient food) ~— éle odiywiony
dehydrate v (deprive of water) ~——— odwodnié
famished adj (sufi'ering from extreme hunger) ~—-— zaglodzony
subsistence n (abiZity to live with little money or food) — utrzymanie sit;
przy Zyciu
relentless adj (showing no mercy) —~ bezlitosny
Wither U (cause to become dry) — wiednaé, usychaé
grazing n (cattle eating grass in fields) — wypas
livestock n (farm animals) - zwierzeta hodowlane
decimate 0 (reduce in number) - zdziesiqtkowaé
plight n (difficult condition) «- cieikie 13010291116:
laden adj (weighted with) ~ obladowany
. Why must the world community act now?

C J T h P - Q O N M
. What shows that the situation is desperate?

. How has the situation affected the life of the country?
. How has the drought affected the food situation?
. What immediate measures have been taken?
Phrases to learn
a okazaé Sig 0 Wiele gorsze -— p ............... m .............. w ............

e zagrozézony obszar —-- a ....................... a ..........
a zapobiec tragedii -— a ............... a t .........................
o stopa s’miertelnoéci roénie ———~ m ...................... r ........ is c ........................
a nieodwracalne uszkodzenie mézgu - i ........................... b ......... d ...................
e zjawisko wystepujace na porzadku dziennym ~— d .......... o ..............................
e Zyé na granicy ubéstwa - l ......... at s ........................ l .................
e osiagnqé zaloienia planu rocznego -—- m ........... a .................. t .......................
o poszukiwaé funduszy —— s.............. f. ..................
o rozdzielié podstawowe racje Zywnos’ciowe — d ........................... b ...................
r ...............
a szalejaca wojna domowa —— r .............. c ............ w .........
21
Headline
FOR 0 MILLIONS ' INTERNATIONAL 0 STARVATION 0 AS 0 FOOD

AGUNDA 0 FACE 0 RELIEF
. Q . . . ‘ I I I I I I I I I I I I . Q O D . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O O O O I C Q O Q C I . . . . . . . . . O I I I I I I I . 0 . I I I I I I I I I I b . I I I I I I I I I I I . . . I I I I I I I I 0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I O I .
Rosna obawy, Ze kleska glodu W Agundzie okaie S319 gorsza niz ta, ktéra miala
miejsce W 1981 r. Obecnie na obszarze dotknietym tragedia okolo 10 milionom
ludzi grozi émieré glodowa. Organizacje, ktére niosq pomoc krajom dotknietym
glodem, wzywajq calq spolecznoéé miedzynarodowa do podjecia dzialafi mega-
cych zapobiec pogarszaniu sit; sytuacji. Smiertelnoéé Wéréd niemowlat stale ro-
énie. Wycieficzeni ludzie szukaja jedzenia. Przypadki rabunku iywnoéci SE} 113
porzadku dziennym. Obecna sytuacja spowodowana jest brakiem deszczu, kté~
ry m'e padal tu przez dwa kolejne lata. Bezlitosna susza zniszczyla zbiory, a
pastwiska zamiem'la W pustynie. Poglowie zwierzqt hodowlanych zostalo zdzie-
siqtkowane. Do zwiegkszenia produkcji rolnej potrzebne jest wysokiej jakoéci 2131'—
no i nawozy sztuczne. Potrzebne sq 1'6wniez'z fundusze 11a pomoc medycznq. Przy—
gotowano zrzut zapaséw maki, ktéra bgdzie rozdana glodujacym. Mimo
szalejqcej w kraju wojny domowej, pomoc humanitarna bgdzie kontynuowana.
I I I I I I I I I O D . I . I I O I I I I O 0 | I U . I I O I I I - I O I O I I I I O O O O I O I O O I I I I O O I I I O I I I U I D . O Q D . C O I I I I I I I O 0 . 8 . 0 D I O I . I I I I fl D D O I . I . I O Q C U O O O O O I O I I I O O D I I D Q O
. . . . . . . . fl I I . I . O I . I O I I . O I I 9 ' D U I O U U . . C I . I . I I I I I O I I O I . I . I I . O I I I I I U Q U . O Q O I O I I . O I I I I U I . C O D C I I I O O I 0 . 0 0 0 . I . I O I I I I I I D Q C D O G I I I I O I I O C . C Q O
C I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I ' . . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O . Q . 0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . 0 0 . . . I I I I I I I . 0 0 . . . I I I I I I 0 " . . . D I I I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I O . . 0 O 0 . 0 B I O I . I . O I I O O I . I . O I D I I I I I . O D I . O I D . O I I I I I I . O I I I O . I I I . O D . 0 O I O i l O I I . O D . C D I I I I I I I I I . I . D . D O I I I O O I G I I O O O D C C O O O O I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I Q . ‘ O . . . l I I . I I O I I I I I I O I . I . I . . . O I I I . I I I O I I l l I I fi l l I I I I I O O I C O O . . 0 . 0 . I . I I . I O D C C O C O 0 . 0 I I I I O I . I I . I . C I Q O I I . I I Q Q D . O C O C C C O I I
I I I I I I I I 0 0 . . . . . . . O I I I I . O I I I I O I I I O I . I . I . I I O O O I I I O I O I . 0 I . O O I I I O I O 0 | O O . l C D . l I I I I I O O I I I . Q . Q I . I . O I O I I . O O . D I I I I I I O I I I I U O I C O I I I I I I I O O
D I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . Q . . . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . . . I O O § C . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C I . . . I I I I I I I I I I I C . I I I I I I I I I I I 0 . . . . . . I I I I I I I I I C I D - D . . .
0 ' . . . . . . C I . 0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t . . . ‘ I I I I I I I I I I I ’ C . I I I I I I I I I I I . I Q I I I I I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I I I O
I I I I I I I I I I I I O . C . C D U U I I C I I . I . O I I O O I I I I I . B I O I . I I I D I . I t D . I I I I I O . l I I I I O I I O O I O . Q . C I . I I I I O D I ' D Q O Q I I C I I C I O I I I I I D O O O I I I I I I I I I I . . . . .
Discussion tiopics
1. Would you answer an appeal for donations and contribute money to the
starving who live somewhere on the other side of the world, in countries of
which you know very little?
2. How can famine change the structure of a country, and what elements, such
as crime, can accompany the tragedy?
3. Can governments in countries which are likely to suffer from famine do
anything to prevent the tragedy?
4. HOW would you organize and run a food distribution centre?
What priorities would you have?
22
r News item 4: Hurricanes j
EICID
. Hurricane George reached the coast of J ahar in the evening.
[ g a m m y - d
. Peeple knew that it was coming.

. There was no electricity in the affected area.
The fishing fleet was destroyed because the boats were not
DDDDDDDDD
properly secured.
. All the devastation was caused by the Wind.
. Churches in J ahar offer better protection than other buildings.
© 0 0 n
The number of victims is as yet unclear.

. Flood waters claimed no victims.
. The President has acted appropriately.
10. Housing is the biggest problem at the moment.
11. People are leaving the capital although it may prove unnecessary.
12. Mudslides are triggered by gale-force Winds.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
battering ............................................................................ areas
casualty ............................................................................ damage
coastal ............................................................................ fleet
damage ............................................................................ gales
fishing ............................................................................ hurricane
flood ............................................................................ list
huge ............................................................................ rain
torrential ................................................................... seas
tropical ............................................................................ statistics
violent ............................................................................ storm
widespread ............................................................................ waters
23
Hurricanes
Hurricane George, which has been sweeping across the

Atlantic for the last few days, struck the coastal areas of J ahar
Shortly before dawn, with winds of up to 170 miles an hour. The
battering gales are said to be moving inland, causing
Widespread damage and devastation. As the hurricane—force
Winds cut a swath across the country, they are leaving behind
a trail of destruction, downed power lines and telephone poles,
torn off roofs and uprooted trees. The fishing fleet was totally
destroyed as the Winds ripped boats from their moorings and
tossed them on shore.
Huge seas heavily inundated populated areas of the coastal
plains, wiping out several settlements. Coastal town residents
have sought refuge in stone~built churches, and on higher
ground. So far the violent hurricane has left one hundred dead
in its wake. The death toll is still climbing as more and more
bodies are recovered from under collapsed buildings. Five
hundred people are reported missing, and are presumed dead,
having been swept away by flood waters. The casualty list and
the damage statistics are still incomplete and will probably soar
as communication links with affected areas are restored.
As hardly a house in the area still has a roof, the President has
declared the state of emergency. Residents are in desperate need
of food and shelter. The authorities ordered the evacuation of
people from the capital, although it is hoped that by the time
the hurricane reaches that city, it will have downgraded to a
tropical storm. If so, the city will survive relatively unscathed.
However, What has not already been flattened by the Winds is
still likely to be severely damaged by mudslides and floods
caused by the accompanying torrential rain. Judging by the
devastation, Hurricane George is likely to be the deadliest storm
on record.
24
sweep 0 (move at a fast pace) ~— zmiataé, hulaé
I battering adj ( striking hard and often) — huraganowy
gale n (strong and violent wind) — Wichura
swath n (Clear a Space after the passage of something) — pokos
tip 1) (tear with force) -—-— oderwaé
mooring n, (place where a ship is secured) -—- miejsce do cumowania
inundate v (flood, cover with water) - zalaé
seek refuge (look for shelter; run away to a safe place) —~ szukaé schronienia
presume I) (suppose to be trjue) ~— przypuszczaé
soar u (go up quickly) —-- is’é szybko W gére
downgrade 0 (reduce) ~— zmaleé, zmniejszyé sit;
unscathed adj (untouched, undisturbed) - nietkniety, bez uszczerbku
flatten 0 (make flat, eden) «— Splaszczyé, zréwnaé z powierzchnia ziemi
torrential adj (pouring) ~— (0 deszczu) ulewny, gwaltowny
Reading comprehensima
How destructive were the Winds?

. Could the destruction of the fleet have been prevented?
. What caused the flooding of coastal areas?
. HOW could one save one’s life?
. Why is the number of dead unknown?
. What other destructive elements have caused damage and casualties?
Phrases to learn
9 spowodowaé szkody i zniszczenia w c ........... d ................ and d ........................

a zerwaé linie wysokiego napiecia ~— d ............ p ............... l ...............
o zmieéé osade z powierzchni ziemi —— w ............ o .......... a s ...............................
o zostawié zniszczenia -——- l ............. a t .............. of d ..............................
e zostawié za soba ~— I .............. sth in one’s w ..............
o niepelne dane - i .............................. s..........................
a przywrécié lacznoéé -- r ................... c ....................................
e oglosié stem klegski Zywiolowej —~ d .................. a s........... of e..........................
e wydaé rozkaz ewakuacji - 0 ......................... e ................................................
o sadzié p0 zniszczeniach — j ............... b ....... the d .................................
a zostaé odnotowanym ~ be 0 ...... r ...........................................
25
Headline
100 0 OVER 1* DEADLY 0 JAHAR 0 STRIKES 0 KILLING 0 GEORGE
Huragan, ktéry w ciqgu ostatnich dni przechodzil nad Atlantykiem, dotarl dzié'
rano do wybrzeiy J aharu. Wedlug doniesiefi prasowych, wichura przesuwa
sis; w glab lgdu powodujac duée zniszczenia. Huragan pozrywal linie wyso—
kiego napigcia i dachy, powyrywal drzewa i slupy telefoniczne. Wzburzone
morze zalalo przybrzeine osady. Ludnoéé szuka schronienia W koéciolach :i. na
wyiej pOIOZonych terenach. Liczba ofiar émiertelnych roénie. Ogloszono stan
kleski Zyvviolowej. Wladze miasta zarzadzily ewakuacjg ludnoéci ze stolicy,
choé przypuszcza Sig, 2e huragan znacznie oslabnie zanim dotrze do miasta.
Istnieje nadzieja, Ze stolica nie ulegnie dewastacji. Sadzac p0 rozmiarach znisz—
czefi, huragan George moxie byé uznany za najgroiniejszy ze wszystkich, ja-
kie do tej pory odnotowano.
O . . . . . . C . C . O . . C . . . . . . 0 . . . . . D C . . . . . . C . . . C . I I I I I O . C C C C C C C C C C C U O I I . . I I O I I I - O O I I O Q C I ' I D I I I Q C U I I I I I I I I . I O I . I I I I I I I I I
I O . . . . . . . . D I I I I I O I I I I I I I I I I O . I I I I I . 0 . I I I I I I I . 0 . . . . . O . . . . . . O I I I I I Q . I I I I fl I I I O O D O I I O I I O I S I O I O O I I I I . I I I I I I I I 0 ‘ O . O O . 0 .
I I I I I I I I I I . I I . U . I . O O U O I I O I O 0 . 0 I I C i I Q O I I I I I O C C I I I I I O O I I I O I O O I . O . . C I I I C C C I I U . . I I Q O I O O I l O I O I I O I O I I I I . I I O I I I - I I I I I I O O I I I U O I I O I O . .
I I . . . . . . D l l l l l C . . . . . I . . . . . O I I I I I I I U I I I I I O I I I I I I I I O . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C I I I I I I I I I O D I I I D C I I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O ' I I C O B I - I l fl l I I C C O I
I . . . . . . . Q I I I I I C . . . . . D . . . . . h C C C C C C C O l l l l l n o O O O O O O O I . . . . . . b . . . . . t I I I I I I I I I I I C l l o l t fl l o l o c l o n l l l o t . . . . . I c c c c c c c c o v o c v o s o u n o n o o c u o o :
U C I U O I I O . . . . . O I I I I I Q I I I I I O . I I I I I I O . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I D I I I I I I I ‘ D I O I C C D I I I O O I 0 l t . I I I I I I I I Q I I I I C O I I I C I O I C O I I I Q C I C I O Q 0 . I O U C O I I U O
C U I I I I . I I I I I I I I I I I Q . . . . . C . . . . . . . 0 . I I I I I . 0 I I I I I I I . C . . . . . D i l l . . . . . . . . D I I O I . I I I I I I I I I . I I . . . . I I . . . . ' . . . ‘ I I I I O I I I Q I I I I I C O O C O O
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C O O I O I D . O I I . I I I C U I I I l I . 0 I . O I I . C I O I I . . l I D I O C C I . O O O I I O O O I O I O C I I O D C C I C C O U . I O U . . . C fi l I I D O I O I O O U .
. I I O I O D O I . . . C . O . U . . . . . . C I I I I I I I O . . . . . . . . I O O O O O U . . . I I I I I O . Q . I I I I I I I I ' C . . I . . I I I I I I I I . C O I ' O I I O I C I I I O D O D O O O I D D I O U D I I C O
I . . I . O . O . Q . I I I I I I Q . I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I . ‘ . . . . . D I I I I I Q O O O O O O O O O D I D . . . I I I I I I I I I D I O I I I I I I I I I I I 0 . . . D I I I I Q I I I O O I I O O
I I . . ‘ O I O . 0 . . . I O . I I I I I D . I I I I I . 0 . I I I I I I . 0 . I I I I I . I O I D C O O I I I I I I O I O I O C O I I C O I O I . I I I I I I I I I . O I I I . I I I I I I I I I . C I I O O I O U C
O . l l l l l C . . Q . C I . 0 . . I I I I I Q . I I I I I I I Q I I I I I I . 0 . I I I I I O I I I I I I Q . . . . . C O O . . . I I I I I O i l - O D I I I I I I I I I I I I I . 0 I I I I U I I I D C C O I Q O C I O O C D O I ‘ I I .
Discussion topics
1. What kind of precautions can people take against the onslaught
of a hurricane if they are told long enough in advance?
2. What makes a hurricane so formidable? What devastating elements
accompany it?
3. A hurricane forms a natural phenomenon known as “the eye of the storm”.
Can you guess what it is? "
4. What would you do if you knew that you lived in a region plagued by
hurricanes and typhoons? How would you protect your house and family? -
26
( N ews item
1. The rainstorms described in the report have been the worst

in J ahar’s history.
. There was too much water for the barriers and dykes to hold.
It was often impossible to get from one river bank to the other.
7 3 5 5 3 9 ” w
One had to be quick if one did not want to drown.

People left everything they had in order to save their lives.
A thousand people fell into the river to meet their death.
Helicopters had an easy job of rescuing people even from otherwise
hopeless situations.
8. Water has affected the quality of foodstuffs.
9. Ferries are being used to reach isolated areas.
10. Fortunately, food distribution centres are managing to provide
food for every flood victim.
11. Fifty lives are claimed every day as people die of water-borne diseases. El
12. In this particular case, providing international help will be difficult. El
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
buoyant ....................................................................... appeals
cooking ....................................................................... areas
distribution ....................................................................... barriers
fervent ....................................................................... centres
flood ....................................................................... damage
remote ....................................................................... facilities
slashing ....................................................................... objects
swirling ....................................................................... rain
swollen ....................................................................... rainstorms
Violent ....................................................................... rivers
Widespread ....................................................................... waters
27
Rainstorms
Fifteen inches of water have fallen in the last few days, as violent
rainstorms lashed the coastal areas of J ahar in the worst
downpour of this century. Following the cloudburst, many
flood barriers and dykes failed to withstand the pressure of the
swirling waters and proved no match for the swollen rivers.
These overflowed and caused widespread damage. Bridges
collapsed and were swept away, cutting communications.
As the roaring waters flooded 10w~1evel areas, people ran in
panic for their lives. Many were seen clinging to trees and
rooftops, guarding their possessions and waiting for the waters
to subside. At least a thousand are feared drowned in the
raging waters. Dozens of cars were swept out to sea. Helicopters
battled through slashing rain to Winch to safety those who
were still clinging to buoyant objects, and to rescue peeple from
treetops. Many attempts were unsuccessful.
As the situation worsens, food is becoming a serious problem.
Prices have increased sharply and much of the produce is
rotting. Due to a lack of cooking facilities, many face the threat
of starvation. Thousands are isolated in remote areas and
helicopters are now ferrying relief goods to the worst-hit
regions. PeOple are queuing at distribution centres in waist-deep
water for their ration of food and a container of drinking water.
Many go away empty-handed because supplies run out.
So far, three thousand people are reported dead but a rapidly
spreading epidemic is pushing the death toll even higher with
fifty new cases daily. Describing the situation as critical,
fervent appeals were issued to relief agencies for international
help. However, because the airports are flooded, only light
planes can land, reducing to a trickle the supply of desperately
needed food and medical aid.
28
5 3 lash v (strike violently) .._. chlostaé
ownpour n (heavy fall of rain) — ulewa
loudburst n (sudden, vioZent rainstorm) - oberwanie chmury
yke n (100% which prevents flooding) —-- tama
wirl v ( twist and curl) ——— wirowaé
VBI'flOW v (flood, spread beyond the usuaZ area) -- wystqpié z brzegéw
ling 1) (hold tightly) -—~ trzymaé kurczowo
ubside 0 (return to a normal level) —-— opadaé d0 normalnego poziomu
lash v (come down hard and at an angle) - smagaé
inch 1) (pull up using a lifting mechanizm) -- unieéé na wyciagu
uoyant adj (floating) _ utrzymujqcy sieg- na powierzchni
jiff'ferry 0 (transport goods) -- przewozié towary
fifervent adj (emotional, hopeful) ~— goracy, goraczliowy
._-;__'trickle n (thin, flow of liquid material) ._.. struzlka, tu: niewielka iloéé
ifReading camprehensfion
:1. What caused the flooding?
2. How did people react to the disaster?
3. What caused the food shortage?
4 In what kind of cases were helicopters used?
5. Why do outbreaks of disease often accompany disasters such as floods?
6. What makes the rescue operation difficult?
Phrases to learn
a wytrzymaé napér wody — w ..................... the p ........................ of w ...............

spowodowaé rozlegle zniszczenia —— c ................ w ......................... d .................
uciekaé, by ocalié Zycie - r .......... for one’s l ............
nieudane préby — u ................................. a ............................
sytuacja sit; pogarsza ~— 3..................... w ..................
brak moiliwoéci gotowania — l .............. of c ...................... f. ...........................
stanaé wobec groiby glodu -— f. ........... the t ................ of s.......................
odejéé z pustymi rekami - g ....... a ............. e................ —h................
zapasy sic; koficzq —— s ......................... r ........... o ...........
wystosowaé goracy apel — i ............... a f. .................... a ..................
29
Headline
FOLLOWING 0 EXTENSIVE 0 CENTURY’S 0 THIS 0 REPORTED
RAINSTORMS e WORST i DAMAGE
W ciag‘u ostatnich dni nad J aharem przeszla fala ulewnych deszczéw. Obfite
opady spowodowaly powédé. Waly przeciwpowodziowe i tamy nie wytrzyma-
1y naporu wzburzonej wody. Woda zalala niiej polozone obszary, powodujqc
olbrzymie straty. Ludzie uciekali w panice, prébujac ratowaé iycie. Chronili
Sig na drzewach i dachach doméw czekajac, a2 woda opadnie. Helikoptery ra-
towaiy tych, ktérzy uczepieni réinych przedmiotéw utrzymywali Sig na po-
Wierzchni wody. Tym, ktéz‘zy zostali odcieci 0d nie zalanych wodq obszaréw,
grozi émieré glodowa. Helikoptery dostarczajq Zywnoéé i wode pitnq do naj—
bardziej dotkniegtych 1:19s regionéw kraju. Méwi sic; 0 trzech tysiqcach ofiar
s’miertelnych, ale z powodu szerzacej sic; epidemii, liczba ta roénie. Poniewaz
sytuacja w J aharze jest krytyczna, zaapelowano o miedzynarodowa pomoc.
nnnnnnnnn OOQCCIOIDIIOIIOIII.0.0Don-III.I.DIIOIOOOIOIIIIQCQOIOIIOOCIIICOOOAIOOOCICQCDODOIOOQCDCDQOIIOIOI.OIOIOIIOIIIIIICCOOOIIIDI
t o . . . uuuuuuuu u p . . . uuuuuuuu n o . . . oooooo o to . . . . . ac nnnnnnn .a aaaaaaaa o a t . nnnnnnnnnnn o nnnnn t o . » a a t n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n no a
aaaaaaaaa no . I I I n a s a l . . . t c I O O I O I I I D 0 0 0 . . . o n D O D . . . I D O 0 6 . . . . . . I s t . . . s o t o o - a . . . c D I I I C I I ' I I c o l l o c a t i o n - I a n n o l n t a t n o t t c o o o o o a u o u n o
ooooooooo octucoououonuonun U ! a I . I I O D . . . 0 I I I I D ¢ D I I O I O I ¢ I ' O l i l a t t u c o o l l t s l n l d l n ‘ o a t - o u c - I o n - o n l o o o u a n a - s a s n c n n n - u o o u I I c o n s - o n u -
one... ooooooooo c o c o . . . a c a t . . . . . . . COG u u u u u u o . o o o o o o . o o o o o o o o o a n . n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n a a a a a a I t . . . 0 oooooooooooooooooooo a n t : D
I I I I I c o o - I I I I I I I I n I . t . I o o o o n l l n a o a c u l l t a o n - u o o o l i c o n - u n a n n t o o U I 0 0 . n o n u o c c u v . o o o a o a c I a o - a n a a o o c - c o t a t o v u o u c o o n o o n - I l c c c o n a n o t o u c
ouuuuuuuuuuuu a . . . aaaaaaaaa can ooooooooooooooooo a. c c c c c c a nnnnnn 0 3 . 0 . . aaaaaaaaaaaa n o . . . 0 " . aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 0.00000 nnnnnnnnnn
not c c c c c c c c c a n . . . oooooooo 9. no . . . . . . . . on . . . . . . 0 . . . . . o n . n n n n n n n n n n a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 . oooooooooooooooooooo Onnnnnn «can uuuuuuuuuu
aaaaaaaaa c o o t - o - a o a n - o . o t v v c o u n o c o . o a . . . I o h a v o c - n o u n . . . I . s a p o o o u u u - o n o p r o n g - u n c o o n a I n o o a o n I o - a o a a . t u n n t o t u u u - I o n o o n n a n o n n a n c g s
oooooooooo no. u s e - o n c e . ca a n c - I o c a o n n n u n - a n o u g o o - I a L - u o o n o a t u n u o o o u l o o a o n o n n c n o u o o - o u l o n o o n n o - a o a a a - s s n n a a O O O I I I I I I O I I O I O I I I I
0I I I I I I I I I t o t . I I I I I I I I I on 0 0 0 I I I I I I I oc I I I I I I c n n n n n n n 0c u u u u u u u a . n n n n n n n n n . 0 . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c a t a o n c o u n o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
nnnnnnnn c a . . . n o u n - c o c o a c c - I o o n n o . t o . o u c n s o n o - u u a o u o u u o o l a a c o t . n o . 0 - o n - o c o c o c o o c a o n n u a o t u - a c o n o t o o t - s o . . . u : o o n | o n a o o . o a o n o 0 . ¢
Discussion topics
1. Would you leave your possessions unguarded if you realized that your life
was in danger, or would you take the risk of waiting till the last moment,
even though it might be too late to save your life?
2. How must it feel to be surrounded by water, yet to suffer from thirst since
floodwater is not suitable for consumption?
3. Discuss the following statement:
RAIN «— a blessing for some, a disaster for others.
30
The inhabitants of Anturia have endured many calamities in the past.
91990.53!“
The reported flooding is the first one this year.

Not all of the deaths were caused by drowning.
Diarrhoea may cause death.
We understand that geographically Anturia is situated in
a temperate zone.
$090.49“
Thousands of people had 110 time to leave the affected area.

The only way to reach the isolated regions is by rail.
There is not enough food because supplies are flooded.
Fortunately, there is no danger of other flood barriers being
washed away.
10. Looters will be killed if caught red-handed.
11. There are people who want to turn this tragedy to their own,
possibly political, advantage.
12. The President will present his report on the losses to Parliament.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
abandoned ........................................................................ areas
displaced ........................................................................ buildings
heavy ........................................................................ disaster
looting ........................................................................ families
polluted ........................................................................ flooding
residential ........................................................................ floodwater
storage ........................................................................ gangs
unprecedented ........................................................................ properties
venomous ........................................................................ rains
widespread ........................................................................ snakes
31
Floods
According to the latest reports from Anturia, a country
bedevilled by natural disasters, a hundred people are
confirmed dead and up to three hundred are feared drowned
after the rivers burst their banks on Friday and inundated
large parts of the country. Five days of heavy monsoon rains
raised the number of dead to 1,200 in this year’s unusually
heavy storms and Widespread flooding.
Reportedly, a boat carrying more than fifty passengers capsized
in one river killing at least thirty-five people, while another boat
sank in crocodile~infested waters, causing the tragic death of
fourteen people. However, according to health officials, a third
of all deaths have been caused by diarrhoea and other stomach
ailments after Villagers drank polluted floodwater. Other
victims were killed by venomous water snakes, or were drowned.
Among the homeless are thousands of displaced families
huddled on embankments, waiting for evacuation, While
others are marooned 011 the roofs of their houses.
Many Villages are isolated as bridges have been damaged, and
hundreds of miles of roads are under water. Railroad services
have been suspended and flooded airports have forced the
cancellation of flights. The disaster has been described as
unprecedented, causing severe shortages of food and fuel due
to submerged storage buildings. Amid growing fears of the
flood worsening, irrigation experts are urging more protection
work against other rain~swollen rivers threatening residential
areas along their banks.
People have been warned that flood-related crime Will be
severely punished, even to having offenders shot on the spot.
About a hundred cases of looting of abandoned properties
have been reported, as well as several cases of sabotage. Boat
patrols have been set up to locate looting gangs, and to guard
the dykes against subversives. The President will report to
Parliament today on new measures to be taken to counter the
flood. However, a clear picture of the damage will only emerge
after the waters recede.
32
bedevil v (harass) —— przeéladowaé, tu: nawiedzaé
confirm I) (admit that something is true) — potwierdzaé
drown v (die from liquid flooding the lungs) — utonaé
burst 0 (break outwards) w rozerwaé, przerwaé
capsize v ((of a boat) overturn) -—~ przewrécié sic; do géry dnem
ailment n (illness) ~— dolegliwoéé, choroba
displace u (leave homeless) -—- pozbawié domostwa
huddle v (crowd together) ~— kulié Sig, tulié
embankment 22 (MW that holds water back) —— nabrzeie, grobla
marooned adj (cut off by water) - byé otoczonym przez wade
unprecedented adj (never having happened before) m bezprecedensowy
submerge v (being under water) ~— zalaé, zatopié
looting n (unlawfully taking away of goods) -—~ gTabieZ
abandon u (leave, desert) -- opuécié
subversives n (people wanting to destroy and take power) - wywrotowcy
recede 0 (go back, return to normal) — cofnqé Sif;
mmrhwwz-A
What was the weather like in Anturia this year?

What have been the causes of death?
How has the flood disrupted the country’s life?
What should be done to lessen the effects of the flood?
What kind of criminal activity can accompany disasters?
Why is the full extent of the damage unknown?
Phrases to learn
a wedlug doniesiefi - a ........................ to r ..........................

a lédka 319 wywrécila i zatongla, ludzie utoneli ~— b ............ c ............................
and s ............. , p .............. were d .....................
a rodziny sq pozbawione domestw -— f. ................... are d ...........................
a zawiesié ruch kolejowy - s ...................... r ........................ s ........................
e spowodowaé dotkliwe braki «- c ................. s ................. s .......................
a zastrzelié na miejscu —-—- s............. on the s...............
a strzec przeciwko ~— g ............... a ................
e podjqé dzialania ~— t ............. m ......................
o jasny obraz zniszczefi ~— c ............. p ................... of the d .....................
33
Headline
WIDESPREAD 0 MONSOON 0 ANTURIA 0 AFTER 0 PARALYSED
BY 0 FLOODING ' HITS
D O D O D D 0 U " * I ' 0 0 " " " " " $ . 3 0 “ . I I I I I I I t . OOOOOO O I I I I I I I I o t o o u - a o t b a c o o o o o o o o o o o o n o c g o c p n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n o . o o o o o o o o
Méwi 519 o Anturii, Ze jest krajem czesto nawiedzanym przez kleski Zywiolo—
we. Ostatnio p0 kjlku dniach tropikalnych deszczéw rzeki wystqpily z brze-
géw i zalaly duZe obszary kraju. Tylko W tym roku z powodu ulew i powodzi
zginelo W Anturii tysiqc dwies’cie oséb. Czeg-s’é utonela, inni zmarli W skutek
picia zanieczyszczonej wody. Tysiace pozbawionych dachu nad glowq czeka na
ewakuacje. Poniewaz magazyny znalazly 319 pod woda, ludnoéé cierpi 2 p0-
wodu braku Zywnoéci. Masowe érodki przekazu donoszq 0 przypadkach gra-
bieiy Opuszczonych doméw, jak r6wniez o aktach sabotaiu. Zorganizowano
patrole rzeczne, aby zlokalizowaé gangi grabieicéw i strzec zapér wodnych
przed wywrotowcami. Dzisiaj zostanq podjete dalsze kroki W celu przeciwdzia-
lania skutkom powodzi.
I I I I I I I I ’ 0 ' . O I I . I ' l l . . . D I 0 . 0 I . I O . C O . I . 0 . I O . . . C . O I . I O Q O I I I I . I 0 . Q C . I . I O I I I I . C 0 . . D I I O . I . I . O I O I . I . I I I . l O i . O U . C O O - I I U O I I O I I I O I I O I O I O Q
I I I I I I I I I I O . . I I I I I . I ! I D . . . I . I . I . . I I fl D U U . I . . . D C ‘ I I O I I O . . I I I I I . I I D I . I I I . O I . I I . C O I . O U . I I O I I O I I I O I I I I . I I I . C D I ‘ D C O C O I O I I I I O I I I I I O I C I
O . I I I I I I I I I 0 " . I I I I I I I I 0 . . . . I I I I I I I Q . . . I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O . . . . . . . . . . fl I I I I I I I I I I I O ’ C O Q C O I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 3 . 0 3 . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
. ‘ I C C I I I I I I I I 0 . . O I I I I I I I I I I . 5 . I I I I I . Q ‘ O O O O O O O O O I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I O I D O O . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . 8 0 . . . .
0 0 " I I I I I I I I ‘ l . ’ 0 I I I I I I I . I - O C D I I I I I I D O . I I I I I I I I t . . . . . . I C Q U O I I O I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I fl fi fl t t fi l - I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I C U I I I fi t fi t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 .
I O . . . I I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I I I 0 ‘ 1 . I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O I I I I I Q . . . I I I I I I I I I I ‘ 0 I I I I I I I I Q C I O C O O O Q I O I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O ‘ O fl O C . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I . 0 . I I I I I I I I I C . O I I I I I I I I D O . . . . . . . . . . . 0 I I I I I O . I I I I I I Q . 0 . . . . . . . C . . . I I I I I I I I I I I D I Q O C C . . I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O I O Q D Q C . I I I I I I I I I I I I
. 0 . I I I I I I I I . 0 0 0 . I I I I I I I . 3 0 . . . I I I I I I C . . . I I I I I I O . . . . . . . ‘ U . I I . I Q . I . O I I I I I I I I 0 . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . C . C . . . . . C C I I I I I I I I I I C I Q C Q C ‘ C O O
I . . . I I I I I I I . 0 0 . . . I I I I I I I C O C I ' . . . . . . . . Q . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I $ 0 . . . . . I O . . . I I I I I I I I 0 . . . . . . I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 8 . . . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C D C . . .
1 . . I I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 I I I I I I I I I I O I I I I I I D . . . . . . . . . D I I I I I I I I I I I 0 - 0 . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . 0 . 3 . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C .
I ' . I I I I I I I C . I I I I I I I I I 0 . . . O O O O O O O O O C I . I I I I I I C I . . . . . . C I I I I I I I I . I I I I I I I I I D O D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . 0 0 . . . . 0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I D Q Q Q D C I ' I O I O
0 ' . I I I I I I I 0 . 0 C I I I I I I I I O . . I I I I I I I C O O . . . - D Q Q I I I I I I I I O l l l l l 0 “ . I I I I I I I 3 " . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I D U . I . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O U C I C O I O
Discussion topics
1. The devastating power of floodwater is often underestimated, and people
drown because they ignore warnings. Why is this so? What other threats
to life do people make light of?
2. When disasters occur, there are people who seize the opportunity to com-
mit criminal offences such as looting. There will always be people who, like
scavengers, try to profit from human misery and tragedy. What is there in
the human nature that allows some people to commit such acts?
34
( News item 7: Epidemics J
1. The people who live in the refugee camps have never had
a house of their own.
Drinking water is unavailable.
Gastroenteritis results in diarrhoea.
Cattle died as a consequence of the epidemic.
The problem is that there are too many people in one area.
There has been no need for an inoculation campaign in J ahar
in recent years.
7. Some people have already died of cholera.
8. The President was satisfied with What he saw.
1. This strain of meningitis is very easy to catch.

2. People catch the disease so quickly because they are not careful enough.
3. There is not enough vaccine in Ishmad to stop the spread
of the epidemic.
4. Help is on its way.
Collocations
collocations as they appear in the reports.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
appalling .......................................................................... camps
breeding .......................................................................... conditions
chronic .......................................................................... diseases
contaminated .......................................................................... facilities
drastic .......................................................................... food
epidemic .......................................................................... gTound
refugee .......................................................................... malnutrition
rotten .......................................................................... measures
sanitary .......................................................................... proportions
virulent .......................................................................... strain
water—borne .......................................................................... water
35
Epidemics
1. Disease among the recent typhoon survivors in J ahar could
reach epidemic proportions, because most refugee camps are
now flooded. These people are now facing the threat of
water-borne diseases such as gastroenteritis as they have
only contaminated water to drink. As water purification
tablets are unavailable, diarrhoea is taking its first toll on
children, who die after drinking untreated water or eating
rotten food. Dehydration, caused by diarrhoea, is now the
number one killer.
Drowned cattle, which float in the flood waters, could soon
trigger a much more serious epidemic. A health officer is
quoted as saying that the bacteria spread so swiftly because
of the congestion in the tents. Vaccines against tetanus and
typhoid are needed to immunize people. Because of the lack
of money, there have been no inoculations in recent years.
Already there have been several mortalities from cholera
and measles.
The President, who toured the area, described the conditions
as “appalling”. The camps are unsanitary and the evacuees
will continue to suffer unless drastic measures are taken.
Adequate medical care, massive doses of antibiotics and
proper sanitary facilities are needed to ease the plight of
the people who have been through so much suffering.
Scores are reported dead as meningitis has struck Ishmad.
This disease has wiped out entire families in the space of 72
hours and can leap from village to village. The virulent
strain of bacterial meningitis found a perfect breeding ground
as the population’s resistance to illness is impaired by the
effects of famine and chronic malnutrition. Those who
contract the disease pass the air-borne bacteria through
coughing and sneezing. T0 safeguard the remaining
population, an emergency appeal was issued for vaccine to
contain the lethal contagion. The Red Cross and the Red
Crescent have already answered the call.
36
water~borne (diseases) adj (diseases passed on by the consumption of
contaminated drinking water) — choroby przenoszone przez zakaiona woda
contaminated adj (made unclean, harmful, impure) ,_ zatruty
purification tablets ~— tabletki do odkaiania wody (pure -- czysty)
untreated adj (not purified) ———— nie odkaZOHy, nie uzdatniony
rotten adj (not fresh, gone bad) — nadpsuty, zgnfly
swiftly adv (quickly, without difiiculty} — szybko
vaccine n (substance protecting against disease) -—~ szczepionka
immunize v (secure from disease as a result of vaccination) ~— uodpornié
inoculation n (injection of vaccine to safeguard against disease) — szczepie~
nie ochronne
mortalities n (number of deaths) ._.. liczba ofiar émiertelnych
appalling adj (shocking) .._. przeraiajatcy
facilities 72 (aids) — udogodnienia
virulent adj (strong and powerful) — (0 chorobie) silna, zloéliwa
impair v ( weaken) ~— oslabié
safeguard I) (protect) —— zabezpieczyé
contagion n (disease that can, be spread by contact) ~——— choroba zakaéna,
zaraza
@mrP-Poww
Why were the refugee camps needed?

What has made the health situation unsatisfactory?
Why are people dying?
What must be done to ease the situation?
What makes the outbreak of meningitis difficult to contain?
Why is the disease so easy to catch?
Phrases to learn
a osiagnaé rozmiary epidemii ~— r ........... e......................... p ...........................

a stanqé wobec groiby — f. ............. the t ...................
o brak pieniedzy ~— I ........... of m ....................
e podjaé drastyczne érodki ~— t ............. d .................. m .....................
e bardzo podatny grunt ~— p .................. g .....................
o odpornoéé jest oslabiona ~—- r ............................. is i ........................
e zarazié sic; choroba ~— 0 ...................... the d ........................
o opanowaé émiertelna zaraze; -— c .................... the l ............... c .....................
37
Headline
Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the reports.
1. PACKED . BY * FLOOD a DIARRHOEA 0 IN 0 REFUGEE 0 VICTIMS
PLAGUED 8 CAMPS
2. DEADLY 0 VACCINE 0 AS 0 INTERNATIONAL 0 MENINGITIS 0 TAKES

ITS 0 APPEAL 0 TOLL
1. Obozy uciekjnieréw zalala woda. Iloéé przypadkéw zachorowafi wéréd lud—
noéci pozbawionej dachu nad glowa mote przybraé rozmiary epidemii.
Ludzie pijq skaZona wode. Tabletki do odkaZania wody sq nieosiagalne.
Biegunka zbiera Zni‘wo gléwnie Wéréd dzieci. Potrzebna jest szczepionka
przeciw teicowi i tyfusowi. W ostatnich latach ludnoéé nie byla szczepio-
na 2 powodu braku pieniedzy. By poprawié sytuacje W obozach, potrzeb-
na jest pomoc medyczna i olbrzymie iloéci antybiotykéw.
2. W Ishmadzie wybuchla epidemia zapalenia opon mézgowych. Choroba tram
fila na podatny grunt Wéréd mieszkaflcéw tego kraju z powodu obniZonej
odpornoéci wywolanej niedoiywieniem. By uchronié ludnoéé przed ta émier-
telna choroba zakaénq, potrzebna jest szczepionka.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 . . . . C D I . . . O I . I I I . . . O I . . . I O I I . I I . I I I I I I O I O I I I I O I I O I O O I I I O O O C U . 0 . 0 I I O I I I I Q . I I I I . I . I . 0 C I . I I I I I I I O I I I . Q C O I I O I I I I I O I C
I I I I I I U O O Q D H . C D I I . I I O I O I I I O I . I I . I I O . C I B . I . B . I U ' I I O I O I . I . I I I O I . I I I ’ D D D O O D D C O O I C O I I I I . I D . I I I I I I O I . O I D . 0 . I I O I O I D O D O C D D Q C I D I ' I I I U O C
I I I I I O O I I O O . . . C I I I O I I O O O I I I I I O I . O O I I I O I . I I O I I I I I l . I I I . I I I . I . I I I I . U . I O O I I a l l I I O I O I I O . . Q O . I O D . O I I I O . l D I I I I I O I l I I I O C U O I I I I I I O I I I Q O
I O I C Q C O Q O O I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O . I . Q . C O D Q Q O O Q C Q C U O 0 . 0 . 0 0 C O ' C D O O O I O O O I O Q I O O I I O I I I I I I I I I I I 0 . . I I I I I I I . 0 0 0 0 . . . I I I I I I 0 0 . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I 0 . .
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I U D . . ‘ D I . I O O O O I I l I I I . O O I I I I I . I O C I I I O O O I I O I O O I I . 0 . I I O I I O 8 0 . D I O D D Q . l I I O I . O I I Q . ‘ C I B . I . I . I . . . D . U I U C I I I I O D D I C D D D I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I . C O . I . . . ‘ I . . . I O . I . I I I I I I O I I - I I I . I . I I I O I O . C I I I I O I I O O I I O O U I O O O O O Q Q U C I O I . I I I O O . I I I . I I I I I I I I O . I I C I C I I I I I I O I I U I I G I O O O O I U
I I I I I U . Q . Q Q . C O D I I . I I I I . I I . O I I C I I I I I I I I I . D I I . O I I I I I I I I O O I I I I . O I I I I O I I I O O . C O O . I I I O O I I . U ' C C . 0 . 0 . I I I l I . 0 0 . . I I I I I I I I I I C O C O Q C O O I O I I O I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I C O . I . 0 . 0 I I D . O I I l O O I O O O I I I O I O I O I I O I Q . . . - l l I O . I I t . O O I I l I I I . O I I I O D I h I t ! I O . I I . I O . C O . I D . I . I I l O I . . U O I O O I I O O O G C I U I U D O U I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I . . Q ‘ O . . . I I I I I I . I . I I I O O I I . I I I I . I I . O I O I I I I I I . I . I I I . I O O I I . O I I I I . C Q . 0 . 0 I d I I O O I U O U C . O I O I O I O O O I O ‘ U O Q O ‘ I I I I I I I I I I . U . . O C U I O
I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 . 0 . D 0 . 0 I C I C O I I O I O I I I O O O I I I I . I . I I I . I O I I I I I I O . . O O . . . I O O I O | I . O I O . I . 0 i Q . . 0 . I O I I O Q . C I I I . I l O O I O . D C D O I I I U O I I I O I C I O C C O I U U
Discussion topics
1. When natural disasters occur, epidemics are not far behind and happen
within a matter of days. Can you think of the factors which contribute to
the rapid spread of disease in disaster—stricken areas?
2. Discuss the following statement: Epidemics have always been nature’s way
of dealing with poverty and overpopulation.
38
( News item 8: Earthquake 1 J
Tick the statements: time (T) or false (F)?
We know exactly the number of casualties.

It is neither the first nor the last earthquake in Ishmad.
7.7 on the Richter scale is not regarded as particularly strong.
There was no previous indication that a quake might be coming.
The quake is indirectly responsible for the lack of energy supply
in some parts of the country.
Thirty quakes were felt in the space of two hours.
Most of the victims were killed by collapsing buildings.
Those who survived still have a place to live.
Buildings built of concrete were strong enough and did not collapse.
10. Fires were started by gas explosions.
11. Structurally damaged buildings Will be reconstructed.
12. The report tells us that reconstructive work on Zento will restore
the town’s original beauty.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
affected ....................................................................... area
calamitous ....................................................................... country
concrete ....................................................................... damage
destructive ....................................................................... earthquake
devastating ....................................................................... inhabitants
high magnitude ....................................................................... landslides
homeless ....................................................................... quake
incomplete ....................................................................... slabs
mountainous ....................................................................... statistics
rescue . ....................................................................... tragedy
unprecedented ....................................................................... workers
39
Earthquake 1
At least 5,000 people are estimated to have died and thousands
of others to have been injured in a destructive earthquake which
devastated large areas of Ishmad. This small mountainous
country is prone to seismic disturbances as it lies on a
seismological fault. This tragedy proved particularly calamitous
and the still incomplete statistics speak of unprecedented
damage. The high magnitude quake measured 7.7 on the
Richter scale and was the strongest this area has experienced
in more than a century. It followed a fortnight of tremors and
its epicenter was some 150 miles southwest of Zento, the
Ishmadic capital. Three small villages, close to the epicenter,
are said to have been completely wiped out. The quake also
triggered devastating landslides which destroyed a power
station, depriving one—third of the country of electricity. N0
aftershocks were reported.
At two in the morning, two strong quakes, thirty minutes apart,

rocked the capital, catching the inhabitants in their sleep and
leaving homes badly damaged. Those who did not immediately
leave the affected area, paid for it with their lives. Hundreds of
bodies lie buried under the ruins and the death toll mounts as
rescue workers dig into the mounds of debris to find those
entombed.
With half the city reduced to rubble, most of its surviving
inhabitants have been left homeless. Hardest hit were the
badly-constructed high-rise apartment blocks built of precast
concrete slabs which have sprung up in recent years. They
were the first to collapse on their occupants and they are now
being blamed for the high death toll as there are few which
withstood the tremors. Many schools and hospitals disintegrated
as the earth heaved. Other buildings were gutted by fire from
ruptured gas pipes and a pal] of smoke still hangs over
the town. All the structurally damaged buildings will have
to be razed. It is now predicted that, even after years of
reconstructive work, Zento will never look the same again.
40
(seismic) disturbance n (upheaval) — anomalia, wstrzas, tu: ruchy tekto—
niczne
calamitous adj (disastrous) «~— tragiczny W skutkach
magnitude n (greatness of size or importance) -—~ waga, wielkoéé
tremor n (quake) — wstrzqs
Wipe out 0 (completeiy destroy) .__. zmazaé Z powierzchni ziemi
trigger u (start, initiate) - wywolaé, umchomié, zapoczqtkowaé
deprive v (strip of something) —— pozbawié
mounds of debris n (heaps, piles of rubble, wreckage) — zwaly szczatkéw
i gruzu
entomb v (bury) - przywalié pod gruzami, pogrzebaé
rubble n (debris, remains) -—- gruzy
precast adj (formed into blocks ready for use in building) -~ prefabrykowany
spring up (sprang, sprung) 0 (appear; grow from the ground) ~—
tu: (0 budynkach) wznosié (Sig)
heave v (sway) ~——— (0 ziemi) zakolysaé sic;
rupture I) (split, burst) — rozerwaé, rozedrzeé
pal] (of smoke) 71 (dark, heavy cloud of smoke) ~— oblok, chmura dymu
raze v (destroy, tear down) — zréwnaé z ziemia
What information do you get about Ishmad from this report? ?i

Did the quake come as a complete surprise?
9 ' 5 " e p
Why can’t the precise number of dead be given at this point?

What architectural mistake was made in Zento, the capital of the country?
Why did fire accompany the destruction?
What is the town’s future?
Phrases to learn
a spustoszyé kraj — d ........................... the c .....................
a byé naraionym na wstrzasy — be p ................. to q ..................
9 2331336 kogoé we énie ~— 0............. somebody i ...... their 3................
e leieé pod gruzami -- l ......... b ................. under the r ................
a liczba zmarlych ciagle roénie ———~ d ............ t ......... m .....................
e zostawié mieszkaficéw bez dachu nad glowa -——l............. the i ..........................
h ....................
o znieéé wstrzqsy — w ...................... the t .......................
e strawiony przez ogiefl — g ................... by f. ...........
41
Headline
5,000 0 MAGNITUDE 0 STRIKES 0 AS 0 QUAKE 0 KILLED 0 HIGH 0 ISHMAD
W czasie wczorajszego trzesienia ziemi duie obszary Ishmadu zostaly calko-
wicie zniszczone. Wstrzqs o sile 7.7 w skali Richtera by} jednym z najsilniej-
szych, jakie odnotowano na tym obszarze w ostatnim stuleciu. Katastrofe; po-
przedzila seria wstrzqséw odczuwanych W ciqgu ostatnich dwéch tygodni.
Wedlug doniesiefl, trzy wioski zostaly zmiecione z powierzchni ziemi. Trze-
sienie spowodowah obsunigcia ziemi i powodzie. Z powodu zerwania linii wy—
sokiego napiegcia, jedna trzecia kraju zostala pozbawiona pradu. Polowa stoli-
cy Ishmadu legla W gruzach. Ratownicy prébujq przekopaé sit; przez
rumowisko w poszukiwaniu zasypanych ludzi. N ajbardziej ucierpialy WieZOW-
ce. Niewiele punktowcéw oparlo sit; wstrzasom. One pierwsze zwalfly sit; na
mieszkaficéw i to one spowodowaly wiele ofiar émiertelnych. Wiele budynkéw
zostalo strawionych przez og‘iefi.
n o o o t o o o o l o o o . . . . . . a. . . . . . v a c . I I I I I I I I I . I Q ' I I I O ooooo 0 0 . 1 0 . . . . uuuuu a. nnnnnnn a c c c c c c c c c c can oooooooooo I. aaaaaaaaa I Q . . . nnnnnnnnn 0 . -
Discussion topics
1. Why do people decide to build their homes in areas known for seismic
activity?
2. Are the warning systems effective? Scientists often delay alerting the public
for fear of a panic. Additionally, raising several false alarms may make the
residents indifferent, and when the real one comes through, they may not
react thinking they have been fooled once too often. Can such situations
be prevented?
3. Would you rebuild your house on the same site, having once lost every-
thing to an earthquake?
42
( News item 9: Earthquake 2 ]
1. More people died in the city centre than in residential areas.

2. The number of victims is estimated at between 1,000 and
10,000 people.
3. Temporary shelter has been improvised outside the town.
4. Many people do not want to leave the affected area.
5. Those who have stayed are waiting for the recovery of their
possessions.
6. Dogs are not very effective in these dire circumstances.
7. The cameras described in the report can locate those who
are still alive in the ruins.
8. There is too much noise for the sound devices to be effective.
9. Low temperatures are making rescue work slow.
10. Rescue teams are facing here an entirely new situation.
11. Survivors have little chance of retaining their injured limbs.
12. The injured are being treated in hospital buildings.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
adequate .......................................................................... cameras
gangrenous .......................................................................... camps
improvised .......................................................................... casualties
massive .......................................................................... districts
powerful .......................................................................... earthquake
relief .......................................................................... efforts
residential .......................................................................... equipment
sophisticated .......................................................................... limbs
special .......................................................................... measures
temporary .......................................................................... shock
toxic .......................................................................... shelter
43
Earthquake 2
A powerful earthquake devastated Palmon in southern Anturia
in the early hours of yesterday morning. Buildings rocked and
fell apart as the tremor struck the area. The city centre was
completely obliterated While residential districts suffered
similar levels of damage, as well as massive casualties.
According to reports from the scene, entire buildings disappeared
into fissures. The death toll is, as yet, unclear but it will run
into the tens of thousands. Temporary shelter in tents is being
offered to the homeless who seek refuge in improvised camps
outside the city, but most are stumbling down rubble-
-strewn streets, dazed and frightened, waiting for the bodies
of their relatives to be recovered.
Search-and-rescue teams, aided by dogs, are looking for
survivors, but the dogs get very distressed climbing through
the rubble which is heavy with the smell of disaster. The teams
have also brought with them special equipment to help search
for and pinpoint the thousands trapped in the ruins. They have
sophisticated thermal imaging infra-red cameras which can
detect the heat generated by a survivor’s body. Sound devices
are not being used because the noise at the scene of the
emergency renders them useless. Relief efforts are being
hampered by sub~zero temperatures which diminish the
chances of survival for those still alive and buried. Most of those
found are dead.
Previous earthquakes have taught that the first 24 hours are
critical. If adequate measures are not taken immediately, the
body count increases dramatically. The injured, who are pulled
out from under the rubble, must often have gangrenous limbs
amputated immediately. This is the only way to save them from
the fatal toxic shock which sets in when a limb is crushed.
Official media reports said that the quake leveled all hospitals,
and thousands of grievously injured are being treated in field
conditions. As supplies of blood run low, an appeal was issued
for international aid. Worldwide disaster funds were set up to
assist tragedy-stricken Palmon.
44
obliterate v (wipe out) --—- wymazaé, zetrzeé, zréwnaé z ziemiq
casualties n (victims) — ofiary
fissure n (opening in earth crust created by pressure) ~— rozpadljna, jar, szczeljna
stumble down 0 (stagger in confusion) — iéé potykajac sie
strew (strewed, strewn) v (scatter) -—— rozrzucié
recover 0 (find, save) -—~ odnaleéé, ocalié, odzyskaé
distressed adj (worried, upset) —- przygngbiony, zrozpaczony
pinpoint v (locate) -- wskazaé, umiejscowié
sophisticated adj (complex, with the latest improvements and refinements)
-——~ Skomplikowany, o wysokim stopniu zloionoéci
render useless V (become unusable) — czym'é bezuiytecznym
hamper v (hinder; prevent activity) --—- utrudniaé
limbs 11 (arms and legs) —- koficzyny, nogi i ramiona
grievously adv (dreadfully, severely) -——— dotkliwie
run low 0 (suffer shortage of) — (o zapasach) koficzyé sic;
Which parts of the town have suffered most damage?
mmgwww
Why aren’t some of the survivors staying in the shelters provided?

What methods are used to 100k for survivors?
. What factors are making the search difficult?
. Why are the first 24 hours vital in a rescue operation?
What was the international response to the tragedy?
Phrases to learn
1: rozpadaé Sic; ~— f. ....... a ..............

o doznaé szkéd i strat w ludziach -- s............. d ................ and c .......................
o daé schronienie bezdomnym -- o ............. s................ to the h ......................
. odnaleié ciala -— r ................... b ...............
o wykryé cieplo wydzielane przez cialo —- d ............ h .......... g ...........................
by a b ..............
u utrudniaé akcje ratowniczq -- h ..................... r ...................... e........................
o zmniejszyé szanse przeéycia - d ................... c ................. of s ....................
o zastosowaé wlaéciwe érodki -—- t .............. a ........................... m ...................
o wystosowaé apel 0 pomoc -- i .............. an a .................... for a ............
o zaioiyé fundusz —— s....... u ..... a f. .............
45
Headline
CONTINUE '- RESCUE 0 SAVE 0 VICTIMS 0 TO 0 QUAKE 0 EFFORTS
Dziesiatki tysiecy ludzi zginelo wczoraj podczas trzesienia ziemi w Palmonie.
Budynki zachwialy sit; i zawalily. Centrum miasta zostalo calkowicie znisz-
ozone. Dla pozbawionych dachu nad glowa przygotowano schronienie w obo-
zach poza miastem. Ludzie czekaja; na wydobycie sped gruzéw cia} bliskich.
Grupy ratownicze, wspomagane przez psy, szukajq tych, co przeiyli. By szyb-
ciej zlokalizowaé zasypanych ludzi, ratownicy posluguja Sic; specjalistycznym
sprzetem. Akcjeg: ratowniczq utrudnia mréz. Szpitale legly w gruzach, wiec ran-
nym udziela Sit; pomocy w warunkach polowych. Koficzq Sit? zapasy krwi.
Wystosowano ape] o pomoc migdzynarodowa.
00w . . . . . u p . . . . . . t n . . . . . o n . . . . . . . . . . . DOIIODCOIOCD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t o o o o o o o o 0 | o o o o o o o o o o a - - - - - - - - . 3 0 DDDDDDD 0 . 1 o o o o o o o p a a a a a a
e on . . . . . ca n n n n n n n a a a a a a 0 . . . . . . . O I I I O . . . . . . 0 0 . n o n a c u n n c n n n n n n a n n n n n n o a a a a a a a a a o . c c c c c c c o n . . . o o o o o o o o ‘ 0 n n n n n n n an . . . . . . . . . 0 t
0 " I I I I I c cccccc .n aaaaaa t a u nnnnn a n s - a s . up a no uuuuu n o u n - . 0 uuuuu t o uuuuuuu .10 ooooooooooo an uuuuuuu 00a nnnnnnn t n nnnnnnn 0 a . . . . -
In I I I I I I I I I I I I I I to aaaaa t o l l l l l I . - . . on ooooooooo on. on o o o o o o o c c c c c c c c o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o n . a a a a a a a a a o n . i i i i i i i on c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
can. aaaaa a ooooo nuaa- . - uuuuuuu n u n - a n t . - ooooooooo o. . . . . . a oooooo go . . . . . . . u . nnnnnnn D C . . . nnnnn o . t o nnnnnnn to . . . . . . O D. ooooooo
I o a t - 0 A . . . . . . . . . . . 3 o o o o o o no n n n n n n n n n n . I I I I U O I I O O O ooooo at t t t t n ooooo one ooooooo on c c c c c c c c on. ooooooooo a aaaaaaaaa n c c c c c c c c a nnnnnnn o
c t t t t t o i i i i i c . . . . . . . . a s c c c c c c c c o c o - o . c c c c c c c c c a : . . . . . Q u a - n u . v v v v v a u u u u u u pa a a a a a a a a n s s s s s s s s s s t n n n n n n n n n n no n n n n n n n n g n n n n n n n I n
on ‘ 9 . . . . . . . a. . . . . u- - - - - - - - a u r a - n . ooooo g u y - I o l l l l l CIIIIOO . . . . . . at . . . . . 0. c c c c c c c c c o nnnnnn c o n t . - - - - - - - - - a ooooooo on ooooooo t o .
ooooo I t OO‘IOIOOOC o c o l t o o - c o c o o o o c o o u o n a - o o n o t C o a c t - u l o i a o t u u o n I - o ‘ a v u o o n o n n u o c I o u c o n - o n o - u o I l e a n a - v u a a a p a n c l n u n a a
i i i i i i . I I O I I I . . . I I I D O O O O I I b l D C I I O I Q O I I I O O C I I I l a i o i t d t l l l I . I I I O . Q ' I I I I I I O I ! I O I I I 0 1 0 . . . - l I I . U 0 . 0 0 I I I C I I C I D I O I I I O D C O I I I I O l t t l I I I I I
nocona nnnnnnn .OQ3IIIIOO ccccc a. . . . . . c u e - o n . a. 0 0 0 . . . . . . c c c c c a c c c c c c c c go . . . . . . . o¢ o oooooo o¢o n n n n n n n n n so n n n n n o . u u u u u u u u c . -
a . . . 00000 c. . . . . a». uuuuu a. . . . . . o. . . . . an 5 . . . . . . ccccc onnnnn Qoooooo no nnnnnn s t . ooooooo out nnnnnnn I t nnnnnnnnn g. nnnnnn t o uuuuuu on.
ononova 0 0 0 1 . . . . t o I. 0 0 ! . aaaaaaaaa on on o¢¢uonan t t t t t on . . . . . n o . u u u u u o n . u u u u u u u u u 9 c . . . . . . . no c c c c c c c c . 0 . n n n n n no 0 u a
Discussion topics
1. Why do people feel so helpless when confronted with an earthquake?
2. Discuss the difficulties which have to be overcome when working at the
sites of disasters such as, those described in the reports.
3. Consider the emotions felt by both rescue workers and relatives of a per-
son who is trapped in the rubble and is still alive, but they know that the
teams will be unable to reach him in time.
Earthquakes are a manifestation of God’s wrath.
46
( News item 10: Avalanches ]
. “There were six men in this group of climbers.

. The group had left for the peak early in the morning.
. When they were setting out the weather was fine.
. The avalanche is believed to have been started by the climbers
themselves.
It is possible that some of the climbers are still alive.
The search will continue provided the weather does not get worse.
Sometimes bodies of the victims are found months later, in spring.
Some mountain villages have been cut off by recent snowfalls.
It was not the skier’s fault that he was killed.
10. The rescue operation was difficult because it was very cold.
11. Death by an avalanche is not unusual in this region.
12. If the slopes were generally more densely wooded, there would
be fewer avalanches.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
adverse ........................................................................... conditions
bad ........................................................................... deforestation
dawn ........................................................................... dogs
disaster ........................................................................... frost
mountain. ........................................................................... ledge
rescue ........................................................................... site
severe ........................................................................... operation
sniffer ........................................................................... slopes
steep ........................................................................... start
Widespread ........................................................................... weather
47
Avalanches
Eight climbers, two of them girls, were swept to their deaths
yesterday when an avalanche of ice and snow thundered down
Mount Bloor. It hit the party of two guides and six teenagers
shortly after they had made a dawn start to assault the peak,
despite both adverse weather conditions and official warnings.
They were swept down the slopes from a mist-covered mountain
ledge, and buried under thousands of tons of debris.
It is not yet known what triggered this avalanche. Severe frost
has delayed the rescue operation and the teams are finding it
increasingly hard to reach the disaster site. A rescue worker is
quoted as saying that there is no chance of finding any survivors.
He even doubted Whether they would be able to find the bodies
as three feet of snow fell during the night. If the bad weather
persists, the search for the missing climbers will have to be
abandoned until early spring when the snows begin to melt.
Meanwhile, the authorities have requested extra snowploughs to
clear the tracks and free scores of tourists stranded in mountain
villages.
Just two days ago, rescue teams at a nearby resort were alerted
when a skier strayed off the piste. When he was unable to
avoid the surging wall of snow, he was buried in the cascade.
Sniffer dogs were brought in and his body, thrown 1,200 feet
by the impact, was found under a heap in a ravine. It was dug
out, although near-zero Visibility made the rescue operation
extremely difficult. Following this tragedy, a warning has been
issued to skiers to keep to established runs and, by no means
to venture onto steep, unmarked slopes. In January alone,
avalanches caused fourteen deaths.
The increase in the number of avalanches is believed to be the
result of the widespread deforestation of the mountain slopes
to make way for ski resorts. The resulting serious erosion of
topsoil has substantially multiplied the incidence of avalanches
and endangered Skiers’ lives.
48
sweep (swept, Swept) 0 (push away) — zmiataé
thunder 0 (make a Zoud crashing noise) -—~ huknqé
assault 0 (attack) — przypus’cié szturm, zaatakowaé
debris n, (sweepings and rubble) -- resztki, tu: to, co niesie z soba lawina
trigger v (initiate) - zapoczatkowaé
persist 0 (continue to exist) - utrzymywaé S319
stranded adj (left without means of transport) w pozostawiony swojemu
losowi, zdany 11a wlasne 3i
stray off 0 ( wander from the right path) — zboczyé
piste n (skier’s route) «~— szlak narciarski
surge v (move forward) —— gwaltownie naplywaé
sniffer (dogs) n (rescue dogs) — psy ratownicze (sniff "— weszyé)
heap n (mound) ~— sterta, zwal
ravine n (deep, narrow valley) —— jar, rozpadlina
venture 0 (take the risk of danger) .._. zaryzykowaé, odwaZyé Sig, tu: zapuécié sic;
. Why was the climbers’ decision unwise?

. How did they die?
. What makes the rescue difficult or almost impossible?
. How was the missing skier’s body found?
. What are all skiers requested to do?
. What is the connection between soil erosion and avalanches?
Phrases to learn
a zmieciony przez lawine -—- s .............. by an a ......................
e 219 warunki pogodowe «~—~ a ................... w ................... c ................................
«9 pogrzebany pod éniegiem u b .................... under the s ...........
e akcja ratunkowa ~— r ................ 0 ............................
a miejsce tragedii -- d ...................... s.............
e poszukiwanie tych, c0 przeZyli — s ................. for s .........................
e zaniechaé poszukiwafi ._ a ...................... the s......................
e wydaé ostrzex'zenie - i ............. a w .....................
a w Zadnym wypadku ~— 6 ...... n ...... m ..............
o zwielokrotnié liczbe przypadkéw __. m ..................... the i ..........................
a zagrozié Zyciu - e......................... 0113’s I .............
49
Headline
ON 0 AVALANCHE a SLOPES 0 REPORTED 0 MORE 0 THE 0 DEATHS
oooooooo Q . 0 Q . D I I I O l o . I I I n . I I O I I D t . I I I O O D . l l . I . 0 . I o I . I . O I I I . O I . D I . 0 I I O l l o G I . . . I . I t D 0 ‘ D . O D C O . I . I I I I I . l l u l l I O I O I D O O C I I I I I I O I I O I I I Q O
Oémiu alpinistéw zginelo wczoraj w lawinie. Grupa szeéciorga nastolatkéw
z dwoma' przewodnikami prébowala zdobyé szczyt pomimo niesprzyjajqcych
warunkéw pogodowych. Zostali zmiecieni ze stoku i zasypani przez lawine.
Nie Wiadomo jeszcze, co spowodowalo obsunigcie éniegu. Silny mréz opéinia
akcjc; ratunkowa}. J eieli pogoda nie poprawi sie, poszukiwania trzeba bgdzie
odloiyé do Mosny. Tymczasem naleiy udroinié szlaki komunikacyjne, by uwol-
nié turystéw odcietych w gérskich Wioskach. Wladze ostrzegajq narciarzy
przed zbaczaniem ze szlakéw. Wycinanie laséw 11a stokach i erozja gleby zwie-
lokrotnfly czestotliwoéé wystepowania lawin.
. C ‘ O O C . I I I I I I I I C ‘ . I I I I I I I O . I I I I I I O . . . . . . Q I I I I I I I ‘ Q I I I I I I I I I C C I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 ‘ . I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I U D . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . 0 .
D fi t . . . . . . . O C . I I I I I I I I I t o . . . . . . . I . I I I I I I o . . . . . . Q i i i i i i i . Q O I I I I I I I I 0 “ . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I D O Q Q I I Q I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I Q C . I I I I I I I I . I O I I I O I ' l l . . . . 0 . . . . O O I I I I O O O U I O I I I Q O I I I O O G I U D C I I I I O I I I I I I O I C " O I C Q I O I I I O O I I I I I C C I C O ' I I I I I O O I I I I Q C I . . O . I I C I O O
nnnnnnnnnn t o I I I . a l l . c 0 I O . I I O I I . o I I I I I 0 C . I o a l l . t o u . I t C Q t I I o I l l t c v t ' o o l o o c o o o l a t t c a t O i l I n v o c o o l o n a o o a c n o t o u I c o n - a c U Q D C I C Q I I - I Q O I
C I I I I I I I I I 0 0 . . . . . . O O I I . . . I I I I I I . l . . . . . . C . ‘ I . . . . . . I I I I I I O I I I I I I I I ‘ 0 ‘ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C C C ‘ . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Q C . I I I I I I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I
. . . . . C . . . I I O I I I . . I l l O O . I I I C O Q Q O I I I U O C I I I I . . . I I I I I C D C O I t . . . Q C O I I O O I I I I I . . . ‘ . . I I I I . I I I I I C I I O I C . I O . - . I I O Q I . I U C O I I O Q O Q O I O I O I I I C C O I
0 . . I I I I I I I I 0 . . . . . . . O . C O . I I I I I I fl “ . I I I I I I O . . . . . D . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I O . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I O Q ‘ U . I I I I I
. 3 . I I I I I I I I I 3 . . I I I I I I I I D . . . I I I I I I Q . . . . . . . ‘ O I I I O O I . . . . . . . C I I I I I I I I 0 . . I I I I I I I I I I I C C . . C ‘ . . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I Q . . . I I I I I I I I I I C O . . . . . . . .
Q . I . ‘ . . . . . . . . . 0 . I I I I I I O . l l l l l U . I I I I I I G l l l l l l l . 0 . . . . . . . . . O I I I I I I I I I I I I I O I D O C . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O C C . . 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O . C .
C I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I C . O I I I I I I I O . . . . . . . . Q . . . . . . Q . . . . . . Q . I I I I I I I C O . I I I I I I I I I O i . . O . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C . . . ‘ I I I I I I I I I I I I C . . . I I C O O O O O O O O
Discussion topics
1. When reading the first part of the report, an obvious question arises,
namely, how come the two guides, local people for sure, were persuaded to
go up the mountain despite the bad weather? Can you provide the answer?
2. Is searching for survivors or their bodies in the mountains more difficult
than any other kind of rescue operation? What unique elements are present
in a mountain emergency?
3. Would it be true to say that, if someone dies on. the slopes, it is entirely
their own fault because they consciously risked their life?
4. What is there in mountain climbing that, despite the evident dangers, at—
tracts so many people?
5. Deforestation is one factor in the destruction of natural environment. Can
you think of any others?
50
1. Mount Araramo in Anturia is still active.
2. Volcanologists had expected the volcano to continue to erupt

for a much longer period.
3. The last time it erupted was three hundred years ago.
4. The pumice found floating on the ocean’s surface came from
Mt. Araramo.
5. The slopes of Mt. Araramo are wooded and were covered with
snow at the time of the eruption.
. The effects of the eruption could be seen thousands of miles away.
( 0 0 3 4 0 3
. Volcanic eruptions are responsible for the greenhouse effect.

. One hundred people were killed by falling rocks.
. The Villagers fear mudflows more than other eruption-related
dangers.
10. An active volcano is one that has major eruptions.
11. If a volcano is extinct, it means that it will never erupt again.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
active ....................................................................... activity
boiling ....................................................................... amounts
floating ....................................................................... ash
heavy ' ....................................................................... blast
hot ....................................................................... explosion
initial ....................................................................... gases
large ....................................................................... pumice
molten ....................................................................... rains
superheated ....................................................................... rock
underwater ....................................................................... volcanoes
Violent ....................................................................... water
51
Volcanic eruptions
There is increased danger of fresh mudflows from Mount
Araramo, according to the latest reports from Anturia. Eruptions
reached a height of 2.5 miles yesterday as the volcano entered
its eleventh week of violent activity, despite volcanologists’
predictions that it was subsiding. Mt. Araramo, dormant
for three centuries, erupted for the first time this year on June
9th with the strength of a 20-megaton hydrogen bomb. That
upheaval sent rocks and plumes of hot ash twelve miles into
the air. Large amounts of lava have already been released and
molten rock is continually oozing out of cracks in the ground.
Large pieces of floating pumice were found on the surface of the
ocean 150 miles south of Mt. Araramo indicating a simultaneous
underwater explosion.
Thousands of trees snapped like twigs seconds after the initial
blast. Superheated gases melted ice and snow on the upper
parts of the mountain which resulted in an avalanche of boiling
water and mud. Dust reached as far as 4,000 miles, lengthening
the glow of sunsets by almost two hours. Massive amounts of
002 released into the atmosphere are believed to be adding
substantially to the greenhouse effect already threatening our
planet.
One hundred people are said to have perished in various
volcano—related incidents. Some were killed by poisonous gases,
others were buried alive by the twelve feet of volcanic ash, or
hit by falling rocks. Forty thousand villagers have already fled
the area as heavy rains threaten to send more mud and debris
further down the mountain slopes. Several hundred cattle were
killed and 100,000 acres of crops destroyed. The damage is
estimated to be in excess of two hundred million of Anturian
dollars.
The world experiences an average of thirty major eruptions each
year from more than six hundred active volcanoes. Others,
though believed to be extinct because of centuries of dormancy,
may be only waiting to thunder back to life.
52
mudflow n (flow of mud) — obsuwanie Sig:- ziemi, lawina blota
eruption n (outbreak of a volcano) — wybuch wulkanu
prediction n (forecast, telling in advance) - przepowiadanie, przewidywanie
subside I) (become quieter; less violent) ... uciszyé Sig, ustqpié
dormant adj (in a state of temporary inactivity) — uépiony
upheaval n (cataclysm) — wstrzas
plume (of smoke) n (looking Zike Zarge feathers) -——— piéropusz, tu: smuga dymu
molten adj (liquefied) ~— roztopiony
ooze v (leak, flow) - wyplywaé, sqczyé sit;
pumice n (Eight, porous stone) «~— puma-ks
snap U (break with a crack) —— lamaé z trzaskiem
blast n (expiosion) — wybuch
perish 0 (die) —-—~ zginqé
extinct adj (no longer active) -——— wymarly, wygasly
. What kind of miscalculation did the volcanologists make?

t - Q O N F — L
. What natural phenomena accompanied the eruption?

. Why is the blast so destructive to the environment?
. What caused the casualties?
. Are volcano eruptions rare on our planet?
Phrases to learn
a wedlug najnowszych doniesiefi -— a ........................ to l ............... r .....................
e osiagaé wysokoéci ~— r ............... a h ...............
a gwaltowna aktywnoéé wulkaniczna - v............. v....................... a .....................
e wybuchnaé z sila bomby —— e ................ with a s ....................... of a b .............
e znacznie Sig przyczynié — a .......... s .......................................
e pogrzebany iywcem -——— b ............... a .................
e uciec z zagroionego obszaru —-—~ f. ........... the a ........................ a ............
e szkody przekraczaja wartoéé X «- d ....................... is in e................... of x
o stulecia nieaktywnoéci —— c .......................... of d ..............................
53
- r-‘Héadline
TO 0 MT. ARARAMO t MORE ° ACTIVITY 9 BRING 0 FROM 9 VOLCANIC
DESTRUCTION 0 STILL
Wedlug najnowszych doniesiefl z Anturii wulkan Araramo jest wciqz grainy.
Sila Wczorajszego wybuchu poréwnywalna jest z mocg dwudziestomegatono-
wej bomby wodorowej. Wulkan wyrzuci} w powietrze kamienie na wysokoéé
wielu mil. J ednoczeénie nastapfl wybuch podwodny. Gorace gazy roztopily 16d
i énieg w wysokich partiach gér , co spowodowalo lawine WI‘zacej wody i b10-
ta. Duie floéci dwutlenku wegla 11.101311i sic; do atmosfery, co znacznie przy-
czyni sic; do wzmoienia efektu cieplarnianego. Okolo stu oséb ponioslo émieré
W wyniku aktywnoéci wulkanu. Czterdzieéci tysiecy ludzi opuécflo domy W
ucieczce przed dalszymi lawinami blota i kamieni. Rokrocznie na éwiecie od-
notowuje Sig okolo trzydziestu silnych wybuchéw z szeéciuset aktywnych W111-
kanéw. Reszta wulkanéw uwaéana jest za wygasle.
. . . . . a o o c u n o q n c u o u a o A Q c n u a o a a u . c o n e - I u o l o u l a n o c o u o o c o c a c u a o a o - n n v u - o o n o n o a o t c u o I n o . n o a - a n o ¢ . c o u - a n . n o n o u o : u a a l a t e - o a o o a o o o
t t t t t t o v o o u a o a o c o u o s g t o t - o I o s o c u o n u a c c o l o s c o o o o n a u o o o a a n t o o - a I - u c c a a o n c u u c o c n o n c o n o u c o o n o 0 . . . . . . s o o n l o o a n a g o u o o u a a o n a t c u l u l o n a a
o n . . . s s s s s pI I I I I I I t o o o o o o o no u u u u u u u r n - s o p n n n n n o . . . . . an . . . . . a n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n no u u u u u u u u o . noooooooooo a nnnnnnnnn on ooooooooo . . .
a . . . n n n n n n n go I I I I I 0 cc . . . . . . n. . . . . nun... n n n n n o c c c c c . 0 . . . . . c n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n . - o o o o o o o o o o o c n o o o o o o o o o o no n n n n n n n n a . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0
I . . . . n. . . . . . at . . . . . OD. t t t t t t t c o o - n . . . aaaaaaaaa o. ooooo oooooo o: oooooo ¢uuuuuuuuuu o - - - - - - - - - - - no n n n n n n n n n o n . u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u s o o n
a l l l l l l g. aaaaa . 4 . c c c c c c c oI I I I I caoouoogouosaa . . . . . a nnnnnn n. . . . . . . - oooooo t n p ooooooo DC. oooooooooooo p nnnnnnnnnn U uuuuuuuu IQ. nnnnnnn
o. . . . . q c c c c c O to . . . . . a . c nnnnnnnnnnnn v. . . . . o uuuuu o uuuuu a uuuuu no nnnnnn on. nnnnnn on o. . . . . . . . . . a « a t nnnnnn 01¢ nnnnnnnnn a nnnnnnnn a n .
a. . . . . .OJIIOIOOC. . . . . . .c aaaaaa a nnnnn c t t t t t a. oooooooooo d. .c . . . . . . a t t a . . . . . . . . a. o aaaaaaa c o . . . ooooooo 0‘0. ooooooo oooooooooo on
o n e - n o t no aaaaa n oooooo t a s s s s s s o o o u o a t v c u n o a a u u u u u u u u u u u c o n - I o . oooooo t o o . ooooooooo a . o o o o o o o o o o u p . oooooooo n o . aaaaaaa t ooooooooo cc
. . . . . CID...IOOOOIOCOO-II...DOOIIIIODIIOODCIIDOOCOIL...Ola-IIOOOOIIOOIIIIII. c c - u - I l o . a a o ¢ n u o o u o o a a o o « ‘ c l l o n - a - Q t n u o n o a a n t a u - c o o
o . . . . . g. . . . . o n . . . . . . . 00 oooooo 0 . . . . . . nnnnnn c a n . . . c c c c c o. . . . . cu c c c c c c o nnnnnnnn on. n n n n n n n c . a t . . . . . . . . co . . . . . . . . . o n . . . . . . DOC. n n n n n
c. . . . . oooooo 00c. ooooo on: vvvvv ac l l l l l c u l l . so v o c a l - o t t t t t t a nnnnnn an uuuuuuuu t o onnnnnnnn t s . nnnnnnnnn on. ssssss a n . nnnnnnn .QIUDIO
.0 . 0 . nnnnnn go ooooo on ooooo a. . . . . O‘DOIOQIIIIOOOU a . . . ooooo c c . gggggg 00- . . . . . . . 3 0 0 c c c c c c c c t o . aaaaaaaaaa n. c c c c c c c nu. c c c c c c c c c
Discussion topics
1. The destructive power of volcanic eruptions reminds us of how vulnerable
people are when confronted with the unleashed forces of nature. What kind
of philosophical reflections come to mind? How small do man’s achieve—
ments seem when confronted with the power of nature?
2. In What way do such powerful eruptions produce geographical and climatic
changes on our planet?
54
E News item 12: Gas poisoning
The gas was volcanic in origin.

It was released as a result of a volcanic eruption.
People did not realize What was happening.
The gaseous mixture consisted of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen sulphide.
5. Most of the survivors left the area in panic.
6. One can still smell the deadly gas in the air.
7. Those who suffered from the effects of the fumes found expert
help in local hospitals.
8. There was no time to bury the bodies in separate graves.
9. N0 drinking water was available.
10. The inhabitants of Arehon have shown their generosity towards
the victims of the calamity.
11. Doctors from other countries have already arrived in Arehon
to assist their colleagues.
12. There was no airport in the affected region.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
blistered ................................................................................. explosion
casualty ................................................................................. figures
death ................................................................................. fumes
geological ................................................................................. gases
lethal ................................................................................. graves
mass ................................................................................. lake
relief ................................................................................. region
remote ................................................................................. operation
scattered ................................................................................. survivors
toxic ................................................................................. toll
volcanic ................................................................................. villages
55
Gas poisoning-
A geological explosion cracked the bottom of a volcanic lake in
a remote region of northern Arehon two days ago, releasing a
cloud of toxic gas that is estimated to have killed at least 1,200
people. The casualty figures are incomplete and the death toll
may be much higher. The gas is believed to have escaped at
night. The wind blew the toxic fumes over Villages scattered
on the hillside, and caught people in their sleep, in several cases
wiping out Whole families. The cloud, a mixture of unspecified
lethal gases of volcanic origin, was apparently trapped in. the
sediment at the bottom of the lake and might have been
released by a small tremor. It then 1083 to the surface and
exploded. Although the gas is said to have dispersed by now,
many residents have fled the area, fearing for their lives.
A relief operation is now under way. Hundreds of people injured
by the fumes are being treated in hospitals which are ill-
equipped to deal with the blistered and paralyzed survivors.
The site has been isolated and army teams are searching
the four—square-mile disaster area for more Victims. As the
temperature soars, the soldiers have been instructed to bury the
dead immediately in mass graves so as to head off the threat
of epidemics. A stench of decay hangs in the air While the
decomposing animal bodies have already contaminated the
water supply, endangering the lives of those who refused to
be evacuated.
The disaster reportedly caused unprecedented emotion among
the tragedy—stricken population and the evacuees were offered
all that was available. The President has called for international
assistance to cope with the catastrophe. Several countries have
already responded to the call and offered to fly in help, donations
and supplies during the emergency. Doctors in many countries
are on standby ready to fly to Arehon at three hours’ notice. An
air-strip has been improvised to facilitate the relief operation.
56
release 0 (set free) _... uwolnié, wypuécié
fumes n, (gas, strong smelling smoke) ._.. opary, dymy
lethal adj (causing death) - émiertelny
sediment n (what settZes at the bottom of reservoirs) — osad, mu}
disperse v (scatter or spread in different directions) ——— rozproszyé
flee (fled, fled) 0 (run away from) — zbiec, uciec
ill-equipped adj (without proper equipment) «- ile wyposaiony
blistered adj ( with burned skin) ~— poparzony, pokryty bqblami
head off 0 (prevent) -——- zapobiec
stench n (odour) — smréd, odér
decompose u (go ofi‘: rot) -— rozkladaé Sig, psué sit;
contaminate 0 (make dirty or poisonous) -— zakazié, zatrué
endanger 0 (put in danger) -—- zagrozié, narazié 11a niebezpieczefistwo
facilitate 0 (make something easier) -—— ulatwié
What caused the release of the gas?

What made the death toll so high?
Is the danger over?
What effect did the gas have on people?
Why must rescue teams hurry?
How have international organizations responded to the tragedy?
Phrases to learn
a wypus’cié chmure gazu -— r ...................... a 0...; ............. of g .........

e niepelne liczby ~— i ........................ f. ...................
o zastaé ludzi we énie — c ............ p ................ in their 3..................
e gaz pochodzenia wulkanicznego -- g ....... of v ..................... o ...............
e akcja ratunkowa jest w toku -——~ the r ............. 0 .................... is u ............ w .......
a leczyé tych, co doznali obraiefi ~—-— t ............ the i ....................
1» 0dizolowaé miejsce wypadku ~- 13................. the d ..................... s..............
o odsunaé groibe; epidemii - h ........... o ......... the t ............. of e......................
e domagaé sit; pomocy miedzynarodowej -—- c ........ f. ....... i .................................
a ........
e dotknitgta nieszczes’ciem ludnos’é ~— t .................-s.................... p ......................
a z trzygodzinnym wyprzedzeniem — a ..... three h ............... ’ n ...............
o ulatwié akcje ratunkowq ——- f. ......................... a r ................ o .......................
57
Headline
PEOPLE a KILL 0 DEADLY ¢ MYSTERY 0 IN 0 1,200 0 FUMES 0 DRAMA

U I I I I I I I I I I I I 3 “ . . . " " " " " " " " " O . . . O O O O O O O t I I I I I I I I n o ! l l l l l l l l l o n . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O I Q Q O I O I I C O I I I '
Z dna wulkanicznego jeziora w péinocnym Arehon wydostal sic; toksyczny
gaz. Prawdopodobnie niewielkie wstl‘zasy podziemne spowodowaly uwolnie-
nie gazu pochodzenia wulkanicznego, zebranego pod osadem na dnie jezio-
ra. W nocy wiatr zwial toksyczne opary 11a okoliczne wioski powodujqc émieré
wielu ludzi. Twierdzi Sig, 123 zabéjczy gaz ulegl jui rozproszeniu. Mime to,
Wiele oséb z okolicznych wiosek opuécilo domy. Akcja ratunkowa trwa. P0-
parzonych i sparaliiowanych przewieziono do szpitala. Oddzialy wojskowe
odizolowaly miejsce wypadku oraz przeczesujq teren W poszukiwaniu ofiar.
Aby odsunaé groébe epidemii, zmarli muszq byé natychmiast pochowani.
Kilkanaécie paflstw odpowiedzialo na apel 0 pomoc.
uuuuuuuu . a a o o o o c o l o u - t a n g o . o - o n o « O n c a n . o n . u n o - o c a o n - a I n o . o q c o u - o n e . o n e . 4 n . a n a n n c ¢ a u . a u - ' 0 ‘ o n t a l c - 5 0 . n o u o o o a - o a o - u o n a n n o u q t a q c c q o
ooooooo D a 0 I I a . . . o I I o o b I I I I . v . 0 I I I o o I a t o . o I I o I . O . 0 I l l I O I I c b u c o - I o I I l I . O l l I a I t 0 0 t O I . I I t I D I I I I . o I I . I o I I I o I I c o l o n - a l t D I D Q O O O O O O I O I O
’ ¢ ‘ 0 I I I I I I I I 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 OOOOOOOOOO ODD I I I I I I I I t t t t t t t t n ooooooooooo up 0 . 0 ! . ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo u. p out“... ooooooooooooooooo
canaoota c c c c c c c c c c c c c a . . . oooooooo c a n t o oooooooooooooooo quuuuuuuuuuuu o u t . . . oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo t t t t t c t uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu
I ooooooooo 0 . 0 1 . . . . nnnnnnnnn oo-oc - - - - - - - - cc nnnnnnnn t nnnnnnnnn o oooooooooooooooooo . . c u . o - o n o o n o o u oooooooooooooooooooooooo 0 0 9 . . . . . .
an. aaaaaaaaaaa .n. . . . . . . . . . one... . . . . . . o . . . nnnnnn .o oooooooo o n . nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn ooa03toouoon ooooooooooooooooooooooo capo-nut...-
ooooooo C G . I I O I O l . I I l I I U O O O ' Q I I I O I C C t o o u o l o [ c a n a l l l o l o a l o o c o u o l a t l t l n i l n t u - u u o u o o u a o - a a o u u o o a - o o n . n o n a o u n u n u o o - a u u o u q - o o n o o o
I I I I I I I 0 0 0 0 ' t o 0 0 . 0 . 0 I I I . t o . . I I O I I I I I . . . I . I I . o I . - I I I . . . a n . l l . u I I I I I I O O C C D Q C C U ‘ O I O I I I O I I I O o n . I I I s c o l d - I I C Q C I C Q Q O O I I I I I I I I I I O I I I O .
al l l l l l l l t o . D. nnnnnnnn o. n o . . . c c c c c c c onnnnnnnn c g . ooooooo n. . . . . . . . . . o n . . . D . . . o uuuuu o ooooooooooooooooooooo a to 0 . 0 - nnnnnnnnnnn
ooooo CCGauuIIIllIIO.UIIOOIIOIIIIOQQUIIIOOIOCCIOIIOOIQDQOOCIOOICD... a n . . . o l i o l l i i u l i a l l l t l l l t n t n n a t - l u a u - o o - c o n c o a a a o a - n c c a o a
al l l l u no oooooooooooo use... nnnnnnn g o . nnnnnnnn o nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn a . . . oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo a u t o s . . . ooooooooooooooooo g u n .
t o » . oooooooooo o n . . . oooooooo o n . . . nnnnnnn cu. nnnnnnn a. ooooooo no. uuuuuuuuuuuuu one-900.00.050.30. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo¢o¢onto ooooooooo
0 . 0 0 0 . o o o o o o o o C t . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o . o o o o o o o c o o . . . . . . c a n . a a a a a a a a a a a n a a a a a a a a a a a a a a O b t h c fi l b ¢ ¢ h i fi t fi u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u DQQUQOI a a a a a
ooooooooo c c a n . . - I . o n n - o n a . u o . u u - o n . g c o c u n u - 0 3 ¢ . . . u n o o n - c o o n . u n - a n o n a ¢ o o n n t t o n : o n . c a n o o - a n o . o I . . . n I g o o o n o o n a c o n v c o - o u a u a - a n o a g a a
.0 ooooooo . n o t o n n n n n n n n o . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o n n n n n n n n a . n n n n n n n n n n n 0 0 . . . ! o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o go DDOOOI. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o
co oooooooo e. an ooooooooooo no c c c c c c c c c c a nnnnnnnn no. nnnnnn on uuuuuuuuuuuuu a . . . oooooooooooooooooooooooo e n ‘ s - s o o n . . . oooooooooooooooo
Discussion tOpics
Why are people able to Show sympathy, compassion and generosity at the time
of great national tragedies, such as the one described in the report but,
on the other hand, find themselves reluctant to offer help to strangers in the
street who are obviously in dire need of assistance?
News item 13: Accidents at air shows ..................................... 61
News item 14: Aeroplane crashes ............................................ 65
News item 15: Fires .................................................................. 69
News item 16: Mines «~— fires, explosions ................................. 73
News item 17: Oil spills ........................................................... 77
News item 18: Sea collisions .................................................... 81
News item 19: Road accidents ................................................. 85
News item 20: Train crashes .................................................... 89
News item 21: Nuclear accidents ............................................ 93
[ News item
Air shows are organized in Altenland every year. D

The jet display was the one everybody was waiting for. 1:!
The three jets collided on landing. D
Everybody present saw the accident. El
Many people were trampled to death. D
Many sustained injuries were caused by fire and flying debris. D
Many of the injured had to be flown to hospitals in other towns. D
The accident happened because one of the jets malfunctioned. D
Such accidents happen because pilots are too nervous at public shows. D
53
H
The worst thing is that nobody knows Where the wreckage

is going to fall. E}
. The bomber crashed because of pilot error. D
H
H
F0
H
The parachute did not deploy because the pilot ejected at too
low an altitude. D
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
abrupt ........................................................................ approach
aerobatic ........................................................................ area
horrifying ........................................................................ directions
hysterical ........................................................................ and
low- altitude ........................................................................ flying
multiple ........................................................................ inhalation
safety ........................................................................ injuries
smoke ........................................................................ manoeuvres
steep ........................................................................ people
unconfirmed ........................................................................ requirements
unpredictable ........................................................................ scenes
Wide ........................................................................ speculation
61
Accidents at air shows
The annual air Show in Altenland came to an abrupt end
yesterday when three planes collided in mid-air and dis-
integrated. Two heart-shaped formations of jets were flying
towards each other from opposite directions in what was to have
been the highlight of the Show, when the disaster struck. About
300,000 spectators watched in horror as the wreckage of the
planes plunged to the ground near the main stand, sending
a huge ball of fire into the air, blowing people off their feet and
showern debris over a wide area. Thousands of hysterical
people ran for their lives as panic broke out. At least twenty
spectators were killed in the stampede. Hundreds were severely
burned. Witnesses described such horrifying scenes as the one
in which a man was beheaded by flying debris.
So far the catastrophe has claimed sixty Victims. One hundred
and twenty are being treated for multiple injuries, smoke
inhalation and burns. Local hospitals, which have accommodated
the victims, are filled to capacity. The initial inquiry has
established that pilot error and miscalculation were to blame.
There is unconfirmed speculation that the sun may have
disorientated one of the pilots
The future of the Show is now in doubt as this incident is likely
to fuel discussion on a total ban on low-altitude flying and
aerobatic stunts in the limited air space available at displays.
Almost every Show ends with reports of “near misses”. The
organizers of the Altenland Show supposedly met all international
safety requirements. However, mid-air collisions carry the risk
of aircraft plummeting in unpredictable directions.
Last year in Altenland a bomber crashed While landing. The
pilot lost control when the engine stalled, as the plane was
making a steep approach for a short landing at the end of
a four-minute demonstration. In another accident, a pilot
ejected from his fighter plane less than 100 feet above the
runway. His parachute did not deploy and he landed still
strapped to his seat sustaining multiple injuries.
62
abrupt adj (unexpectedly sudden) «- nagly
collide U (meet and crash) -- zderzyé Sig:
disintegrate 0 (break up into small parts) -- rozlecieé Sif;
highlight n (most prominent part) —— gwéidé programu
plunge 0 (fall rapidly) —-— raptownie spaéé
stampede n (sudden rush of frightened people or animals) — paniczna
ucieczka, poploch
behead I) (cut ofi“ someone’s head) — éciaé glowe
ban n (prohibition) —— zakaz
altitude 72 (height) —— wysokoéé
plummet 0 (fall, pZunge steeply) —~ Spadaé
stall 0 (stop functioning) -—— (0 silniku, gainiku) zalaé Sig, zablokowaé
steep adj (rising or failing sharply) —~ stromy
eject v (throw out with force, here: make an, emergency exit with
a parachute) u katapultowaé
deploy v (unfold) ———- tu: (0 spadochronie) rozwinqé Sig, otworzyé
strap 0 (fasten) - przymocowaé pasami
1. Why did the accident kill so many people?

2. What was the cause of the collision?
3. Why is a total ban on air shows being considered?
4. What do last year’s accidents demonstrate?
Phrases to learn
a zakoficzyé sit; -- c ............... to an e..........
a patrzeé z przeraieniem ———- W............ in h ...............
e rozrzucaé szczqtki —— s................. d ..................
e uciekaé, by ratowaé iycie - r .......... for one’s l ..............
e wybuchla panika ~ p .............. b .............. o ..........
e opisywaé przeraiajace sceny -—- d ....................... h ..................... s .................
e katastrofa spowodowala émieré X ludzi — d ....................... c ..................... x
v....................
o leczyé liczne obraésenia ciala -—- t ............... m ..................... i .....................
e zapelnié do granic moiliwos’ci — f. ........... to c .........................
e rozpetaé dyskusje (dolaé oliwy do ognia) — f. ............. d .........................
e spelnié wymogi bezpieczefistwa .__ m ............. s................ r ...............................
63
Headline
60 0 AIR 0 JETS ' HORRIFYING 0 AT 0 KILLING * IN 0 COLLIDE

SHOW 0 A 9 ACCIDENT
W czasie wczorajszego dorocznego pokazu lotniczego w Altenland zderzyly
sieg- W powietrzu trzy samoloty. Swiadkami tego przeraiajacego wydarzenia
bylo trzysta tysigacy Widzéw. Kawalki samolotéw rungly na ziemieg. Ludzie
uciekali w panice. Kjlkanaécie oséb zostalo stratowanych na émieré. D0 tej
pory szeéédziesiqt oséb stracilo Zycie w wyniku katastrofy. Rannych, p0pa~
rzonych i zaczadzonych przewieziono do szpitala. Sledztwo wykazalo, 2e przy-
czynq katastrofy by} blad pilota. Organizatorzy pokazu spelnili wszystkie
miedzynarodowe wymagania dotyczqce zapewnienia bezpieczefistwa. Mime
t0 przyszloéé tego typu pokazéw jest pod znakiem zapytania.
at ooooo c o o n . . . ppppppp o t o . oooooo . 3 . oooooooo I . . . . . . . t o oooooo an oooooooooooo noctauoo ooooo o ooooooooooooooooooo u. o u t . - - - - - - - - - - - D
so . . . . . . c an a aaaaaaaaa « I t . . . . . . . an oooooooo t oooooo o n . oooooo no . . . . . . . . . . . s a n c t u a n n c n u o aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa OI nut aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
. . . . . . t 0 . . . I I I . 0 0 0 . . . I o I l l I I I . . . l I I I I O ‘ ! I I I I I . . . l i l o I I C O 0 . a I I I O I n I I I V O Q fi O I I O I I O I I I A O O I C I Q I I ‘ O . at IIOIOIOIIIIIOQIlaIGIDC t a n
oooooo D t O I l O I O I O I C D O O I I . . I I I I I O . I I o I I O I D Q I I I I O I O I . I I I . . . 0 . . l O I I . I I I t 0 . 0 . 0 ‘ . O I O I O I I O O I O O I I I I I I i I Q nco OQIIIIIIOIIIOIIQOO. not
0I I I I I a t . n n n n n n n n n n o n . c c c c c c c c c g . . . I t l o c o » : ooooooo a. ooooooooo t a c t . ooooooooooooooooooooo u a o t c o o a u t oooooooooooo . 0 . 0a
a. aaaaaaaaaa .0 n a a a a a a a a a D . . . n n n n n n n oI I I I I I I C l I I I I I I I o o o o o o o o o o c o t s o o o o o o o o o o o o G l o b . . . oooooooooooooooooooo . 0 0 . . 0 . nnnnnnnnnnnn 0
no ooooooooo O. . . . . . . . . . n o . n n n n n n n a » . . . . . . up nnnnnnn a . . . . . . . . . . n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n g. n. t o . OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO t . - ooooooooooooooo
I ooooooooo a . ooooooooo o a t l l l l l l l an ooooooo n. oooooooo co nnnnnnn a - - - - - - - - - - - - up o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o D O . . . nnnnnnnnnnnnn u o o n o n o g v o u
can ooooooo 0 0 c c . aaaaaaaa n o . uuuuuu o n . t t t t t t t t ¢ c c c c c c c no nnnnnn no n n n n n n n n n n n naan¢cn o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o g a u n t ooooooooooooo c o c o n u t
uuuuu .QOQlIOOIOOIC 0 . . . . . . n o n u n o . 0 1 0 0 4 a c o q o e n g a c - o - o - a u o o c - I n a n - I t o . tOCIIIIIOIOOIOICOIOIIOCQC concouoooonoo-aonncca c o n e - c o c o .
0oooooo 0a aI I I I I I I a . . . . . . . . . . . . o. nnnnnn on. . . . . . o oooooooo o n . oooooooooo a t . aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa a. on a. nnnnnnnnnnn c o n c o c t nnnnnnnn
a t I I I I I I I I to . . . . . . . . . . 9o. l l l l l c a n . nnnnnn a. - - - - - - - 3a n n n n n o n . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - . a c c o t . uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu u . . . t o . nnnnnnnnnnnn a n .
Discussion topics
1. Air ShOWS are spectacular events but the implementation of safety meas—
ures would make them less attractive to people who expect all the thrills
and excitement from the Show. Should such shows be banned? How would
you vote in a referendum on this subject?
2. N o matter how sophisticated the planes are, the final judgment in an emer-
gency lies with the pilot, who, even considering his skill and experience, is
a fallible human being. Are you happy to entrust pilots with your life?
3. If you had witnessed scenes at an air Show that the report describes, and
escaped unhurt, would you attend another one?
64
{
News Item 14: Aeroplane crashes ]
DEC]
1. The plane first burst into flames, then crashed.
2. The plane ploughed into a field on the outskirts of Palmon.
3. The pilot’s son was sitting in a taxi when the accident happened.
4. Because of the heat from the wreckage he was unable to help
DD
the people trapped inside.
9" F"
All the occupants of the plane died because of the impact of the crash.
The inquiry concluded that the accident happened because
CHI] DUDE] E]
of a human error.
The pilot of the airbus was unaware of the danger.

The airbus burned down very quickly.
One hundred and two peeple died in the accident.
Some of the bodies could not be identified immediately.
The airbus was to be removed permanently from service
following this flight.
6. The airline may be held liable for negligence.
Collocations
Match the words from column A with those from column. B to form
COLUMN A COLUMN B
airline ........................................................................... authorities
black ........................................................................... call
dental ........................................................................... error
emergency ........................................................................... failure
engine ........................................................................... landing
faltering ........................................................................... noise
mangled ........................................................................... records
mayday ........................................................................... smoke
radio ........................................................................... teams
rescue ........................................................................... transmissions
technical ........................................................................... wreckage
65
Aeroplane crashes
1. Four people died yesterday when their aircraft bound for
Palmon crashed and burst into flames soon after take-off. The
plane ploughed into a field and broke apart. As fuel poured
out, the wreck caught fire and burned. The son of the pilot,
who had watched the plane taxi across the field, take off and
crash after a nose-dive, ran across to the plane but it was
already ablaze. He attempted to rescue the passengers but
had to be dragged away from the scene for his own safety.
He said he could hear the people in the plane screaming, but
they burned to death before the firefighters arrived. Civil
aviation experts examined the wreckage the next day and
blamed the pilot’s handling of the aircraft for the disaster.
2. An airbus crashed fifty yards short of the runway at Bradley
Airport yesterday and exploded on impact. It had suffered
engine failure and the pilot had sent a mayday call
requesting an emergency landing. But, Within seconds of
being cleared to land, the plane had burst into flames and
had plummeted to the ground. The wreckage suggested that
the fire was the fiercest over the Wings, Where emergency
exits are located. Most of the victims were found still
strapped in their seats. There were no survivors among the
hundred and twenty-three on board including ten crew
members. The bodies Were so badly burnt and mutilated
they had to be identified from dental records.
Rescue teams sealed off the site and began examining the
mangled wreckage, trying to piece together what had gone
wrong. Eyewitnesses reported hearing a faltering engine
noise and seeing a pal] of black smoke behind the craft.
The inquiry revealed that it was to be the plane’s last flight
before an engine overhaul. Surprisingly, there was no “black
box” flight recorder on the aircraft but radio transmissions
indicated that the accident was probably caused by a
technical error. Though messages of sympathy were sent to
the bereaved by airline authorities, it is likely that they will
be sued for damages by the victims’ families.
plough v (break up land) — oraé, tu: wyryé bruzdeg, zaryé
taxi v ((of a plane) move overground on wheels) — kolowaé
nose-dive v ( ( of a, plane) come down, nose first) — pikowaé
ablaze adj (on fire) —— plonacy
drag I) (pull away) —— odciagnqé
wreckage n (fragments, broken objects) — szczatki, wrak
runway n (part of an airfield for planes to land and take ofi‘) - pas startowy
impact n (moment of collision) «~— uderzenie, wstrzas
mayday call n (internationa! signal of distress) - wezwanie 0 ratunek
plummet v (faZZ, plunge steeply) -- spadaé
mutilate v (damage a body) ~— zmasakrowaé cialo
mangled adj (cut up, torn, damaged) — poszarpany, poskregcany
falter 0 (wave); stall, lose strength) -— (o silniku, gainiku) dlawié Sig, nieréw-
nomiernie pracowaé
pall n (dark, heavy Cloud) — oblok, chmura dymu
overhaul n (thorough examination) ~— przeglqd
bereaved adj (saddened by death) — pogrzy'zony W bélu i Zalobie
1. What are the basic differences between the two accidents?

2. Could the people in the first accident have been saved?
3. What suggests that the pilot of the jet was aware of the danger?
4. What methods are used to establish the cause of an accident?
Phrases to learn
a zapalié sit; ~— 0............ fl ...........
e stanaé w plomieniach -- b .......... into f. .................
e udajqcy Sig, w drodze do -—- b ................ f. ........
e podjaé prébe ratowania ._., a ................... to r .................
e Winié za wypadek -~ 5 .................. for the d ..........................
e doznaé awarii silnika - s................... e.................... f. ....................
e zarzadaé awaryjnego lqdowania -——- r ..................... e..................... l ..................
e zidentyfikowaé wedlug kart dentystycznych _ i ................... from d ................
r ....................
e odizolowaé miejsce ~— .9............ 0 ....... the s.................
e przeslaé kondolencje pogrQZOnym w Zalobie «- s.............. m ................... of
s ............................ to the b ........................
67
Headline
1. BLAMED 0 WHICH 0 PILOT 0 FOR 0 4 0 CRASH 0 PLANE 0 KILLED
. I I I I I I I I s a g . . . o o o o o o o o o o O b t fi t v ' t n n n n n n n no o o o o o o a . c c c c c c c 0 3 o . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o . s o s o a n t c s a t t o n a t a b h . o n t o n o a n u - o u n o n n t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Samolot lecqcy do Palmonu rozbil sic; i splonal w chwile; p0 starcie. Kilku
éwiadkéw widzialo, jak samolot kolowal, wzbil Sig W powietrze, p0 czym na-
gle rung} 11a ziemie i stanal W plomieniach. Zanim straiacy przybyli na miej~
sce wypadku, pasaierowie splongli w rozbitym samolocie. Miesiqc temu na
tym samym lotnisku rozbil sic; odrzutowiec. Przyczyna wypadku byla awaria
silnika. Pilot zglosil awaryjne lqdowanie. Nim samolot zdaiyl wqdowaé, ru—
na} na ziemie. Poiar uniemoiliwie skuteczna akcjg: ratunkowa. Nikt-nie oca—
1a}. Ten lot mial byé ostatnim przed przeglqdem silnika. Na pokladzie nie bylo
,,czarnej skrzynki”. J ak dotqd, nie podano przyczyny katastrofy.
I l l l l l 0 0 0 ' O O O O O O O O O O O O O ‘ O O I I I I I I I 3 . 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O O I I I I I C o d a I I I I I I I I I I I I c o a o o q o n n n o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o n n q g o c t u o t '
I I I I I I I I I 0 0 t v o c a l s - I a n . y a . . . u n i o n - n a n o n o . u s o c - a c c o u - o I a n a n n c c p - o o l n u n o n a o a u n o c c o n a e - u n o c o I . u u . - c a l - o u o o o u o u n a n o n a n a n a - c n c t o
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on o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o u o o o o o o o o o o o C t . . . t t t t t t t a c c c c c c c c out oooooooo o ta oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo o u t . . . oooooooooooooo
. 0 . aaaaaaaa . I a o c o oI I I I I I I I 00.1.0 ooooooo can. oooooo on. t t t t t n o . . . ooooooooooooooooooo a. cocaoonnoto t o . oooooooooooooooooooooo 9 . . .
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t o . aaaaaaaaaa Datum. aaaaaaaaaaa D. aaaaaaaaa nu oooooo « a . . . . . . . . . . . . . I nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn on; o acct uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu vac-a
I O I I ‘ I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 t . . . I I I I I I I I I I a t . . . . . . . . o n . o o o o o o o a t I I I I I I I I 0 . 0 4 . 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o . . . . . . t e n d - o a t . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0
Discussion topics
1. Put yourself in the position of a passenger on a plane which is about to
crash. The captain and the stewardesses have already reviewed the emer-
gency procedure and now you have twenty seconds before the plane crashes.
Can you guess how you would react and what you would be thinking about?
Statistically, when taking into account the number of flights taking place
every day, plane crashes are rare. Yet, thousands of people have gone
through the ordeal which you are now trying to imagine.
2. Would you ever fly again if you had survived a plane crash?
3. Why are plane crashes so wellmemembered‘? Why do they provoke general
sympathy and official days of mourning?
68
( News item 15: Fires J
1. Three children died in the blaze.

The father was prevented from entering his blazing house.
99°.”
The firemen were unable to prevent the house from burning down.
What caused the fire is not yet known.
In Trontham, the fire broke out as a result of an explosion.

The man was badly burnt because nobody had helped him in time.
He has now little chance of recovering.
The fire would not have broken out if the man had obeyed the law.
1. The shelter met all the safety requirements required when

people are housed.
2. The firemen decided that they had been called too late to do
anything about the fire, and left.
3. Many people burned to death inside the building.
4. The process of identifying the bodies will take long because
many of the homeless had not signed the register.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
charred ....................................................................... bodies
critical ....................................................................... building
discarded ....................................................................... circuit
extensive ....................................................................... efforts
gutted ....................................................................... flame
inflammable ....................................................................... heat
intense ....................................................................... inhalation
naked ....................................................................... list
short ....................................................................... match
smoke ....................................................................... system
sprinkler ....................................................................... upholstery
69
Fires
. Two children were severely burnt and the third jumped to

his death from a window when fire swept their home. Their
father was turned into a human fireball when he dashed into
the blazing house to save them, and had to be rushed to
hospital. He was badly burnt, suffering from smoke
inhalation, and he had to be revived. The firemen were
beaten back by dense smoke and falling debris and a few
were overcome by fumes. By the time the blaze was put out,
the house had been completely burnt out. Police believe that
inflammable upholstery had caught fire from a discarded
match, or that a Short circuit could be to blame. The children,
aged three, five and six, had been left unattended, While the
father was having a beer at the local pub.
. A powerful explosion rocked a house in Trontham in the early
hours of the morning, with a raging fire breaking out. The
fire gained such a hold that it consumed the house in a
matter of minutes. The owner ran out of the house engulfed
in flames. Neighbours tried to smother the flames with
blankets but his polyester shirt melted onto his arms and
chest and he suffered third degree bums. He is said to be on
the critical list with bums over 95% of his body. Detectives
investigating the scene say that the man was probably
engaged in the illegal production of alcohol and the naked
flame of a distilling device may have started the blaze.
. A shelter for the homeless burnt down last night because
neither the smoke detector nor the sprinkler system was
working, investigations revealed. When the fire brigade
arrived at the scene, the building was already enveloped in
flames and smoke. It continued to burn fiercely, despite
extensive efforts to extinguish the blaze. The heat was so
intense that rescue workers had to use asbestos suits to get
anywhere near the inferno. Charred and smouldering
bodies are being removed from the gutted building, but
identifying the victims will be hard because all the records
were destroyed. The cause of the disaster is unknown.
70
blaze I) (burn with a flame) -— plonaé
smoke inhalation n (breathing in smoke) — (0 dymie) zaczadzenie
revive I) (bring back to consciousness) —— ocucié
inflammable adj (easily set on fire) -— latwopalny
engulf v (surround and swallow) -——~ 1311: stanaj: W plomieniach
smother U (put out fire by covering with 3th) ... zdusié, zdlawié
smoke detector n (alarm device which is activated by smoke) -——— czujnik
reagujacy na dym
fiercely adv (intensely) —— gwaltownie, niepohamowanie
extinguish u (put out) -- zgasié
charred adj (blackened by burning) — zweglony
smoulder I) (burn slowly without flame) —~ tlié Sig
gut v (destroy the inside of a building) —— wypalié
Reading comprehensign
1. What were the causes of fires in all three reports?

2. Could these accidents have been avoided?
3. Which accident do you find the most tragic 0f the three?
Phrases to learn
a zg‘inaé skaczac z okna --j ............. to one’s d ..............
przewieéé szybko do szpitala - r ............ to h ..........................
e odrzuceni przez gesty dym ~- I) ................ b ........... by d ............... s.................
a zaczadzony —~ 0 ...................... by f. ................
e zapalié sit; — c ............... f. ...............
a zostawié bez opieki - l ................. u ...................................
e rozprzestrzenié Sig, opanowaé —— g ......... a h ..............
a zaledWie w kilka minut «- i ...... a m ................. of m .....................
e doznaé poparzefi trzeciego stopnia ~— 3................... t ................. d ..................
b ................
e spryskiwacz nie dziala ~—- 3..................... does not w ...............
9» pomimo ogromnych wysflkéw —— d ................... e ........................ e....................
a spowity dymem —— e ............................. in s ..................
a wydobyé zweglone zwloki - r ...................... c ..................... b ...................
o zniszczyé dokumentacje - d ..................... r .......................
71
Headline
1. TRAGIC 0 HOUSE 9 DIE 0 FIRE 0 IN 0 THREE
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
1. Dwoje dzieci doznalo paparzefi, a trzecie zgineglo skaczqc z okna w czasie
poigaru, ktéry wybuch} w ich domu. Dom spali} sic; doszczetnie. Policja
twierdzi, Ze prawdopodobnq przyczyng poiaru bylo zwarcie instalacji
elektrycznej. Moiliwe tei jest, fie latwopalne obicia mebli zapalily sic; ad
rzuconej zapalki.
2. W jednym z doméw w Trontham wczeénie rano nastqpil silny wybuch.
P0231“ opanowal caly dom W ciagu paru minut. Waéciciel domu wybiegl
na ulice plonqc jak pochodnia. Sasiedzi prébowali zdusié na nim plomienie
kocami. Meiczyzna z poparzeniami III stopnia jest w stanie krytycznym.
3. Zeszlej nocy sploneglo schronisko dla bezdomnych pomimo energicznej akcji
straésakéw. Zainstalowane W budynku czujniki reagujqcy 11a dym oraz
spryskiwacze byly zepsute. Z wypalonego domu wydobyto zweglone zwloki.
Przyczyna pOZaru nie jest znana.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion topics
1. The accident described in the first part of the report occured because the
children were left unattended. How would you protect your children from
starting an accidental fire?
2. What procedures Should be followed to ensure safe evacuation of the occu-
pants of buildings? What fire-fighting equipment should be compulsory?
72
(News item 16: MineS --- fires, explosions“. J
1. It is possible that about a hundred people have died in the accident. D

2. The fire broke out following a methane explosion. D
3. Fifty peeple are continuing to 100k for survivors. El
4. Despite the disaster, the colliery will remain open for exploitation. D
1. Many miners died under the collapsed roqf. El

2. There is still every chance that the missing miners will be rescued. D
3. Ninety-two miners suffered from fire-related injuries. El
4. Sealing the pit is one of the methods used to put out blazes in mines. D
1. The three miners were unable to free themselves. [:l

2. What made the Operation difficult was the rising temperature. D
1. The three miners had no air to breathe. El

2. The only way to save them was by drilling a wider shaft. D
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
belching .............................................................................. explosion
cutting .............................................................................. faces
deadly .............................................................................. fire
dreadful .............................................................................. gas
emergency .............................................................................. inferno
fierce .............................................................................. points
main .............................................................................. rumbling
methane .............................................................................. shaft
raging .............................................................................. smoke
scorched .............................................................................. tools
strenuous .............................................................................. work
73
Mines -- fires, explosions...
One hundred miners are missing and presumed dead, in the
nation’s worst mining disaster this century. As deadly
methane gas leaked into the coal mine in Benton, the eight
hundred miners inside rushed to emergency points. Although
most escaped to safety, about a hundred were cut off when
the gas exploded and fire broke out in the main shaft. A fifty»-
man rescue team was ordered to abandon their efforts when
it became apparent that there was no hope of survival for
those trapped inside. The colliery will be shut until experts
conclude their investigation into the cause of the disaster.
. There has been an explosion at a coal mine following a
dreadful rumbling more than 1,000 feet below ground. It is
feared that forty—seven miners were killed instantly, crushed
by roof falls, asphyxiated, or burnt alive. The blast started
a fierce fire which swept through the tunnels. Only thirteen
bodies have been recovered. Thirty—four miners are still
unaccounted for and hopes for their rescue have run out.
Ninety-two miners have been brought up to safety from the
belching smoke and fire, some badly burnt, their faces
scorched and blackened. Despite the latest technology in
fighting blazes in mines, the pit will have to be sealed
because firefighters are unable to contain the inferno raging
underground.
. Miners fought for two hours trying to free three colleagues
after a pit train was derailed and then crashed against the
wall of the tunnel. The three miners, who were trapped
under the wreckage, had to be freed by using hand— operated
cutting tools, for fear of a methane explosion at the scene.
. The collapse of a reservoir caused flooding in an iron-ore
mine trapping three miners in an air pocket 250 feet below
the surface. A shaft was drilled to the men to lower a
microphone for communication and provide supplies, While
another, a much wider one, was made to bring them up.
Despite the danger of a roof-fall the operation was completed
successfully after three days of strenuous work.
74
leak I) (let in or out through a, crack) — wyciekaé, tu: ulatniaé Sig
rush I) (hurry) — pospieszyé
shaft n (vertical tunnel for descending into the pit) ~— szyb
apparent adj (dear; obvious) ~— oczywisty
trap I) (out off; capture) ~—- uwiezié
colliery n ((3a mine with buildings and equipment) —- teren kopalni
rumbling n (heavy, continuous sound) -~ dudnienie, tu: tapniecie
asphyxiate I) (die because of lack of oxygen or bad gas) - udusié sit?
unaccounted for (missing) — zaginiony
belch 0 (send out smoke and flames) - buchaé
pit n (coal-pit, mine) ———- kopalnia
derail 0 (run off the raiZs) —— Wykoleié Sif;
air pocket n (bubble of air) - poduszka powietrza
strenuous adj (using great effort) — wyteiony
1. What poses a real threat for miners in coal mines?

2. What makes rescue operations difficult?
3. What other kinds of accidents may endanger miners’ lives?
4. What were the stages of the rescue Operation in passage four?
Phrases to learn
a zaginieni, przypuszczalnie martwi -—~ m ................., p .......................... d ..........
e uciec w bezpieczne miej sce ~—~ e................. to s..................
e zaniechaé wysiekéw -—-— a ....................... e....................
e bez nadziei na przeiycie -——- with n.... h ........... of s....................
o zakoflczyé s’ledztwo ~— 0...................... i ..................................
e odnaleéé ciala ~— r ...................... b ..................
e pomimo najnowszych osiagnieé techniki — d .................. the l ....................
t ........................
o opanowaé szalejacy poiar — c ............... the r ................ i .................

o z obawy przed —— f. ............ f. ............ of
o dostarczyé prowiant ———~ p ................... s........................
a zakoficzyé akcjg — c ...................... an 0 .........................
75
Headline
Rearrange the words to form the headlines to reports 1 and 2.
1. INFERNO 0 DIE 0 IN a HUNDRED 0 MINE 0 ONE
2. HOPE 0 SEALED '- FOR 0 ALL 0 PIT I TO 0 RESCUE 0 DIES 0 AFTER '- BE
. . . . . n n g n u - u o u o c a o n a a c a o n o u c c a I n n o o a c u o u o o a - u c o o - s o l . . . n u t « u n i . i n : n o e n a c t . . . n - s c h t a g n a a n n o - n n a n a n a t o o . n - u n n a n c c a u c o o u o u a o e o o o n n
1. W kopalni W Benton wydarzyla sic; najgorsza w tym stuleciu katastrofa
gérnicza. Stu gérnikéw zostalo odcietych w gléwnym szybie wskutek eks-
plozji gazu i pOZaru. J eszcze nie odnaleziono cial pieédziesieciu szeéciu oséb.
Ekipy przerwaly akcjg ratunkowa, gdy okazalo Sig, ie nie ma moiliwoéci
uratowania odcietych gérnikéw.
2. W innej kopalni, gdzie wybuch nastapfl tysiac stép pod ziemia, zostalo za-
sypanych czterdziestu siedmiu gérnikéw. Wiekszoéci udalo sit; wydostaé na
powierzchnie. Pomimo zastosowania najnowszej techniki gaszenia poiaréw
w kopalniach, straiacy nie sq w stanie opanowaé szalejqcego W szybach
iywiolu.
3. By uratowaé trzech gérnikéw uwiegzionych dwieécie pieédziesiqt stép pod
ziemiq, trzeba bylo przewiercié dodatkowy szyb, co zajelo trzy dni wytgio—
nej pracy. ‘
unnnnnnnnnnnn anon l l l l l l l l O. n. ooooooo and. . . . . . . on ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo n o t . nnacuo-oc oooooooooooooooo e t c - t
no o o o o o o o o o o o c a n . . . I I I I I I I I go aoooooooo 0. nnnnnnnn onto ooooooooo a n . ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo up... . . . . . 9 . . . . . . uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu o
nnnnnnn c a n . t . . . n u n - n o t c n t o u - o u r - c o n g q p . n u o n s g g o u o v a o l o . q a o o n e - o - l o a n - n a n a t a l o t n t a o t c t o u o o c o t o u u o u o o - u o o o u o l o o a a o o n n n o n o o a b n t a o o
o nnnnnnn . 0 0 0 0 . nnnnnnnnnn c o o o u ‘ n o o o a a o n - ‘ o u a n a g c o aaaaaaaa c o o . oooooooooooo oaaonuotoncoootnooococoo oooooooooooooooooo ocococoooooso
aaaaaaaa g o a t - n u u u o o n n g n a o q a e c n n u n - c o n c h . . . - 0 - 1 . . . . n u n - I a n t u o o o u n o o n o n . a a g 5 a a i n I t o a t c u o a o o c o o o t c o t o u u ' c u a u o I o n a - o r l a o a n a l t q a g o o o n "
ooca o o o o o o o o o o o q . 0 c o ooooooooo o n . I I I I I I I c c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o n . . . uuuuuu o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o OOIOItDQ¢COOO n n n n n n n n n n n
ooooooo n o t o o - o u o o n c a n . n o - I I o u s a I n t o a n l o n o a a - a o o u u a a - a u c c o o o o o a o a a . . u n . o I . . C I I I I I . O I I I I t . . . I I . I I I O I l l . I ' l l - . 0 0 4 . . . ‘ I O O I O O O I I I .
00000000 Q . t I I I C O I O O Q D O O O I ' O I ' I O I I I I . D I I . I . I . . . I O I C o l t . . . a I l i l o I I O I I I I O C O Q G U D D D O C O I ' I I I I O I I I I O I I I I . O I I I I O O I I I Q O C U O O Q D O O U I I I I O . . . "
I l l . . . ‘ nnnnnnnn a . . . - - - - - - - - - - - a nnnnnnnnn o oooooooo 0 b . . . l l l l l l l l a n . . . nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn o n e - I n n o v c o o u c t o s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s t u n - a
Discussion topics
1. What makes miners’ lives so vulnerable?
2. What makes rescue operations so difficult, often hopeless?
3. Nowadays, heavy machinery helps miners excavate whatever is being ex"-
ploited: coal, iron ore, gold or diamonds. Nevertheless, miners spend years
of their lives underground, operating these machines. Would you like to
be a miner? Who becomes one?
76
( News item
DUDE
1. When the explosion took place, the tanker was loaded to capacity.
20,000 tons of oil were consumed by fire.
The crew members used life boats to get away from the wreck.
The firefighters did a grand job putting out the fire.
At this point, nothing can be done to prevent the slick from
SUEDE! D D
drifting onto the beaches.
7‘3 533
The rescue teams cannot do anything until the weather changes.

It is predicted that the wreck will sink with the remaining
oil in its tanks.
The accident happened not far away from the docking bay.
It was a result of a collision with a salvage tug.
The weather is making the rescue operation difficult.
Floating booms have the task of absorbing oil slicks.
Many oil spills could have been avoided if the oil-Shipping industry
D
had introduced much stricter safety measures in oil transportation.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
crew ....................................................................... booms
emergency ....................................................................... crew
environmental ....................................................................... disaster
floating ....................................................................... error
high ....................................................................... life
human ....................................................................... members
marine ....................................................................... operation
obligatory ....................................................................... regulations
oil ....................................................................... Slick
salvage ....................................................................... testing
tough ....................................................................... Winds
77
Oil spills
1. An emergency operation :is under way after a fully-laden
oil tanker was hit by an explosion off the coast of Veldonia.
The tanker was heading east, with 80,000 tons of oil. About
20,000 tons gushed from the ship after fire broke out, enough
to categorize it as a major spillage and environmental
disaster. All crew members were Winched from the deck to
safety and rescued. Waves crashing over the wreck finally
extinguished the fire after ten hours. A 40-mile oil slick
from the abandoned and half-submerged tanker is slowly
being pushed towards the coast by high Winds and currents.
At the moment it is too wide to be contained and would
require hundreds of tons of anti-pollutants. However, the oil
is light crude and much of it will soon evaporate. A salvage
crew, with the pollution fighting equipment, is standing by
waiting for the seas to become less heavy. Once the seas are
calmer, the wreck will be taken in tow by salvage tugs and
another tanker will take on the remaining 60,000 tons of oil.
The main spill will be cleaned up by skimming off the oil
from the surface of the water.
2. An American tanker ran aground this morning after taking
on its cargo, and leaked 100,000 barrels of oil into the sea.
The oil formed a slick about 4 miles long. It is feared that
high waves may break the ship in half, releasing the
remaining oil, as the winds grow stronger by the minute.
Floating booms have been set up to try to stop marine life
in the area from being threatened and to prevent the slick
from being washed on shore.
The accident happened just days after another tanker struck
a reef while trying to avoid floating ice. Several of the vessel’s
tanks were ruptured below the water line and the ship
spewed 420,000 gals. of oil into the sea. As human error
is blamed for more than half of oil spills, there are calls
to impose tougher regulations on oil-shipping, including
obligatory alcohol testing of crews. Tankers should be built
with double hulls, which are more expensive to build, but
offer more protection if a collision occurs.
78
gush 0 (flow freely and suddenly) - tryaé, wyplywaé
spillage n (amount which is spilled) «- Wyciek (ropy)
winch v (hoist, pull up) ~— wywindowaé
extinguish 0 (put out) ~— zgasié
slick n (film of oil covering an area of the sea) - plama ropy
current n (stream of water) —— prqd wodny
evaporate 0 (become vapour) ~— wyparowaé
salvage v (rescue, save) -——~ ocalié, uratowaé
tow v (pull along by rope) ~—- holowaé
tug 22 (small boat for towing ships) — holownik
skim 0 (remove floating matter from the surface) __ zebraé z powierzchni
booms n (floating objects held together to prevent something floating away)
— tu: polqczone boje tworzqce rodzaj zapory
rupture I) (break apart) - rozerwaé, przerwaé
spew v (gush, discharge) «- wyplué, wyrzucié z wnetrza
obligatory adj (required by law) - obowiqzkowy
Answer the following questioxxs.
1. What are the specific elements of a rescue operation involving tankers?

2. What makes the skimming of oil so difficult?
3. What steps should be taken to minimize the risk of disasters involving
tankers?
Phrases to learn
a obraé kurs na wschéd ~— h ........... e...........
a pchany przez silne Wiatry —— p ................ by h ............ w .............
e byé w pogotowiu -~ 3.............. b ......
a przejaé pozostala rope: —— t ........... 0.... r .................. o .......
a osiaéé na mieliénie —— r .......... a ................
e przelamaé na p61 — b ............. in h ............
a coraz silniejsze z kaida minute} - s................... by the m ..................
a zapobiec wyrzuceniu ropy na brzeg przez fale —— p .................... o ....... fi‘om
b .......... w ................. on s ................
e Wprowadzié ostrzejsze przepisy — i ................... t .................. r .........................
a stwarzaé ochrom; -- o ............ p ......................
79
Headline
1. CREATES 0 OIL 0 SEAS 0 SLICK 0 IN 0 HEAVY 0 EXPLOSION 0 TAN KER

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
2. FORCE 0 SAFER 0 PROPOSALS 0 FOR - TRANSPORT - NEW . OIL

ACCIDENTS
1. Na tankowcu z ladunkiem ropy wybuchl poiar. Trwa akcja ratunkowa.
Czlonkowie zalogi zostali podjeci z pokladu statku. D0 morza wyplymglo
okolo dwudziestu tysiecy ton ropy. Jest to wyciek na znaczne; skaleg. Wiatr
i pl'qdy morskie przesuwaja w strong brzegu plame; ropy 0 dlugoéci czter—
dziestu mil. Plama jest zbyt szeroka, aby 11102113 jg bylo zlikwidowaé érod-
kami chemicznymi. Wiekszoéé ropy zostanie zebrana z powierzchni wody,
gdy morze sie; uciszy. Czeéé ropy wkrétce wyparuje.
Antuflafiski tankowiec wpadl 11a mielizne. Wycieklo dziesieé tysiecy bary-
lek ropy. Istnieje obawa, Ze fale mega rozbié statek i do morza wycieknie
reszta ropy. W wigkszoéci wypadkéw Wine za katastrofy tankowcéw pone—
si czlowiek. Zostanq Wprowadzone ostrzejsze przepisy dotyczqce transpor—
tu ropy. Testy 11a poziom alkoholu we krwi u czlonkéw zalog‘i powinny zo-
staé natychmiast wptowadzone.
I I I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
t o . oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
up: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I I I n c h t o . . . o t o t o i n o I o 0 . 1 . 0 0 0 . . . g n o t . o . I . t o o I n . . . n t o I . u I o o n o . I n . o n o n o 0 . . . I 0 a 0 0 . n o 0 . c 0 . o s t e r e o - a o a o g n o . a a n a c o u s t i c - g n o n o a - o a o - n n . -
on. oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
‘ 0 ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion topics
1. Oil pollution caused by spillages from tankers is understood to have dew.
astating effects on the environment, often causing irreversible ecological
changes. Can you think of any other method of transportation that would
be safer, but at the same time economical enough to challenge tankers?
Would you like to work on a tanker knowing that the ship is like a time?
-bomb, ready to explode the moment something goes wrong?
80
( News item
The ferry was on its way from Galamos t0 Gueno.

The wreck is lying at a depth of three miles.
There was no electricity because water had flooded the generators.
The number of casualties was so high because the captain delayed
giving the order to abandon the ship.
5. The rescue operation is being carried out only during the day.
6. It is expected that as many as eighty bodies will be found inside
the wreck.
1. The tanker went down alongside the ferry.

2. The ferry sank too quickly for the passengers to get to the decks.
1. The ferry sank as a result of a collision.

2. It is believed that the accident happened because of the crew’s
negligence.
3. Many people died of hypothermia.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
adverse .............................................................. cargo
dense
heavy
ill-prepared
10w
panicmstricken .............................................................. loss of life
proper .............................................................. passengers
shallow .............................................................. temperatures
submerged .............................................................. vessel
sunken .............................................................. waters
unsecured .............................................................. weather conditions
81
Sea collisions
. Eighty people are feared drowned in a ferry disaster which
took place in the early hours of the morning. The Rose of the
Seas bound for Galamos, sank in shallow coastal waters
after striking a reef in dense fog 3 miles off Guano, Anturia’s
major port. The impact of the collision cut electricity,
plunging the ship into darkness as water quickly began to
fill the craft. As the ship began to keel over, the captain gave
the order to abandon the vessel but it went down too quickly
for many to get to the deck and lifeboats. Teams of divers
are working around the clock searching the sunken ferry
and retrieving bodies. Rescuers mounted an air-sea search
involving lifeboats and helicopters. Those passengers who are
still unaccounted for are believed to be still trapped inside
the submerged vessel.
. A shipping tragedy, in which one hundred and eight people
are believed to have perished, happened when a ferry cut
across the path of a tanker. As the tanker rammed it, the
ferry was sliced in two and sank within seconds. Only a
handful of the panic-stricken passengers are known to have
survived, because most of them were trapped below decks.
The rescue teams are trying to identify the drowned. The
families of the Victims are numbed with shock and the world
community is deeply saddened by the tragedy.
. A ferry is reported to have capsized soon after leaving the
harbour of Icenberg in what could be the worst tragedy since
the Titanic. Experts still cannot figure out how the disaster
happened, but there are speculations that unsecured cargo
shifted, causing the vessel to list sharply. Water rushed in
through the doors and the ferry went down with a heavy loss
of life. The crew appeared ill-prepared to handle such an
emergency, and safety devices seem to have been faulty.
Rescue efforts were hampered by adverse weather conditions
and low temperatures. Scores of dead passengers were pulled
from the water because without proper clothing, the chances
of survival in cold water are few. The officials are putting
the figure at three hundred and fifty drowned.
82
shallow adj (not deep) —— plytki
dense adj (not easily seen through, thick) «- gesty
plunge U (fall) - spaéé, tu: pogrqz'zyé (w ciemnoéci)
keel over 0 (capsize, roll over) - poloz'zyé sic; 11a hurts;
sunken adj (submerged) ~— zatopiony
retrieve v (rescue) —— odzyskaé
mount 0 (organize) — zorganizowaé
perish 1) (die) -~ zg‘inqé
path n (way, route) ~— S’cies'zka, droga, tor
ram 0 (strike and push heavily) — staranowaé
numb adj (dazed) ~ odretwialy
capsize v (overturn, keel oper) -——~ przewrécié sit; d0 géry dnem
list 0 (lean to one side) ———— przechylié Sie;
hamper v (hinder; prevent activity) — utrudniaé
1. What were the causes of the accidents described in the reports?

2. What caused the heavy loss of life in each story?
Phrases $0 learn
a wstrzas wywolany zderzeniem — i ............... of the c .......................

e daé rozkaz opuszczenia statku .._. g .......... an o ............. to a ................... the
s...........
e pracowaé cala dobe -- w ................ a .................. the c ...............
e rozciety na polowe «- s............... in t ..........
o zatonaé w przeciqgu sekund -~ 3............ w ................ s .....................
e ogarnieci panika pasaierowie — p .............. ~s...................... p ...........................
o uwieziony pod pokladem -~ t ................... b ................ d ............
e nie umocowany ladunek ~— 15........................... c .............
a duZe straty w ludziach ~— h ............... l .......... of l ...........
o niewlaéciwie przygotowana zaloga — i ....... -p ....................... c ............
o wadliwe urzqdzenie ~— f. ............ d ...................
a 219 warunki pogodowe -— a .................. w .................... c ...........................
e szansa przeiycia -— c ................ of s.........................
e ustalié 1320s -- p ....... the f. ............. at
83
Headline
1. AS ' OFF 0 SINKS 0 FERRY 0 FEARED 0 GUENO e DROWNED 0 80
2. 108 0 STUNNED 0 AS 0 FERRY 0 KILLING 0 COLLIDE 0 WORLD

AND 0 TANKER
1. Dzié we wczesnych godzinach rannych zatona} prom. Uderzyl w 1"a koralo—
we; dwadzieécia mil 0d Gueno. Przewrécil Sif; na burte; i chociaz kapitan wy~
dal rozkaz Opuszczenia statku, wiele oséb nie qiylo dostaé sic; do lodzi ra—
tunkowych. Pletwonurkowie przeszukuja zatopiony prom, Zeby odnaleéé ciaia
pasaZeréw. Ratownicy prowadze; akcje z lodzi ratunkowych i helikopteréw.
2. Inny prom, na ktérym prawdopodobnie zginelo sto osiem oséb, zderzy} Sig
z tankowcem. Tylko kilkoro pasaieréw ocalalo, reszta utongla uwieziona
pod pokladem.
3. Prom przewrécil 316; do géry dnem Wkrétce p0 wyruszeniu z portu W Icen—
berg. Przypuszcza Sig, 23 nie zabezpieczony ladunek przesunal sis; i spo-
wodowal przechylenie statku. Zaloga promu nie byla przygotowana na take;
sytuacjg awaryjna. Sprzegt ratunkowy by} niesprawny. Zle warunki atmos-
feryczne utmdniaky akcje; ratunkowa.
Discussion topics
1. Is sea travel any safer nowadays than when crossing the Atlantic on sail-
ing ships posed a significant risk?
2. In case of a collision at sea there are certain rules to be followed concern-
ing evacuation. Do you know What they are? Explain their significance.
84
1 I.. e9
[ N 9W 8 Hem
1. Ten vehicles were involved in the collision.
Other cars could not get past the site of the crash.
The car with six occupants hit the back of an articulated lorry.
Two schoolchildren died in the overturned bus.
If it had not been for the bad weather conditions, the accident
might not have happened.
PP‘DFO?‘
The collision was started by a van.

The accident could have been prevented.
The body of the van driver was found in the wreckage of his vehicle.
Five people were involved in this collision.
in;
The driver was drunk and was driving too fast.

2. The supervisor of the road works was indirectly responsible
for the pedestrian’s death.
1. The camper was killed by a woman driver.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
articulated ............................................................................... barriers
busy ............................................................................... bruises
chain ............................................................................... coach
crash ............................................................................... family
entire ............................................................................... injuries
excessive ............................................................................... lorry
slight ............................................................................... reaction
stationary ............................................................................... road
sustained ............................................................................... Speed
tangled ............................................................................... wreckage
85
Road accidents
. Fog played its part in a ten—vehicle pile-up on a busy road
yesterday, bringing traffic to a halt and causing a five-mile
tailback. Four of the cars burst into flames. Rescuers believe
that an entire family was wiped out when six people were
crushed to death by an articulated lorry that rammed
their car. A bus with school children skidded off the road
and plunged into a ditch. Two of the children died later from
their injuries. The driver of the car which started the chain
reaction collision suffered only slight bruises. He is believed
to have lost control of his car seconds before hitting the crash
barriers. The road was closed for hours to traffic while police
removed the tangled wreckage.
. Four people were seriously injured in a head-on crash when
a car suddenly changed lanes and collided with an oncoming
van. The autopsy revealed that the man who caused the
accident had had a heart attack and had died at the wheel.
The two cars involved were scarcely recognizable after the
collision. The driver of the van was thrown clear and
miraculously survived. His three passengers had to be out
free from the wreckage before being rushed to hospital and
treated for their sustained injuries.
. Six people lost their lives on Friday when a car, trying to
avoid an unmarked open manhole, skidded and ran over
a pedestrian who died instantly. The car then crashed into a
stationary coach and the driver and four passengers were
killed on the spot. According to the police, excessive speed
was partly to blame for the tragedy and the driver was found
to be more than four times over the drink limit. The man
responsible for road works in that area will appear in court
charged with negligence.
. A camper was killed yesterday when a car hit the hard
shoulder and ploughed into his tent ten yards from the road.
The car then somersaulted twice before hitting a tree. The
driver and her passenger were rushed to hospital Where they
died from their injuries soon after being admitted.
86
pile-up n (a number of vehicles which have crashed into each other) -——
karambol
tailback 11 (cars which line up behind an obstacle on the road) — zator
crush 0 (press, 30 that there is breaking or injury) — zgnieéé, zmiaidiyé
articulated lorry n (lorry with parts joined in a flexible manner) ————
cigiaréwka naczepowa
ram 0 (strike and push heavily) —— staranowaé
skid off 0 (slip sideways on a road) -——— Wpaéé w poélizg
bruise n (injury where the skin is discoloured) ~— stluczenie, siniak
head-on adj (with fronts meeting) -- (o zderzeniu) czolowe
scarcely adv (barely, not quite) -——— zaledwie, z trudem
throw clear 0 — wyrzucié na zewnatrz
sustain v (sufi‘er; undergo harm or loss) ~— (0 obraieniach) doznaé
manhole n (hole in a road with a, cover) «~— W132 C10 kanalu
run over 0 (knock down, and pass over) ~—- przejechaé
stationary adj (not moving) -——~ nieruchomy
negligence n (failure to take proper care) — niedbalstwo, zaniedbanie
somersault 0 (fall turning head over heels) ~— przekoziolkowaé
1. What were the causes of all four accidents?
2. Who were the casualties in each report?
Phrases to learn
a odegraé r019 — p .......... a p ...........

o stanaé w plomieniach -—-— b ............ into f. ..................
o umrzeé z powodu obraz'aefl - d ....... f. ............ i ...................
e zderzyé Sig z nadjeidiajacq furgonetkq -——~ c ............... with an o ......................
v.......
e z trudem rozpoznawalne —— s..................... r ....................................
a uwolnié ofiary z pokiereszowanych wrakéw -— c .......... the v......................
f. ........... from. the t ..................... w .........................
e umrzeé 11a miejscu — d ....... on the s..........
e winié nadmiernq predkoéé .. b .................. e........................... s...............
e czterokrotnie przekroczyé dopuszczalny poziom alkoholu we krwi -- be
f. ..................... t ............. o.......... the d ............ l ...............
e byé przyjetym do szpitala -— be a ..................... to h ........................
87
Headline
1. IN 0 CHAIN 0 12 0 DRIVER 0 REACTION 0 CAUSES 0 CRASH 0 DEATHS
u . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1. Wczorajsza mgla byla przyczyna olbrzymiego karambolu. Cztery pojazdy
stanely w plomieniach. Szeéé oséb zostalo zgniecionych, gdy ciez'zaréwka z
przyczepq staranowala ich samochéd. Autobus wiozqcy uczniéw Wpadl W
poélizg. Podobno kierowca samochodu, ktéry spowodowal karambol, stra-
ci} panowanie nad kierownicac.
. Cztery osoby odniosly powaZne obrafaenia wskutek zderzenia czolowego
dwéch samochodéw —- osobowego i cigiaréwki. Przyczynq wypadku by} atak
serca kierowcy samochodu osobowego.
. N admierna szybkoéé i czterokrotne przekroczenie normy zawartoéci alko-
holu we krwi byly wczoraj przyczynq jeszcze jednego wypadku samecho-
dowego. Kierowca, prébujqc ominaé otwarty wlaz do kanalu, wpad} w po-
élizg i przejecha} przechodnia.
. Inny samochéd wypadl z szosy, przekoziolkowal dwa razy i uderzyl w drze-
W0. Kierowca i pasaZer zostali przewiezieni do szpitala, lecz pare godzin
pééniej zmarli W wyniku doznanych obraZefi.
Don o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Dal oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
a t . oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
' I C oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
t o . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 | . oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
Discussion topics
. Have you ever been in a car accident? Have you ever caused one?
. Imagine that you are the driver who started the pile-up described in the
first part of this report. Would you feel responsible for the deaths of all
those people, even though it was not your fault entirely?
. Can you think of any measures that might be taken to make roads safer
both for pedestrians and motorists?
88
9391:“9’3P‘3r"
The express train Should have stopped for the light.

The commuter train was full of people.
Only two trains were involved in the collision.
The accident would not have happened if the signal had been on @3911.
The slow track lead to the platforms.
The rescue teams were too shocked by the scale of the disaster
to act effectively.
7 . Locating the survivors and getting to them created the biggest
problem.
8. Medical aid was improvised on the spot.
9. Existing “fail—safe” systems are still believed to be effective
in preventing train accidents.
10. The Transport Secretary was impressed by the dedication
of the rescue teams and the bystanders.
11. The accident temporarily disrupted railway services.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
cutting ........................................................................... coaches
derailed ........................................................................... error
emergency ........................................................................... failure
fatal ........................................................................... gear
injured ........................................................................... pain-killers
metal ........................................................................... reaction
passenger ........................................................................... services
powerful ........................................................................... tangle
signal ........................................................................... track
slow ........................................................................... trains
swift ........................................................................... Victims
89
Train crashes
At least twenty—four people died and more than eighty—five were
seriously injured after two passenger trains collided this
morning near Shockville. The driver of the express train, the
7.25 from Gloomford, passed a red signal and smashed into a
packed stationary commuter train. The derailed coaches fell
into the path of an empty goods train which was just pulling
out of the station. It was revealed that the commuter train was
running three minutes late, but signal failure was ruled out.
It seems the driver of the express train made the fatal error,
maybe due to some distraction. When the train crossed from the
fast to the slow track and entered the station, it was too late
to brake effectively.
Emergency procedures were immediately put into operation.
Scores of rescuers worked throughout the day to clear the
wreckage and extract victims. A 300-13011 crane was moved into
position to begin lifting the derailed coaches. Firemen used
cutting gear to reach the injured and the dead who were pinned
under the wreckage. Thermal image cameras had to be used to
find survivors in the unrecognizable metal tangle. Paramedics
and doctors set up saline drips, distributed powerful pain-killers
and reassured those in agony while waiting for the stretcher-
—bearers to carry away the wounded.
The Transport Secretary ordered an inquiry into the cause of
the accident and called for an improvement in “faflasafe” systems
designed to make such accidents impossible. He praised the
swift reaction of the emergency services and the people who
came to tend to the injured. Many came forward to donate their
blood when supplies ran low. Others offered their cars to ferry
the less seriously injured victims to nearby hospitals. An
emergency telephone line has been made available for relatives.
It is hoped that by tomorrow morning services Will be restored.
Meanwhile, all railway traffic is being rerouted.
90
collide I) (meet and crash) —-—- zderzyé Sig
stationary adj (not moving) «- nieruchomy
derail 0 (run of?” the rails) - wykoleié sie
failure n (bad performance) «~— defekt, awaria
track 12 (set of rails for trains) —~ tor kolejowy
brake 0 (reduce speed so as to come to a stop) ~— hamowaé
coach n (railway carriage) —~ wagon
pin 0 (make unable to move) -— przygwoidzié
praise I) (speak with approval of) -—— pochwalaé
tend u (take care of) -—~ opiekowaé Sig, opatrywaé rany
run low I) (suffer shortage of) — (0 zapasach) koficzyé sit;
reroute 0 (find an alternative route) — skierowaé na inns; trasa
1. What kind of trains were involved in the collision?

2. What did the rescue operation involve?
3. What was the public’s response to the accident?
4. What is the purpose of setting up the emergency telephone service?
Phrases to learn
as doznaé powainych obraiefl ciala _ to be s.................... i ..................
e zatloczony pociqg podmiejski ~— p ................ c ............................. t ..............
a ruszyé ze stacji —~ p .......... o ......... of the s ..................
e jechaé z trzyminutowym opéénieniem — r ........ three minutes l .........
a wykluczyé — r ......... o ........
a popelnié tragiczny blad -- m ........... a f: ............ e............
e z powodu nieuwagi ~—— d .......... to some d .............................
e rozdawaé sflne érodki przeciwbélowe — d ......................... p ......................
p .........................
e zlecié przeprowadzenie dochodzenia ~—- 0 ............... an i ....................
e honorowo oddaé krew — d ................... b .............
o udostepnié 13:11:16; telefonicznq ~——— m ............... a t ............................ l ...............
a .........................
e przywrécié ruch kolejowy — r ...................... r ....................... s ......................
91
Headline
KILLING 0 DUE 0 COLLIDE 0 DRIVER 0 TRAINS 0 TWO 0 TO 0 24 ' ERROR
Dzié rano zderzyly sie; dwa pociagi osobowe. Pociag ekspresowy z Gloomford
przejechal na czerwonym éwietle i wpadl na stojacy na stacji pociag pod-
miejski. Wykolejone wagony przewrécfly sic; na sasiedni tor wprost pod po—
ciqg towarowy, ktéry Wlas’nie odjeidial ze stacji. J ako przyczyng wypadku
wykluczono wadliwa} sygnalizacje. Minister Transportu zarzqdzil dochodzeu
nie. Istnieje potrzeba usprawnienia systemu zabezpieczenia. W wypadku
zginelo ponad dwadzieécia oséb i prawie sto zostalo rannych. Udostgpniono
numer telefonu, pod ktérym moina uzyskaé informacje 0 losie poszkodowa-
nych. 0d jutra rana pociqgi bgdq kursowaly wedlug rozkladu.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Discussion t0pics
1. Trains seem by far the safest of all means of public transport. Yet, train
crashes do happen, often with a very heavy loss of life. Do railway acci—
dents differ in any way from other accidents described in this section? Do
they pose any special difficulties to rescue teams?
2. What are bystanders who Witness such accidents supposed to do? In what
way can they be helpful?
3. Discuss the usefulness of emergency phone information lines that are set
up when trains or planes crash. How would you feel if you had to inform 7*
a caller that the relative he is enquiring about lost his life in the accident?
92
.. M _ — _ w — . . m . . _ fl _ , _ , _ , _ _ , , _ , — . W ,.........
[ N eWS item
DE]
1. The reactor was Shut down in time to prevent any contamination.
2. Short-lived fission products increased the radioactivity of the
escaping gas.
Cl 13
3. The reactor will remain temporarily shut down.
4. As many as five thousand people may die of lung infections due
to radioactive contamination.
1. The local residents have successfully pressed for the closure
DEIDDDD
of the plant.
Leukemia can take twenty years to develop.
The explosion deactivated the early warning system.
The radiation level is still high enough to kill.

Radioactive fallout covered an area of twenty square miles.
The scale of the disaster as yet unclear.
The decision to Shut down the power station may have prevented
D
a major accident.
2. Fuel rods may plunge to the bottom of the reactor as a result of
a meltdown. D
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
decontamination ................................................................... fallout
fuel ................................................................... fuel
health ................................................................... hazard
high ................................................................... incidence
nuclear ................................................................... inquiry
official ................................................................... officials
protection ................................................................... operation
radioactive ................................................................... rods
safety ................................................................... system
serious ................................................................... threat
93
Nuclear accidents
. A nuclear power station reactor was shut down yesterday
because of a rupture in its tubings. According to safety
officials, a small amount of radioactive gas has escaped into
the atmosphere. The emergency protection system was
activated seconds after the gas reached the ventilation
system and the amount of radiation released was five times
above the usual level. This was due to short-lived fission
products. The leak has been contained and the reactor will
be put back into operation following an official inquiry into
the accident. It is not believed the leak poses a serious threat
to the local population, or the environment. The gas may
have contaminated five thousand people, causing symptoms
similar to bronchitis, which should clear in six months.
. An uranium-processing plant has finally been Shut down as
a result of the protests of local residents claiming that
radiation leaks are responsible for the area’s high incidence
of leukemia. They allege that nuclear fuel on the site
presents a serious health hazard. Though it can be more than
twenty years before cancer is diagnosed, doctors called for
the regular screening of residents.
. There has been a major explosion at a nuclear power plant
after the early warning system broke down. The fire was put
out Within an hour, but the blast released a cloud of
radiation. Because there was very little Wind, it is hoped that
the radioactive fallout will not affect a wide area. Readings
ShOW that the level of radioactive isotopes, especially
Caesium 137, is dangerously high. Exposure to this radiation
for longer than a day may prove fatal and all people Within
a radius of twenty miles have been evacuated. A deconta-
mination operation is under way. Until radiation levels are
published, it will be impossible to assess the impact of the
disaster.
. A nuclear power station was shut down yesterday as a
precaution after the discovery of a flaw in the reactor’s
design. 17—13011 fuel rods were found to be vibrating. If they
break loose, there is a danger of the rods plunging into the
core and causing a meltdown.
94
rupture n (split) — pekniecie
activate u (put into action) -— uruchomié
fission n (splitting of the nucleus of atoms) ——-— rozszczepienie jadra atomu
pose I) (present) — stanowié
incidence 12 (rate or extent of occurrence) - wystgpowanie
allege u (put forward) — twierdzié, domniemywaé
screening n (medical testing) -~ przeprowadzane okresowo testy przesiewowe
fallout n, (radioactive dust created by nuclear explosion) -—— opad promienio-
twérczy
precaution n (care taken, in advance to avoid risk) -- érodek zapobiegawczy
flaw n (something that lessens the value) — skaza, blad
rod n (bar) —— pref,
core n (centre) —— rdzefi
meltdown n -——~ (W atomistyce) stopienie rdzenia reaktora jadrowego
1. What were the causes of the accidents described in the reports?

2. What will the short or long-term effects be?
Phrases to learn
a uruchomié awaryjny system bezpieczefistwa ~— a ............... e.......................

p ........................... s.................
e ponownie uruchomié - p ......... b ........... into 0 .....................
e stanowié powaZne zagroienie — p ........... a s.................. t ................
e objawy radioaktywnego skaZenia powinny ustqpié — s............................ of
r .............................. c .................................... should 0....................................
o stanowié zagroienie dla zdrowia — p .................... a h .............. h ....................
e wzywaé d0 —— c ............ f. ........
e niebezpiecznie wysoki poziom -- d ............................. h ............. l ...............
9 111023 okazaé Sig s’miertelne ~— m ........... p ............. f. ............
e ocenié wplyw wypadku na ludzi ~ (It.................... the i ..................... of the
d ................... on p ................
95
Headline
2. DANGEROUS 0 BATTLE 0 WIN 0 TERRIFIED 0 PLANT
AGAINST 0 RESIDENTS
1. Reaktor atomowy zostal zamknigty z powodu pekniecia jednej z rur. Nie-
wielka ilos’é radioaktywnego gazu przedostala Sit? do atmosfery. Poziom ra-
dioaktywnego promieniowania wzrésl pieciokrotnie. Nie stanowi on jednak
powainego zagroienia dla miejscowej ludnoéci. Awaria zostala usuniegta,
a reaktor ponownie uruchomiony. Zostanie przeprowadzone dochodzenie
w tej sprawie.
2. W elektrowni atomowej nastapil powaZny wybuch. Zawiéd} system ostrze-
gania. Poiar ugaszono W ciqg'u godziny. Radioaktywna chmura uniosla sic;
d0 atmosfery. Pomiary wskazuja bardzo wysoki poziom radioaktywnych
izotopéw w powietrzu. Ludnoéé zostada ewakuowana W promieniu dwudziew
stu mil. Trwa neutralizowanie skaionego terenu.
3. Wczoraj zostala zamkniegta jedna z elektrowni atomowych. Odkryto wade;
w konstrukcji reaktora. Istnialo niebezpieczefistwo przegrzania rdzenia, co
moglo spowodowaé jego stopienie.
Discussion topics
1. People often ask each other if they remember the day when something very
important happened. Do you remember the day when the radioactive cloud
released during the Chernobyl disaster passed over your head? What were
you doing on that sunny Sunday 27th April 1986, the day after that fateful
explosion?
2. Most of the electricity generated in the world comes either from nuclear
power stations or from those burning fossil fuels. Both have their advan-
tages and drawbacks. Which one would you opt for as your energy provider?
News item : Nuclear waste disposal .................................... 99
News item 23: Toxic waste —— waste disposal ........................ 103
News item 24: Recycling ........................................................ 107
News item 25: Air pollution .................................................... 111
News item 26: The greenhouse effect ..................................... 115
News item 27: Hole in the ozone layer ................................... 119
News item 28: Acid rain ......................................................... 123
News item 29: Destruction of forests .................................... 127
News item 30: Soil erosion ................................................. 131
News item 31: Water pollution .............................................. 135
News item 32: Algae blooms .................................................. 139
News item 33: Oil slicks ......................................................... 143
News item 34: Endangered species ....................................... 147
News item 35: Saving the elephant ....................................... 151
News item 36: Saving the panda ........................................... 155
[ News Hem
1. The refuse will be deposited in natural salt caverns.

2. After one thousand years, the waste is not expected to emit any
more radiation.
53‘9”?“90
Not everybody is sure that the dump is going to be safe.

Leakage of slurry is a possibility.
The other repository is one kilometre out at sea.
There, people will have as little personal contact with the
refuse as possible.
7. The radioactive waste will be deposited without any safety packaging.
8. After the job has been completed, there will be no access
to the caverns.
9. Sea water may get into the system because it is not located deep enough.
1. The burning of fossil fuels is responsible for environmental pollution.

2. In the early days of nuclear energy, people underestimated
the problem of radioactive waste.
3. Nowadays, people will not do anything that could foolishly
endanger their lives.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
burial ...................................................................... activity
environmental ...................................................................... containers
leak~pr00f ...................................................................... disasters
radioactive ...................................................................... drums
rusting ...................................................................... elements
seismic ...................................................................... refuse
stable ...................................................................... repository
stringent ...................................................................... rules
transuranic ...................................................................... Sites
waste ...................................................................... substances
99
Nuclear waste disposal
1. A new nuclear dump site for transuranic refuse is under
construction. The new facility is being carved in salt beds
two hundred feet below the surface. It is hoped that with the
passage of time the salt caverns will converge, entrapping
the waste. One thousand years of isolation is the time
projected for the radioactive elements to decay into stable
substances. Environmental watchdogs have presented a
barrage of criticism saying that if the process of converging
does not take place, leakage of slurry may occur, seeping
into and contaminating the water supply. Although such a
risk is highly unlikely, it cannot be ruled out.
A similar risk faces the new, long-awaited nuclear waste
repository which stretches one kilometre out under the sea-
-bed. Robot vehicles will transport waste packages of low and
intermediate level nuclear waste and spent fuel rods encased
in leak-proof drums. They will be deposited by remote-
—c0ntrolled cranes and radiation-shielded fork-lifts. The
network of caverns will eventually be filled with cement and
sealed off. However, because the region does have a low level
of seismic activity, the possibility of tremor, which might
damage the structure, cannot be ignored.
2. Undisputedly, nuclear energy will help reduce the greenhouse
effect, acid rain and other environmental disasters, as it has
none of the drawbacks posed by the burning of fossil fuels.
But even with the latest technology, the problem of storage
and disposal of radioactive waste is a difficult one. What
causes the most concern, however, are the early nuclear-
—waste burial sites. Then, the rules were not very stringent.
Radioactive materials were often sealed in drums and
casually dumped into oceans. Corrosion came fast and What
we now have is leakage of radioactive waste from rusting
containers, often as close as twelve miles off-shore. Short-
sighted dumping of such cargo is just another proof of
human thoughtlessness and raises fears that What seems
safe now, may turn out to be deadly in the not-too-distant
future.
100
dump 71 (place where rubbish may be unloaded and left) — émietnisko
transuranic adj (having atomic numbers from 93 to 103) —— transuranowy
refuse n, (rubbish, waste) - odpady
carve 0 (form from a solid material by cutting) — Zlobié
cavern n (cave) -——— jama, komora
converge v (incline towards each other) — zasklepié
barrage n (overwhelming quantity) ~— (0 krytyce) fala
leakage n (passing in or out of something) —— wyciek
Slurry n (watery mixture) -— écieki przemyslowe, maé
repository n (place where things are deposited or stored) -—— skladowisko
shield U (cover for protection) _ oslonié
drawback n (disadvantage) .__ wada, ujemna strona
stringent adj (rigorous, strict) — rygorystyczny, surowy
drum n (containers) —— beczka, pojemnik
shortsighted adj (unable to see far) ~—~ krétkowzroczny
1. Where are the two dumping sites situated?

2. What are the dangers of dumping waste underground?
3. What safety measures are taken to protect people when handling radio—
active material?
4. What is your interpretation of the last sentence of the second report?
Phrases to learn
a W trakcie budowy -- u ........... c ............................
a poddaé ostrej krytyce - p ............... a b .................... of c .......................
a moie nastqpié wyciek --— l ...................... may 0 ..............
a wykluczyé ryzyko —- r ........... o ........ the r ..........
e zdalnie sterowany -~ r .....................—c..........................
e zlekcewaiyé moiliwos’é wstrzqsu -——— i ................... the p .......................... of
a t ........................
e wzbudzié najwiekszq troske --— c ............... m ............ c ...................
e kolejny dowéd ludzkiej bezmyélnoéci -——- a ................ p ........... of h ..................
t ............................................
o wzbudzaé obawy ~— r ............... f. ............

e niedaleka przyszloéé ~— the n .........~t........-d .................... f. .................
101
Headline
Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the report.
1. PRECAUTIONS a UNDER . SAFETY * REPOSITORIES 0 OVER
NUCLEAR 0 CRITICISM 0 NEW
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
1. Skladowisko odpadéw transuranowych jest W trakcie budowy. Zlobi Sig-3
komory w pokladach soli dwieécie stép pod ziemia. Z czasem komory
zasklepiq sit; odizolowujac w ten sposéb promieniotwérczy material. Istnieje
jednak niebezpieczefistwo, Ze zanim komora sit; zasklepi 111029 dojéé do
wycieku, ktéry skazilby wody gruntowe.
2. N owe skladowisko odpadéw promieniotwérczych rozciaga Sig; na kilometr
pod dnem morskim nieopodal jednej z elektrowni. Zdalnie sterowane déwigi
i podnoéniki umieszczajq odpady w komorach, ktére péiniej zostana zalane
cementem. Dawniejsze przepisy dotyczace pozbywania Sig odpadéw
promieniotwérczych nie byly tak surowe, jak obecnie. Zdarzalo Sig, 2".e
odpady byly zamykane w beczkach i wrzucane do oceanéw. Korozja szybko 3
niszczy metalowe pojemniki, co prowadzi do wycieku radioaktywnej
substancji. Taki sposéb skladowania odpadéw moie w niedalekiej
przyszloéci okazaé 819 jest kolejnym dowodem ludzkiej bezmyélnoéci. 1
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
I l O I I I I I I I I O C Q D C I I I I O I O O I C I I I I I . I Q C O I I I I O C I . I I I . . . 0 C I O O I O I O I I I D U I I I I I O I I O I I I O I I G I O I A C I I I O C I . C O I . C O . . I I I I I I O I O C I Q C 0 . 0 0 I I I I I I O I I I 5
I . n u n c a 0 . 0 n o o l o n o a u . . . o r . a l l a u a . . . o n I . . . u u I I t . a . o . . . I I t o t o u i n s o . c a n . o o n . n o t t u l u l I . . . o u l o I o I . a l l a o n e c a 3 . 1 o u o c c 0 0 | o n o a o o c u u ¢ a o c l t
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
For Discussion topics go to News item 23: Toxic waste — waste disposal.“
102
[News item
1. The peeple who organized the shipment did not want any news
about it in the press.
P‘rP‘FOP‘D
The intention was to dump the waste in this country for good.
It is not quite clear What the cargo consists of.
This has been the second attempt to get the cargo into the country.
High-temperature combustion is the only current method of getting
rid of toxic waste without producing even more toxic byproducts.
6. Illegal dumping is the last resort of the exporter when other
repository means have failed.
1. The more consumption there is, the more waste is produced.

2. Neither of the two ways of waste disposal described in the report
is without its drawbacks.
3. Disposing of waste will always create some by-products.
4. The process of decomposing organic waste is environmentally safe.
5. Recycling will get rid of all the rubbish there is.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
biodegradable ...................................................................... by-product
carcinogenic ...................................................................... cargo
corrosive _
................................ ...................................... chemicals
dangerous ...................................................................... identification
deadly ...................................................................... liquids
inadequate ...................................................................... materials
inflammable ...................................................................... plant
landfill ...................................................................... sites
reusable ...................................................................... solvents
waste disposal ...................................................................... waste
103
Toxic waste —— waste disposal
1. One of the daily newspapers has revealed today that a
deadly cargo of toxic waste has been “smuggled” into the
country and secretly transported to a waste disposal plant.
Some of the containers are alleged to hold 18 tons of
PCB’S (polichlorinated biphenyls), a highly carcinogenic by-
product of the electrical industry, and one of the world’s most
dangerous chemicals. Other waste products include highly
inflammable solvents, corrosive liquids, and other cancer-
—causing chemicals. The hazardous cargo was initially
refused entry permission for processing because of
inadequate identification. Today’s revelation has caused an
outcry from environmentalists. It is still disputed Whether
high-temperature combustion of PCB’S produces dioxins,
furans and other toxic substances, or not. So far, five
countries have refused to handle the cargo. Still, it is better
to know Where the cargo is, rather than having it illegally
dumped — the worst crime against the environment that can
be committed.
. Today’s consumption is rapidly multiplying waste products.
Each household produces tons of rubbish. This refuse is
usually either tipped into the ground at landfill sites or
incinerated. Huge incinerators burn waste and generate.
electricity, but there are fears of toxic gases and even more
toxic ash which cannot be further processed. When buried,
the organic waste rots away, producing methane which
causes pollution and is one of the greenhouse gases.
Inorganic waste, such as polystyrene foam and glass, do not
decompose but remain forever. But, more environment-
«friendly alternatives are being sought as countries are
running out of dumping sites. Scientists are experimenting
with biodegradable materials, notably new plastics.
However, the future clearly lies with the recycling of
reusable waste. This is possible with efficient waste—
—management policies. Only by being more thrifty can we
avoid being buried under heaps of rubbish.
104
reveal 0 (make known, disclose) — ujawnié
disposal plant n (place where waste is processed to get rid of it) — zaklady
przerébki odpadéw
carcinogenic adj (causing cancer) - rakotwérczy
inflammable adj (easily catching fire) — latwopalny
solvent n (substance that dissolves another) — rozpuszczalnik
hazardous adj (risky, dangerous) -——~ ryzykowny, niebezpieczny
processing It (treating by some process) -- obrébka
combustion n (process of burning) -- spalanie
multiply v (grow arithmetically in, quantity) — pomnaiaé
tip 0 (dump) - skladowaé
landfill )2 (area where waste is covered over with soil) -—— miejsce, gdzie
zakopuje Sig émieci
incinerate I) (burn, reduce to ashes) -~ Spalaé
biodegradable adj (capable of decaying and being absorbed by the environ»
ment) - ulegajqcy samorozkladowi
reusable adj (able to be used again) — nadajacy Sig do ponownego uiycia,
utylizowany
thrifty adj (economical) — oszczedny, gospodarny
1. Why was the cargo refused entry?

2. Why is the cargo causing concern to environmentalists?
3. How is waste disposed of at present?
4. What problems arise with present methods of waste disposal?
Phrases to learn
a s’rodki chemiczne wywolujace raka -- c ................—c.................. c ......................

e odméwié pozwolenia na wwéz «- r ................ e..........'..... p .........................
e niedostateczne oznakowanie —— i .............................. i .....................................
a wywolaé oburzenie —— c ............... an o ..................
e odméwié zajecia Sic; ladunkiem -- r ................. to h ................... the c ..............
a popelnié przestegpstwo — c.................. a c ..................
o gnié i rozkladaé sie; ... r ........ a ............... and d ................
a poszukiwaé rozwiazafi przyjaznych dla érodowiska «- s......................
e .................................. ~f....................... a ....................................
o zagospodarowywanie odpadéw ~— w ............... m ..........................
105
Headline
Rearrange the words to form the headlines to report 1.
1. DESPITE 0 ENTERS ° TOXIC 0 COUNTRY 0 CARGO 0 REFUSAL 0 THE

1. Smiercionoény ladunek toksycznych substancji zosta} potaj emnie wwieziony
do kraju i przetransportowany d0 zakladéw przerébki odpadéw. Ten ujaw—
niony przez gazetg fakt wywolal oburzenie calego spoleczefistwa. K011139-
nery zawieraly osiemnas’cie ton produktéw ubocznych przemyslu elektrycz-
nego. Nie bylo zgody na wwiezienie ladunku do kraju. Pigé innych pafistw
nie podjelo Sig: przerébki tych materialéw.
. Smieci zwykle wywozi Sig: na wysypiska albo spala. Odpady organiczne roz—
kladajq Sig, wydzielaj ac metan, ktéry przyczynia Sit} do ,,efektu cieplarnia-
nego”. Substancje nieorganiczne nie ulegaja rozkladowi. W wielu krajach
zaczyna brakowaé miejsc 11a wysypiska. Poszukuje Sit; alternatywnych
meted likwidowania émieci. Moina je spalaé wytwarzaj ac przy okazji elek—
trycznoéé, ale produktem ubocznym spalania sq toksyczne gazy i popiél.
Poszukuje sit; rozwiqzafi nieszkodliwych dla érodowiska. Prowadzone sq
badania nad materialami ulegajqcymi biodegradacji. Najlepszym rozwiq—
zaniem na zmniejszenie iloéci odpadéw wydaje sic; ich utylizacja.
p l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I I C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. I . oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion topics
1. This civilization is leaving behind a deadly legacy for future generations
in the form of nuclear and toxic waste. Is there anything sensible that can
be done about it?
A competitive market creates the need for sophisticated packaging in or— ‘
der to have an edge over competitors. The more lavish and colourful the"
wrapping, the better chance of the product being sold. Consumers are pay—z
111g for it twice: first, when they buy a product, then, for disposing of it, ff.
Millions of tons of paper, plastic, glass and aluminium are thus being
wasted. How can consumers make clean that it is not the packagmg they 3;;
ale after but a good quality product?
106
( N ews item
1. The waste disposal system is not efficient in proportion to

the amount of waste generated by the everdncreasing consumption.
939199053
. Half of the discarded garbage could still be utilized by other people.

By recycling waste, we increase the amount of natural resources.
Recycling helps reduce the amount of generated garbage.
Recycling contributes to energy~saving.
Waste Watch is a group which believes in helping the environment
by riding bicycles.
7. Waste Watch members collect cans from litter receptacles.
8. A reclamation plant is a place Where new recyclables are
manufactured from old recyclables.
9. New recyclables are not second~class products.
10. At the moment, many people who are interested in recycling are
discouraged by the inconveniences that participation in the scheme
El E]
often creates.
11. Pupils should be actively involved in the process of separating
recyclables.
12. The public has no means of influencing the manufacturers’ D
attitude towards packaging.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
collection ........................................................................... benefits
disposal ........................................................................... consumption
energy ........................................................................... packs
enormous ........................................................................... plants
reclamation ........................................................................... points
recycling ........................................................................... problems
refill ........................................................................... resource
valuable ........................................................................... schemes
107
Recycling
Increased consumption generates more garbage and, in turn,
causes disposal problems. In most countries, waste is buried or
incinerated, whereas half of what ends up in dustbins could
still be useful. Recycling, with its enormous benefits, is the
answer. Bearing in mind that deposits of natural resources are
not renewable, recyclable materials like metals, paper, rags,
melted-down plastic and hardwood cutoffs, should be put to
good use. The biggest savings would be in energy consumption,
but it is also important to conserve natural resources and be
environment-friendly by producing less waste. By investing in
materials which are considered rubbish, Whole industries could
be built around recycling in this throwaway culture of ours.
Waste Watch, a group which promotes the idea of recycling, has
published data on energy saving when new goods are made from
waste. To produce a can from recycled material, it seems we {
require only one-twentieth of the energy needed to make a can if? 1
from raw materials. Used drink cans, thrown by the millions " I
into litter receptacles, are a valuable resource. They can I
provide tin, steel and aluminium. From reclamation plants,
the recycled aluminium can re—enter the economy in a wide
variety of attractive products.
Waste Watch has started the campaign by targeting house-
holds, offering advice on local recycling schemes. It presses
for making access to collection points Widely available, not
only at rubbish depots or tips. For many people, carrying
recyclables to tips and bottle banks is a problem and many do
not bother. Schools should play their part: children don’t need
to be encouraged to participate in collection schemes - they
love it. Each resident supporting the idea can help them by
separating coloured glass from clear glass, and putting aside
newspapers, steel and aluminium cans. Consumers should
encourage manufacturers to switch to recyclable or less
packaging. For example, where possible they should sell refill
packs. By buying recyclables, the public will Show their
awareness of environmental issues.
108
generate I) (produce) «- wytwarzaé
incinerate I) (burn, reduce to ashes) —— Spalaé
benefit 72 (something advantageous) - korzyéé
deposits n (natural accumuZation) ~——- 2102a, zasoby
renewable adj (capable of being replenished) -—- dajacy sis; uzupelnié
cutoffs n (what remains afler cutting) ..., obrzynkj
rubbish n (worthless, unwanted material, litter; trash) ~— émieci
litter n (rubbish left lying about in public piaces) — émieci leZace na ulicy
receptacle n, (container) «~— pojemnik
resource n, (source of supply) -- érédlo
reclamation n, ((of a pZant) place where waste is reclaimed ——~ brought back
to a useful condition) — zaklad utylizacji surowcéw wtérnych
household n (all persons living in a house) —-—— gospodarstwo domowe
depots and tips n (places where rubbish is collected and stored) — miejsca
zwézki s’mieci
Reading cemprehension
1. What are the benefits of recycling?

2. What factors contribute to the increasing amount of waste?
3. Why can we say that by recycling waste we help the environment twice?
4. How can we make the collection of waste easier?
Phrases to learn
a z kolei ~— 13... t ...........
a ogromne korzyéci -—- e ......................... b .....................
o mieé na uwadze -——— b ......... in m ...........
o znaleié dobre zastosowanie - p ....... to g ........... u ........
e propagowaé idee; w15v ..................... the i ...........
a ulatwié dostep - m ............ a .................. a ..........................
a zachecaé do uczestnictwa ~— 9...................... to p ...........................
o segregowaé i odloiyé 11a bok -— s .................... and p ........ a ..............
o przerzucié Sig: na opakowania z surowcéw wtérnych ... s ...................... to
r ....................... p ..............................................
o okazaé zrozumienie dla probleméw ochrony srodowiska u s.....................
a ................................ of e .......................................... i ...................
109
Headline
RECYCLING 0 SAVE 0 WASTE 0 WATCH 0 SCHEMES 0 TO
PROMOTES 0 ENVIRONMENT
IQQQOoIaaoot¢to uuuuuu nan-upoan¢ 000000000 . D I I I I . . . nnnnnnn n o . . . oooooo o t o o o n u v - o t nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 0 0 . . . . . . nnnnnnnnnnn
Giggle I‘osnaca konsumpcja wytwarza coraz wigcej odpadéw. Aby chociaé: cze-
s’ciowo rozwiazaé problem pozbywania Sig émieci, naleialoby wiele odpadéw
wykorzystywaé powtérnie. Przetwarzajac surowce wtérne, oszczedza sic; duio
energii. Poza tym zasoby surowcéw naturalnych sq ograniczone. Surowce wtér-
me to szklo, metale, papier, stopiony plastik i obrzynki cennego drewna.
“Waste Watch” to grupa ludzi, ktérzy propagujq idee przetwarzanie surow-
06W wtérnych. Twierdzq, Ze indywidualni konsumenci powinni wlqczyé Sig d0
prowadzonej przez nich kampanii. Punkty zbiérki surowcéw powinny byé ogél—
nie dostepne, a nie umieszczane tylko przy wysypiskach émieci. Szkoly r6w-
niez mega wlaczyé Sig do akcji, poniewai dzieci nie trzeba zachecaé do udzia-
111 w zbiérkach surowcéw wtérnych. Producenci powinni okazaé zrozumienie
dla probleméw ochrony érodowiska i przestawié sic; na opakowania nadaj ace
sie; do przerébki lub powtérnego uiycia.
I n : t t t t t t t t . 3 . . . uuuuuuu 0 . . . . aaaaaaa a t . . . . . . . nu uuuuuuu a. nnnnnn n o . nnnnnnnnnn Otto-COOQODOID ooooooooooooooooooooo o n » . . . oooooooooooo
IO¢QOCO . . . . . . . q n o u . . . . . . « n o . n n n n n n n n no 0 0 0 0 0 0 o ¢ o o o l a o o c ¢ o o o o o o o o n t o o o o o o o o o o o o n a o n a t s n n n a c o n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n p a t e n t n n n n n n n n n n n n n
I 0 0 . . . . . . . . . I t . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . I I I I I I on nnnnnn on uuuuu 0 . . . oooooo o n t o ooooooooo c o n c a o c o o a o t ooooooooooooooooooooooo a . . . oooooooooooooo
0 0 ¢ . oooooo o . . . n n n n n n n c a n . o o o o o o o o o ca l l l l l l a . a a a a a a a a a n n n n n n n o n . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 1 0 . c o - o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a u c o o t n n n n n n n n n n n
to I I I I I I I c a n . ooooooo a . . . oooooooo a . . . cccccc OI . . . . . .0. I I I I I 0 . . . . aaaaaaa 0 0 0 . . . . . . ooooooooooooooooooooo 0 . 0 - . a u t o aaaaaaaaaa 0 0 0 . . . . . .
o r . oooooo p 0 . . . nnnnnnn 0 . . . . nnnnnnn an. . . . . . . DC. nnnnnn no. . . . . . . on. c c c c c c c c . . a q o o o o ooooooooooooooooooooooo 0 0 . . . . nnnnnnnnnnnn 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
t o ooooooooo cu nnnnnnnn t o . . . c c c c c c c 0 U . nnnnnn no . . . . . . «on oooooo I t . . . . . . . . . . . . o n . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t o . . . nnnnnnnnnnnnn o n » . . .
c l l l l l l a t nnnnnnnnn ‘ 0 ' a a a a a a a a a c a n o o o o o o c o g n n n n n n o . . . . . . . . u u u u u u u u u . 3 . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o OOGDIOOCOU o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o u c o u . . . . . . . . . .
nooooooo goo nnnnnnn o . . . oooooooo 0.0 oooooo 9.. oooooo co nnnnnn a . . . . . . . . . OUOOI. nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 0 . 4 . 0 . 0 . . . oooooooooooooo s o » . . . oooooooo
an uuuuuuu . 0 . . . ooooooo o n . . . oooooo a . . . . . . . . a. . . . . . . . o. . . . . . c a n . c c c c c c . 0 0 . . . . oooooooooooooooooooooo anocqaoo nnnnnnnnnnn c o c o o n . aaaaa
aaaaaa O D D r i l l . I . . . O . I I I I I I . 0 . D O . I I O . 8 I . 0 I . I I I D Q O I I I D I . O . I O I . . . D . . . I I I I l l I I I . l I I . I ’ 0 ‘ D I l I I I I I I I O I . I l l I O I . O Q D Q I O I I O I I O I I I I l t l n j i c
Discussion topics
1. How would you encourage people to participate in recycling schemes? How
would you organize collection of recyclables in residential areas of big cities?
2. Is it enough to make people aware of the benefits of recycling, or should
they be encouraged by offering them special incentives?
3. Would you be willing to participate in a recycling scheme? What stops you
from doing so?
110
News item
1. The new car will not emit any 002.
D D D D D D D D D D D D
2. The car is powered by two separate sources of energy.
3. The main idea is for the electric motor to take over if the diesel
breaks down.
4. What makes the car unattractive to the consumer is its price.
5. The problem of smog is asSociated with car emissions.
6. Air pollution in cities is bad but does not require immediate
emergency action.
7. Catalytic converters are devices which make cars more economical to run.
8. Ethanol is twice as expensive as petrol.
9. At the moment, the only solution is to ban private vehicles from
entering city centres.
10. Most cities have not been architecturally designed to cope with the
present volume of traffic.
11. The burning of other fossil fuels creates as much pollution as
does the burning of petrol.
12. Within the next one hundred years, people Will have managed
to clear the atmosphere of toxic elements.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
breathable ........................................................ air
catalytic ........................................................ consumption
deadly ........................................................ converters
environment-damaging ........................................................ emissions
fuel ........................................................ gases
noxious ........................................................ guidelines
safety ........................................................ laws
stringent ....................................................... smog
traffic ........................................................ volume
111
Air pollution
A car has been constructed which halves the environment-
-damaging emissions of carbon dioxide pumped out by an
ordinary vehicle. It is powered by a combination of electric motor
and diesel engines. On motorways, the diesel recharges the
batteries but in town driving the electric motor takes over.
Although the idea has many advantages, the drawback is the
cost of the car.
This is one of many concepts which is hoped to lead to more
breathable air and the elimination of deadly smog in the major
industrialized cities of the world. At the moment, air pollution
breaches all safety guidelines. Successful campaigns have
helped to decrease the lead content of petrol and more and
more cars are being fitted with platinum—filled catalytic
converters. These absorb 90% of the noxious gases but increase
fuel consumption. An alternative idea is to develop a car which
could run on ethanol. These cars would give cleaner burning,
but would require expensive redesigning and bigger fuel tanks,
since they would use twice as much ethanol as petrol.
In the meantime, environmentalists are pressing for the
implementation of more stringent laws to cut deadly exhausts.
Campaigns to curb car use in cities have met with little success:
drivers are unwilling to give up their vehicles. What we are
experiencing is an explosion in traffic volume. The congestion
is unbearable and cap-choked cities are blackened by fumes.
Electric cars do not solve the problem. They transfer it to fossil
fuel burning power stations, which would use even more fuel
to supply the cars with electricity. Nitrogen oxides and sulphur
dioxide fumes from burning low-quality coal are spewed into
the air, increasing the amount of toxic cancer-causing chemicals.
Once the damage is done, it will take years for the atmosphere
to return to a safer state; the molecules already released will
be with us for the Whole of the 21St century.
112
halve 0 (reduce by half) -— zmniejszyé 0 polowe
emissions n, (something that is discharged) — spaliny, dymy, wyziewy
recharge v (re-suppZy with electricity) — (0 akumulatorach) ladowaé
drawback n (disadvantage) w wada
smog n (mixture of fog and smoke) -——~ smog
breach I) (break standards) —— naruszyé, przekroczyé normy
decrease I) (make less in quantity) — zmniejszyé
noxious adj (harmful) —— szkodliwy
stringent adj (strict, rigorous) —— surowy, rygorystyczny
curb v (restrain and control) ——— ograniczyé
congestion n (overcrowding) —— zatloczenie
choke v (fill spaces so no movement. can be made) -— zapchaé, zatloczyé
spew v (emit, discharge) ... wydzielaé
eading comprehension
1. Why is the new car more environment-friendly?

2. Why (10 cars pose a threat to the environment?
3. What is the drawback of the alternative fuel ethanol?
4. What is wrong with electricity—powered cars?
5. Why must we cut emissions of noxious gases?
Phrases to learn
a napedzany silnikiem elektrycznym — p ....................... by e...........................

m .........................
e ponownie naladowaé akumulator —~ r .......................... the b ....................
a pomysl ma Wiele zalet — the i .............. has m ............ a ...............................
e zanieczyszczenia przekraczaja normy bezpieczefistwa ~— p ..........................
b ....................... s ................... g ..........................
e zwigkszyé zuiycie paliwa ~——- i ............................ f. ............. c ..............................
e czystsze spalanie -- c ...................... b .......................
e kosztowne zmiany konstrukcyjne —— e ............................. r ...............................
e nalegaé na Wprowadzenie surowszych przepiséw ~— p ........................ for
i ........................................ of m .......... s........................ l ...............
o niechetny do zaniechania —-— u ....................................... to g ............................
u .....
o elektrownie, ktére spalajq paliwo kOpalne .._. f. .......................... f. ..................
b ........- ............. p .............. s........................
113
Headline
HALF 0 CUT 0 CAR 0 TO 0 BY 0 NEW 0 NOXIOUS a EMISSIONS
Skonstruowano samochéd, ktéry wydziela 0 polowe mniej dwutlenku weggla
n12 zwyk}y samochéd. Zasilany jest czeéciowo prqdem elektrycznym, a (me-
éciowo silnikiem diesla. Samochéd taki ma wiele zalet, lecz jego wade; jest
wysoka cena z powodu kosztownych zmian konstrukcyjnych. Jest to jeden
z wielu pomysléw majacych na celu czystsze spalanie i wyeliminowanie smo—
gu. Zanieczyszczenie powietrza W miastach przelu‘acza dopuszczalne normy
bezpieczefxstwa. Zwolennicy ochrony érodowiska nalegaja na Wprowadzenia
ostrzejszych przepiséw dotyczacych uézytkowania samochodéw w miastach.
Dzialania te, jak dotqd, nie odniosly sukcesu. Nateienie ruchu ulicznego sta-
le roém'e. Nad miastami unosi Sig chmura dymu. J ednak samochéd elektryczny
nie rozwiqzuje problemu. Aby dostarczyé elektrycznoéci do ladowania akumu-
latoréw, elektrownie spalalyby jeszcze wiecej paliw kopalnych wprowadzajqc
do atmosfery dodatkowe iloéci tlenkéw azotu i dwutlenku siarki.
0c n n n n n n n n n n n n n n c a n n n n n n n n t s s s s s s ¢ o o o o o t a o o o o o o n . . . . . . o . . . . . . . b y . . . . . . . . . . 0 . t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o n a a a a a a a a a a a a a but. o o o o o o o o o o o o
out nnnnn a c c c c c c c DO. uuuuuu DCOIIOIOD nnnnnn D. uuuuu n uuuuuuuuuuuuuu c o t uuuuuuuuuuuu a t ooooooooooooooooo 1 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . on. oooooooooooo
a oooooo n nnnnnnn n. . . . . . . 0 . uuuuuu o. . . . . o ooooooo Q aaaaaaa a uuuuuuu onnnnnnn not uuuuuuuuuuuuuuu DOC... aaaaaaaaaaaaa o a t . ooooooooooooo DID!
an y y y y y y y u . gggggg u ; ooooooo a . n n n n n c c c c c c c n aaaaa o s s s s s s s a uuuuuuu p . . . . . . . . . . . . . t n » o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o n u . oooooooooooo o n : n n n n n n n n n n n u
do n n n n n n Dan 0 . . c c c c c c c an nnnnn . 0 . u . . . . . . . o n n n n n DU t t t t t on. ooooooooooooo 0 . 0 . 0 . . uuuuuuuuuuuuu p O. nnnnnnnnn t w o . nnnnnnnnnn o
. 0 o o o o o o o p g . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o n u n n n n n an n n n n n n n n n n n n u n n n n n n n . n n n n n n n n o n n n n n n n n 0 . . . . . . 0 . 0 n n n n n n n n n n n n n n 3a o o o o o o o o o . 0 0 0 . o o o o o o o o o o
no 9:; n n n n n n n n » . a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a I I I I I t o u s . a t . . . . . . . on ooooooooo . 0 0 0 o nnnnnnnnnnnnn on t . . . . . . . . . . . . coo nnnnnnnnnn u n c o o -
anauuaon.» a . . . . . a . . . I. nnnnnnn at . . . . . 4.1.00... aaaaa 0 s s s s s s s to . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . Ooooooooooooooo an. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 pp oooooooooooo t o . -
n o u n . . . a. O... aaaaa v.0 . . . . . i . ooooo u- an . . . . . a n n n n n n n n u p . n n n n n n n n n on on . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. p p . n n n n n n n n n n n n u. . . . . . . . . . g g.
at aaaaa O nnnnn on. oooooo a c t uuuuuu nu aaaaaa t . . . . . n uuuuu too o n . . . . . . . . . so nnnnnnnnnnnnn O o n . . . oooooooooo o u t a t ooooooooo s o . . . aaaaaaa
n. nnnnn c oooooooooooooo n » . uuuuuu c uuuuuu nnnnnn Ct c c c c c .c nnnnnnn o3 oooooo u » . nnnnnnnnnnnnnn t a . ta s s s s s s s s s s s a. ooooooooooooo n. ooooooo
o o o u u o n u l l a t l n b . . . . . O nnnnnnn an uuuuu n u t - c o a c n u l o a o a o nnnnn a nnnnnnn an ooooooooo 0 0 . . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o 3 “ . . . a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a . 0 3 :
Discussion topics
The number of cars has multiplied dramatically in recent years. This pleases
car manufacturers and the motor industry. It also satisfies the demand, needs
and desires of car owners. Yet, each vehicle contributes to air pollution. Its
owner, who is aware of the damage his vehicle is doing to the environment,
will shrug his shoulders saying: “Why should it be me to give up driving my
car and not others?”
114
[ News item
1. The international conference in Ndwana was devoted to the

problems of the world’s climate.
2. Greenhouse gases are compared to glass walls because they have
a similar effect on heat.
In terms of volume, methane makes up most of the greenhouse gases.
9591?.“
CFC’S are generated by burning fossil fuels.

CFC’S are as harmful as CO2.
In the year 2000, the mean temperature on the planet will be
higher by 3°C.
7. Due to higher air temperature, there will be less surface water.
8. If the predictions come true, the world’s map in a hundred
years’ time will have to be redrawn.
9. The redistribution of fresh water will have an impact on what
people traditionally grow for food.
10. The more energy we use, the cleaner the air becomes.
11. The availability of energy is the key to improving the economic
situation in many deve10ping countries.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
alarming .................................................................. appliances
barren .................................................................. areas
climatic .................................................................. conditions
cultivated .................................................................. consequences
energy—efficient .................................................................. deserts
global .................................................................. prediction
grave .................................................................. reforestation
mean .................................................................. temperatures
weather .................................................................. turbulence
widespread .................................................................. warming
115
The greenhouse effect
At their international conference in Ndwana top climatologists
have warned against global warming. The continued accumu-
lation of the so-called greenhouse gases results in the world’s
heat being trapped in the atmosphere like the glass walls of
a greenhouse. Because the earth’s heat cannot escape, the
planet warms up, with grave consequences.
Carbon dioxide, which contributes up to 60% to global warming,
comes from power stations, where it is generated from the
burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil. Also burning forests
and car exhaust fumes produce carbon dioxide. Other
greenhouse gases include methane, generated by decaying
refuse and livestock, and chloro-fluorocarbons (CFC’S). A
single molecule of CFC has 10,000 times the greenhouse effect
of a 002 molecule.
Scientists predict that over the next century the world will
warm up by 3°C. However, this apparently modest shift in the
mean temperatures will be cataclysmic in its consequences. The
polar ice caps will begin to melt, unlocking up to 90% of the
earth’s surface water. Sea levels will rise by about ten feet over
the next fifty years, completely inundating several island
nations which will cease to exist. According to this alarming
prediction, because of the increased weather turbulence and
the redistribution of rainfall, the global food production pattern
will change as most cultivated areas become barren deserts.
To solve the problem, emissions of carbon dioxide must be cut
by at least 60%. Widespread reforestation is an absolute
necessity. Non—polluting energy sources must be developed and
energy-efficient appliances introduced to limit the domestic
consumption of electricity. Third World countries, however,
anxious to speed up their industrialization, are increasing
pollution. In order to drag peoPIe out of poverty, the energy
demand will double, making global warming inevitable. If the
pessimistic predictions come true, mankind may have no choice
but to adapt to new climatic and geographical conditions.
116
accumulation n (build~up) — nagromadzenie
trap in U (cut off, enclose within) -- uwiezié
fossil adj ((of fuel) obtained from the earth) —— kopalny
exhaust n (gases ejected from an engine) -——- spaliny
refuse n (rubbish, waste) ~— Odpadki
livestock n (farm animals) -—- zwierzeta hodowlane
shift n (alteration) ~— zmiana, przesuniecie
inundate 0 (cover with water; flood) _._ zalaé
cease 0 (stop) -~ zaprzestaé
turbulence n (irregular motion of the atmosphere) — gwaltowna zmiana
pogodowa
barren adj (unfertile) -—-— j alowy, nieurodzajny
emissions n (discharge of gas) —- emisj a, wyziewy
appliance n (device, gadget) — ul'zqdzenie (gospodarstwa domowego)
drag I) pull (out) ~— wyciqgaé
poverty 22 (state of having no means of support) ~ nedza, ubéstwo
mphcopog-a
What is contributing to the accumulation of gases in the atmosphere?

What are the consequences of such a build-up?
. How will climatic changes affect agriculture?
. Why is the demand for electricity likely to increase?
. Is there any way the danger can be diminished?
Phrases to learn
a przestrzec przed —— w ............ a ..................

e powaine konsekwencje — g ........... c ...................................
e mieé X~krotny skutek ———— have x- ............. the e ................
e przestaé istnieé -—- c ................ to e..............
a alarmujaca prognoza —— a ....................... p ............................
e przemieszczanie opadéw deszczu ~—- r .................................. of r .......................
e zakrojone na szerokq skale; zalesianie -——~ w ...................... r .................................
e zmniejszyé pobér pradu przez indywidualnych odbiorcéw —— l .............. the
d ....................... c ............................... of e.............................
e przyspieszyé uprzemyslowienie -—- s.............. up i ........................................
e podwoié zapotrzebowanie -—- d .................. the d .........................
a czynié nieuniknionym -—~ m ............... i ...................................
o potwierdzié sieg- — c .............. t .............
H7
.T eadfine
GREENHOUSE 9 CONFERENCE a GASES 9 OF 9 N DWANA 6» TOP
EMISSION a GETS 9 AT 9 CUTTING 9 PRIORITY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Efekt cieplarniany to nagromadzenie gazéw, na przyklad dwutlenku wegla
i metanu, ktére nie pozwalajg cieplu wydostaé sieg- z atmosfery. Dwutlenek
wggla jest odpowiedzialny w szeéédziesieciu procentach 2a ocieplanie 316; na-
szej planety. Wydziela sit; w trakcie spalania wegla i ropy. Metan wydziela
sic; jako efekt rozkladu odpadéw pochodzenia organicznego. Naukowcy twier-
dza, Ze W nastepnym stuleciu érednia temperatura 11a naszej planecie wzro-
énie 0 okolo trzy stopnie Celsjusza. Skutki tego mega; byé katastrofalne. Na
biegunach zacznq topnieé pokrywy lodowe podnoszqc w ten sposéb poziom
mérz. Niektére wyspy przestanq istnieé, gdyz znajdq sic; pod woda.
Emisja dwutlenku wegla musi byé zredukowana. Naleiy prowadzié zakrojone
na szeroka ska-:19 zalesianie. Koniecznie trzeba znaleié nowe 2réd1a energii, k136-
1‘8 nie zanieczyszczalyby érodowiska. Inaczej pesymistyczne przewidywania sic;
spelniq i ludzkoéé bedzie musiala przystosowaé sit;- do nowego klimatu.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion topics
The common saying that “nothing is ever lost in nature” has found Vivid mani-
festation in the case of gas emissions resulting in the “greenhouse” effect. They
stay in the atmosphere because there is no place where else they can disperse
and vanish. Discuss how peeple can change forever what Mother Nature will
not be able to bring back to its former safe state.
118
[ N ews item
. The depletion continues at a constant rate.
Ultraviolet rays attack ozone layer.
CFC’S have been in use since 1930.
CFC’S are directly destroying ozone molecules.
There is no other way of saving the layer but to eliminate
the use of CFC’S.
6. It is possible to produce aerosol Sprays without CFC’S.
7. Third World countries will be the first to switch to more
expensive, hazard~free alternatives.
8. It is possible that the amount of the CFC gases already
released has been too high for the effective action to be taken.
9. The more UV rays reach the Earth’s surface, the more 002
enters the atmosphere.
10. If people are exposed to more than average levels of UV
radiation, they will be healthier.
W W W
11. It is possible for peeple to protect their eyes effectively.
Axes-55;;
12. The problems created by the emergence of ozone holes are serious.
\
<
{.
\
Collocations
.
m
,71.05
COLUMN A COLUMN B
aerosol ............................................................................ alternatives
atmospheric ............................................................................ coolants
chemical ............................................................................ depletion
continuing ............ holes
harmful ............................................................................ radiation
hazard-free ............................................................................ reaction
increasing ............................................................................ reduction
polar ............................................................................ region
refrigerator ............................................................................ sprays
119
Hole in the ozone layer
Experts are warning against an increasing depletion of the
ozone layer, particularly in the polar region. The layer, which
protects the Earth from the effects of health—damaging solar
ultraviolet rays, is under attack from CFC’S (chloro-fluoro—
carbons). Invented in 1930, the chemical is commonly used in
aerosol sprays and refrigerator coolants. From them it is
easily released into the atmosphere. In a complicated chemical
reaction, ozone molecules are broken down by a CFC by-
—product, chlorine monoxide (010), at a rate much faster than
the gas is replenished naturally.
To prevent the opening up of new atmospheric holes, all ozone
destroying chemicals should be phased out or banned. Only
“environment-friendly” sprays should be used. The public should
be encouraged to boycott products in aerosol cans not marked
as environment-friendly. There is also an increasing need to aid
Third World countries, both technologically and financially, to
switch to safer, hazard-free alternatives. Eco-activists fear,
though, that the action is coming too late. Already twenty
million metric tons of CFC’s are estimated to have been
released.
The thinning of the ozone shield and the greenhouse effect, two
major environmental problems, are both related to UV rays. UV
rays kill sea plankton which soaks up carbon dioxide, thus
increasing the amount of 002111 the atmosphere. Also, UV rays
cause skin cancer and can lessen immunity to such diseases
as herpes and malaria. Since skin cancer takes several decades
to develop, experts say that it is still unclear how large a role
the depletion of the ozone layer will play in the increasing
incidence of the disease. But there is little doubt that the
continuing ozone reduction will make people more vulnerable.
High quality sunglasses, which absorb UV radiation and protect
the eyes from the danger of cataracts, have been advised. As
the layer thins and more harmful radiation reaches the Earth,
avoiding exposure to harmful rays becomes even more crucial.
120
depletion n (serious decrease) ~— uszczuplenie
spray n (atomizer) - rozpylacz
coolant n (substance used to reduce temperature in mechanisms) -— chlodziwo
release 0 (set free) ~ (0 gazie) uwolnié, wypuécié
replenish v (restore, get a new suppiy) -- uzupelnié
phase out I) (withdraw gradually) ~— stopniowo wycofywaé sits;
ban 0 (prohibit) — zakazaé
switch (to) I) (change, shift) — przerzucié sic; na
taco—activist n (advocate of ecological issues) — dzialacz na I‘zecz érodowiska
thinning n (becoming diminished) -—-— zmniejszanie, przerzedzanie
soak up I) (absorb, take in) — pochlaniaé, Wchlaniaé
lessen 0 (reduce) -— zmniejszyé
incidence 71 (rate of occurrence) -—-— wystepowanie
vulnerable adj (susceptible) - podatny
crucial adj (vital, important) - decydujqcy
1. What function does the ozone layer perform in the atmosphere?

2. What is responsible for its destruction?
3. What measures must be taken to save the ozone shield?
4. How will ozone depletion affect peeple’s health?
Phrases to Ream
a skutki szkodliwych dla zdrowia promieni —— e..................... of h ............. —

-d ......................... r ..........
e powszechnie stosowany ——~ 0 ................................ u ..............
a w tempie ~—- (1.... a r ..........
o zachecié do bojkotu — e............................... to b .....................
a rosnaca potrzeba -—- i ............................ n ..............
e bezpieczne érodki zastepcze —— s............. a ..................................
e zmniejszyé odpornoéé na choroby - l ........................ i .............................. to
d .......................
e odgrywaé r019 —— p ............. a r ..........
a nie ma cienia watpliwoéci -- there is l ............... d .................
e uczynié bardziej podatnym ——— m ........... m ........... v ...............................
e chronié przed niebezpieczeflstwem — p .................... f. .......... d ........................
e unikaé wystawiania Sig — a ............... e ..........................
121
h w o x d s to form the headline to the report.
S A - LAYER . MUST . TO . PHASEOUT . OF . TOTAL . OZONE

oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
Dwa podstawowe problemy érodowiska naturalnego to efekt cieplarniany
i zmniej szanie sic; warstwy ozonowej W atmosferze. Warstwa ozonowa chroni
przed szkodliwym dzialaniem promieni ultrafioletowych. 02011 jest niszczony
przez CFC — zwiqzek chemiczny powszechnie stosowany W aemzolach i sys—
temach chlodzenia. Czasteczki ozonu niszczone sq znacznie szybciej, aniieli
trwa ich naturalny proces odnowy. Wszystkie zwiqzki chemiczne niszczace
warstwc; ozonowa powinny byé wycofane z uiycia. Naleiaioby réwniei poméc
ln'ajom Trzeciego Swiata w przestawieniu sic; na produkcje substancji bezpiecz-
nych dla érodowiska.
Lekarze twierdza, 2e promienie ultrafioletowe sq jednq z przyczyn raka Ské—
ry i zmniejszaja odpornoéé na choroby. Nie ma cienia wqtpliwoéci, 2e zmniej—
szajaca Sig warstwa ozonowa jest zjawiskiem niekorzystnym dla czlowieka.
Discussion topics
1. The depletion of the ozone layer is yet another example of how people, ei—
ther unintentionally or out of ignorance, are damaging their own environ-
ment. In what ways can individuals who are aware of the danger have any
influence over the environmental policies of their countries?
2. To make people aware of the problem, we have to reverse the accepted be—
lief in the Wholly beneficial effect of sunshine. How would you convince peo—
ple that the danger is real, even though they cannot physically see it?
122
[ News item
1. Public money is being raised to rebuild places of historic interest.

2. There is always the chance to save monuments from the effects
of corrosion or erosion.
3. The most important preventive measure is to reduce emissions

of harmful gases.
9390519397?"
Toxic substances come from various sources.

Ozone is harmless.
Acids that can be found in the air result from chemical reactions.
Low quality coal is one that contains many other substances.
Wind is responsible for spreading acidic gases.
Countries only have to cope with the acidity they create themselves.
10. Acids return to the earth’s surface in gaseous form.
11. Trees have the ability to regenerate themselves after being
exposed to acid rain.
12. The problem is not going to be solved as long as energy production
relies on oil and coal.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
acidified ............................................................................. acids
costly ............................................................................. balance
deadly ............................................................................. damage
delicate ............................................................................. effects
diluted ............................................................................. fuels
drastic ............................................................................. lakes
fossil ............................................................................. measures
harmful ............................................................................. processes
irreversible ............................................................................. substances
toxic ............................................................................. vapours
123
Acid rain
Huge sums of money will be put aside for the purpose of

restoring the nation’s monuments and historic buildings which
have been eroded by acid rain. In many cases, the help will come
too late, as the damage already done is now irreversible. What
worries the public is the sad realization that the corrosion of
buildings and monuments will continue until drastic measures
are taken to eliminate the source of the damage, not its effects.
Every year, industry releases millions of tons of toxic substances
into the air. Lead, carbon monoxide, lung irritating ozone from
car fumes, deadly vapours from landfills, all form part of the
air that pBOple breathe today. Among other air-borne pollutants
pumped into the air are sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides.
Moisture in the atmosphere combines with these gases in
chemical reactions to form diluted acids. Their concentration
is particularly high in countries Whose power plants depend
largely on fossil fuels, and low quality brown coal, in particular.
Acidic clouds, which do not respect political borders, can affect
waterways, vegetation and buildings thousands of miles from
the industrial complexes that created them. Increased acidity
is even present in the Arctic snow.
Nitric and sulphuric acid coming down in rain, snow and fog
are said to be responsible for a wide variety of harmful effects
such as dead lakes, decimated forests, lifeless soil, deteriorab
ing statuary and architecture, and aggravated respiratory
conditions in people. In the worst hit areas, the contamination
is so serious that there are no fish in the acidified lakes, and
trees permanently lose their foliage.
Not much can be done Without changing the entire system of

energy production. Treating the fuel before it is burnt, or
cleaning the smoke are very costly processes, considering the
scale of emissions. But the situation is becoming intolerable and,
whatever the consequences, man must stop upsetting the
delicate balance of the ecological system.
124
restore v (repair; reconstruct) - 0drestaur0waé
irreversible adj (cannot be brought to its former state) ~— nieodwracalny
irritate 0 (make sore 0r inflamed) —- podrainié
vapours n (gases, fumes) - opary
air-borne adj (transported by air) — unoszony przez ruch powietrza
moisture n (wetness) — Wilgotnoéé
dilute 0 (make weaker by adding water) -—-— I‘ozciefzczyé
acidity 12 (state of being acid) —— kwasowoéé
decimate 0 (reduce in number) - zdziesiqtkowaé
deteriorating adj (becoming worse) —~ pogarszajqcy sic;
aggravate u (make worse, more serious) —~ pogorszyé
acidify 0 (make or become acid) ~——~ zakwaszaé
foliage n (all the leaves) ———~ listowie
treat 0 (put through a process) -~ tu: oczyszczaé
. HOW does acid rain affect architecture?

. Does restoration work make much sense at the moment?
. What are the sources of air pollution?
Why is acid rain an international problem?
What measures must be taken to stop the damage done by acid rain?
Phrases to learn
a OdIOZyé pieniqdze -—-— p ....... m ............ a ...........

e nieodwracalne zniszczenia ~ i ............................. d .......................
e podjqé zdecydowane dzialania ~—- t ............. d ..................... m ..........................
e wyeliminowaé irédlo, nie skutki ~— 9 ........................... the s ...................... , not
the e ........................
o zaleieé gléwnie 0d - d ..................... l ..................... o ......
e szeroki zakres szkodliwego oddziakywanja —-- w .............. v ........................ of
h ........................ e................
e najbardziej dotkniete regiony -—~ the w ............ h ....... a ................
o biorqc pod uwage skale; problemu ~— 0................................ the s.....................
of the p ...........................
e przestaé naruszaé delikatna réwnowage -- s............. u ........................ the
d ...................... b .......................
125
Headline
ACID 0 MONEY 0 TO 0 TO 0 DAMAGE 0 RAISED 0 ARCHITECTURE

RESTORE 0 RAIN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zaklady przemyslowe zatruwaja powietrze dwutlenldem siarki i tlenkami azo—
tu. Steienie dwutlenku siarki W powietrzu jest szczegélnie duZe w krajach,
gdzie przemysl spala duio wegla. ,,Kwaéne” chmury i deszcze nie respektujq
granic administracyjnych. Sq odpowiedzialne za nieodwracalne zniszczenia,
powodujqc wymieranie jezior, degradac laséw i gleby. Sag one réwniez przy—
czyna wielu choréb drég oddechowych u ludzi. Sposéb wytwarzania energii
powinien ulec zmianie. Biorac pod uwage zasigg problemu, nalez'aaloby albo
oczyszczaé weg‘iel przed spalaniem, albo oczyszczaé wyziewy. Oba procesy sq
bardzo kosztowne. N iemniej czlowiek musi przestaé naruszaé delikatnq 1‘6w-
nowageg, jaka wystepuje W przyrodzie.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Discussion topics
1. Acid rain is an international problem because no country is safe from it
despite assigning huge sums of money to reduce gas emissions. Is there
any way in which some countries can. defend themselves from others which
recklessly and indiscriminately pollute the atmosphere?
2. Think of reasons as to Why the damage described in the report is said to
be “irreversible”.
3. It is particularly sad that acid rain most visibly affects buildings of his-
toric interest such as palaces (often built of limestone which quickly re-
acts with acids). How does it make you feel that this civilization is so suc-
cessfully destroying What has hitherto so well withstood the test of time?
126
L News item 29: Destruction of forests 1
1. Conservationists do not approve of the policies adopted by certain

governments towards rainforests.
2. Forest-logging is proceeding at a very fast pace.
3. When trees are chopped down, the forest is the only thing that
disappears.
4. There are places in the world where trees have to be cut down for fuel.
5. Elsewhere, forests are burned because they are less valued
than farming.
6. People need meat to feed their cattle.
7. Soil in areas where trees used to grow is excellent for long-term
cultivation.
8. Governments maintain. successful control over how much land
is being cleared.
9. By burning forests, man is increasing the amount of 002 in two
different ways.
10. Producing wood pulp for paper—making is ecologically sound.
11. Reforestation is now obligatory for lumber companies.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
denuded ...................................................................... absorbent
environmental ...................................................................... areas
gigantic ...................................................................... companies
indiscriminate ...................................................................... ecosystems
lumber ...................................................................... rainforests
natural ...................................................................... ravaging
suicidal ...................................................................... safeguards
temperate ...................................................................... scale
untouched ...................................................................... trend
Vigorous ...................................................................... vandalism
127
Destruction of forests
Governments of countries which approve of the exploitation
of ecologically unique rainforests will be targeted by
conservationists with an urgent call for rigorous safeguards
to protect them. Opposition to forest—logging is very strong
because every sixty seconds trees are being felled and fifty acres
of forests are being destroyed somewhere in the world. This
special wilderness is home to a great, mostly unique, number
of species and, with every tree chopped down, they vanish
forever. Tropical and temperate rainforests are the last
untouched ecosystems in the world and the people who are
destroying them are committing ecological rape on a gigantic
scale.
Forests are being destroyed in three ways. In some areas wood
is the only fuel available. In others, forests are burned down to
make way for cattle grazing, as man needs meat to sustain
an ever growing pOpulation. Many governments are trying to
monitor the extent of the damage, but cattle rangers want more
land cleared for pasture and development. The delicate soil is -
quickly depleted and after a few years the farmers move
further on. Conservationists insist that the trend is suicidal as
these forests are oxygen-providers for the Whole planet as well
as being the most efficient natural absorbent of 002 —-~ a
greenhouse gas. Instead, by burning forests, man contributes
to global warming and gains little in return.
Timber is another reason behind the destruction. Unscrupulous
lumber companies chainsaw trees, looking for commercially
valuable hardwoods like mahogany. Additionally, the waste from
pulp mills poisons the rivers. When a forest is cleared, only
stumps remain. It is only recently that companies have been
obliged by law to reforest promptly, replanting denuded areas
with seedlings.
The destruction of forests is regarded as the world’s most
notorious act of environmental vandalism. With two-thirds of
the forests still intact, the indiscriminate ravaging must stop
now, as the balance of nature depends on a large part of the
earth’s surface being covered with trees.
128
exploitation n (using up resources, aZso selfishly) — eksploatacja, wyzyskiwanie
unique adj (the only one of its sort) -- unjkalny, niepowtarzalny
rigorous adj (strict) ._.. rygorystyczny
Wilderness n (unviolated expanse of land) . .__ tu: puszcza
temperate adj ((of climate) flee from extremes of heat and cold) m umiarkowany
grazing n ( (of farm animals) eating growing grass) —— wypas
sustain U (keep up, support) —-—- utrzymywaé (przy Zyciu), podtrzymaé
deplete adj (use up) -—~ uszczuplié, zmniejszyé
absorbent n (substance for taking or sucking in) __ pochlaniacz
lumber n (roughly prepared wood) — tarcica (dot. wyrebu)
chainsaw n (a portable mechanical saw) — pila Iaficuchowa
pulp mills n (pZants where soft mass of wood fibre is processed) — zaklady
celulozowe '
stump n (part of a tree remaining in the ground after the trunk has been cut
down) -~ pniak
ravaging n (destruction, damage) — zniszczenie, spustoszenie
if: eading comprehension

1. Why should forests be protected?

2. How and why are forests being destroyed?
3. What are the consequences of the reduction of wooded areas?
Phrases to learn
a byé celem — be the t ................. of 8th

9 domagaé Sic; zabezpieczefi ~— 0 ........ f. ....... s ..........................
e zniknqé na zawsze _. v ............... f. .................
e dokonaé ekologicznego gwaltu — c ..................... e ............................ r ..............
:9 stworzyé miejsce dla —— m .............. w ......... f. .........
e niewiele zyskaé W zamian —— g ............ l .............. in r ...................
e kontrolowaé rozmiar zniszczenia —— m .................... the e ..................... of the
d ........................
a cenne z handlowego punktu widzenia twarde drewno - c ..............................
v .................... h ...........................
a sadzonkowaé ogolocone tereny -—~ r ....................... d ........................ a .............
with s ...............................
e uwaiaé za naganny czyn -—-— r ..................... a ..... a n ........................... a ........
o jeszcze nienaruszone —— s............ i ................
129
Headline
PUT 0 ON 0 FOREST - LOGGING 0 AN 0 TO 0 GOVERNMENTS

TO 0 END 0 CALLED
O O O I O ' I I C Q C C I O C I O I . . . I I I I I I I C . . I I ' I C I I I I . . I I I D I I - I ‘ 0 0 0 0 0 O I I I I I I I I I I I O I I . G I I I I . . I H . . . . . . . D . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . D I I I I I I D I . . . . . C I I I I I D . . . . . . O D O O I I . . .
Powinno sic; natychmiast wprowadzié ostrzejsze przepisy, ktére chrom'lyby lasy
przed rabunkowym wycinaniem drzew. Wraz z lasami gins; niezliczone gatunki
ptakéw, ssakéw i roélin. N iszczenie laséw tropikalnych moina nazwaé 31:010-
g‘icznym gwaltem. Lasy sq wycinane z trzech powodéw w celu pozyskania:
—- drewna, jeieli jest 0110 jedynym érédlem energii na danym obszarze,
— miejsca na wypas bydla,
— nowych terenéw uprawnych.
Rolnicy wycinajq coraz to nowe obszary laséw, poniewaic cienka warstwa gleby
p0 wyrebie szybko ulega wyjalowieniu.
Lasy dostarczajq tlenu calej naszej planecie. Sq naturalnym pochlaniaczem
002. Niszczac lasy, czlowiek przyczynia Sig do nadmiernego wzrostu ilos’ci 002
i tym samym d0 podwyz'aszania temperatury na calym globie. J eszcze jednym
powodem wycinania laséw jest pozyskiwanie drewna budowlanego. Drogie
drewno mahoniowe z handlowego punktu widzenia jest szczegélnie cennym
materialem dla przemyslu drzewnego.
a l t o - c l o t I I. o a o I .l c o c o - n oooooooo .IIOOCIOI. uuuuuuuuuu 0 . 0 : . . . c c c c c c c a aaaaaa t o l l . . . l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l U l i l . . . ‘
O I I D I I O O I I I 3 0 | I 0 0 D O C O D - o t c o l t c o n a c n n l ¢ o u l l l o n o u l o o a a . . . . . a I I I I I 0 ’ c c c c c 0 ‘ o o o o o o o o o o o l u l l - n u u u u u I I
IDIOOIOOIICOOIIQC n o . . C I I I ‘ I I I O O I I Q I O l l l l l l ton-loco... v v v v v v v v v 0 - 0 . . . . to aaaaa a t O o t o Ct t o . o n u u o t n o u a l t n c no
I . . . I I O O O I I O I I I . C ' I I Q I I I O O ooooooo OQOID. . . . . . . . CIIIOQIIIDIIICOI O n t o - I a n n n n n no I I I I I i t ! t 0 no o o o o o o o o o o o a s o o b s c p o o - u t . . . . .
I c o n s - n o o - a o c u l o n u l n t c a o o . ooooooooooo to . . . . . . . n u l o u t o l I n n a - a s l a s a n u o o s c u no . . . . . n. . . . . ODCOIIDOOOIIID ooooo not oooooooo ch- . . . . .
aoculcacincooclno . . . . . . . . . . . . . «ion-onInn-Ilinloooaunloncann . . . . . . . . . o c u l n n t c o o n o c o ooooo n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n c . . . . . . c s s s s s c t o o o o o O. . . . . o o o o o o o o on
0.0 anon-oullan uuuuuuuu utonlha Itlloanlnucn ocunanhlooouoto . . . . . nous-b0 outaotuoo. h . . . . . . ol l l l l l l a. . . . . . aI I I I I I t . . . . . t . . . . . c cccccc on.
c 0 . I I I O . I O I I I D I . I 0 0 . ! I D I O I I O I I O I Q O ¢ I O I Q O I I D aaaaaaa 9. ooooooooooooo ova-Into . . . . . a. on v v v v v v v v O. . . . . c . . . . . . a c c c c c on . . . . . t ooooooooooooo a .
I I I I I nIn...In...In...otnclotutloh...oonun.no...on...col...out.aoonecIcan.inc...coon.aII.In...IconnantuooanntcnonoO too-Ianauluaooc to U
n o n I ooooaoooIOOOIaoooloo . Q o o l o u o l b I - I o - I o c . l l l l l l l l c a n - I 0 ¢ l l l l l Qs s s s s c a t - o n o c o o o l a t o Q I O I a t . . . . . 0 - 0 0 . . . 0 0 . 0 . . .
For Discussion topics go to News item 30: Soil erosion.
130
Listening camprehension
1. There have never been so many natural disasters as recently.

I30
Soil erosion is said to be responsible for all natural calamities

on this planet.
Man is blamed for the mismanagement of natural resources.
Soil erosion has got nothing to do with deforestation.
Trees regulate the amount of water in soil.
The rain, the sun, and the Wind are responsible for soil erosion.
When the top soil is washed away it is lost for good.
Slash-and-burn farming is recommended as an agricultural
technique.
9. In some areas dried animal dung is used for fuel because there
is nothing else to burn.
10. Animal dung does not play any significant role in cultivation.
11. Deforestation and reforestation go hand in hand.
12. Total deforestation may result in famine.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
animal ....................................................................... abuse
bare ....................................................................... disasters
cracked ....................................................................... dung
cultivation ....................................................................... effects
ecological ....................................................................... erosion
low-fertility ....................................................................... hillsides
ravaging . ....................................................................... rivers
soil ....................................................................... shell
swollen ....................................................................... soil
uncontrollable ....................................................................... techniques
widespread ....................................................................... torrents
131
Soil erosion
Leading conservationists have revealed today that many of the
natural calamities that seem to plague the globe more often
than ever before are partly attributed to soil erosion. Widen
spread abuse of land, specifically tree~felling, overgrazing and
inappropriate cultivation techniques, are responsible for the
man-made ecological disasters.
The interrelation between the ravaging effects of deforestation
and its resultant erosion can be seen in the following way.
Tree-cover provides a precious “sponge effect”, retaining and
recycling water. Without the root structure of trees to bind it,
monsoon type rains wash tons of high quality top soil off bare
hillsides in uncontrollable torrents to swollen rivers which then
flood the lower areas of a country. Once the countryside is
devoid of trees the hot sun finishes the damage by baking What
remaining soil there is into a cracked, lifeless shell.
Slash-and-burn farming is a great contributor to both
deforestation and soil erosion. Land cleared of forests in this
manner exposes low—fertility soil which becomes exhausted in
only two years. The farmers then move on to do more damage,
leaving a trail of ruin behind them. In many poor countries of
the world, only wood is burned as fuel. When trees thin out,
they switch to dried animal dung as a substitute. However, this
robs the soil of the little natural fertilizer available, resulting
in low crop yields.
Forested land plays an essential part in the global recycling of
water, as well as influencing wind, temperature and humidity.
If deforestation continues unabated, in a few years many
countries will have lost their remaining trees. With the richest
soil already gone, the land in the upper parts of many countries
will no longer be able to sustain the population or livestock.
132
plague v (trouble repeatedly) — trapié, przeéladowaé
widespread adj (found over a large area) -——~ rozpowszechniony, rozprzestrze-
niony
cultivation n (helping crops to grow) —— uprawa
interrelation n (mutual r‘eiation) ~— wzajemne powiqzanie
resultant adj (coming as a resuZt) ~— wynikly
retain I) (keep in place) w zatrzymaé
bind 0 (hold in a solid mass) «- zwiqzaé
bare adj (without protection) — ogolocony
torrent n (rushing streams of water) -——— potoki, strumienie
devoid adj (without, empty of) ~—- pozbawiony
slash-and—burn I) (cut trees and burn them aflerwards) - wycinaé i palié
exhaust v (deprive of useful properties) — wyczerpaé, wyj alawiaé
dung n (waste dropped by animaZs, used as natural fertilizer) ~— obornik,
nawéz naturalny
humidity n (moisture in the air) ~— wilgotnoéé
unabated adj (continuing as before) — utrzymujacy sic; na tym samym
poziomie
1. How important a role does soil erosion play in ecological destruction?
2. Why is deforestation responsible for floods?
3. Why is clearing the land of trees to make way for farming an unwise move?
4. Why must top soil be protected?
Phrases to learn
a czes’ciej nii kiedykolwiek -——~ m ......... o ........... t .......... e.......... b .................

a czeéciowo przypisywany czemué —— p .................. a ......................... to 3th
a odpowiedzialny za tragedie; — r ........................... f. ....... the t
dokoficzyé dziela zniszczenia ~— f. .................. the d ........................
popekana, martwa skorupa — c ......................., l ................... s..............
6
zostawié za soba élad zniszczenia ~——- I ................. b ................ a t ............... of

r .............
W miare jak drzewa Sie; przerzedzaja - a ..... t ................ t ................ o .......
6
a daé W wyniku m r ................... z.....
odgrywaé 1313013112; r019 -—- p ............ an e........................ p ...........

nie byé dluiej W stanie -— n ...... l ............... be a ............
133
Headline
SOIL 9 FOR 0 DEVASTATIN G 0 EROSION 0 BLAMED 0 DEFORESTATION
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
Erozja gleby jest W duiej mierze przyczyng naturalnych klesk, takich jak p0—
wodzie, obsuniecia sic; ziemi i lawiny, ktére obecnie wystepuja czeéciej nié; kie—
dykolwiek. Drzewa chroma glebe przed wysuszeniem i utrzymuja naturalny
obieg wody. Gleba na obszarze pozbawionym drzew nie jest w stanie wchlo-
nqé nadmiaru wody z opadéw. W miare; jak drzewa Sit; przerzedzajq woda Sply—
wa do rzek zmywajac tony wysokogatunkowej gleby. Pozostala czeéé gleby
spieka slofice tworzqc papekana martwa skompe.
Lasy tropikalne odgrywaja istotnq role; w éwiatowym klimacie. Maja} wplyw
na 3116; wiatréw, temperature i wflgotnoéé powietrza. Wycinanie lasu przebiefi
ga szybciej n12 zalesianie nowych terenéw. Jeéli drzewa bgdzie sic; wycinaé
W takim tempie jak dotychczas, Wkrétce wiele krajéw pozostanie bez laséw.
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Discussion topics
1. Considering the years it takes a tree to grow into a mature specimen andaf
the seconds it takes to fell it, cutting trees down should be done only in”
truly justified circumstances. Think of instances where timber can be re~
placed by other materials.
2. Think of the tons of paper used in printing newspapers all over the world,
newspapers that nobody reads, or which are thrown away after just a
glance. Think of all the cardboard used for packaging. How would you
economize on the use of paper?
3. Forests, such as tropical rainforests, create their own ecosystems. Can re-
forestation programmes fully compensate for the damage done by cutting
them down?
134
E News item 31: Water pollution J
Anturian waters are poor in oxygen.
Heavy metals come from industrial waste.
Contaminants act as nourishment for algae.
Domestic cleaning products help eliminate pollutants from waterways.
Various pollutants may react with each other in water to form other
harmful chemicals.
Not all industrial waste is being treated.
Treatment plants cannot cope with the amount of waste.
Tap water, which is treated, is safe to drink.
Swimming in the sea may result in viral infections.
10. Viral contamination of the water may come from natural sources.
11. Bacteria in water are harmless.
12. Whatever is thrown into the sea will disappear forever.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
aquatic ............................................................................. contaminants
bleaching ............................................................................. contamination
cleaning ............................................................................. filth
coastal ............................................................................. life
floating ............................................................................. metals
harmful ............................................................................. plants
heavy ............................................................................. processes
industrial ............................................................................. products
safety ............................................................................. rubbish
sickening ............................................................................. standards
tap ............................................................................. waste
treatment ............................................................................. water
viral ............................................................................. waters
135
Water pollution
A report has been published today revealing the present state
of Anturian inland and coastal waters. They have been found
to be oxygen-deficient, algae~infested and chemically polluted
with all manner of industrial waste. Among the harmful
contaminants discharged are heavy metals. Two other chemi—
cals —- chlorine and phosphates —- are among major pollutants
responsible for algae blooms. As a result, plant life and fish are
dying from lack of sunlight and oxygen. Both types of chemicals
are present in cleaning products used in every household.
When flushed down the drain, they end up in the waterways.
Chlorine, used in bleaching processes, reacts with other
chemicals to release harmful compounds like dioxins, which
leave waterways devoid of aquatic life.
Pollutants and chemicals from factories cause rivers to smell
like cesspits. Even with treatment plants working at full
capacity, sewage often overflows, or is pumped untreated directly
into water reservoirs. Even treated tap water is not free from
chemicals, and is found to contain levels of nitrates exceeding
maximum limits laid down by health authorities.
Polluted beaches also fail to reach sewage safety standards.
Bathing waters and beaches tested at random were found to be
polluted with viruses. The viruses found could cause anything
from an upset stomach to meningitis and respiratory diseases.
Polio is a risk for those who have not been vaccinated. Viruses
are seldom taken into account in assessing beach cleanliness
because water can be polluted by seagulls, dogs, or children
bathing. In addition to Viral contamination, bacteria from
untreated sewage were also found, posing an additional health
hazard.
Despite environmentalists’ protests many countries still dump

wet sludge (treated human sewage) into the sea. But ocean
currents and tides return wash up all the sickening filth back
onto beaches, alongside all the floating plastic rubbish thrown
indiscriminately into the water.
136
coastal adj (of seashore) - przybrzeiny
discharge 0 (release, send out) — wydzielaé, wypuszczaé
drain n (pipes for carrying unwanted liquids) -——- kanalizacja, éciek
bleach 0 (make whiter by chemical action) —- wybielié
compound 72 (made up of combined parts) —— zwiqzek (chemiczny)
devoid adj (without, empty of) ~— pozbawiony
aquatic adj (of water) -~ wodny
cesspit 71 (place into which sewage drains empty) — kloaka, szambo
tap water n (treated, drinking water from the tap) «- Woda pitna (z kranu)
meningitis n «- zapalenie opon mézgowych
assess v (decide on the extent of something) -— oszacowaé, stwierdzié
dump I) (throw away rubbish) ~— skladowaé, wyrzucaé odpadki
filth n (dirt, sZudge) ~— nieczystos’ci, brud
indiscriminately adv ( without choice or care) -—— bez zastanowienia, wyboru
1. Where do the harmful contaminants come from?
2. What is killing aquatic life?
3. Is water treatment effective?
4. Where do bacteria and viruses found in sea water come from?
5. Will the seas absorb everything that is dumped into them?
Phrases to learn
~ ujawnié obecny stan — r ................. the p ................... s...............

. odpady pochodzqce z najprzeréiniejszych iréde} - a ........ m ................. of
w .............
:- zginqé z braku éwiatla slonecznego -—- d ......... f. .......... l .......... of s..................
. obecny w s’rodkach czystos’ci -——— p .................. in c ................... p .......................
- pracowaé pelnq para -- w ............. at f. .......... c ...........................
o wolny 0d szkodliwych chemikaliéw — f. .............. from h ..............................
c ...........................
o przekroczyé maksymalne pulapy -——~ 9.................. m .................... l ...................
o badaé wyrywkowo -—-— t ........... at r ...................
o braé pod uwage -- t ............ i ............ a .....................
o stanowié zagroienie dla zdrowia -—- p ............ a h ...................... h ....................
o wzbudzajace obrzydzenie nieczystoéci — s........................... f. .............
137
Headline
BREACHES 0 LIMITS 0 ALL 0 WATER 0 POLLUTION
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Stwierdzono, :Ze zaréwno wody érédlqdowe, jak i przybrzeine, wykazujq nie-
dobér tlenu 1 SE; chemicznie zanieczyszczone, co sprzyja rozwojowi glonéw.
Szkodliwe substancje, a zwlaszcza metale cigikie, chlor i fosforany, pochodza
z najprzeréz’zniejszych érédel. Chlor i fosforany 32; skladnikami érodkéw czy-
stoéci uiywanych w gospodarstwach domowych. Wraz ze éciekami przedosta—
jg Sig d0 rzek. Fabryki niejednokrotnie odprowadzajq zanieczyszczenia bez-
pos’redm’o do rzek. Woda z kranu, chociar'a oczyszczona i odkaiona, nie jest
calkowicie wolna 0d szkodliwych chemikaliéw.
Plaie i kapieliska sq skaione. Obecne W wodzie Wimsy i bakterie mega} byé
przyczyna wielu choréb, poczynajac 0d zaburzefi Zoladkowych, a koficzac na
zapaleniu opon mézgowych. Pomimo protestéw dzialaczy na rzecz ochrony éro—
dowiska, Wiele krajéw topi odpady W morzach, p0 czym prady morskie wy-
rzucaja wywolujqce obrzydzenie nieczystos’ci na plaie.
For Discussion topics go to News item 32: Algae blooms.
138
e w -S
it e m
1. Anturia has access to the sea.

.1“
This is the first time the Anturian coastline has been infested
with algae blooms.
Tiny flies are attracted by the pleasant smell of the rotting algae.
3415339319533
People have been advised not to eat seafood dishes.

The ban will be in force until the summer is over.
The toxin poses a health hazard.
Fishermen will be affected because they will have to eat What
they have caught.
8. Phytoplankton die when there is nothing more to live on in the water.
9. Zones of anoxic water cannot support any form of life.
10. N0 living organisms enter such zones.
11. The more pollution there is in the water, the smaller
the probability of the occurrence of algae blooms.
12. In no way can algae be turned to man’s advantage.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
affected ........................................................................... action
devastating ........................................................................... algae
dissolved ........................................................................... area
emergency ........................................................................... carpet
important ........................................................................... contaminants
marine '
.................................. ......................................... effect
poisonous ........................................................................... factor
putrid ........................................................................... life
rotting ........................................................................... odours
urgent ........................................................................... warning
139
Algae blooms
An outbreak of poisonous algae (phytoplancton) is reported to
be polluting two hufidred miles of Anturian coastline. This year,
the infestation appears to be the worst on record, with the
rotting carpet of algae releasing putrid odours and spawning
swarms of tiny flies. An emergency warning has been issued to
the public not to eat shellfish caught in the affected area, since
it will have become contaminated after digesting the algae.
Crustaceans including prawn, lobster and crab, which eat algae,
have also been banned for human consumption indefinitely.
The poison concentrates in the shellfish and affects the human
nervous system when eaten. High levels of the toxin were
detected in twenty people who displayed symptoms of poisoning
after eating seafood dishes. The ban is bound to seriously affect
several hundred fishermen living in the area whose livelihood
depends on the sea.
When a phytoplancton bloom occurs, the tiny organisms exhaust
the area of nutrients and oxygen. That signals their death and
they sink to the bottom of the sea. In the process of decomposing,
the organisms use up virtually all the oxygen still available,
creating so—called anoxic water -- dead zones almost totally
depleted of oxygen. All living organisms that swim back into the
area are killed by suffocation and poisoning. Because such areas
proliferate, stocks of fish may fall to perilously low levels.
Unusually hot weather this summer has helped the algae to
flourish. However, pollution from farming and sewage works is
also partly to blame. The input of nutrients from rivers is an
important factor in the development of this major bloom. As toxic
algae have a devastating effect on marine life, the government
should take urgent action to control the discharge of nutrients.
Few treatment plants are able to perform the tertiary treatment
needed to remove the dissolved contaminants: nitrates and
phosphates. Meanwhile, more than 40,000 tons of algae have
been removed from the water Since last month and shipped to
farms for use as fertilizer.
140
outbreak n (sudden appearance or beginning of 8th bad) - wybuch
(epidemii, zarazy)
infestation n, (troubZesome invasion) — plaga
putrid adj (rotten, stinking) — zgnily, cuchnqcy
spawn u (give rise to something) «— rozplenié Sig, namnoiyé, tu: powodowaé wylegg
crustaceans 22 (class of water animals with a hard shell) — skorupiaki
detect I) (discover the presence) - wykryé
indefinitely adv (for an unspecified period) —— na czas nieokres’lony
livelihood 71 (way in which one earns money) .__. utrzymanie, érodki do Zycia
suffocation n (death from lack of oxygen) -—~ uduszenie sit;
proliferate v (multiply) - mnoiyé sit;
perilously adv (dangerously) —— niebezpiecznie
flourish I) (grow and prosper) ——- rozkwitaé, rozwijaé Sit;
nutrient n (feeding substance) -- poiywka
bloom n (flowering) - kwitnienie
tertiary adj ( third in degree) ~— trzeciego stopnia
. Why are people warned not to eat shellfish caught in the affected area?
C H A D - C O M M
. Why do algae blooms threaten marine life?

. What helps algae to grow?
. What action must be taken to minimize the risk of blooms?
. Can algae be put to any good use?
Phrases to learn
a chmary malefikich muszek —~ .9.................. of t .......... f. ...............
e wystosowaé ostrzegawczy komunikat -——- i .............. an e...........................
w .....................
o objaé zakazem spoiycia -- b ....... for c .......................................
e wplynqé na system nerwowy -- a ............... the n ...................... s....................
e wykazaé obj awy zatrucia -——— d ................. s ............................ of p ......................
a spaéé do niebezpiecznie niskiego poziomu ~——— f. .......... to p ..........................
l ......... l .................
e mieé niszczycielski wplyw «- h ............. a d .............................. e..................
e podjaé szybkie dzialania — t ............ u ................... a ..................
o oczyszczalnia éciekéw -——— t ............................. p ..............
o usunqé rozpuszczone zanieczyszczenia -— r ........................ d .........................
c O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
141
' Headline
FOR 9 TOXIC 9 POLLUTION a OF ¢ WATER 0 BLAMED 0 ALGAE
WIDESPREAD 0 OUTBREAKS
Przybrzeine wodyi plaie Anturii 11a dlugoéci dwustu mil zostaly pokryte tru-
jacymi glonami. Tegoroczna inwazja glonéw jest najgorsza, jaka dotychczas
wystqpila W tym regionie. Gnijace glony wydzielajq odér 1 sq miejscem wyle-
gu chmar mafych muszek. Miejscowq ludnoéé ostrzez'zono przed spoiywaniem
krewetek, krabéw i innych skorupiakéw zatrutych przez glony. Ich spoiycie
ma szkodliwy wplyw na system nerwowy.
Podczas zakwitania, glony absorbuja Wiekszos’é tlenu z wody. J ego niedobér,
z kolei, powoduje ich obumieranie. Rozklad obumarlych organizméw pochla-
nia reszte tlenu, tworzac W ten sposéb ,,martwe” strefy. Tegoroczna niezwykle
upalna pagoda sprawila, ie glony zakwitly.
Zanieczyszczenia pochodzace z rolnictwa i oczyszczalni éciekéw 1392': przyczyni-
1y sic; do kwitniem'a glonéw. Wladze muszq podjqé szybkie dzialania, aby nie
zatruwaé wody substancjami, ktérymi Zywia Sig glony. Niestety, niewiele oczysz-
czalni jest w stanie usunqé ze s’ciekéw rozpuszczone azotany i fosforany.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion topics
1. Waters, both inland and coastal, seem to get all possible pollution from all
manner of sources. Discuss the ways in which waters become polluted, and
the ways of preventing the contaminants from entering waterways.
2. According to the report, the major attraction of summer holidays at the sea-
side —— swimmfing and bathing - may be hazardous to one’s health, at best
resulting in skin diseases. What other pleasures of life has man managed to
eliminate because of his thoughtless attitude towards the environment?
Algae blooms -—~ an example of man-made imbalance in nature.
142
[ N 8W8 i t s ":zi
1. The tanker the Sea Beauty cannot sail.

2. Had it not been for the bad weather, there would have been
no need to set up containment booms.
3. The crews were successful in preventing the slick from reaching
the shore.
Marine life will suffer as a result of the pollution.
Attempts are being made to burn off some of the oil.
Lions and tigers are threatened by the spillage.
Marine flora is also affected.
One way of helping the smothered birds is to wash them.
Oil affects the natural protection against cold that some
animals have.
10. Using chemical dispersants is the best way to get rid of crude
oil and to protect the environment.
11. The extent of the damage is not yet clear.
12. At some point in future, the affected area will be entirely
clear of harmful substances.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
absorbent ........................................................................... beaches
chemical ........................................................................... booms
containment ........................................................................... dispersants
feeding ........................................................................... efforts
grounded ........................................................................... grounds
intensive ........................................................................... life
marine ........................................................................... pads
noxious ........................................................................... tanker
rough ........................................................................... tide
smeared ........................................................................... waters
143
Oil slicks
A huge oil Slick was created when 270,000 barrels (11 111. gal.)
of crude oil spewed from the grounded tanker, the Sea Beauty.
Today it hit the beaches of Mardonia, despite intensive efforts
to avert an environmental disaster. A containment operation
was delayed by bad Weather. Clean-up crews battled strong
winds and rough waters before they could lay containment
booms. Exhausted workers continue to struggle to minimize
the danger of contamination though twenty miles of beaches are
now polluted. Using absorbent pads they scoop up the noxious
tide While smaller patches of oil are ignited with lasers.
Statements have been issued saying that the spillage, which is
bound to have long-term toxic effects on marine life, is
threatening seabirds and colonies of sea lions. Turtles, which
nest on the sandy beaches, and off—shore coral reefs are also at
risk, as are beds of seagrass. Hundreds of wading and diving
birds have been smothered by oil. Oil~soaked gulls have
already been found on the smeared beaches and volunteers are
trying to catch dozens of trapped birds and wash them in
detergent. The oil affects birds’ waterproofing and they die of
the cold if it is not removed in time. Sea otters also die of
hypothermia if their fur becomes coated with oil. But the most
worrying is the effect on the feeding grounds.
The reek of oil hangs in the air over the beaches as the cleaners
wield highupressure hoses to scour the crude oil and mop it up
in a massive clean-up operation. The plan includes dropping
chemical dispersants from the air in order to break up the
remaining slick into droplets that will eventually sink. But this
process releases hydrocarbons, also toxic to marine life.
It will be difficult to prepare a detailed assessment of the
damage to the environment. The residue from the spill will stay
in the area for a long time before it eventually degrades. The
permanent effects on the marine ecosystem, however, will not
be known for years to come.
144
crude adj ((of 0112) in natural state) —-— tu: ropa naftowa (przed rafiaacja)
spew v (gush, discharge) -——- wyciekaé, wyplywaé z wnetrza
containment n (preventing 3th from, happening) -- powstrzymywanie
boom 22 (floating object) «- boja
exhausted adj (very tired) -— wyczerpany
scoop up u (take up) — zebraé z powierzchni
noxious adj (harmful, tonic) - szkodliwy dla zdrowia
patch 12 (small, irregular part of a surface) - lata, skrawek, tu: plama
wade 0 (walk through water) — brodzié
smother 0 (cover) —— pokryé, oblaé
smear 0 (cover with something) —~ umazaé
waterproofing n (naturai protection for not letting water through) _._.
zabezpieczenie przed nasiakaniem
hypothermia n (freezing to death) ———- zamarzniegcie na émieré
reek n (uaeasant smell) ___ smréd, odér
scour 0 (get rid of something with a strong jet of water) ... Splukiwaé
strumieniem wody
dispersant n (chemical that disperses (breaks up) oil) _._. érodek dezaktywi—
ZUJ'acy rope
assessment :2 (estimate, evaZuation} ~— oszacowanie, ocena
residue 11 (what is lefl after chemical treatment) «- osad, pozostaloéé
1. Why was the first stage of the rescue operation unsuccessful?

2. What elements were involved in containing the slick?
3. What kind of marine life in the area is under threat from the oil?
4. What is being done on the beaches as part of the clean-up?
5. HOW extensive is the damage?
Phrases to learn
a intensywne wysilki ___. i ......................... e .................

zapobiec katastrofie m a ................. a d ........................
9
zmniejszyé do minimmn niebezpieczefistwo zanieczyszczenia —— m ..................

9
the d .................... of c .........................................

wydaé oéwiadczenie ~—— i ............. a s ...............................
zagroiony — a ..... r ..........
trwale skutki .__. p .............................. e ......................
jeszcze przez wiele lat «— for m ............ y ............ to c ..............
145
"Headline
RESCUE 0 OIL 0 LIFE 0 DESPITE 0 INTENSIVE 0 MARINE 0 OPERATION
THREATENS 0 SLICK.
a l l I t O I I O I 0 0 0 0 ' I Q . I l l C O I O 0 a . I I Q . O O I I I I I I I O I O . I n c u o i l t u t t c v o o o t c o i t t O O I O U I O l i n - O I I . 0 . . o I a l i v o o n n n t o n l o l t t l l o l a l t o I I Q I O L I O O Q I Q C I O I I I D I I I O D I I
Olbrzymia plama ropy dotarla do wybrzeZy Mardonii pomimo akcji ratunko—
wej majqcej 1131 09111 zapobieienie katastrofie ekologicznej. Szacuje Sig, Ze okolo
270 tysiecy barylek ropy wycieklo d0 morza. Zle warunki atmosferyczne opéi-
nily akcje. Ekipy usuwajqce skaZenie spéinfly sic; z zainstalowaniem boi ogra-
niczajqcych rozszerzanie sic; plamy. Mniejsze plamy ropy sq podpalane lase-
rem. Nad plate; unosi sit; zapach ropy. Wyciek zagrozil Zyciu okolicznych
ptakéw, zniszczyl rafy koralowe i morskq trawe. Ochotnicy prébujq zlapaé
pokryte ropq ptaki i umyé je w detergencie. Zwierzetom futerkowym réwniez
grozi s’mieré z powodu wyziebienia. Trudno oszacowaé zniszczenie érodowi—
ska. Zanim pozostaloéci wycieku ulegnq samorozkladowi, jeszcze przez wiele
lat beda szkodzié érodowisku.
I . . . I O D I I I I . . I O O O I I I O I I C U I . . . O I . . . I O . . I l . O O O O C D U I C Q I I D I I I I C O I I I O I I . a . O I I - t l O I 0 " . . . I I I O I O O I O I . I l l . I I O O § I I I I . ‘ l I I D I I I I D . I I | O I C I O I I ' I I I D D Q I I
I s o t o l t a I 0 0 O I . . . D I . I t . l I t 0 O I I O C I Q C O I n o . I I I . I I . I t o I t o 0 . 1 I O I . 0 I . l D U I I a a i n . I t o I I & C 0 O O I I . I n O I I t . a I I . . . I I O t . a l l I I O O I . I ‘ D I D - I C O I I A t I I O I U I I I I Q O C I
I I C a l l I a a O I . - I l l n i l . c o t o . D I . I O C I I t C o l I . o l l O t o . . . O O O . ' I c 0 U s . ‘ C O O I Q I O O O b I O I ‘ u I I c I O I O I I o l c o o l C O I I I a l t . I I . C 0 " I . l D I . I n . I O I I D I I I Q Q I I O I I Q I I I O ¢ O Q
I l i o l l u l l 0 t . I n . I I i n . O n g c l I C I O I O O Q O l l a I o O i l o I . . - a . O I I . . . I t . D I O . I I I I b k I I O D I I l l a I I I I . a 0 I I a t . I O i l a . I I I a Q 0 . 0 I . c a . I I I o I ' l l Q C O I I I C I O I I I C O I I I I I I I O
0 . . O I O I I O O O O I Q C I I I I O I I O . . . - O I . . . . I I I I . I I . I I I I Q O O O C O I I I I I I . . . 0 . . . . I I ' l l I I O I I O I O I I I . . . V I I I . I . I I l C O I . O 0 . . . 0 . . . . I I C O I I Q I I O I Q I C C C O I I Q O O I C O ' . I I O
I I . I . I O . I C O U I O I C O I O Q C O I O I O O O C I I . . . I I D . . . I D C O I . i I I . I I I I I . O I I O I I O O O I . O I I I . O I . I . D I I I C I . - O I . C I I . O I D O I . O I . O I I . I I I I I O O I O I I I O I I I C D I O I C D I I I I U O O O I .
I I Q O I l l I . O I . I I n . I I I O . a . . . I I I Q C I I I a I I I O I o I t . I n I O I I I o o 0 0 " a l l a l l . 0 I I I t o O I ! Q 0 . . I t . I I . I t . o I I I o I . o I I I . o I I n . I I O I . . . o I I t . l l I ‘ l l - I O I O I O O O I I O C O O I O Q
C 0 . 0 . . I t ! I I - n o i 0 I o n . o . l I C o l O I . . I I O I I I I Q I I C O h O I O C I I Q I I I t n I I I Q I O I . . . O I o I I O D U I I t . . . O I L I o I I I t o . I I t . . . I I I I D I I I b a t I o a l t ! - . I I D ' O O I O I I I D O I D O I Q I O I I
c O I C C I I . I l I t . I . I . . 0 . 0 ' I o I I I I I I t o . . . I O I . . . I D . I l — D O A Q Q I O D O O O I O O I I . . . I 0 . 0 0 . . . l l I a . o I I I I . I I I . O I I n i l O . l I I I O I I I I a c n e l l 0 t I I I I O I I I I I I I I I O I I I C O I I I O
I I . I O . . . I I 9 . . . . O . . . . I I I . l O I O . I I . Q . I I O . . . . . I I I O . I . ‘ C I I O I I I O O I O D C I I I O U U I U C I I D O C I . I I . I . O . . . I I O I . . . I O I . 1 O I I I I . I O O I O Q O I I D C I I I I Q I I O Q Q I I I C Q O O D D Q O
D I D . . . I O I I O . I I D . I I I . . . ( G U I I . . G I I ‘ . I . . . I I Q I . I I I . I I O Q O O . . . O I 0 . 0 I I O O l l . I I I I . O I l i O I I I . O I I I I I I I O . . . I O I I I U Q C I U | C O O O I C O O I I I ‘ I I I O O C I O C O I I I O Q O I I I Q Q
I . I . n o . . . I I t . 0 . 0 0 0 I . . . I I O I . I Q . l l I . t o O I n o I . I I . I O . I I . I l l a 0 I I I . | I l o . . . a o I l a . I . I I . C I a a I O I : I n . 0 I n ! O i 0 I I I Q Q C O I I I I I I I I I I I O D l t o o l l a I D C Q O I I O D O I I I C O
I I I Q U I G O I O I Q U i o l d t o i fi i l I I O a l l O v a l . . . I l a - I I D U I I . t i l . t I O I Q I . I t s . I I I o 0 . 0 I I O t o . I . . . I . l a . O a l l C o I I c l O O I o 0 0 ¢ o I I I D O C O a l I I . I I O C I I I C C I O O I C I D I I I I I O I -
. 0 t I i i . I I l . I I . 0 0 - 0 0 . ! O D c I I I . O 0 5 0 0 ' I I 0 0 . . . u I I I t . l l C O O . . I I C D . I I o s l I I O I I . . . l l . b l I . I a I I l l Q . 0 D a l . 0 I I . . . O I . I . 0 0 I l I t O I I l l O i l - o o u o o l o u l l a a u l I O O C O I
t o I . . O I O Q 0 . 0 . I I I I O I I I O . . I O I o O O C C I O n o . I C O I I I O Q O I C I I I Q I I t O I I I I . I I a o n q t . I I I I I I O t I . . . - D I I . D o c o I t . C 0 o I t . D I I I . . . I I I . O I . I O Q U I I I D ' O D I D I I I C Q I I O I I
I n a u u o a q - a o u o I O t t o I O I I D I O I 0 . 0 0 I I . . . I Q | I I Q O I I t . O I O I I I U O I I O . I l l . I I O . I 0 0 . . . . . . O O I I I C I I I I . I I I C . 0 . I O I Q Q C I I I C 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 . . . - I C C O I I O O I O I O O C O I I I O I l
I I I . I I I I I I . . . I I O . I . I . I . . . I I I . I I . . . O I . . . I O I I I I O O I I O U I I O ‘ I O I Q I I I O I I I C . . . 0 . 0 I I I . I I I I a O I I I . I I O I . . . O I . . . O I I . D C I O I I I . - C G . I I O I U I I I I O U O O O D I I I C D D O I
O i l . Q O I Q I I O I . I l a U s I I t I I I O I I 0 . 0 ! I . b D I . O I I . . . O I Q t o i l l I 0 0 0 ' I I Q . I . . . l I O D . I I l a n . I 0 ' o O I n I I O I . . . o l fl o o c l l a fl t o o l l c u i l fl o n i I I o t o l l t b c o o l l I I I I C I I I 0 . 0 I
For related Discussion topics go to News item 17 : Oil Spills.
146
L News item 34: Endangered species ]
1. The campaign. is on an international scale.

2. The campaign aims at increasing the number of endangered species.
3. It is enough to enlarge the numbers of representatives
of individual species to save them forever.
4. Animals bred in captivity will never enjoy the freedom of their
natural habitat.
5. Birds have to feed on stuff that is contaminated with chemicals.
6. Hostile environment and hunting can reduce a species so drastically
that they number in tens.
7. An effective way of diminishing an animal’s attractiveness to
the hunter is to ban trading in articles made from them.
8. Buying natural furs is on the decline thanks to the campaign.
9. Many sea animals are slaughtered because of their commercial value.
10. Because of drift-netting, countless numbers of fish and other sea
creatures are needlessly killed.
11. In sea sanctuaries people pray to save endangered species.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
conservation ...................................................................... campaign
co-ordinated ...................................................................... efforts
fishing ...................................................................... food
heavy ...................................................................... habitat
marine ...................................................................... life
moral ...................................................................... obligation
natural ...................................................................... places
nesting ...................................................................... projects
threatened ...................................................................... technology
uncontaminated ...................................................................... toll
worldwide ...................................................................... Wildlife
147
.f .
Endangered speCIes
A worldwide campaign has been launched to save scores of
animals from the brink of extinction and to preserve their
habitats. A quarter of all living species on the planet could be
extinct Within the next fifty years, as ecosystems are destroyed.
To prevent this from happening, millions of dollars have been
raised and allocated to various conservation projects to protect
threatened Wildlife and slow the reduction in the diversity of
living things.
In the case of the Javanese Rhinoceros, a very rare mammal as
there are only about fifty in Indonesia, reserves have been
established. Another method often used to enlarge the numbers
is captive breeding. From the remaining thirty representatives
of the Arabian Oryx, an antelope hunted to near’extinction,
seven hundred animals were raised in captivity and later
returned to their natural habitat.
Birds of prey are also on the decline. This has been
accelerated by the destruction of their feeding and nesting
places. Pesticides and herbicides in their food cause sterility,
malformation and mass deaths. Eagles, falcons and condors are
now being provided with uncontaminated food and their
breeding cycles are being monitored. The fact that, at the
moment, there are fewer than forty Californian Condors shows
how urgently the help is needed.
Many countries have joined in banning both the killing of
endangered animals and the trading in the articles for which
they are killed. Elephants, slaughtered for ivory, and polar
bears shot for their fur, now have some chance of survival, due
to the co-ordinated efforts of many organizations which are
urging governments to outlaw their exploitation. To stop the
trading in the skins of the tiger, cheetah, jaguar and snow
leopard, people are being discouraged from buying furs. Among
other animals which are mercilessly hunted are whales,
walruses, sea turtles and seals. Also drift-netting — called the
most destructive fishing technology ever devised by man, and
overfishing, are taking a heavy toll on marine life. Only by
providing safe sea and land sanctuaries will we succeed in
saving these species from extinction. This should be the moral
obligation of every human being.
148
scores 11 (a great many) — duio
habitat n (natural place of living) —-~ érodowisko
allocate 0 (put for a purpose) — (0 pieniqdzach) przeznaczyé Ila coé
diversity n (variety) -- réinorodnoéé
reserve n (area put aside for a particular purpose) — rezerwat
breeding n (reproduction of animaZs) — hodowla
decline n (continuing loss of something) -- spadek (liczebnoéci)
accelerate 1) (speed up) ———- przyspieszyé
sterility n (inability to reproduce) w bezplodnoéé
monitor 0 (check) —— obserwowaé, kontrolowaé
slaughter n (killing) — zabijanie, rzei
outlaw v (make unlawful, prohibit) - uznaé za nielegalne, zakazywaé
exploitation n (using selfishly for one’s own profit) -—- wykorzystywam'e
mercilessly adv (showing no mercy) — bezlitoénie
drift-netting n (fishing technique in which nets carried by the current are
used) w nieselektywne odlawianie przy pomocy unoszonych przez prqdy sieci
sanctuary n (area where, it is forbidden to kill animals) -~ écisly rezerwat
Reading comprehensiun
1. How serious is the situation of some species?
2. What methods of saving some animals from extinction are used in the most
dramatic cases?
3. What can be done if the natural habitat is polluted?
4. Why must the campaign be a coordinated international effort?
Phrases to learn
a na granicy wymarcia - o ..... the b ........... of e ..............................
e zebraé pieniadze ~— r ............... m ..............
e wyhodowaé W niewoli ~— 1'.............. in c .............................
e ptaki drapies'zne — b ........... of p ............
a dostarczyé niezatruta karma -~ p ............................ u ..........................................
f. ..............
e mieé szanse; przeZycia - h ........... a c .................... of s.........................
e Skoordynowane wysilki —— c ................................. e .....................
e zniechgcié 0d kupowania — d ........................... fi‘om b ..................
a kiedykolwiek skonstmowane przez czlowieka —~ 9.............. d .........................
by m .........
a zbieraé obfite Zniwo - t ............ a h ............... t ............
a odm'eéé powodzenie w uratowaniu ~—— 3.................. in s ...................
149
-Headline
SAVE 0 EXTINCTION 0 FROM 0 CAMPAIGN O INTERNATIONAL
TO 0 ENDANGERED 0 CALL 0 FOR ° SPECIES
Wiele gatunkéw zwierzqt jest na granicy wymarcia. Istnieje niebezpieczefl—
stwo, 2e jedna czwarta wszystkich gatunkéw zwierzat na zawsze zniknie z
naszej planety. By temu zapobiec, przeznaczono miliony dolaréw na I‘éZnomd-
ne przedsiniegcia zwiazane z ochrone; zagroionych zwierzatt. Dla najrzadziej
spotykanych gatunkéw utworzono rezerwaty. Stosuje sie; réwniez hodowle; w
warunkach zamknietych, p0 czym odchowane zwierzeta powracaja do swoje-
go naturalnego s’rodowiska.
UZywane 11a szeroka skale pestycydy zatruly érodowisko, w ktérym Zyjq pta—
ki. Pestycydy i herbicydy znajdujqce 3319 w naturalnym poiywieniu ptakéw
powodujq ich bezplodnoéé, q é prowadza do zwyrodniefi i masowego spadku
populacji. N ajbardziej zagroionym gatunkom ptakéw dostarcza sie; nie zatru-
t2; karme.
Wiele krajéw wprowadzilo zakaz polewania na niektére zwierzgta i zakaz han—
dlu artykulami pochodzacymi z tych zwierzat. Wiele organizacji dopinguje 1‘22;—
dy, aby wprowadzfly zakaz zabijania zwierzgt W (39111 pozyskania ich skér.
Okazuje Sig, 2e niezbedne jest 1‘6wniez'z zaloienie rezerwatéw morskich, by
ochronié bezlitoénie zabijane Wieloryby, morsy, Zélwie morskie i foki.
5 . . O . I I O O I I ’ I O ‘ U ' O I O I O I I I O O I O I O O O D O I I U I I I D I I O Q I I Q I I d I I I I I I I I I I D U I I C O I I . D I I D I . I O I I I . D I I I D I O I I U D I I . I D I O I . . l I O O I I l 5 . . I I Q I I I U O I I I C I I I I O I U Q I C D O
0 C O O 0 t 0 D t I . I I I I I n i l - I o I I I I I I c o u n c i l ' s - o n c o o s a c o o c c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O I I I D U I I I . I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I 9 - 0 - 8 . . . -
0 O I . I O I O I O O I I C Q I 0 . 0 I I C . O I C O O O O O O C O . . . . . . . . C I I D ‘ O I . ‘ I I D O I I . Q O I Q D I O D I I I I O I I O D I I O I . I I I I I I I I I . O I I I I ' I I D D O O O Q I I I I I I I I . O I O O I I I I I I I D . . .
O . i Q . 0 ' I I . . . . O ' I C O C O O I I C C I I I Q 3 fl . 0 C i I O I D O I I I O I O I I D O I I U I I O O I I I I I I I I I I D O . I - I O O . . D . . . . . ' O I § . O O I O I I O O I | I . I I I I I I I C .
U D O . O I D I . O . I C D I D I C O I Q I O C O I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O I O I Q I O O O I C i C C O . 0 I I I I I I I I I . QC 3 U I 0 S I C O I .
c a n t - c o o l . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . I . t i o . I 0 o n o I . 0 fl O O I I I O I I O Q I I O O O O C D i i i i i i i i i . I I I C D I . . . . . . . O O I O I Q I I I D I O I O D I I . I I I I I I I I a n . . .
I O C O . O I . C C O I I O C O I U I I I I I I I I I Q I I I I I I O I . . . I I I I I I I I I C C I O O I I O O I I I . I I I I I I I I I . I I C O I I I I D O I O C ‘ ’ Q . U C O I O I C O I I D O I . . .
O I I I I I I O . . . . . . ‘ I C D I I I ' I O Q I I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I D I . . . O . O O . I Q I . ‘ C C I I l C I I I . I I I I C I I I . I I U I D . I I O O I I I Q C Q O I C C I I I O I O I C O I I I I I I I O I I I I I I I O .
Q C . D I I I D I I O ' I I . I I I U I I O U . . . O I O O O I I C I O U . Q 0 O . . O D D O C O C O I I I I O I O O O O O I I O I I C O I I I I I I I I Q O I I Q I I I O I I I C O I I D C .
O t C a Q O O I I I O I . t t t t t t t t t a i O o l l l I I I I I I n . . . O I O t O O O I I I Q I I O I O I Q I I . I I I I I I I I I O I . . . I I I I I I I I 0 0 ' 0 0 O O I I I . I I I I I I I I O I . . . C C C C C C C 0 0 - 0 0 . . . .
O I I I O O l t u l c C C O I O C I I G O l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l i n I I I I I I 0 . . . . . D D I I D I D O Q I I O I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i t O C I I I . I I I I I I O O I C I I I C U I O I . O O O O O O O O . I I I I I I I . n n n n n n n n n n n n
Discussion topics
To what extent is man responsible for protecting endangered species and their
natural habitat?
150
DDDDDEI
In practice, the ban means that selling and buying ivory is illegal.
Currently, 650,000 elephants are slaughtered every year.
Elephant calves are also killed for ivory.
Poachers are people who protect animals from unscrupulous rangers.
It is felt that the ban should have been imposed long ago.
Several poachers were publicly burnt as a warning to others.
The aim of this act was to Show that no—one is going to profit
D
from ivory.
8. The ban means that some African countries will suffer a loss
[I
of income from legal culling.
9. There is not enough money to finance extensive conservation
EU
programmes.
10. The animals are happy to get the protection of natural reserves.
11. The ban has seriously aggravated the food and water situation for
D 13
local people.
12. The local population would rather protect their own interests than
get too sentimental about elephants.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
conservation ........................................................................... ban
controlled ........................................................................... business
legal ........................................................................... culling
lucrative ........................................................................... income
natural ........................................................................... increase
sustainable ........................................................................... levels
tremendous ........................................................................... poaching
uncontrolled ........................................................................... programmes
worldwide ........................................................................... reserve
151
Saving the elephant
A worldwide ban on ivory trading has finally been imposed
following repeated pleas by conservationists alarmed at the
sharp dwindling of elephant herds in Africa. The number of
African elephants roaming the continent has dropped «— by even
a conservative estimate -—— from 2 million to 650,000. These
imposing animals have been slaughtered nearly to extinction,
solely for their tusks. A ton of ivory, known as “White gold”,
means an average of a hundred elephants, counting calves left
to die of starvation.
The business of ivory trading became so lucrative that it led to
a tremendous increase in the uncontrolled poaching of
elephants. Despite laws protecting elephants, poachers organize
themselves into gangs, defying all bans. Helpless park rangers
were finding hundreds of elephant carcasses riddled with
bullets. The long—awaited law makes the shipment and sale of
any elephant products illegal. To give it an added dimension,
twelve tons of confiscated ivory were publicly burnt. The $3 In.
worth of tusks had been cut or wrenched from 1,800 elephants’
skulls. The message of the sad ceremony, as one conservationist
put it, was clear: “The only place we want to see ivory is on a
living elephant.”
The new laws, however, also cause concern. Many African
governments claim that the cost of the ban is as colossal as the
elephants themselves. Before the ban, legal income from ivory
allowed them to finance conservation programmes. For this
reason a call for legally controlled culling has been issued. It
is also difficult to keep elephants within the confines of a
natural reserve. Total protection means confined areas but
elephants can eat themselves out of food, as each one consumes
300 kg of fodder and 200 litres of water daily. The local
population also oppose the ban, because of the damage to
cultivated crops. It is argued that the habitat will regulate the
elephant population, and that the natural cycle should be
allowed to maintain this population at sustainable levels.
152
ivory n (bone~like substance forming the tasks of elephants) - koéé Sloniowa
plea n (request) -~— proéba, apel
dwindling adj (diminishing in number) — zmniejszajacy Sig:
roam v (waZk without any definite aim, wander) -- wgdrowaé, przemierzaé
imposing adj (impressive, majestic) ———» imponujacy
extinction n (being no Zonger in existence) — wymarcie
task 11 (long, pointed tooth, as in the elephant) -——- kiel (slonia, morsa)
calves (one calf) n (young of some animaZs) — tu: sloniatka
poaching n (illegal hunting) .___ klusownictwo
carcass 11 (dead body of an animal) ——— padlina, padle zwierze
wrench v (twist and pull violently) — wyszarpaé
culling n (picking out and killing selectively) — celowe zmniejszanie liczeb—
noéci zwierzact, odstrza]:
confines n (limits, boundaries) -—- zamkniety teren, w obrebie
fodder 72 (food for farm animals) —~ pasza
habitat n (natural place of living) -——~ érodowisko naturalne
1. Why has the ivory ban been imposed?

2. Why is poaching so difficult to eradicate?
3. What was the purpose of the tusk-burning ceremony?
4. What arguments are being used by opponents of the ban and culling?
Phrases to learn
9 Wprowadzié ogélnoéwiatowy zakaz -~ i .......................... a w ..........................
b ........
e liczebnoéé spadla -—- n ................... have d ...........................
a zdechnaé z glodu — d ....... of s.................................
e intratny interes — l ....................... b ..........................
e ogromny wzrost -——~ t ................................ i ..............................
e lekcewaiyé zakaz -~ d. .......... the b ..........
e podziurawié kulami —— r ................ with b .................
e wzbudzié troske; -- c ................ c ..................
a legalny dochéd -- l .................. i ....................
e wystosowaé apel — i ................. a c ...........
e trzymaé w obrebie -~ k ........... w ................ the c ..................... of sth
e utrzymaé na zréwnowaionym poziomie ... m .................. at s.........................
l .............
153
Headline
CRITICISM 0 ALREADY . LONG - AWAITED 0 IVORY 0 FACING 0 BAN
Z powodu stale zmniejszajqcej sic-g populacji sloni zabijanych w celu zdobycia
ich cennych kléw, wprowadzono zakaz handlu koécia sloniowq. Dane wska—
zujq, 29 W estatnich latach liczba 3101121 Zyjacych W Afryce zmalala trzykrot—
nie. By uzyskaé tone; koéci shmiowej, trzeba zabié sto sloni. Handel koéciq 310-
niowg jest na tyle intratny, Ze pomimo zakazu polowania 11a Slonie klusownicy
organizujq 51‘? W gangi i bezlitoénie wybijaja cale ich stada. Zgodnie z nowym
prawem, handel i wywéz z kraju koéci sloniowej jest nielegalny.
Nowe prawo wzbudza tei wqtpliwoéci. Legalny dochéd z handlu koéciq slo-
niowq pozwala} na urzeczywistnianie programéw ochrony zwierzqt. Trudno
jest tei utrzymaé slonie w granicach rezerwatéw. Przecigetny slofi zj ada trzy-
sta kilograméw paszy dziennie, W wyniku czego W bardzo krétkim czasie te—
ren, na ktérym Zyje, pozbawiony jest roélinnoéci. Istnieje przekonanie, 2'29 113— .f
leiy pozostawié slonie w ich naturalnym érodowisku i pozwolié, by to one "
regulowalo ich populacjg.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Discussion topics
1. Several African governments opposed the ivory ban saying that “conser— 57?"
vation programmes run by international bodies are a form of colonialism-
in disguise”. Do you agree with this attitude?
2. TV reports showing elephants being shot by poachers, or baby seals being.
clubbed to death so as not to ruin their fur make anyone who cares for
nature and welfare of animals cry with rage and indignation. This raises
the question of whether all forms of hunting, for pleasure or commercial"
gain, should be regarded as barbaric and inhuman. Would you ban hunt--.
ing altogether?
154
1. A panda is an animal that is very rarely found in the wild.

2. The reason Why there are not enough pandas is that they have lost
their sexual drive.
3. The Chinese government is doing nothing to protect the animal
from extinction.
4. One of the biggest problems is that there is not enough bamboo growing.
5. The fact that the bamboo flowered was the result of an unwise
Chinese environmental policy.
The role of the breeding stations is to observe the habits of the panda.
9907493
Pandas are difficult animals to breed.

It is difficult to determine the moment of ovulation.
The male panda must be ready at the right moment.

10. Scientists do not need the male panda to have the female
successfully impregnated.
11. Conservationists are discouraged by failures.
12. Conservationists aim at saving pandas for posterity.
Collocations
Match the words from column, A with those from column B to form
COLUMN A COLUMN B
artificial ....................................................................... animal
breeding ....................................................................... consequences
charming ....................................................................... conservationists
disastrous ....................................................................... creatures
extensive ....................................................................... generations
future ....................................................................... insemination
natural ....................................................................... need
reclusive ....................................................................... phenomenon
urgent ....................................................................... research
Wildlife ....................................................................... stations
155
Saving the panda
Extensive research is being carried out to facilitate the
breeding of the giant panda, a reclusive bear-like animal
living in China. Destruction of its natural habitat has taken a
heavy toll on the panda population so it has become one of the
world’s most endangered species. Measures taken in the mid-
-seventies by the Chinese government in recognition of the
urgent need to preserve the panda’s ecosystem coincided with
a rare natural phenomenon of the bamboo forests bursting into
flower and dying off. The consequences for the panda were
disastrous: more than ten per cent of the Whole population died
of starvation. Pandas feed almost exclusively on bamboo and
a mature animal needs more than forty pounds of its shoots
daily to survive.
In the 19803, Project Panda was launched. As cases of a panda
being born in captivity are extremely rare, special breeding
stations have been set up to facilitate natural breeding and
improve their low reproduction rate. This has proved to be one
of the hardest parts of the project because the impregnation
period for a female is very short: only one to three days a year.
Not only is ovulation difficult to pinpoint, but also mating has
to be encouraged at precisely the right moment. When natural
methods of reproduction fail, scientists try artificial
insemination. Unfortunately, so far, most attempts have met
with limited success.
Nevertheless, Wildlife conservationists are intensifying their
efforts to protect the existing population of pandas and eliminate
those factors which threaten its survival. They are hoping to
enlarge it one day with offspring born and bred in captivity, so
that future generations may also enjoy the sight of these
charming, Widely admired creatures.
156
facilitate u (make easier) —- ulatwié
breeding n (keeping animals for reproduction) — hodowla
reclusive adj ( “antisocial”, avoiding meeting people) — samotny, jak odludek
starvation n (hunger) — gléd
exclusively adv (only) - wylacznie
launch u (start, initiate) «~— rozpoczaé
captivity n (not in the wild or at large) — niewola
impregnation 21 (making pregnant) —— zaplodnienie
pinpoint u (find with accuracy) -- umiejscowié
mating n, (uniting for reproduction) -— (0 zwierzetach) parzyé 81:63,, gody
artificial adj (not natural) ___. sztuczny
enlarge 1) (boost, expand) -— powiekszyé
charming adj (adorable) —— czaqcy
1. What are the three main reasons which have caused the panda to become
an endangered species?
What are we told about the panda’s eating habits?
What is the main objective of Wildlife “The Project Panda”?
What methods of reproduction are employed?
Why is so much being done to facilitate the captive breeding of pandas?
Phrases to learn
a prowadzié badania — c ............ o ......... r .....................

a zebraé obfite iniwo -——~ t ............ a h ............. t ...........
a zagroiony gatunek ~—- 9 ............................... s .................
e przedsiewziqé érodki ——- t ............ m .......................
a W uznaniu pilnej potrzeby - in r .......................... of the u .............. n ............
a zakwitnqé — b ............. into f. ..................
e niski wskaénik rozmnaiania ~— l ......... r ............................... r ............
e naturalne metody zawodzq — n................. m ....................... f. ..........
e préby nie sq uwieflczone powodzeniem - a ........................... m ............. with
l ..................... s....................
a zwielokrotnié wysilki — i .......................... e.....................
e wykluczyé czynniki ~— 3 ............................ f. ................
e nacieszyé oczy widokiem ~— 9................ the s................
157
Headline
PANDA 0 ATTEMPTS 6 UN SUCCESSFUL 0 TO 0 STILL

POPULATION ° RESTORE
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
Zniszczenie naturalnego S’rodowiska, w ktérym Zyje panda spowodowalo, 29%;;
jest (ma jednym z najbardziej zagi'oésonych gatunkéw zwierzqt. Obumieraniéfiff..;..--.
bambusa ma tragiczne konsekwencje dla pandy, poniewaz OdZywia Sig onars‘?
prawie wylacznie pedami tej roéliny. Dorosla panda zjada dziennie ponad'f},
dwadzies’cia kilograméw pgdéw. ‘1
Hodowla pandy w warunkach zamknietych jest bardzo trudna. Z powodiffg
niskiego wskaz’mika rozmnazania p1owadzone 8a badania nad ulatwieniemjf
natal alnej prokreacji tego zwierzecia W latach osiemdziesiqtych rozpoczeffi
to ,,Prog1am Panda” Utw01 zone 313903 31113 punkty hodowlane, by ulatwié 10273;:
mnaianie. Kjedy naturalne metody rozrodcze zawodza, naukowcy przeproéfi
wadzajq eksperymenty ze sztucznym zaplodnieniem. Niestety te préby
nie sq uwieflczone powodzeniem Dlatego tez obroficy élodowiska natal al~
nego zwielokrotniaja wysilki, by Chl onié pandy zyjqce na wolnosci. Majq nae?
dzieje, ze z czasem liczba tych zwierzat powiekszy 319 0 te, ktére sie; urodzz
1y 1 wychowaly w niewoli
. 0 . I I O O I O O . I . I . C D . 0 I I I C C 0 . 0 . 0 0 . . Q O I I I I . . 0 I O O I C C C C I . . . ‘ . I C . I C . . U . I I . . I C I . . I ' I C I Q I C C C O . C I . C I I I ' O I I I O ' . . . . ’ I . I I ' I Q C . ‘ . I I . I . . . C D ‘ I I I I I C D U C C I l l fi i . ::::
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
C I I I U I O U I . - C . C ' I I I O I D O O I I I I . D U I C I I Q . C C I I . I O . C O O O U I Q . . I I I . I . O I O O I O . C Q . O I I I I I I O . I . I O I I I O I I l O I . C C D O . I I I . I I I . I . I . D I . I . I I I . . ‘ I . . . I . . . I . . I I I . . . I B : -
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
. I C I . ‘ C I O O O C . C C . I . . 0 . . . I I I I ' . I I I O C ‘ . C . . I I I I C O O C C O Q I I I O O I I . i O I O I I C C C I I O I I | U D I . . . U I I I I I C . . . . . ' . I I . I . . O I O . . C 0 I I . I . I I I I I I O I O I O I C U D I I I ' I . . C . I "
' O I I C D Q . O O D O C S - I O I . I U fl I O O I I O . D I I I I I Q . . . I . I . . Q ' I I O C C . . I I I . . . . I I l I O 0 ‘ . I I I O I D C C C O . I I I I . O I O . . . 3 . . D I O . U I I O I I C D D . C I I I I I . . . ‘ . . I I . . I . . . I I I . . . I ‘
Q . I I O . U C I I O I . O . I I O I . . . I I I O I . I C O I O I I C . . C ' I . l l . . D I . . C . . I I I O . C O I I I I I . . . C I I I I 0 . 0 . . . Q I I I I I I I I I C O . . C O I . I O I . U I I . C . . C I I I I . . . ‘ . . I . I I I . . . I I I I I I . E ?
I I O D . ‘ I I . . . U 0 . I I O . D D . I O . . . . C . I I I O . Q . I O I I . . . . I O I C . I O . I . . C O . I I I I D Q . l I I I I I D . C O I U O I . I . . . . C . . . U . I I I I . I I C C O . . . I . I I I I . D C . I C I I . . . - . . I . I . I I I . . . . ‘
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
I O I I I Q I I O I I . . . I I . . . U U I I . . I C I C I I I O U I U I I I C O . D . I I I O . . I I C I . U 0 . I O I . . C . I . . I I I I C C D I I I I O I I O 5 . C . . Q I O . I I D O I . O I . . . D U I O O I I O . . D C I O I O I C D ~ I I I D O I I I I O O D I P
O ' D C I I O I C O I I I O I . . . . I I . . Q . O I . C I C Q . C I O I U D . D ' . I I D D I I I I I . . I I O I I C C I I I . I C . Q . O I I I O I D . 0 . 0 I C U I I I I C I . . D . Q . I U I I O I I I . . . . . I I . I . I . . . . I I I I I I . . ' O ‘ . ' . . . ?
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
Discussion topics
The Giant Panda can be found on the Wildlife Fund logo. Why has this
ticular animal been chosen to represent all endangered species?
News item 37 : Rabies ............................................................. 161
News item 38 : Legionnaires’ disease ..................................... 165
News item 39: Flu ................................................................... 169
News item 40 : Food poisoning ............................................... 173
News item 41 : Cancer ............................................................. 177
News item 42: Breast implants ............................................. 181
News item 43: Sunbathing ..................................................... 185
News item 44: Fast food ......................................................... 189
News item 45: Bulimia ........................................................... 193
News item 46: Smoking .......................................................... 197
News item 47: Pain ................................................................. 201
News item 48: Alternative medicine ..................................... 205
News item 49: Test-tube babies 1 .......................................... 209
News item 50: Working with computers ............................... 213
News item 51: Electromagnetic radiation threat ................. 217
Listening comprehensian
1. The man was bitten by his own dog. D

2. If someone has difficulty in swallowing, it means they have got rabies. D
3. Fear of light does not manifest itself in the first month after being
infected.
4. If someone has been bitten by a rabid animal there is no way to
save their life.
5. When rabies victims die, it is a horrifying death.
6. Rabies and hydrophobia are two different medical conditions.
7. Injections are administered in the same part of the body where
the person was bitten.
8. The rabies Virus is most often found in foxes.
9. One of the preventive methods used is to immunize chickens

against the disease, and then feed foxes with them.
10. The virus that foxes are fed with is not virulent because it is dead.
11. It is not clear if the system will be effective.
12. In the long run, it is hoped the country will be free of rabies.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
abdominal ............................................................................... agony
agonizing ............................................................................... animals
electronic ............................................................................... collars
horrifying ............................................................................... creature
infected ............................................................................... danger
merciful ............................................................................... death
mortal ............................................................................... disease
painful ............................................................................... injections
stray ............................................................................... puppy
wild ............................................................................... release
161
Rabies
A fifty~year-old man died yesterday after succumbing to rabies
~——- one of the most feared killer diseases. He contracted it after
being bitten by a stray puppy which wandered into his garden
three months ago. When, after a month, he started developing
rabies symptoms, which include difficulty in swallowing and the
characteristic fear of light, he was admitted to the National
Hospital. Unfortunately, it was too late for the anti-rabies
serum to be effective. For the man, as for other Victims of rabies
before him, death came as a merciful release after several days
of painful agony.
Rabies, or hydrophobia, is a disease communicated through

animal bites, as the Virus is present in the saliva of the infected
creature. It invariably represents a mortal danger to people and
there are still several deaths among humans each year. Those
bitten have to undergo painful abdominal injections, as
this remains the only treatment available to save them from
an agonizing death. For the post-exposure inoculation to be
successful not more than a week should elapse between the bite
and the commencement of the treatment.
Red foxes are the most common carriers of rabies and it is
among their population that the disease gains a fast hold.
Scientists have tried to control the disease in the affected areas
by fitting these animals with electronic collars in order to
monitor their migration. Also game wardens try spreading
chicken heads injected with live virus vaccine. The aim of this
operation is to immunize foxes against the disease. This could
help check the alarming spread of rabies among wild animals,
and eventually make the country rabies-free. Although the virus
present in the vaccine is attenuated, that is having lost its
virulence, it is argued that vaccinating foxes orally is not
necessarily the best way of combating the disease, and could
actually spread it even further. However, if successful, the plan
could eliminate the horrifying disease for good.
162
succumb 0 (yield, give way) - ulec, poddaé Sig, tu: umrzeé z powodu choroby
stray n, (homeless, wandering animal) - beZpafiskie zwierze;
wander 0 (go from place to place without any purpose) ~— blqkaé 316;
serum n (fluid taken from the blood of an animal immune to a disease and
used for inoculations) — surowica
saliva n (natural liquid present in, the mouth) — élina
abdominal adj (pertaining to the beZZy) -— brzuszny
carrier n (person or animal that transmits a disease) - nosiciel
monitor 0 (observe) -—-— kontrolowaé (up. przy pomocy urzqdzefi)
live adj (living and alive) —— Zywy
attenuate 0 (weaken) — oslabié dzialanie
virulence n (capability of a micro-organism to cause disease) -——~ zjadliwoéé
combat 0 (fight) -—~ zwalczyé
1. Why did the man die?

2. Why is his death described as a “merciful release”?
3. How can victims who have been bitten be saved?
4. Why are scientists concentrating their efforts on foxes?
Phrases to learn
a wzbudzajaca najwiekszy strach s’miertelna choroba - the m ........ f. ..............
e zarazié sit; chorobq -~ 0...................... a d .......................

a przejawiaé objawy -——— d ................... s ..........................
e byé przyjetym do szpitala ~——— be a ...................... t.... h .......................
e stanowié niebezpieczefistwo —— r ......................... a d .........................
e bolesne zastrzyki w brzuch ——- p ................. a ........................... i .........................
e uratowaé 0d émierci W meczarniach -~ 8........... fi'om an a ..............................
d ............
e szczepionka pedana post factum - p .........~e.................... i ..............................
e rozpoczecie leczenia -~ 0........................................... of t ..................................
e szybko obejmowaé panowanie - g ......... a f. ......... h ..........
e uodpornié przeciwko chorobie —— i ............................... a ............. a d ...............
o powstrzymaé rozprzestrzenianie sic; choroby ~— 0.............. the s.................. of
the d ....................
wyeliminowaé na zawsze -— e.......................... f. ........ g ............
163
Headline
FROM 0 HORRIFYING a DEATH 0 RABIES 0 ANOTHER

I O . ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
Pieédziesiecioletni meiczyzna zmarl wczoraj na Wécieklizne. Zosta} pogryzio-
ny przez Wécieklego, bezpafiskiego psa, ktéry przyblakal Sig do jego ogrodu.
W miesiqc p0 ugryzieniu pojawily sic; charakterystyczne dla wécieklizny ob-
jawy: trudnoéé w polykaniu i éwiatlowstret. Bylo jui za péino, aby podana
surowica odniosla skutek.
Wirus wécieklizny jest obecny w élinie zaraéonego zwierzecia. W razie ugTyzie-
nia, jedynym sposobem unikniecia émierci w meczarniach jest poddanie chore-
g0 serii zastrzykéw w brzuch. Rude lisy stanowia najwieksze zagToZenie, po-
niewai wéréd tych zwierzat jest najwiegcej nosicieli Wécieklizny. Lisom zaklada
Sit; elektroniczne obroie, ktére pozwalajq éledzié ich migracjga. Naukowcy pré—
bujq powstrzymaé rozprzestrzenianie Sig choroby przez uodparnianie liséw.
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
. I I I oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion topics
1. The disease of rabies is invariably associated with Louis Pasteur who con—
ceived the idea of immunization against microbes as protection against
virulent illnesses. Have you ever thought how difficult it must have been
for 19th century sciexxtists to carry out their research, often challenging es-
tablished opinions and seeking the truth in opposition to accepted beliefs?
How depressing it must have been to struggle with hostile public opinion,
often not being sure that the path they had chosen was the right one.
Few people have actually seen the horrifying symptoms of rabies, yet fear
of it is deeply rooted in peeple’s minds. How would you deal with irrespon—
sible dog owners who failed to inoculate their pets against the disease?
Think of the ordeal of those people who were bitten by an animal which
escaped, and who now have to undergo painful treatment.
164
[ News item 38: Legionnaires’ disease ]
1. George Pym is the thirteenth person to die of legionnaires’

disease this year.
2. There are eighteen hospital maintenance workers who are currently
down with this disease.
3. The bacteria responsible for the disease did not exist before 1976.
4. 'I‘wenty—nine delegates died in 1976 because at the time the
doctors did not know What had caused the outbreak.
5. If a building is equipped with water-cooled air conditioning,
the bug is very likely to be found in the system.
6. The mere existence of the bug in the system is enough to start
an epidemic.
7. Chlorination is an effective method of getting rid of the bug.
8. It is possible to catch the disease in the shower.
9. If a person catches the disease, they pass it on to other people.
10. Diagnosing the disease is difficult because its first symptoms
are misleading.
11. The disease is difficult to treat, even at its initial stages.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
chemical .......................................................................... bacterium
correct .......................................................................... diagnosis
favourable .......................................................................... disease
lethal .......................................................................... investigation
nationwide .......................................................................... outlook
organic .......................................................................... rubbish
rod-shaped .......................................................................... strains
stagnant .......................................................................... treatment
virulent .......................................................................... vapour
water .......................................................................... water
165
Legionnaires’ disease
Legionnaires’ disease has claimed its thirtieth victim this year
with the death of George Pym, a 55-year-old builder from Stoke.
Eight other people are sick in hospital and a further ten cases
are being investigated following the latest outbreak of the
disease amongst maintenance workers at a hospital.
The rod-shaped bacterium called Legionella pneumophila was
first isolated and named in 1976 when a group of delegates
attending an American Legion Convention in Philadelphia was
struck down by a mysterious type of pneumonia. The agent,
which on that occasion caused the death of twentyunine people,
was found in bathroom fittings in the hotel which housed the
delegates.
The disease most often affects people working or living in
buildings which are air-conditioned by water from cooling towers.
Following a nationwide investigation, the bug was found in the
water systems of two thirds of hospitals and about half the hotels,
putting all their occupants at risk. The trouble begins when the
bacteria find their optimum breeding temperature at between
37°C and 40°C, and a good source of food, such as algae or organic
rubbish in stagnant water. This creates virulent strains. The
design of many buildings makes it very difficult to exterminate
the bug swarming in the water tanks. Sampling and testing
are continuing and chemical treatment (chlorination) helps
eradicate traces of the bug which spreads when contaminated
water is sprayed into the atmosphere of a building. It has been
recommended, however, that water—cooled air conditioning be
replaced with air-cooled ones.
The potentially lethal disease is caught by inhaling droplets of
water vapour containing the bacteria, not by pers0n~to-person
contact. Symptoms can manifest themselves from two to ten days
after exposure. The illness may start like a cold, but rapidly
progresses to fever, aches and coughing. There is vomiting and
diarrhoea. The bug responds well to antibiotics and the outlook
for recovery is favourable if the correct diagnosis is made quickly.
\ J
166
maintenance n (keeping something in working order) -- konserwacja
rodwshaped adj (in the shape of a, thin, cylindrical object) — paleczkowaty
strike (struck, struck) down I) (hit, aflcect) ~— tu: zachorowaé, byé powalonym
przez chorobg
pneumonia n (inflammation of the lungs) — zapalenie pluc
agent n (substance producing an effect) ~— czynnik
bathroom fittings 71 (shower and water taps) -—— tu: armatura (prysznice, krany)
bug n (germ, wirus) «- potocznie zarazek, wirus
stagnant adj (not moving, stale) -— (0 wodzie) stojaca, zatechla
virulent adj (strong and deadZy) «~— zjadliwy
strain n (breed) - odmiana
Swarm 0 (move in large numbers) ~—- roié Sig)
sampling n (taking specimens to Show what the rest is like) .... pobieranie prébek
eradicate v (destroy) —— wykorzenié, wyplenié, wytepié
spray u (send liquid through the air in tiny drops) — rozpryskiwaé, rozpylaé
lethal adj (causing death) -——- s’miertelny -
vapour n (steam, mist) —— opary, wyziewy
1. Why did the bug hit the maintenauce workers?
2. Why did so many people die of legionnaires’ disease at the Philadelphia
Convention in 1976?
3. Why is the water in cooling towers an ideal breeding ground for Legionella
pneumophiia?
4. In what respect is the disease similar to pneumonia?
Phrases to learn
a spowodowaé émieré kolejnej ofiary ———- c .............. a ................... v...................
e wybuch choroby -—— o ...................... of the d ........................
e zagraiaé -—— p ........ a ..... r ...........
e optymalna temperatura rozmnaZania — o ......................... b ..........................
t .................................
a objawy sic; uwidoczniaja — s ............................ m ...................... t .....................

e dobrze reagowaé na antybiotyki — r ..................... w ......... to a .........................
o dobra prognoza na wyleczenie — f. .............................. 0 ......................... for
r ........................
o postawié trafng diagnoze; «- m ........................... c .................... d ......................
167
Headline
IN 0 DEADLY 0 HOSPITAL 0 OUTBREAK 0 STRIKES 0 AGAIN 0 BUG
. I D Q . I I I I I I I I C . . . I I I I I I I I . 0 . . . . . . . 0 . . . . I O O I . I I I I I I . 5 . I I I I I . O O Q I I I I I C O . U D C O I I I I I I I I I I 0 . 0 0 . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I O D D . . . I I I I I I I I I Q . . . I I I I I I I I I I 0 “ .
Choroba ”legionistéw” pochlonelé w tym roku trzynaécie ofiar. Sq prowadzo-
ne badania zaistnialych przypadkéw. Paleczkowata bakteria, zwana Legionella
pneumophila, zostala pierwszy raz wyizolowana W 1976 roku. Zarazek zostal
wykryty w urzadzeniach klimatyzacyjnych niektérych hoteli i szpitali. Oka-
zalo Sig, Ze siedliskiem bakterii jest uZywana w systemach klimatyzacyjnych
woda, ktérej czqsteczki przedostajq Sig do powietrza w budynkach.
Zarazek choroby ,,legi0nist6w” rozwija sie; najszybciej w temperaturze 0d 37
do 40 stopni Celsjusza. ZaraZenia nastgpuje przez wdychanie powietrza z za-
kaZonymi kropelkami wody. Pierwsze objawy choroby sq takie, jak przy prze-
zigbieniu. Pééniej pojawiaja Sig wymioty i biegunka. Zarazek jest wraz'zliwy
na antybiotyki i Ieczenie jest skuteczne pod warunkiem, Ze choroba jest zdia—
gnozowana szybko i trafnie. Testy wykazaly, 26 t9 groénq bakterie moina wy~
tepié przez chlorowanie wody. Zaleca sit; jednak rezygnacje z wodnych syste—
méw 1dimatyzacyjnych i zastapienie ich innymi.
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For related Discussion tepics go to News item 39: Flu.
168
[ News item
1. The new bug is responsible for recent outbreaks of flu.
2. The new strain is difficult to treat.
3. Twenty—five people have already fallen ill.
4. Antibiotics have not proved successful so far.
5. Patients who are suffering from this strain of flu report mild
symptoms.
6. Any personal contact should be avoided if one does not want
to catch the disease.
7. The infection is likely to start an epidemic.
1. It can be concluded from the report that last year’s outbreak had
severe symptoms.
P‘F‘WP‘D
Some people are expected to die during this year’s epidemic.

Aspirin is not recommended for children.
If someone has already had flu, they will not fall ill again.
Every year, those in high—risk groups are given the same anti—flu
vaccine.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
adequate .............................................................................. bacilli
appropriate .............................................................................. epidemic
fullwblown .............................................................................. fever
immune .............................................................................. laboratories
medical .............................................................................. protection
moderate .............................................................................. strain
noxious .............................................................................. supervision
research .............................................................................. symptoms
resistant .............................................................................. system
severe .............................................................................. vaccine
169
Flu
1. The Secretary of Health has reported the finding of a new
flu bug which differs significantly from all strains that have
caused recent flu epidemics. The new multi-drug resistant
strain, currently on the loose, was declared responsible for a
new outbreak of the disease Which has already claimed 25
victims. The Virus has proved impervious to antibiotics,
especially Where the immune system of the patient is
impaired. The strain produces severe symptoms, including
high fever, chills and aches. The noxious bacilli are
transmitted by air and contracting the disease takes place
through person-to—person contact. At the moment little can
be done to prevent the infection from flaring into a full-
-blown epidemic.
. A new outbreak of influenza has been reported. This year’s
has mild symptoms and a moderate fever. Most victims
recover Within a week or less and unlike other major
mutations of the flu Virus it is not expected to cause any
fatalities. People previously exposed to it will have some
degree of immunity. Those most susceptible to the new bug
will be children who, according to recent findings, should be
given paracetamol and not aspirin, except under close
medical supervision. The Spread of flu is likely to decrease
when children are on their Christmas holiday.
From year to year, the influenza Virus undergoes minor
variations known as “drifts” but the properties of the virus
can change so dramatically that the antibodies recently
acquired do not provide adequate protection, and epidemic-
-size outbreaks may spread. Despite the mildness of this
year’s strain, flu always poses a health risk to the older age
group and those whose resistance has already been weakened.
Research laboratories have therefore been hastily ordered
to produce an appropriate vaccine.
170
bug n (germ, virus) — pot: zarazek, Wirus
strain n (breed) —-—- odmiana
resistant adj (offering resistance, unafiected) ~— odporny
impervious adj (not influenced) — niepodatny, niewrailiwy
impair 0 (weaken) — oslabié
severe adj (not mild) — 1311: Z ostrym przebiegiem
chills n (shivering of the body) «- dreszcze
noxious adj (harmful) — szkodliwy
bacilli (one bacillus) n (disease—causing bacteria) — bakcyle, zarazki
flare v (burst out suddenly) —— wybuchnqé, rozgorzeé
full-blown adj (total) —- (med) pelnoobjawowy
mild adj (not severe) — lagodny
susceptible adj (easily affected by something) — podatny (na zaraienie)
hastily adv (hurriedly) ~— pospiesznie
1. Why is the new virus potentially dangerous? (1)

2. How does one catch flu?
3. What factors will help keep the number of victims 10w? (2)
4. Who should be protected against flu and how?
Phrases to learn
9 znacznie réznié 3339 0d ~— d ............... s.................................... fi‘om

e rozpanoszyé 516; -~ be 0.... the l ...............
e uznaé odpowiedzialnym za .__ d .................... r ............................... for
e dawaé objawy .__ p .................. s...............................
e spowodowaé kilka zgonéw -- c ................ s............... fl ..........................
e wedlug najnowszych odkryé -—- a ..................... to r .................... f. ............
o pod s’cislym nadzorem lekarskim - u ............. c .................. m ..............
s..............................
e podlegaé niewielkim odmianom w u ............................ m ................... - - - - - - -
v...............................
a stanowié zagroienie dla zdrowia —— p .......... a h .............. h ................
o oslabié odpornoéé _ w .................... r ..................................
a odpowiednia szczepionka —— a ............................... v .......................
171
Headline
1. 25 0 FLU 0 DEAD 0 BUG 0 AFTER 0 PEOPLE 0 HITS 0 NEW
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. N iedawna epidemia gTypy zostala wywolana przez mutanta wimsa, znacz—
nie rdiniqcego Sig 0d odmian, ktére byly przyczyna dotychczasowych epi-
demii. N owa odmiana wirusa jest odporna 11a antybiotyki i spowodowala
juz kilka zgonéw. W przypadkach oslabionego systemu odpomos’ciowego
leczenie jest wyjatkowo trudne. Zaraéenie nastepuje przez kontakt z 050-
be; Chara, poniewaz wirus przenoszony jest wraz z czasteczkami powietrza.
2. Doniesiono 0 jeszcze jednej epidemii grypy. Tym razem grypa przebiega la—
godnie i chorzy powracajq do zdrowia w ciqgu tygodnia. W przeciwiefistwie
do poprzednich epidemii ta grypa przypuszczalnie nie spowoduje ofiar
émiertelnych. Najbardziej podatne na zaraienie sq dzieci i ludzie starsi,
ktérych system odpornoéciowy jest oslabiony. Z roku na rok wirus grypy
ulega odmianom i wczeéniej wytworzone antyciala nie stanowia zabezpie-
czenia przed nowym mutantem.
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion topics
1. Now and again doctors and scientists are faced with bacteria that have been
dormant for centuries in royal tombs. Before they are successfully isolated, if
these bacteria claim many lives. Can you recall any cases like this?
2. Many bacteria and viruses undergo changes, or mutations, becoming more ff
resistant to human defence mechanisms and to the drugs prescribed to com— f
bat them. It seems like a vicious circle. What do you attribute this phe—
nomenon to? Will it get worse?
3. Epidemics of the common cold or flu, which are very contagious, sweep
through countries periodically in spring and autumn. Why do people seem-.—
so susceptible to these illnesses, even though, in the Middle Ages, people“ {1
must have suffered from much worse discomfort on account of poor heat—
ing facilities, inadequate clothing and poor diet?
172
News item
1. The current warning concerns food that still has to be cooked.

2. The danger may come from inadequate storage conditions.
3. Until now sellers were not held liable for selling food that could
lead to food poisoning.
The temperature should be checked every six hours.
Customers should be prevented from having direct contact with food.
9 0 > ] n
Salmonella bacteria can be found inside poultry eggs.

Salmonella bacteria cannot thrive in dishes that do not contain eggs.
Breaking away from traditional methods of farming is largely
responsible for the increase in salmonella outbreaks.
People are asked to return the pété, if they suspect it is contaminated.

$90.53?“
The péité will be checked in every shop to find out if it is contaminated.

Listeria infections require hospitalization.
Pregnant women are warned not to eat certain kinds of foods
regardless of Whether they are fresh or not.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
alarming ................................................................................ bug
dramatic ...................................... dishes
factory ................................................................................ experts
food ................................................................................ farming
health ................................................................................ increase
hospital ................................................................................ outbreak
hygiene ................................................................................ poisoning
major ................................................................................ rise
potent ................................................................................ rules
prepacked ................................................................................ salads
seafood ................................................................................ treatment
173
Food . oisoning
1. Food served and sold in delis, supermarkets and take-away
bars can cause serious food poisoning, according to health
experts. Ready—to-eat food, such as seafood dishes, prepacked
salads or pork pies, may be contaminated with salmonella
bacteria. It may also have been on display too long, or at an
unsafe temperature, making it unsuitable for consumption.
A newly proposed Code of Practice will make it an offence to
“render food injurious to health”, enforcing the provisions
of food safety legislation. It is, for example, recommended that
temperature readings be taken at four-hourly intervals, and
that strict hygiene rules should be applied to storage and
display of dishes. Also, precautions must be taken to minimize
the risk of customers touching products or coughing over them.
Today’s warning has been issued following a dramatic increase
in food—poisonings. Most outbreaks are caused by Salmonella
enteritidis commonly associated with the consumption of
chicken eggs or egg products due to shell contamination.
Almost every day newspapers report that cooked meats and
poultry dishes are being withdrawn from sale. The alarmn
rise in the number of infections is the price the consumer pays
for the development of factory poultry farming and cheap meat
feed stuffs.
. Another food poisoning Scare swept the country today as
deadly listeria was found in imported pz’ité sold by leading
food stores. Those Who bought pété in recent days may be
putting their lives at risk and are asked to return it. Shops
have been ordered to remove the péité from their shelves to
prevent a major outbreak. Medical checks are being carried
out to discover the extent of the listeria contamination. More
than fourteen people are suffering from the infection and
undergoing hospital treatment. Following a recent Spate of
similar outbreaks, pregnant women in particular are advised
to avoid pété, soft cheese and ready-cooked poultry dishes.
The bug is potent enough to kill unborn babies and cause
miscarriages.
174
deli (delicatessen) n (shop seliing prepared foods ready for serving) «—
garmaieria
pie n (meat covered with pastry and baked) -- pasztecik
offence n (breaking of a rule) -~ przewinie’nie, wykroczenie
render 0 (cause to become or give) — dostarczaé np. usluge, tu: oferowaé
injurious adj (likely to cause harm) — szkodliwy
provisions n (conditions in a, legal document) —~ postanowienia
interval 72 ( time between two events) ~— odstgp czasu
storage n (storing of goods) -— przechowywanie, magazynowanie
poultry n (hens, ducks, geese...) ._ dréb
withdraw u (take back, remove) —— wycofaé
feed stuffs 72 (food for animals) ~— pasza, karma
scare n (alarm, widespread fear) —— poploch
listeria n (rod—shaped bacteria named after Joseph Lister) .... bakterie
wywolujace listerioze
péité n (paste made of liver; meat etc.) - pasztet
potent adj (powerful) -~ silny
1. What can make some dishes dangerous to health?

2. What Should be done to eliminate the risk of food poisoning?
3. What is responsible for the increase in outbreaks of salmonella infections?
4. What is being done to contain the spread of listeriosis?
Phrases to learn
9 zaraiony bakteriami — c .................................. with b .......................
e nie nadajacy sieg- do spoiycia —— u .............................. for c ................................
a stosowaé zasady higieny — a ............ h ..................... r ...................
a podjaé érodki ostrOZnoéci —— t ............. p ..............................
a wystosowaé ostrzeZenie -— i ........... a w ......................
e zaplacié cent? -— p: ....... the p ............
a zagrozié iyciu -- p ....... l ........... at r ...........
o przeprowadzaé kontrolne badam'a medyczne — c .............. o........ m .................
c ...................
o poddaé Sig:- Ieczeniu szpitalnemu - u ................. h ................. t .........................
e wywolaé poronienie «- c .............. a m ............................
175
Headline
1. NEW 0 CONSUMER 0 SAFER 0 LAW 0 FOOD . MAKES
2 PATEO PANIC AMIDo CONTAMINATED SALEO WITHDRAWN

FROM 0 LISTERIA
1. Z powodu znacznego wzrostu liczby zatrué pokarmowych, wladze ostrze-
gaja przed spoiywaniem niektérych gotowych produktéw. Wiekszoéé zatrué
spowodowana jest bakteriq salmonelli. Niemalie codziennie gazety infor-
muja 0 wycofywaniu ze sprzedaiy produktéw garmaieryjnych, takich jak
salatki, wedliny czy dania z drobiu. Zdarza 816;, 28 wyroby garmaieryjne
sq nieéwieie q é byly przechowywane W zbyt wysokiej temperaturze. Za—
leca Sig, aby co cztery godziny kontrolowaé temperature, w jakiej przecho—
wywana jest Zywnoéé.
2. Prasa doniosla dzisiaj 0 zatruciu pokarmowym bakteria inns; niz’: salmo—
nella. W importowanym pasztecie wykryto bakterie listerii. Pasztet, 0 kté-
rym mowa, ma byé natychmiast wycofany ze Spl‘zedaZy, a ludziom, ktérzy
g0 juz'; qiyli kupili, zaleca Sif; zwrécenie go do sklepu.
I I . . . . . . . Q . 0 8 C C I I I I I O D . I I I I I I . ‘ O . . . . . . C . I I I I I . 0 . I I I I I I D . . . . . . 5 D O . I I I I I I I I I I I O . 0 . O I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . D . . . I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I I I D O . I I I I I
I I I . . . . . . . 3 U . . . . . O I I I I I I C t . l l l l l l I I I I I I I I I U . U . . . I I I I I I C I I I I I I I I I O D . I I I I I I I I I I I I . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O . I I I I I I I I I I I I D D . I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I
D . I I I I I U ‘ . I I I I I I fl . . . . . . . O . . . . . . . C I I I I I I I C . l l l l l I . . . . . . . . 0 " I I I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O . C . U . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . D . . . . . . . . . . . . Q . I I I I I I I I I I I D . . . . . .
C I O O O I O I . . . . . . D . . . . . . . . O . I I I I I C I . I I I I I I I . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D . . . . . . . D . . . . . . . . . O I I I I I I I I I I I D U 0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ‘ 3 ‘ . I I I I I I I I I I I I t . I I I I I I I I I I I I D . I I I I I I I I 3
C I . . . . . O . I I I I I I O . . . . . . . 0 . . I I I I I I G . I I I I I O . . . I I I I I . 0 I I I I I I I D I I I I I I I I . 0 . O O O O O O O O O C D . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . 1 . I I I I I I I I I Q . 0 I I I I I I I I I I I 0 " I I I I I I I I I
I . ‘ I I I I I I ‘ O I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O . I I I I I I O I I I I I I i . ‘ I I I I I I C . l l l l l l C . I I I I I I I 3 . . I I I I I I I I I D C . . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Q . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I t . I I I I I I I I I d I I I I I I I I I I O
. 0 O . I I I I I I Q . I I I I I I Q I I I I I I I I C . . . . . . . ‘ 0 . . . . . O I . . . . . . . D D . I I I I I I I O I I I I I I I . ‘ Q U I I I I I I I I I I I I C . C . ‘ I I I I I I I I I I I 0 . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I O I I I I I I I I I C ‘ 0 .
C . I I I I I ‘ G I I I I I 0 . . . . . . . C . O O O O O O O 0 . . I I I I I I . - I I I I I C I I I I I I I I . 0 0 0 0 0 I O . I I I I I I I I D . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I O D U . I I I I I I I I I . D I I I I I I I I I I fl . . .
. 0 . O O O O O Q . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . 0 . 1 . I I I I I . 0 I I I I I I D . O O O O O O O O . I I I I I I O . . . . . . . . 0 . I I I I I I U O D C C I . I I I I I I I I I I . O . . . I I ‘ . I I I I I I I I I I I I . . . I I I I I I I d . . . I I I I I I I I C . . .
I I I I I I I I I I I I I ‘ C I I I I I O O O O I I ‘ I O C C . O ‘ C O O I I C C I . O . O O I O I O C C G C I . I . I O . D I I O O O I I I I O i l O U . I O I . O O I I . I I I . I . I I O . . . I I I O I O I C C ‘ U C O O O I I I C I fl l l o o l l I .
C O O O O O O O I I I I I . 0 . . . . . . t . I I I I I I Q C . I I I I I C . ‘ . . . . . Q . . . . . . Q . I I I I I I I . 0 . I I I I I I 0 " . I I I I I I I I I I I 0 . . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C . . . I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I Q C U . I I I I I I I
Discussion topics
1. What would you prepose to ensure the safety of food?
2. Nowadays packed food, including vegetables and dairy products, carry 1a-
bels with the words display by... and use by... followed by dates. Could you
explain the significance of this information both for the shopper and the
shop assistants?
176
E
1. The public had not been informed about Ms Howard’s surgery

prior to her announcement.
2. MS Howard went to have her mammograph test taken because
she had detected a suspicious gTowth.
53°93‘55“.“
Biopsy tests confirmed the malignancy of the tissue.

The surgery was performed in time to avoid additional treatment.
It can now be said that Ms Howard is out of danger.
MS Howard decided to go public in order to spell out the need for
early detection.
7. Benign growths are not a matter for concern.
1. Things people eat may lead to cancer.

2. Carrots are recommended because of high concentration of vitamin C.
3. Smokers can reduce the risk of lung cancer if they maintain
the right diet.
4. Vitamin C can prevent cancer.
5. Consumption of fat leads to iron deficiency.
6. The revelation that fat induces cancer has been scientifically
confirmed.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
dietary ...................................................................... cells
early ...................................................................... deficiency
iron ...................................................................... detection
malignant ...................................................................... growths
radical ...................................................................... mammography
routine ...................................................................... mastectomy
suspicious ...................................................................... recommendations
tissue ................................................... L .................. sample
177
Cancer
1. Mary Howard, the well-known actress, has confirmed that
she underwent surgery for breast cancer. The first suspicion
of malignancy appeared during a routine mammography.
A biopsy was performed and the tissue sample turned out
to be cancerous. The surgeon proceeded with a radical
mastectomy. Fortunately, the cancer had not spread beyond
the detected tumour and she will need no follow—up radiation
or chemotherapy treatment. She must, however, remain clear
for five years before doctors can say she is out of danger.
Announcing the news, Ms Howard wanted to encourage all
women to do a breast self-examination regularly to check for
suspicious growths. “N 01; every lump spells cancer, many are
benign, but none can be ignored”, she said, emphasizing the
importance of early detection. Breast cancer Victims now
have a 77% chance of survival.
. New evidence has been published today on the relationship
between diet and the incidence of cancer. People are advised
to follow certain dietary recommendations which stress the
role of nutrition in fighting cancer. Some foods appear to
promote cancer and Should be avoided, Whilst other
comestibles may actually help to ward off the disease.
Carrots, oranges and tomatoes have been singled out as
particularly valuable. Carotene, which is converted into
Vitamin A in the body, reduces the risk of bladder and lung
cancer, even among smokers. Vitamin C inhibits the
formation of any cancer. Vegetables and fruit should be eaten
raw, as most Vitamins are lost in cooking. However,
consuming vitamin pills in excess, the report has warned,
may be toxic.
What we eat does affect our chances of developing cancer.
People who favour high-fat diets, such as deep fried foods,
run a greater risk of cancer of the bowel. Experiments
revealed a lower occurrence of tumors in animals if their fat
intake is reduced. Iron deficiency is said to promote gastric
cancer and to allow an increased proliferation of malignant
cells. Also a diet which is high in cured foods may induce
cancer of the stomach.
178
malignancy n (state of being harmful to life) -——- (0 raku) zloéliwoéé
mammography n (X-—ray imaging of the breast) -—-— mammografia
biopsy n (excision of a piece of tissue for diagnostic study) —- biopsja
mastectomy n (removaZ of a breast) -- amputacja piersi
lump n (swelling) -—- guzek
benign adj (harmless, non—malignant) - lagodny
incidence n, (rate or range of occurrence) — wystepowanie
nutrition n (process of receiving nourishment, food of high value) «— OdZyWianie
cOmestibles n (things to eat) -~ Zywnoéé, Wiktualy, artykuly spoiywcze
ward off 0 (repel) -——— odstraszaé, trzymaé z dala
convert v (change from one form into another) -— zamieniaé, przetwarzaé
inhibit v (suppress) ~— hamowaé
intake :1 (quantity taken) -——~ spoiycie
proliferation n (growing by rapid multipiication of cells) — szybki wzrost,
rozmnaZanie przez szybki podzial komérek
cured adj ((about food) treated to keep in good condition by salting, smoking
etc.) — tu: konserwowany za pomoca solenia, wedzenia, marynowania itp.
induce v (activate, generate) ~— wywolywaé
1. What are Ms Howard’s prospects of recovery?

2. Why did she decide to make the news of her surgery public?
3. What kinds of food should be avoided to ward off cancer?
Phrases to learn
a poddaé Siff: zabiegowi chirurgicznemu — u ....................... s.....................

e dalsze leczenie — f. ..............-........ t ..............................
e nie mieé nowych ognisk choroby - r ................... c ...............
e waga wczesnej wykrywalnos’ci - i ............................ of e............ d ......................
a szansa przeZycia — c .................. of s ........................
a zwiqzek pomiedzy — r ................................... b ........................
o postepowaé zgodnie z zaleceniami — f. .................. r .........................................
o podkreélié r019 -——— s.............. the r ...........
a wytypowaé jako szczegélm'e cenne ~——~ s............... 0........ asp ............................
v......................
o spoiywaé W nadmiarze - c ........................... in e......................
e naraiaé 519 na wieksze ryzyko -- r ......... a g .................. r ...........
1'79
Headline
Rearrange the words to form the headline to report 2.
RISK 0 DIETS 0 TO 0 SPECIAL 0 CANCER 0 RECOMMENDED 0 REDUCE
1. Mary Howard, ktéra poddala sit; zabiegowi chimrgicznemu usuniegcia pier-
Si, zachgzca kobiety do regularnego ich badania pod katem wystepowania
guzkéw. Nie kaZdy guzek jest zloéliwy, wiekszoéé jest lagodna, ale Zadnen
g0 nie moina zlekcewaiyé. Wczesne wykrycie guzkéw jest bardzo wasézne
bowiem zwieksza szansg wyleczenia z raka piersi.
2. Ostatnio opublikowano dane na temat zwiqzku miedzy dietq a zachoro-
walnoéciq na raka. Podkreéla sis; duia r019 jaka w walce z rakiem odgry—
wa sposéb OdZywiania. Niektére produkty iywnoéciowe zwiekszaja
prawdopodobiefistwo zachorowania, o innych méwi sic}, 2e przeciwdziala-
jg chorobie. Zaleca Sig spoiywanie produktéw zawierajacych duZe iloéci
karatenu i witaminy C. Marchew, pomaraficze i pomidory zostaly wyty-
powane jako szczegélnie cenne. Ludzie, ktérzy preferujq wysokotiuszczo-
we; diete naraiaja sic; na Wieksze ryzyko zachorowania na raka.
Discussion topics
1. In this society, diseases are often treated as something shameful and are
seldom spoken about, especially if they are associated with death. Ever -
body is expected to “feel fine” and is not supposed to grumble about ill-
—health. What Mary Howard did can be seen as an act of courage. What is'
your View on this subject?
2. Early detection can be a matter of life and death whenever cancer is in—.
volved. Yet, statistically, a relatively small proportion of people go for regu—_
lar check-ups. Why?
3. Increasingly more and more types of food are being singled out as poten-
tially carcinogenic. Sadly, the tastier the food, the more harmful it is 31-"
leged to be. Did the text encourage you to be more food-conscious?
180
[ News fiem
It is a confirmed fact that silicone implants are carcinogenic.

Silicone implants are only used to make breasts 100k larger.
Making breasts larger is a medical necessity.
Many women believe that small breasts are not attractive.
Breast corrections include reconstructive surgery.
All implants are coated with polyurethane foam.
The problem lies in the fact that the polyurethane coating
Slowly breaks down.
8. Women who have lost a breast to cancer are the most alarmed.
9. When Silicone implants were introduced for the first time, they
seemed perfectly safe.
10. If the product is found to be unsafe, it will be removed from
women’s breasts.
11. Scientists have provided convincing evidence that the
contraceptive pill is carcinogenic.
12. The moral of the story is that every new breakthrough in medicine
Should be treated cautiously.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
breast ........................................................................ bags
carcinogenic ........................................................................ breakthrough
contraceptive ........................................................................ enlargement
enormous ........................................................................ implants
pliable ........................................................................ mastectomy
radical ........................................................................ pill
revolutionary ........................................................................ popularity
silicone ........................................................................ question
unanswered ........................................................................ substance
Widespread ........................................................................ ' use
181
r
Breast implants
Recent revelations allegedly linking silicone implants to
breast cancer have alarmed those women who once decided to
undergo this form of cosmetic breast surgery. The surgery,
known as breast enlargement, or augmentation, restores the
fullness and firmness of the breasts giving a woman who
considers her breasts to be too small a sense of well-being and
pride in her body. The implants, soft pliable bags filled with
silicone, are also used for reconstruction surgery following
radical mastectomy, though this kind of operation accounts for
only 20% of all breast corrections.
According to recent studies, the implants, 10% of which are
coated with an added layer of polyurethane foam, may pose a
health hazard. The polyurethane coating has been found to
eventually break down into a carcinogenic substance. Even
though the evidence is far from conclusive and the risk small,
the revelation has caused a great stir especially among cancer
victims who have already undergone one ordeal.
Silicone implants came into widespread use in the sixties and
enjoyed enormous popularity. However, fears over the safety of
the product have always been raised as it invariably happens
when any unnatural intrusion into a human body takes place. If
the product is now found to be hazardous to health, it will
immediately be withdrawn from the market. As yet the question
remains unanswered as to the fate of the thousands of women
with a potentially harmful implant in their breasts. Such women
are waiting anxiously for their fears to be set at rest.
Some years ago the contraceptive pill brought about a similar
cancer panic. Yet, even today, doctors have been unable to prove
or disprove that the higher incidence of breast cancer in some
women can be attributed solely to taking the pill. One thing is
clear: what at first seems a revolutionary breakthrough in
medicine, is sooner or later likely to be questioned for its
possible carcinogenic effects.
182
allegedly adv (supposedly) — rzekomo, jak Sit;- domniemywa
implant n (matter inserted underneath the skin) — wszczep
augmentation n (making greater (by adding» ~— powiekszanie
restore v (bring back to a former or original condition) —-—— przywrécié
pliable adj (flexible, easily bent) -—- gietki
coat v (cover a surface with a layer of something) — pokryé warstwa
invariably adv (always, constantly) —— niezmiennie
withdraw I) (remove, stop using) —— wycofaé
fate n (that which must inevitabiy happen, destiny) m 103
anxiously adv (with painful uncertainty) - z lekiem, pelny obaw
the pill n (birth control pill) .__ pigulka antykoncepcyjna
breakthrough n (significant progress in scientific knowledge) - przelomowe
Odkrycie
Reading camprehension
1. For What reasons do women undergo cosmetic breast surgery?

2. What fact makes the recent revelation even more dramatic?
3. What will happen if the product is found hazardous?
4. What lesson can be learnt from cancer panics?
Phrases to learn
a poddaé sic; operacji plastycznej piersi ~— u ....................... c ............................
b ................ s .....................
e stanowié «- a ..................... f .......
o stwarzaé zagroienie dla zdrowia — p ........... a h ................. h .................
e daleki 0d ostatecznego u f. ........ f. ............. c ...............................
a wywolaé zamet -— c ................... a s ............
e przejs’é gehenng — u ........................ an o .....................
e byé powszechnie stosowanym — c ............. into w ................................ u ..........
o cieszyé Sig ogromnym zainteresowaniem ~—- 9................. e............................
p ..............................
e wzbudzié obawy — r ............. f. ..............
a pytanie pozostaje bez odpowiedzi —— q ................. r ...................... u ....................
e poloiyé kres obawom — s.......... 1"............... at r ............
e przypisywaé czemué -- a .......................... to sth
183
Headline
BREAST 0 SCARE 0 IMPLANTS 0 OVER ° COATED 0 CANCER

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Przypuszcza Sig, 2e istnieje zaleinoéé miedzy wszczepami z silikonu, a zwigk-
szonq zachorowalnoécia na raka piersi. Silikonowe wszczepy stosuje Sig: 11 k0-
biet w celu powiekszenia i ujgdrnienia piersi, badi W przypadkach, gdy pieré
zostala chirurgicznie usuniegta. Wedlug najnowszych badafl, wszczepiona do
organizmu silikonowa torebka pokryta warstwa} poliuretanowej pianki zwiek-
sza ryzyko zachorowania na raka. Odkrycie to wywolalo panike wéréd kobiet,
ktére poddaly Sig: zabiegowi rekonstrukcji piersi. Powiekszanie piersi ta; me—
toda} zaczeto powszechnie stosowaé w latach szeéédziesiqtych. Zabiegi te za-
Wsze wzbudzaly obawy CO ('10 skutkéw ubocznych.
Kaida ingerencja w organizm czlowieka stanowi pewne ryzyko dla zdrowia.
Lekarzom nie udalo Sig; jednoznacznie stwierdzié, czy zwiekszona liczba przy-
padkéw raka piersi jest wynikiem regularnego stosowania doustnej tabletki
antykoncepcyjnej. Czesto poczatkowo rewelacyjne odkrycia w medycynie sq
kwestionowane p0 latach obserwacji.
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
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OldonInIn.no...onI.o...-oonnot-looIIon.Isl-oatn.I...on.not-cu.incanno...uni-act...nociao-noplan.toga...nus-oon...ononcnc-Iuo-onlnonooolcooc
0 0 $ . I I I . O . I . I O I I O . . I I I I I O O I . O . I ' l l I O . . . I I I I . Q O O I I I I O . . i O . I I I I I . O ‘ 0 ' . I O I O . . 0 . I I I I I I D I I I I I O . . . Q I D I . I I I . I I I . O I I I . O O O I I I I I I I I O O O O Q D O O I O I I I I I O C
Discussion t0pics
1. According to the report, only 20% of breast implant operations are per-"H
formed as reconstructive surgery. What do you think of the remaining 80%
of the women, who take all the trouble and risk for the sake of improving-.-."-j'}‘-*
the attractiveness of their bodies?
2. Consider the ordeal of breast cancer. victims who, devastated by the trauma
of radical mastectomy, Opted for a breast implant only to be faced with this?
new threat. :
184
[ News item 43: Sunbathing ]
1. Nowadays, there is more and more information on the ozone layer.

2. Peeple are taking the problem seriously.
3. In the past, people used suntan lotions when they did not want to
get brown.
4. Because sunblockers are offered as alternatives to suntan lotions,
it does not matter which one you use.
5. Overexposure to the sun makes us get old faster.
6. If people stay in the sun too long, they are more likely to develop
diseases.
7. In about 12 years we can expect 2,000 deaths from malignant
melanoma a year.
8. Until recently, people were exposing their bodies to the sun because
it was fashionable.
9. Nowadays, fashion designers still have no regard for what doctors
recommend.
10. Skin pigmentation provides enough protection against sunburning.
11. How long it is safe to stay unprotected in the sun depends on where
we live.
12. People who ignore the warning and overexpose themselves may
later regret it.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
adequate .............................................................................. diseases
alarming .............................................................................. exposure
common .............................................................................. lotions
excessive .............................................................................. needs
individual .............................................................................. precautions
infectious .............................................................................. sense
sensitive .............................................................................. skin
suntan .............................................................................. statistics
185
Sunbathing
The mass media are making more and more people aware of
the dangers of being exposed to the sun. The publicity given to
health hazards posed by the depleted ozone layer has made
suntan lotions go out of fashion. Instead, “shade sunscreens”,
or “sunblockers”, which moisturize the skin and offer ultra—
~Violet protection, are being introduced as a safer alternative.
They are manufactured With different sun protection factors,
depending on the individual needs of the buyer.
Unrestrained tanning has always been dangerous. Excessive
exposure to the sun’s rays is respensible for skin aging too soon
as well as drastically lowering one’s immunity to infectious
diseases. What causes the most concern, however, is the very
real danger of developing skin. cancer. Every 10 to 15 years the
number of cases of this type of cancer doubles. Its most vicious
form — malignant melanoma --- now claims about 1,000 lives
each year.
Two factors contributing to these alarming statistics are the
increase in the amount of harmful radiation reaching the earth
and the fact that lifestyles have changed. For many years, a
deep tan was regarded as an essential fashion component With
bikinis growing so skimpy that the sunseeker’s Whole body was
finally exposed to the sun’s rays. Today it is no longer considered
attractive, and fashion designers are trying to introduce an
element of common sense into their summer collections.
No matter what kind of sunscreen one is using, overexposure
and deliberate tanning should be avoided, especially if one has
sensitive skin with little pigmentation. Exposing your skin to
the sun should be a gradual process if one wants to avoid
sunburn. It is estimated that twenty minutes in the tropical
sun is the maximum for the average European. Sun-care
products are designed to minimize the danger, but will never
entirely eliminate it. Holidays in the tropics will continue to be
popular among sunseekers but, Without adequate precautions,
they may have a tragic end.
L #
186
lotion n (liquid cosmetic) — plyn
moisturize 0 (make something moist, counteract a dry condition) _. nawiliaé
factor n (agent) —— czynnik
unrestrained adj (without limits) -— niepohamowany
immunity n (being safe from a particular disease) ,._ odpornoéé
vicious adj (severe and merciless, malicious) -- zloéliwy, zjadliwy
malignant melanoma n ( deadly tumour of the skin) -—— czerniak
contribute 0 (help to bring about) —— przyczynié Sig
skimpy adj (less than enough, too small) -— (o ubraniu) skapy
pigmentation n (natural colouring of the skin) - pigmentacja
sunburn n (reddening of the skin caused by too much exposure to the sun) —
poparzenie sloneczne
average adj (typical) — przecigtny
adequate adj (sufficient, satisfactory) -- odpowiedm'
1. Which products are becoming popular and which are not selling well today?
2. What fashion has become popular recently?
3. Why is overexposure to the sun dangerous?
4. What advice should we follow as regards sunbathing?
Phrases to learn
0 byé éwiadomym niebezpieczeflstwa — be a ................. of d ....................

. wprowadzié jako bezpieczniejszy érodek zastepczy -- i ...............................
a ...... a s.............. a ..................................
. nadmieme wystawianie Sig na dzialanie promieni slonecznych — e....................
e......................... to the s........’s r .............
o odpornoéé na choroby zakaéne -— i .............................. to i .............................
d .......................
o budzié obawy -— c ................ c .......................
:- uwaiaé za czeéé skladowq -- r ...................... a ...... a c .............................
o uwaiaé za atrakcyjne —— c .......................... a .................................
o zdrowy rozsadek —— c ....................... s ......................
«- unikaé celowego opalania sic; — a ............... d .......................... t .................
o calkowicie wykluczyé ~— 9........................ e................................
187
Headline
WARN 0 EXCESSIVE ‘ HARMFUL 0 EXPERTS 0 HEALTH 0 SUNBATHING

ssssss QOIIIlIIII.IIIIIIOO...llOllIIIDUI.I.I..0OIIII0.00IIIIIIOOOQCIIOIIIIOIIIII.COQCDCCOICIIIflUI.0O.II.IIIIIOl.IIIIOIIOOOCOIIOIIIIIIOII...
W miare jak coraz czgéciej méwi sic; o zmniejszaniu warstwy ozonowej w at—
mosferze, wzrasta wéréd ludzi éwiadomoéé niebezpieczefistwa, jakie niesie ze
soba nadmierne wystawianie ciala na dzialanie promieni slonecznych. Spa-
dek odpornoéci organizmu, przedwczesne starzenie skéry i niebezpieczefistwo
zachorowania na émiertelnego czerniaka spowodowalo, ie opalenizna wyszla
z mody. Zamiast produktéw przyspieszajacych opalanie wprowadzono kremy
z filtrem. Chronia one przed szkodliwym promieniowaniem i nawiliaja 3116»-
re. Zmniejszaja niebezpieczefistwo, ale nigdy go calkowicie nie wykluczq.
Naleiy unikaé przesadnego opalania. Ludzie o wrailiwej, jasnej skérze powin-
ni zadbaé 0 to, by nie dopuécié do oparzenia slonecznego. Trzeba pamietaé, 2e
dla Europejczyka wakacje W trepiku mega okazaé sic; tragiczne W skutkach.
c n n n n n c o c a o o o o o o o o O. . . . . . . 0 . 0 o o o o o o o o . . . . . . . . o. . . . . . . . . c o o c c c c c c c c . n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n u n n o o u n u c n n u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u n o . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c a n o n -
03 uuuuuu a . . . . . . . . . u o nnnnnnnnn a . nnnnnn o n . . . . . . . no aaaaaaaaa I . . . . . . . . . I d . aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa a . nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn . 4 . oooooooooo
uuuuuu nououngancn-onlnoc aIIaciaono.cucanal-anoonooooaouua-aou nt.ono.noInoon3cacocoIcoup...oococoInonasa-actacou-tycooluaac.ocnotosaononc
nnnnnn Q Q I t . I O I I I l I I . 0 I O D O I I . I I I I I I t I o I o I . I I I . b l I I a I I a I 0 . . . I O O D I O O O I I I I O I I I I I I I I D O nonu.-u-olu-Iousall.noI.naconuroots-ancon-anunuouoooooo
oooooooooooo I.nuonosoa:oIn.inaa...u-...anunoIoIg.uunoI.ou:unq-osoInacan.an-o-IIaocoo...nan...cat-unocououuaaoonna-alu aaouuuaoua-anangooav
ooooo b u I a ¢ a l n o u o u o ¢ a n u o u o o o a o n a n Iso.aonccau.onn.nocooouaonoun-uI-ooo-nso. §csuoounonaunnobcnpu OttovvouOIIOIIIIlolocfibbouioolOno-01‘s...
oooooooooooo OOICOIIIQQOCIIIIO‘O‘ .IIIIQIQQOCIQII...QIIIOOOCIQIIQIOIIOIOQOQQ'OOIIIIOQIODCIIOODC 3 nuts OIOOOOIOOIOOIIDOOUUQOOIIOIIIIDIIt‘U
. . . . . o...Innaon0Ioun-ocnoun-ouoo-cooooaannoolInIcat.unl-onocanu.anocaogoo.no.c.onoona.Inosqono.aonato.aouc-uu.on.oa-aucovuco-ncooc-nnnoo
a a oooooooooooooooo oat nnnnnnn not oooooo Ooooooooo can ooooooo .aa aaaaaa o 00.. nnnnnnnnnnn on... 000 no nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn c . . . c c c c c c c c c c o . . . ooooooo
Discussion topics
1. From now on, radiation in the form of ultra-violet rays is a reality people
will have to learn to live with. But how many will take the threat seria-
ously? Is it possible to remember to use “sunblockers” and wear protective
clothing every time you go out in the sun? Wouldn’t you rather say that it
is just another panic, carefully masterminded by the producers of
“sunblockers” and “UV—safe” sunglasses?
2. Skin cancer, like so many other diseases, is treated as something that hap-a.
pens to “other people”, not to us. However, because of our carelessness, we _
may become one of its Victims Is this attitude of rejecting frightening pas-—
sibilities typical for the human 1ace? ‘
3. Could you quote other examples of things people do because they are fasha?‘
ionable, even though they are obviously stupid, unhealthy, or dangerous?
188
L
1. Nutritionists are worried that more and more people pay no attention
to What they eat. C]
2. The modern style of life is responsible for what people eat. D
3. People do not have proper dinners because they prefer to have
a hamburger. [I
From the report we gather that potato crisps are junk food. E!
. There are some foods offered by fast food outlets aimed especially
at the young. D
. Fast foods have successfully pushed a country’s traditional dishes
from everyday menus. E
. There is a lot of processing involved in the mass production of fast food.
Without added chemicals, food must be consumed more quickly. E
Additives make products healthier. El
10. People buy a lot of junk foods because they are attracted by
the advertising. [:1
11. Fast food is fattening. D
12. Nowadays, growing organic vegetables is cheaper than mass production. E]
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
artificial .......................................................................... additives
culinary .......................................................................... advertising
heavy .......................................................................... drink
junk .......................................................................... foods
plastic .......................................................................... life
quick .......................................................................... marketing
shelf .......................................................................... processing
smart .......................................................................... snack
soft .......................................................................... techniques
sophisticated .......................................................................... traditions
storage .......................................................................... wrapping
189
Fast food
Eating real food is a thing of the past, lament nutritionists who
are increasingly concerned about the convenience foods which
dominate today’s eating habits. The success of mass-produced
fast food results largely from changing lifestyles. The pace of
life nowadays leaves little time for leisurely eating. People eat
on the run and avoid having meals around the dinner table. It is
much easier to grab a quick snack and a can of soft drink at
lunchtime or to spend an evening in front of the TV set with a
bag of potato chips and a bottle of beer. Among the many junk
foods offered by fast-food outlets which are so favoured by the
young are hamburgers, pizzas, fried chicken and cookies. All this
spells the end to the culinary traditions of many nations.
To meet the demand for fast food, a Whole new way of processing
had to be devised, introducing new techniques for preservation,
canning, refrigeration and plastic wrapping. Chemical ingredients
that extend the shelf life of a product and keep it stable are
added. Other artificial additives provide extra flavour to improve
the taste and colouring so as to make a product more attractive
and more competitive on the market. Heavy advertising and
smart marketing boost sales. However, sophisticated processing
and storage techniques have deprived the food of all its natural
goodness and Vitamin value.
Those who are hooked on junk food may yet pay a greater price
for their culinary obsession. Fast—food diets are rich in fats,
cholesterol, sugar and salts and are responsible for a number
of diet-related diseases such as tooth decay and high blood
pressure which can lead 130 strokes. Deep frying may induce
bowel cancer. Obesity, in turn, promotes heart disease and
diabetes. Extenders and other additives, like saccharine, are
widely known to be carcinogenic. As public awareness of the
problem grows, foods labelled as natural and organic, though
more expensive, are gaining new followers.
190
nutritionist
dietetyk n (person who deals with the science of feeding huma
.
convenience n (easiness, anything that saves or simpZifies} -~ wygoda ' ”:-

fast food n (food prepared in comparatively little time) -—- posilek przygoto-
wywany w krétkim czasie
pace n, (rate, tempo) — tempo
junk food n (food that is low in nutritional value and high in calories) w
wysokokaloryczne, malowartoéciowe jedzenie
outlet 72 (here: shops, bars, cafeterias) .._ miejsce serwuj ace posilki
preservation n (keeping from, decay) ~— konserwowanie
extend 0 (increase the length or duration, prolong) u przedluiyé
stable adj (not readily decomposing) -— stabilny, 1:11: 1119 psuj acy site; latwo
additive n (substance added to food as preservatives or colouring agents) —-
dodatek, tu: substancja konserwujqca, barwnik
competitive adj (involving rivaZry) — konkul‘encyjny
hooked adj (addicted to, or obsessed with) -- uzaleiniony
stroke n (apoplexy) — wylew
induce v (activate and generate) — wywolaé
obesity n (being fat) — otyloéé
awareness n (having knowledge) .__ éwiadomoéé
1. Why are fast foods so strongly associated with modern lifestyles?
2. HOW did market demand come to affect the quality of food?
3. How can increasing the attractiveness of food be injurious to health?
Phrases to learn
a byé coraz bardziej zaniepokojonym - be i .............................. c .........................
a chwycié przekqske — g ......... a q ............ s...............
a oznaczaé kom'ec «~— 3............. the e.........
e zaspokoié popyt -——~ m ............. the d .......................
a zwiekszyé sprzedai — b ............. s..................
e zaplacié Gene; -— p ........... the p ...............
e odpowiedzialny za - r ................................ f. ........
e zkolei-u-i ..... t ............
e powszechnie znane jako rakotwércze ———— w .................. k .................... to be
c ...................................
e oznakowany jako ~ I ....................... a .....
o zyskaé wiecej zwolennikéw _ g ............. m ............. f. .........................
191
CUT ¢ CONSUMERS 0 ON 0 DOWN 0 FOODS 0 TO 0 WARNED ¢ JUNK
D C U I I C C C I O I I O C I C O I . . . . I U I I I . . . 0 0 . . . . . . fl I C O C C O I C I O O O I I O Q I I I Q O O C C O U I I C I I O I I ‘ C . I I I O I I O I I O O I I O C O ‘ Q . I I I C O I Q O C Q I I . O ’ Q C O I O O I O I Q Q C O I I O I I I I I I Q O C ‘ U O
W estatnich latach zmiana stylu Zycia Wplynela na sposéb odiywiania. W dzi—
siejszej diecie dominujq posilki przygotowywane szybko. Tempo iycia nie
sprzyja delektowaniu sit; potrawami. Ludzie jedza W biegu, rzadko siadajq do
stolu. Bary i budki z goratcymi przekqskami oferuja hamburgery, pizze 1 hot
dogi. N ajlatwiej jest chwycié w biegu kanapke; i puszke; z napojem.
By zaspokoié popyt 11a tego typu Zywnoéé, opracowane zostaly nowe technolo-
gie konserwowania, mroZenia i pakowania. Konserwanty przedluiajq czas
przydatnoéci produktu d0 spoiycia. Sztuczne barwniki, substancje smakowe
i zapachowe uatrakcm‘niajq jedzenie. NaleZy jednak pamigtaé, 2e dlugotrwa—
le procesy przetwarzania i nowe technologie przechowywania pozbawiajq iyw-
noéé jej wartos’ci odiywczych. Z kolei dieta, w ktérej dominujq szybkie prze~
kaski, jest bogata w tluszcze, a te sq przyczyna Wielu choréb. W miare jak -
roénie liczba oséb s’wiadomych nastgpstw odiywiania Sig takimi produktamif ‘
,,zdrowa iywnoéé” zyskuje coraz liczniejszych zwolennikéw.
I I . . . I . O O I Q $ I I I . . . . O I O I O D I . I O I I O D O U I I I I D O D . . . O I I . O t I I O O I I O C D O . G O O D S . . . O I . . I I I C C O O I I I I I O C I B Q t O . C . I I I O I I I I I O I I C Q D ' I I I I O I O I . O I ' I I I I I O O Q O I I I O O f
Q . I I I I I D O O O I I I . Q . O I I I O C I . I I O I I U O I I I O O O D Q I I O C U I . O I I I I I . Q O O I O I D C C D I I . O I I D O C I C I I O O I O I I . D I . C I O I I I I I O I I O I C D O ‘ O I I I I I I I O I . D I I I I I I I I I D O I O I I I D O O O Q :
I t o I I A . . . » - C o l t . l l O I I l o c o - O I . I o . O I D i l l . . . I I I I o ‘ q I I o a l l n . I O I I . 0 0 . . I . . . I . 0 O I . O I I a o n . a Q C D ' 0 - I I . I O I I . I n ! n o . 0 ' I I o . I I I l a o t Q I I I I I O I I Q U O U I I I I O O O U '
0 . t . . 0 I . o I I I . l l I . u a o I n l 0 Q I l l l l I t . I . I I O I C I I O I - I D U I I I I I I . o I . C o o l O O a . I . I I I 0 . 0 . . o c o l I . I . l a t . . . O I I I I . I I a I . a . . . I I I n . I I 0 0 4 l i o o o o o o a l n o u l o l l o n l l o c
O I I O I I O I O . I I . . . I I I - O I . I I I O I I O C C I I I O O I ' I C I I I U C C I . 0 . . 0 0 . . . . . . fl . I . . . I I I . . 9 0 . . . . I . . . 0 . . . . O . . . I I I . . . . ‘ I ‘ C l . . . . I I C I O Q O U I O I O I C C O Q O I I U I I D O C O C O ’ Q ‘ fi
C I I O D d C . - I . 0 . . Q . . . . I I O l l I I I Q I O O C O O O O I O C O I I I Q O O I I . O I . . . I . I O . D U I O O I I I I C C D I I . I I I I t . . . ’ O I I . C I I O I I I I . . . . 3 . . O l O I I I . I D . ' I I O I O I I D R Q ' I O I O O O I . I I I I { f
U . I I O I C Q I I I I I I I Q C O I . I U l I O O I . I O C I I O I I O O . I I I I I I D I I I 8 0 . . . I I I I I I . I I I O I I C I D . I I I . I I I I b D . O U I I I . I I I . I D D . I 0 . 0 I I O I I I I O I O . C . . . I U I I C Q O I I D I O I I I C . ' O O C O ;
0 . . . . . . O I I I Q O I I . D O D . . . I I O . fl . . . I O I I Q C C O I I O I Q O I I I I . I . I I I . D I D . . . I I D Q C O I I I I I ‘ O Q C O I I I I ' I . I I O O O C I O C O O I I O O I I O I O C D O I C O I I I O B I . . . I I I I I A I D O I O O I I O D I O ;
I I I I O . I I . . . C . I I I O I . D O I I . D 0 . 0 . . 0 . I I I I ‘ l l . . . C . I . I I O . S I I O I O C Q O I I I I . I . . . I I I I I ' D . . . I . I . O I I I . 0 . Q . . . I . I O I I I I I O . . . I . I I I I I I I I C Q I I I I I I I Q C Q I I I I I I I I
a . I I . 0 0 . 0 0 . . . 0 ' I I l l . n I I o n I I . o t o . I I I t C . I I . I I t . c I O I O . n o . O I n . . 0 I I I I I n o O I O l a a I . c 0 0 0 ' O I l a l l a . . . . 0 . C O O I I . I I l I s l . 0 0 ' C O I l o D i l d o - O O O I I I I Q O I I I I O I t l i
I I . . l I I . . . O I I I I O . . I O O O I Q Q . O I I I O . . . I I I I C I O I I I I C I O O O I I 0 . 0 . 0 I I . 0 . Q O I I I . O Q . 0 . 0 0 I I I I O D . . . O I I I I I I I I O C I Q I C O O U I I I O O O I O C Q O O I I I O I ‘ . C . ‘ I I I I I I . I . . . * ‘
I O I . [ I I I O Q . C I I . . . I I . I O 0 . 0 I . I I I I t . C I O O I . . . 0 . 0 I . O O C I O I I O O O I O I O I O O O I O I I I U O O U I I O I I I I . I I I Q . I I I O . I I I I . . . - D I C I I O O . I . . . . fi . I I O I I I I U I I I I O I I I I O O I I . . .
Discussion topics
1. Why are fast foods gaining enormous popularity nowadays?
2. What dangers are most consumers unaware of?
3. What is understood as a healthy, balanced diet?
4. Is it sensible to pay so much attention to What one eats?
192
E 8 W
8 i t e m
The current revelations about buh'mia were published in a newspaper.

POflQP‘rP‘POPO?‘
Bulimia is a disorder which affects only female college students.

Anorexia nervosa may be as deadly as bulimia.
Bulimics, like anorexics, do not touch food.
Extensive vomiting is damaging to health.
Bulimics have nice teeth because gastric acid cleans them.
Bulimia activity destabilize-s the Whole organism.
The Victim’s parents immediately know What is going on with their
daughter.
9. Bulimics succumb to other illnesses more often than other people.
10. The treatment of bulimia is successful at any stage of the disease.
11. The impulse to bring up food can easily be overcome.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
cardiac ........................................................................ abnormalities
devastating ........................................................................ acid
eating ........................................................................ arrest
embarrassing ........................................................................ constipation
excessive '
........................... ............................................. damage
extensive ........................................................................ disorder
gastric ........................................................................ effect
heart ........................................................................ food
hormonal ........................................................................ imbalance
medical ........................................................................ journals
nutritious ........................................................................ loss
primary ........................................................................ practice
tragic ........................................................................ results
weight ........................................................................ Sign
193
Bulimia
An article published in one of the leading medical journals
revealed that, statistically, one in five female students engages
in bulimic activity. Bulimia is an eating disorder which,
alongside anorexia nervosa, is having a devastating effect on
young women, often with tragic results.
Bulimia, the “hinge and purge” syndrome, is the practice of
consuming food and then getting rid of it by vomiting, and/or
using laxatives and diuretics. Addiction to the disorder means
that a true bulimic vomits up to five times a day to disgorge
every single morsel of food that has been eaten. Such a practice
does extensive damage to one’s body. The blood-sugar level is
destabilised and the Vitamins and minerals are seriously
depleted. The gastric acid rots one’s throat, irritates the
oesophagus and causes tooth decay. Hormonal imbalance and
heart abnormalities soon appear.
Parents of the Victims often fail to recognise the symptoms in
time, as bulimics keep their embarrassing practice a most
carefully guarded secret. However, drastic weight loss is a
primary Sign that something is wrong. Other symptoms include
the lack of menstrual peridds, excessive constipation and hair
loss. The organism, deprived of nutritious food, succumbs to
diseases With cardiac arrest being the most common cause of
death among bulimic and anorexic patients. Treatment of the
disease deals with the malnutrition first, then sets up a specially
calculated diet to restore balance in the organism. An important
success factor is early detection. The longer these patterns
continue, the more difficult they are to break.
The cause of bulimia is psychological, and the reasons why any
woman would inflict on herself such appalling damage are
complex. Initially, it is the way a woman copes with reality. Food
is used as a weapon against herself. Soon, however, a bulimic
loses control, and the addiction to throwing up food becomes
physical. Without expert advice, the bulimic is unable to break
free from the “trap” she herself has created.
194
alongside prep (parallel with) — obok
binge v (indulge in eating and/0r drinking) — obieraé sit;-
purge 0 (empty (bowels, stomach))— opréiniaé, wypréZniaé sie;
laxative n (medicine causing the bowels to empty) —— érodek przeczyszczajacy
diuretic n (medicine increasing the excretion of urine) -— érodek moczopedny
disgorge v ( throw up, vomit) -— wyplué, zwracaé
morsel n (tiny piece of food) -— kegs, kawalek
rot v (cause to decay, go bad) w psué sic;
oesophagus n (passage from the pharynx to the stomach) -—-— przelyk
constipation n (difficulty in emptying of the bowels) —— zaparcie
nutritious adj (nourishing, having high value as food) -- poiywny, odiywczy
cardiac arrest n (when heart stops beating) —— zatrzymanie akcji serca
appalling adj (terrible, shocking) — zatrwaiajacy, potworny
1. How widespread is bulimic practice?

2. What are the consequences of frequent vomiting?
3. Why is it difficult for others to realize that somebody is a bulimic?
4. Why do bulimics need help?
Phrases to learn
. praktykowaé, uprawiaé — e................... i ...... an a ........................
o mieé niszczycielski rezultat -——- h .......... a d ............................... e..................
. pozbyé Sig: czegos’ — g ............................. r ................................. of sth
. poczynié daleko idace uszkodzenia — d ...... e........................... d .....................
o nie rozpoznaé objawéw -- f. .......... to r ............................. s...............................
. starannie strzeiona tajemnica — c ............................. g ...............................
s.......................
o pierwszy znak -——— p ...................... s............
. poddaé Sig chorobie —— s......................... to d .........................
o ustawié specjalnq diete —— s.......... u.... a s................... d ...........
. samodzielnie uszkodzié sobie cialo ~—i............... d .................. on oneself
o radzié sobie z rzeczywistoéciq ~— 0........... with r ..................
. nie méc uwolnié sig: 2 pulapki -— be u .................... to b ................. f .............
from the t ............
195
Headline
BULIMIA ' ALERTED 0 AS 0 SUCCUMB 0 TO 0 GIRLS 0 MORE 0 PARENTS
Wedhg danych statystycznych opublikowanych w jednym z medycznych czaso-
pism, jedna 11a pieé studentek cierpi na bulimie. Bulimia to zamierzone pozby-
wanie sis; zjedzonego posflku albo poprzez wywolywanje wymiotéw, albo zaZy—
wanie érodkéw przeczyszczajacych. Osoba cierpigca na bulimie; wymiotuje okolo
pieciu razy dziennie, aby pozbyé sie; kaidego przelkniegtego kesa jedzenia. P0—
woduje to spustoszenie W organizmie: niedobér witamin i soli mineralnych, za-
chwiany poziom cukru i zaburzenia hormonalne. 0t0czenie chorych 11a bulimie;
dostrzega symptomy dopiero wtedy, gdy choroba jest juz bardzo zaawansowa—
na. Pierwszq oznaka jest spadek cieiaru ciala, pozostale objawy to zatrzymanie
miesiqczkowania, utrzymujqce sit; zaparcia i wypadanie Wloséw. N ajczestsza
przyczyna émierci chorych na bulimie jest zatrzymanie akcji serca.
Choroba ma podIOZe psychiczne; poczqtkowo jest to sposéb, w jaki niektére
kobiety prébujq sobie radzié z rzeczywistoéciq. Pééniej chora traci kontrole;
nad swoim postgpowaniem i popada w nawyk wywolywania wymiotéw. Le»
czenie musi przebiegaé pod kontrolg specjalisty. Wczesne wykrycie zaburzefl
jest istotnym czynnikiem w leczeniu.
Discussion topics
1. Judging by the statistics, bulimia is a serious and widespread problem.
Why do some young women choose to commit suicide this slow and pain—
ful way, not even being fully conscious of what they are doing?
2. How is it possible that what the bulimic is doing can remain undetected
by the family. In most cases it is usually sisters who notice first. Why?
196
E N 9W5 item 1 0
1. The parliamentary lobby wants to make smoking illegal.

2. If the proposed bill becomes law, anyone who lights up in
a restaurant will go to jail.
3. The lobby’s motivation is to save smokers’ lives by forcing them
to give up their habit.
4. One of the reasons why smoking should be banned on The
Underground is that it is a fire hazard.
5. The fire at a major underground station was started by an arsonist.
6. FOREST is a smokers’ organization.
7. The controversy is between a person’s right to breathe clean air and
a person’s right to do what they want.
1. The patch is a nicotine—substitute product.

2. One patch will last through the Whole treatment.
3. The effectiveness of the treatment lies in the organism’s gTadual
adjustment to life Without cigarettes.
4. Only those who really want to give up the habit will succeed.
5. If one is an addicted smoker, there is only one end: premature death.
Collocations
collocations as they appear in the reports. '
COLUMN A COLUMN B
clean ...................................................................... air
confirmed ...................................................................... discomfort
discarded ...................................................................... event
heavy ...................................................................... fines
parliamentary ...................................................................... habit
preventable ...................................................................... lobby
public ...................................................................... match
self-destructive ...................................................................... places
stomach ...................................................................... smokers
withdrawal ...................................................................... symptoms
197
Smoking
1. A powerful parliamentary lobby has emerged pressing for
legislation that would ban cigarette smoking in all public
places, making it an offence punishable by heavy fines. The
lobby, determined to assert their right to clean air, has been
successful in outlawing what they call a “disgusting and
self-destructive habit” on underground trains. The motives
for their action go well beyond the protection of passive
smokers’ health. They want to make the underground cleaner
(80% of litter is smoking-related), more attractive to
passengers and safer. The tragic fire at a major undergTound
station which claimed thirty-six lives, was started by a
carelessly discarded match. Pro—smokers, who belong to
FOREST (Freedom Organization for the Right to Enjoy
Smoking Tobacco) have promised to fight the proposed ban,
saying it would restrict the freedom Of individuals to consume
a substance they wish to consume.
. New hope for those desperate to kick the smoking habit has
emerged in the form of a patch which, when stuck to the
skin, releases a small, continuous dose of nicotine into the
bloodstream. After a time, the dosage is reduced and the
patch is replaced with a smaller one. At the end of the
treatment, one should be able to abstain from smoking
without effort. Only one third of confirmed smokers are
predicted to relapse into the 01d habit. The therapy leaves
the person comfortable, while the organism feels satisfied
that it is receiving something it is craving for. All this
without the harmful by—products of smoking such as tar.
There are no nasty Withdrawal symptoms which include
stomach discomfort, irritability, nervousness and sweating.
The reports Show that an increasing number of people who
realize the health hazard want to quit but smoking is a real
addiction. The patch, and other replacement treatments, may
help overcome dependence but nothing will work without
determination. Death from a smoking-related illness is a
preventable event. Hopefully, with the availability of these
new products, smoking should become a thing of the past.
198
lobby n (pressure group, parliamentarians who try to influence other MP3) —
grupa wplywu, nacisku
ban 0 (prohibit) - zakazaé
offence n (breaking of a rule, a crime) — przewinienie, wykroczenie
fine n, (sum of money paid as a penalty for breaking a law) —— grzywna
outlaw 0 (make something unlawful, prohibit) -— uznaé za nielegalne
litter n (odds and ends left lying about in a public place) — émieci
discard v (throw away) -— wyrzucié
patch 71 (small piece of material) -—- 1atka, tu: plaster flasaczony nikotynq
relapse I) (fall back again) — (0 stanie pacjenta) pogorszyé, tu: powrécié do
nalogu
craving 12 (strong desire for something) -—— laknienie, zachcianka
tar n (black organic substance, by—product of tobacco smoking) — smélka
nasty adj (unpleasant) —~ nieprzyjemny
irritability n (annoyance) - drailiwoéé, podenerwowanie
quit 0 (stop) --— zaprzestaé
1. What is the anti-smoking lobby pressing for?

2. What were the reasons for banning smoking on the underground?
3. How does replacement therapy work?
Phrases to learn
0 nalegaé na wprowadzenie ustawy — p ............... for l .............................
. domagaé sis; swojego prawa do czegoé —— a ................. one’s r ............... to sth
o pociqgnqé za 30135; X ofiar — c ............. x l ...............
o zerwaé z nalogiem -- k ............ the h .............
o powstrzymaé sie; 0d palenia — a ....................... f. ............ s....................
. nalogowy palacz - a c ............................ s ......................
o czué sic; zaspokojonym — f. .......... s............................
«- objawy kuracji odwykowej -— w ............................ s...............................
0 zaburzenia Zoladkowe -—— s....................... d ......................................
o zwalczyé uzaleinienie -— o ........................... the d .................................
a wydarzenie, ktéremu 11102113 zapobiec — a p .................................. e...............
0 odejéé do lamusa -— b ................ a t ............... of the p ............
199
Headline
1. SMOKING 0 PUBLIC 0 FOREST ¢ FIGHT 0 BAN 0 TO
2. HELPS 0 NICOTINE 0 UP 0 PATCH 0 GIVE 0 NEW 0 SMOKERS
1. Palenie tytoniu W miejscach publicznych powinno byé zabronione i stanc-
Wié wykroczenie karane wysoka grzywnq. Palenie W kolejce podziemnej jest
karalne. Zakaz chroni nie tylko zdrowie niepalgcych, ale réwniez czyni
metro czys’ciejszym i bezpieczniejszym.
2. Coraz Wigcej nalogowych palaczy pragneloby rzucié nalég. J edna 2; form
zwalczenia uzaleinienia jest przyklejenie do skéry specjalnego plastra,
z ktérego Wprost do organizmu wydzielaja} Sig: niewielkie iloéci nikotyny.
Dawka jest stopniowo zmniejszana, 3.2 do momenta, gdy palacy bez wiek—
szego stresu movie obejéé sit? bez papierosa. Terapia pozwala 11a zaspokoje~
nie glodu nikotynowego, uwalniajac jednoczeénie organizm 0d szkodliwej
smélki. Tylko jedna trzecia pacjentéw stosujacych ten nowy érodek odwy—
kowy powraca do nalogu.
. C I I I . . . ‘ I I I I I ‘ I I I I Q . I I I I I I I I U I I I I I I C . . . . . . . I I C I . . . . . . . . . D I l l l l l . 0 . I I I I I I D . C . . I I I I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I C . I I I I I I I I I D . . . . . . . . . . OI I I I I I I I
C . . . . . O . . . . . . . Q . . . . . D . I I I I I I I 0 . . . . . . . . . . . C O I I I O I . . . I I I I I I C . l l l l l I O . . . . . . . . U 0 . . . I I I I I I I I I I I C D . I I I I I I I I I I I . ‘ C I I I I I I I I 0 ‘ O O O O O O O O . C . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I I C Q ‘ O O I O O . . . . . 9 ‘ . . . . . t . I I I I I I C . I O I U Q O Q . . . . . . . C . O . . . . . C . I I I I I I I D I I I I I I I I I I D . I I I I I I I I I I C C . O I . I I I I I I I C C . O O O O O O O O O O I I I I I I I I O D C O I C
I I I I I I fl I I O I I O . I . I I I D C . I O I I U O I I I . O O 0 " I I I I . 0 . 0 0 I . 1 . I I I I I . a . . . I I . - . 0 . I I O D I - . Q . I I I I O O I I I D . O . D [ I I O D I I O O O I O O D Q I I I O I I O B C D C Q C O I I I O O D O C I I I I O I O O D D I .
D C I I O I O C I O I I . . . l l l l l . D I I I I I D . I I I I I I Q I I I I I I O I I I I I I . O I O I I . . . . I . I I . . . I I I I I I I 0 . . I I I I I I I I I . C . . . I l ' . . . . . . . . . C D . I I I I I I I I I I C O O O O O I O C C D I I I I I I I I O . . .
Q . 0 . . I . 0 I I I I I I I . l l l l l Q . . . . . . . fl . . . . . I O O I I D O C C . . . . . D D . . . . . . Q t . I I I I I I I . 0 . . . I I I I I I I O D . . . I I I I I I I I I I Q C . I I I I I I I I I I O . I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I I I I .
I n c - I n a . . . g g g g g g t u n - a n . n n n n n n n a. . . . . c c n n n n n n a n n o c o o . o o n .00. . . . . . at. aaaaaaa ¢ 0. ooooooooo an ac. nnnnnnnnnn o a. - - - - - - - coco . . . . . . o n nnnnnnn es.
0. a . oooooo a n o n - c o . . . . . . . no - - - - - a. . . . . . . 0 may n n n n n 0 . on... nnnnn . 3 an. uuuuuuuu n. on . . . . . . . . . a- t nnnnnnnn o n ooooooo out . . . . . . . a n
. q - o v o it ‘ u - nnnnnn n nnnnnn no . . . . . yoooooo c a n .3 . . . . . . n. uuuuu o .0. oooooooo . . . co . . . . . . . . . . o to . . . . . . . . on. oooooo .aot . . . . . Q u a r t . . . -
Discussion topics
1. Can you describe the moment when one realizes that one is addicted to-
cigarettes and cannot do Without them?
2. Wouldn’t you agree that if one member of a family dies of a smoking-
—re1ated disease, it is enough to make the others give up the habit?
3. Are the members of the FOREST group right in what they say about smok—
ers’ freedom? What about the non~smokers’ freedom?
4. Is the nicotine patch as effective as the text claims? Is nicotine the only
thing that a smoker misses? What about habitual gestures? '
200
L News item 47: Pain J
1. The Association wants doctors to do What they cannot do or do
not want to do at the moment.
The Association speaks only for cancer patients.
Mrs Roberts knows from personal experience what she is fighting for.
. In the advanced stages of cancer, patients no longer feel any pain.
There are two ways that pain can be felt.
There is a serious medical reason for not giving pain—killers to
terminally-ill patients.
7. Other pain—relieving techniques are as good as drugs.
8. Doctors claim that becoming addicted to drugs is worse than having
to endure pain.
9. There are people who do not want to be aware of the fact that they
are dying.
10. One of the reasons why cancer is feared is because it involves
mental and physical torment.
11. Pain and suffering are not interrelated.
12. The main idea is for patients themselves to decide when they want
pain—relieving preparations.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
aching ........................................................................... addiction
advanced ........................................................................... argument
analgesic ........................................................................... centres
drug ........................................................................... death
emotional ........................................................................... dependency
excruciating ........................................................................... effect
fundamental ........................................................................... factor
nerve ........................................................................... pain
potential ........................................................................... sensation
upcoming ........................................................................... stags
201
Pain
The Association for Cancer Patients has stepped up their

campaign aimed at forcing doctors to alleviate the pain and
suffering caused by illnesses, notably cancer. Mrs Ann Roberts,
the chairwoman of the Association, who herself lost a leg to
cancer, said in her statement that medical science has failed to
deal adequately with the excruciating pain that patients suffer
in the advanced stages of cancer. As the disease progresses, the
tumour forces pain to build as it invades body organs or presses
on nerve centres. For some, it is a dull, aching sensation, others
may perceive it as sharp and stabbing. Whatever form it takes,
patients suffer agonizing, gnawing pain which should be
relieved.
The campaign is opposed by doctors Who are reluctant to pre—
scribe narcotics. They resort to other pain-relieving techniques
which, unlike drugs, do not provide enough relief and have little
analgesic effect. Their fundamental argument is that effective
drugs like morphine, 01' other opiate-«type narcotics pose a threat
of drug addiction. However, in its advanced stage, cancer tends
to be overwhelmingly fatal and the potential dependency very
short-lived. Also many people would rather die in peace, drugged
and totally oblivious of passing away.
Cancer is invariably associated with pain and suffering. Pain
is a physical thing and cancer Victims should be assisted in
enduring it in a humane way. Emotional factor is also involved,
and part of the suffering is brought about by the realization of
their upcoming death. This should be treated with antidepres~
sants, tranquillizers and sedatives because apprehension
increases pain. Instead of having to beg for adequate treatment,
it is advocated that patients themselves should have access to
pain killers whenever the pangs that they experience reach
beyond their individual acceptance levels.
202
alleviate u (make easier to endure, lessen) — lagodzié
excruciating adj (extremeiy painful) —~ (0 bélu) dotkliwy, rozdzierajacy
tumour n (abnormal overgrowth of new tissue) - guz
gnawing adj (tormenting) ~-—- (0 bélu) dreczacy, nekaj acy
relieve v (ease, free from) ~— zlagodzié, uliyé
resort 0 (turn to something) -- uciekaé Sig do
relief n, (comfort, alleviation) ~— ulga
analgesic n (substance which relieves pain) —— érodek przeciwbélowy
dependency n (state of being conditioned to a drug) - uzaleinienie
invariably adv (of 3th that does not ever change, always) -- niezmiennie
assist u (give support, or aid) —— wspieraé, pomagaé
tranquillizer n (sedative) - érodek uspokajajqcy
sedative 22 (drug that lessens nervousness) — érodek uspokajaj qcy
apprehension n (fear) .__. 19k
access n (means of reaching) —— dostep
pang n (sharp, sudden feeling of pain) -- ostry bél, uklucie, skurcz
1. Why does pain accompany cancer?
2. Why is the threat of addiction in most cancer patients irrelevant?
3. How do analgesics differ from tranquillizers and sedatives?
4. Why is it important to ease patients’ suffering?
Phrases to learn
a wzmagaé kampanie; ~— 8........... up a c ...........................
a stracié noge; z powodu raka ~— l ............ a l ......... to c .................
e nie méc poradzié sobie w sposéb zadowalajacy -- f. ............. to d ................
a ..............................
e W miare jak choroba postepuje —— a ...... the d ................... p .............................
e niechgtny d0 ordynowania —- r ............................ to p ............................
@ kluczowy argument u f. ...................................... a ...............................
e stanowié groibe uzaleinienia 0d narkotykéw -—~ p ............. a t .................. of
d ............ a ..............................
e znieéé p0 ludzku — e ................... in a h ........................ w ..........
a éwiadomoéé nadchodzacej émierci —— r .......................... of an u .......................
d .................
e pulap wytrzymaloéci danego czlowieka —-—~ i ........................... a ............................
l .................
203
Headline
EASED 0 THEIR 0 VICTIMS 0 HOPE 0 FOR 0 TO 0 SUFFERING
HAVE 0 CANCER
. . C . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ V ‘ Q . . . . . . . . . . . . V O O O O O O O C O . I I I I I I . 0 . I I I I I I I I I 0 . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O C I O O O D O D C C O O O I . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Stowarzyszenie Pomocy Chorym na Raka wzmaga kampanie wymierzona
przeciwko lekarzom, by stosowali s’rodki uémierzajace 1361. W zaawansowa—
nych stadiach raka chorzy cierpia} z powodu rozdzierajqcego bélu, a mime to
niektérzy lekarze niechgtnie ordynujq érodki przeciwbélowe. Uciekajq sit; do
innych technik uémierzania bélu, jednak nie sq one tak skuteczne, jak spraw-
dzone érodki farmakologiczne. Wedlug lekarzy, morfina, czyli opiaty, ktére sag
najskuteczniejsze, stwarzaja groébe; uzaleinienia 0d narkotyku. Rak W sta-
dium zaawansowanym jest chorobq s’miertelnq i potencjalne uzaleinienie nie
powinno byé brane pod uwageg. Zdaniem Stowarzyszenia najwainiejsze jest,
by stworzyé humanitarne warunki umierania i poméc w godny sposéb znieéé
cierpienie.
I I . . . n n n n n n n n t o u u u u u u 3 . . o o o o o o c a n . . . . . . . . . n o . I I I I I n o . n n n n n n n n v a a a a a a a a a a a a c o o - 0 0 0 0 . 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o OOIOUDQOOOIO u u u u u u u u u u u u a n . . . I I I I I I
I t a l . . . . . . . . . onnnnnnn .30 l l l l l l out a ooooooo u. I I I I I I I I a . nnnnnnnnn go nnnnnnnnnnnnn n o o n oooooooooooooooooooooooooo a d o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 0 . 0 0
0.0.00:- oooooo s. c ssssss a ooooooo a oooooooooo a c t o r - o u n c e . ooooooo a on. ooooooooooo ago... ooooooooooooooooooooooooo .9 a at ooooooooooooo no... nnnnn
on a . . . . . . . aaaaaaaa a; oooooooo nooooooooo I n ooooo c o a t I I I I I I I I I ago. oooooooooo . n t o . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o n o . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DOD . . . . . . . .
C o l l . . . . . . . . . ea c c c c c c c o . . . . . . . . . . o n n n n n n n n n c o n n n n n n n n o n n n n n n n n n c q o . . . . . . . . . . . O I I D D ’ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a c t - p t . o o o o o o o o o o o o o u n t o - o u u u u u
no. nnnnn ca nnnnnnnn one. nnnnnn an. oooooo on. nnnnnnnnn onnnnnnnnn on. oooooo oocc aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 0 3 . 0 0 . . . . M uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu a coo nnnnnnnnnnnn one
c a n . . . . . . t o . n n n n n n n o . u u u u u u u o n . n n n n n n n n o o o o o o o o o O . a a a a a a a o . . . s s s s s s s s s 0 . 0 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ODOCCOCO. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c c u l t . . . . . . . . . . . . o n .
n o . . . nnnnnn o ooooooooo t o n n n n n o n . . . p p p p p p oooo - - - - - - o n . n n n n n n n n n o. . . . . . . . . . c o o n o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 . 0 0 . . . . n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n o . . . n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
o n . . . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o DO o o o o o o O . . . I I I I I I I c a n n n n n n n Q . . . o o o o o o o O i . . . . . . . . . . . c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 . 0 . . . .910... ooooooooooooooooo g... nnnnnnnnnnnn u.
canon . . . . . . n o t . nnnnnn a n . nnnnnnn Dd. nnnnnn . t . . . a o n a u c n n o nnnnnnn nut nnnnnnnn augcoo aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa otooctnnnno ooooooooooooo OICIDIU oooooo c a n . . .
oooooooooooooo CCIIIII.0".IIIO......IIO...IOOIIIIOOOQCIIOIIOI. COIIIIo...0.0.00IlullIIOIIO|.IOO...oCID.OhU.IOIOOIIOOIOIIOOOCISOOIOIIIIIIOC
I . . . . . . . . . a. oooooo a... . . . . . . o... . . . . . a . . . oooooooooooooooo a... uuuuuu COD... aaaaaaaaaaaaa occaooooc-uu nnnnnnnnnnn 0-00.00... nnnnnnnn 0.3.0.0....
no - - - - - O . . . . . . . . 0 0 . n n n n n n c a n . n n n n n n . 0 . . . . . . . . . a n n n n n n n n n on o o o o o o o o 0.0 ooooooooooooo .00.... to ooooooooooooooo Ont... nnnnnnnnnn o... t
Discussion topics
1. Are you for or against the proposal that has been put forward by the Asso—
ciation of Cancer Patients?
2. Although the question may be very difficult to answer, would you rather
die consciously, or so drugged as to be unaware of passing away?
3. Can you see a relationship between euthanasia and the proposal for pa-
tients to have free access to painkillers and tranquilizers?
204
Tick the statements: true (T) 01' false (F)?
Aromatherapists are people who believe in the power of scents.
PPOTJFDP‘rPPON?‘
Plant extracts are not to be taken orally.

Aromatherapy may be effective in the treatment of some skin diseases.
Oils make people rested and relaxed.
Hydrotherapy means bathing in seawater.
The new clinic is for those who cannot afford conventional treatment.
Holistic medicine offers fringe forms of treatment.
It claims its best effects with mentally ill patients.
Conventional medicine treats only patient’s particular problem.
had
.9
The holistic approach is a new way of looking at health.

. According to this approach, a patient’s high temperature should
H
H
not be brought down.

12. Orthodox practitioners criticize holistic clinics for not offering real
treatment.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
ancient ......................................................................... chemicals
conventional ......................................................................... clinic
healing ......................................................................... concepts
herbal ......................................................................... disorders
luxury ......................................................................... effects
nervous .............................................................. ........... extracts
obscure ......................................................................... medicine
orthodox ......................................................................... practitioners
plant ......................................................................... preparations
psychological ......................................................................... principles
scientific ......................................................................... properties
side ......................................................................... remedies
synthetic ......................................................................... state
205
Alternative medicine
A new shop opened today specializing in aromatherapy and
hydrotherapy treatments and products. Aromatherapists claim
that highly concentrated plant extracts, in the form of oils, have
a healing effect when inhaled, added to the bath, or massaged
into the skin. Aromatherapy is believed to have a beneficial
effect on acne, cramps and nervous disorders such as
depression and insomnia. They are said to refresh, relieve
stress and also revive 10w spirits. Hydrotherapy, 011 the other
hand, uses sea products rich in minerals to eliminate toxins
from the body.
Also, a new luxury medical clinic has opened its doors for those
patients, who are tired of conventional medicine and are seeking
alternative forms of treatment. There is an extraordinary range
of therapies on offer: homeopathy, acupuncture, acupressure,
Chinese herbal medicine, aromatherapy, hypnosis, osteopathy
and others. Holistic medicine, as that is how these therapies
are collectively called, attempts to View patients as a Whole,
looking at them in relation to their psychological state. It is
essential therefore, to treat the Whole person, not just his
complaint or the symptoms of the illness he displays. The idea,
which revives many ancient concepts, is to enhance the natural
healing properties of nature. Fever, for example, should not be
suppressed, but encouraged, as this is how an organism fights
diseases.
Orthodox practitioners, who believe in sound scientific principles

for everything, seldom approve of herbal preparations. They
argue that only synthetic chemicals allow control of the precise
dosage of a drug. Clinics which offer treatment using obscure
remedies like the so-called Silmarillon lamp (this therapy, also
known as crystal healing, involves the shining of a beam of light
through gem stones onto the sick part of the body) are ridiculed
and come in for strong criticism. But distrust of modern medicine
and belief in panaceas, which will treat Without side effects, are
luring more and more people to shops and clinics like those
opened today.
206
heal I) (restore to health) — uzdrawiaé
inhale v (breathe in) -—— Wdychaé
acne n, (disease of the skin of the face) ~— tradzik
cramp n (sudden contraction of muscles) -—-— skurcz
insomnia n (chronic inability to sleep) -—— bezsennoéé
relieve v (ease, free [90772) —— zlagodzié, uliyé
revive v (invigorate and revitalize) -— odéwieiyé, oiywiaé
osteopathy n (restoring heaith by moving and pressing bones and muscles)
- osteopatia, nastawianie krggéw
essential adj (absolutely necessary) -—- niezbgdne, istotne
suppress 1) (reduce, diminish) —- zmniejszyé, likwidowaé
obscure adj (mysterious and unclear) —— nieokreélony, niejasny
remedy n (cure for a disease) «- lekarstwo, remedium
gem n cut (and polished precious stone) - klejnot, kamiefi szlachetny
ridicule 0 (make fun of) «- wys’miewaé
panacea n (remedy for all diseases) —- panaceum, uniwersalny lek
lure v (attract) ~— przyciggaé, wabié
1. What kind of substances are used in aromatherapy and hydrotherapy?
2. What is the basic difference between traditional medicine and the holistic
approach?
3. What makes alternative medicine attractive despite criticism?
Phrases to learn
0 mieé zbawienny skutek ~— 11............. a b ............................. e .....................
«- poprawié zle samopoczucie _ r .................... l ........... s...................
o poszukiwaé zastepczych form leczenia —— s.............. a ...............................
f. ................... o f t ..........................
o patrzeé na pacjenta jako caloéé ~— 0............ a p ....................... as a w .............
o zdradzaé objawy choroby -——— d ..................... s ........................ of an i ................
o uzdrowicielskie wlas’ciwos’ci natury -— h ................... p ............... of n ...............
. walczyé z choroba ——— f. ............... a d .....................
o trwale zasady naukowe -— s.................. s............................ p .......................
. aprobowaé ziolowe mikstury — a ................... of h ................. p .........................
o byé poddanym surowej krytyce ~— 0..................... in for s..........................
c ..............................
o niewiara we wspélczesna medycyne; -— d ......................... of m .......................
m ...........................
207
Headline
FOLLOWERS 0 OPEN - ALTERNATIVE a SHOP w TODAY 0 AND
TREATMENT 0 FOR 0 NEW 0 CLINIC 0 OF
Nowo otwarty sklep z kosmetykami specjalizuje 519 w preparatach do aroma-
terapii i hydroterapii. W hydroterapii uiywa Sig bogatych w mineraly produk—
téw morza. Maja one oczyszczaé organizm ze szkodliwych toksyn.
Zwolennikéw medycyny niekonwencjonalnej, ktérzy poszukuja zastepczych
form Ieczenia jest coraz Wiecej. Homeopatia, akupunktura, akupresura, me—
dycyna chiflska, hipnoza to tylko niektére z terapii, ktére prébuja umchomié
naturalne mechanizmy obronne ofganizmu wyliorzystujqc uzdrowicielskie
wlaéciwoéci natury. Medycyna niekonwencjonalna stara sie; leczyé czlowieka
131021113 2 jego stanem psychicznym, a nie tylko obj awy choroby, 11a ktérq cier—
pi. Wielu lekarzy Wierzy tylko W syntetyczne leki oraz leczenie oparte na trwa—
lrych zasadach naukowych, totei niekonwencjonalne praktyki SE} przez nich
poddawane sumwej krytyce.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Discussion topics
1. D0 holistic therapies work because peeple want them to work? Even pla—
cebo pills (those Without any properties but administered as though they
were real stuff) are known to work miracles if the patient is successfully
persuaded that he is receiving the best drug available on the market.
2. Alternative medicine offers a field day to all sorts of dishonest crooks and
quacks who will offer expensive (the more expensive, the better) therapies I;
which, in fact, are nothing more than hamky-panky. How can people pro-
tect themselves against fake formulas and treatments?
3. Holistic medicine is based on ancient beliefs and uses herbal preparations
laid down centuries ago. Can they be effective in the fight against the new
virulent strains of disease that have emerged as civilization has progressed?
208
[ News item estmfi
1. Some women are critical of [V F.

2. The procedure is successful for 9 out of 10 women.
3. Drugs administered during the treatment do not affect the patient’s
general health.
F1939"?
Campaigners say that despite the drawbacks IVF is worth its costs.
The IVF procedure involves the unblocking of the fallopian tubes.
Conception takes place outside the mother’s womb.
Caesarian section offers better chances of not losing the baby at the
very end of the road.
8. Multiple births are at the top of the list of every mother’s hopes and
desires.
9. Blockage of the fallopian tubes is caused by infertility.
10. More money should be spent on researching ways of preventing
infertility.
11. One of the methods of preventing infections is the use of IUD’S.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
blood ............................................................................. births
common ............................................................................. cause
fertilized ............................................................................. conception
financial ............................................................................. cost
multiple ............................................................................. criticism
religious ............................................................................. eggs
strong ............................................................................. embryo
success ............................................................................. infections
successful ............................................................................. organizations
tiny ............................................................................. rate
untreated ............................................................................. serum
209
Test-tube babies 1
IVF, in-vitro fertilization has come under strong criticism, not
only from religious organizations, but also from women
themselves. For some, it is the only way to have their own
children, but the price they have to pay may be too high.
Apparently, the success rate of the IVF procedure is very slight.
As many as 9 women out of 10 who undergo the treatment
remain childless. According to women’s health campaigners, the
high financial cost, plus the short- and long—term effects of the
drugs administered to induce ovulation are not balanced by the
benefit of successful conception.
The women who most often benefit from the technique are those
with blocked fallopian tubes. The actual operation involves
bypassing the blockage. An ovum (egg cell) is removed from
an ovary, placed in a solution of blood serum and sustaining
nutrients and externally fertilized by adding sperm cells. After
several divisions, the blastula is implanted into the mother’s
womb Where it attaches itself to the wall, and continues the
growth process. The embryo develops normally until the long—
-awaited birth takes place, preferably by caesarian section to
avoid complications.
Success, however, may sometimes exceed expectations as the
technique often creates multiple births. To be sure that a patient
becomes pregnant, doctors often implant several fertilized eggs
in the uterus. If all of them develop into foetuses, then
quadruplets or quintuplets are the result with whom the
mother may not be able to cope, either physically or financially.
Those who oppose the technique claim that because the most
common cause of infertility is blocked fallopian tubes, the
emphasis should first be put on how to avoid the ailment.
Among the causes are untreated gynecological infections and
the use of IUD’S ~— intra~utefine devices. IUD’s, though a p0pular
method of contraception, are not recommended to women who
have not had children.
210
in-vitro fertilization n (union of rude and female gametic nuclei “in a test-
—tube”) — zaplodnienie poza organizmem matki, ,,W probéwce”
Slight adj (small) —~ niewielki
induce I) (bring about) ——- wywolaé spowodowaé
conception n (fertilization) «- poczecie
fallopian tube n (oviduct, either of the tubes through which ova pass from,
the ovary to the uterus) - jajowéd
bypass v (avoid by taking a difi'erent route) — 0minqé
solution n (liquid that results from dissolving substances) «~— roztwér
sustaining adj (enabling to keep up, maintaining) -- podtrzymujacy
implant v (graft) —— Wszczepié
womb n (uterus, organ where a foetus develops before birth) - macica
attach v (afix, stick to) -——~ przymocowaé
quadruplets, quintuplets n (four or five babies at one birth) —~ czworaczki,
piecioraczki
emphasis n (stress, placing of special value) —— akcent, podkreélenie
ailment n (ilZness) —— choroba, dolegliwoéé
device n (something invented for a special purpose) ___. urzadzenie
contraception n (any method of preventing conception) — antykoncepcja
Reading camprehension
1. What drawbacks of the IVF are presented in the report?
2. What does the technique involve?
3. Why are multiple births possible?
4. What arguments are used by opponents of the technique?
Phrases to learn
poddaé krytyce - c .............. u ............... c .............................
:28 poddaé Sit? leczeniu -—~— u ...................... t ...................................
krétko- i dhlgotrwale skutki «- s ............. and l ......... ~t.................. e ...................
odnieéé korzyéci z metody — b ..................... f. .............. the t .........................
ominiecie zatoru -~ b ....................... the b ............................
dlugo oczekiwane narodziny ~ I ..............~a...................... b .................
przekroczyé oczekiwania ~— 9 ..................... e ...................................
wszczepié zaplodnione jajo - i ..................... a f. ......................... e ..........
powszechnie wystepujaca przyczyna — a c ........................ c ..................
fieloiyé 11a coé nacisk -~ p ........ the e....................... on 3th
m'e leczone zakaienie ~— u .............................. l ..................................
211
Headline
CRITICIZED 0 AND 0 TUBE 0 OVER 0 TEST 0 INEFFECTIVENESS

COSTS 0 FERTILIZATION
Zaplodniem'e poza organizmem matki jest szeroko krytykowane zaréwno przez
organizacje religijne, jak i przez same kobiety. Cena, ktéra placq, by mieé
dziecko, jest czegsto zbyt wysoka. Leki wywolujqce owulacje oraz bolesne za-
strzyki maja} negatywny wplyw na zdrowie organizmu. Tylko jedna kobieta
na dziesigé poddajacych sis; zabiegowi odnosi korzyéci z metody i rodzi dziec~
ko. Zabieg jest skuteczny wtedy, gdy bezplodnoéé spowodowana jest niedroi-
noécia jajowodéw. Operacja polega 11a wyprowadzeniu komérki jajowej z jaj—
nikai zaplodnieniu jej poza organizmem. Lekarze zwykle wszczepiajq kobiecie
kilka zaplodnionych komérek, by zwiekszyé prawdopodobiefistwo zajécia w
(212129. J eéli wszystkie te komérki rozwinq 519 w plody, mamy do czynienia z
(2&a mnogq.
Przeciwnicy stosowania tej metody twierdza, 2e niedroinoéé jajowodéw jako
powszechnie wystepuj qca przyczyna bezplodnoéci, jest wywolana nie leczony-
mi zakaieniami, naleialoby wiec raczej skoncentrowaé sie na ich zapobiega-
niu, a nie przezwycieianiu skutkéw.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion tOpics
1. Is there a limit beyond which any attempts to have one’s own child are
not justifiable?
2. When children are born, it is anybody’s guess as to What kind of people. 7':
they will grow to be. If one turns out to be a violent criminal, would the
thought cross the minds of his parents that perhaps they shouldn’t have
taken so much trouble to have that child after all?
212
[ News item
PC’S are so popular that every school has one for each student.
SQP‘F‘P‘DPO?‘
They are often used at home.

Working with PC’S may adversely affect ones well-being.
Users report an increased pleasure from work when using PC’S.
Unpleasant effects can be avoided.
The screen and the keyboard should be permanently fixed.
For best results, VDU’s should be placed between the user and
the window.
.00
Good ventilation of the room is essential.

9. Eyes relax best when you close them for a moment.
10. The Sharper the picture on the VDU, the better.
11. Pregnant women should be careful not to work with computers
because radiation causes miscarriages.
12. There is some natural background radiation that people are
exposed to, whether they like it or not.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMNB
antistatic ........................................................................ amount
breathing ........................................................................ appliance
household ........................................................................ carpeting
job ........................................................................ dissatisfaction
poor ........................................................................ effects
prevailing ........................................................................ headaches
severe ........................................................................ position
significant ........................................................................ problems
unnecessary ........................................................................ risk
unpleasant ........................................................................ rule
useful ........................................................................ tool
working ........................................................................ ventilation
213
Working with computers
PC’s — personal computers — have become so widespread that
today one cannot imagine offices and schools Without them.
Without fear of exaggeration, it can be said that they have
become just another household appliance. However, every
invention has its drawbacks. Doctors are currently reporting
a new wave of complaints from VDU (visual display unit) users
who work with them on an everyday basis. Job dissatisfaction,
anxiety, depression and confusion are the symptoms reported.
Also described are severe headaches With accompanying
nausea. Heavy use of keyboards can cause muscle and joint
damage known as RSI —- repetitive strain injury syndrome. It
has been discovered that there are safeguards to be im—
plemented, and rules that users have to comply with if they
do not want to experience these unpleasant effects.
The prevailing rule is that the screen and the keyboard should
be movable, so that the working position can be adjusted
according to one’s own needs. Also they should be properly
sited, preferably with the user looking down at the screen, not
up. Lighting is also a root problem. To avoid eyestrain one
should cut down on glare and reflection by pulling down blinds
and never sit facing the Window. Poor ventilation may lead to
nasal and breathing problems, mostly because of the significant
amount of heat given off by VDU’S. One is advised not to work
for hours on end Without a break, and to relax one’s eyes by
frequently looking away from the VDU into the distance. Screen
colour is not as important as a non-reflective screen, clear
character definition and minimal flicker.
A link with miscarriages, supposedly caused by small amounts
of ionizing radiation, has not been established, but pregnant
women Should not take unnecessary risk. Extra screen shields
and antistatic carpeting are advisable. Nevertheless, the dose
of radiation that one receives from VDU’S is thousands of times
smaller than that which one absorbs daily from natural
background radiation. With these recommendations in mind,
computers will continue to free us from office drudgery and
prove a useful tool.
214
exaggeration n (stretching the truth towards fantasy)“ przesad
drawback n (disadvantage)—— wada . .
anxiety n (fear and uncertainty) - niepokéj
nausea n (feeling of sickness) -—- mdlos’ci
safeguard n (precaution to prevent harm) -- érodek ostroz'anoéci
comply with 0 (act in accordance) «— przestrzegaé, postepowaé zgodnie z
prevailing adj (dominant) m naczelny
site 0 (locate, place) - umieécié, usytuowaé
eyestrain n (eye exhaustion, fatigue) — zmeczenie oczu
glare n (strong, dazzling light) — oélepiajace éwiatlo
flicker n ((of light) wavering, shining unsteadily) — migotanie
miscarriage n (premature expulsion of a, foetus from the womb) — poronienie
shield n (protective screen) —— ekran ochronny
drudgery n (hard, uninteresting work) -- haréwka, niewdzigczna praca
1. What do VDU users complain of?
2. Why is the proper positioning of a VDU so important?
3. HOW can one protect one’s eyes when working with VDU’S?
4. What extra protection is recommended for pregnant women?
Phrases to learn
. bez obawy o przesadg — w ................ f. ........... of e............................
a sprzet gospodarstwa domowego -- a h ....................... a ...........................
o fala skarg -- a w ............ of c ..................................
. njezadowolenie z pracy ——j........... d .........................................
o doéwiadczaé nieprzyjemnych skutkéw -——— e......................... u ............................
e.....................
o zgodnie z Wlasnymi potrzebami -- a ........................ to one’s o ........ n ............
o znaczna iloéé wydzielanego ciepla — s................................ a ....................... of
g ................ of?” h ..............
o calymi godzinami — f. ......... h ............. on e..........
, patrzeé w dal ...z ........... into the d .......................
o podejmowaé niepotrzebne ryzyko -- t ............ u ................................. r .............
o mieé na uwadze zalecenia - h ............. r ...................................... in m ............
o okazaé sit; uiytecznym narzedziem -—- p ............. a u .................. t .............
215
Headline
AND 0 MAKING 0 DOCTORS 0 SAFER 0 VDU’S 0 RECOMMENDED

USER-FRIENDLY 0 BY 0 MORE
Kemputery osobiste staly sig- na 13e popularne, 2e trudno sobie bez nich wy-
obrazié biuro czy szkohg. Aczkolwiek, jak kaZdy nowy wynalazek, komputer
ma swoje wady. Pracownicy korzystaj acy codziennie z komputera doéwiadczaja
nieprzyjemnych Skutkéw takich jak béle glowy, depresje i uczucie niepokoju.
Istnieja pewne zasady, ktérych zachowanie pozwala uniknaé nieprzyjemnych
dolegliwoéci. Ekran i klawiatura powinny byé ruchome, by dostosowaé ich
poloienie do indywidualnych potrzeb pracujqcego. Ekran powinien byé umiesz—
czony poniiej linii wzroku. Zaleca sic; czeste przerwy w pracy i uiywanie do-
datkowych ekranéw ochronnych, aby nie mtgczyé nadmiernie oczu.
Discussion topics
1. Some people say that even until quite recently people used to work very
efficiently Without computers. Why can’t we do without them now? Do peo-
ple need them because they cannot cope with the amount of information
our civilization generates?
2. It has been proved that the alleged muscle strain resulting from computer
use was, in fact, only a mental problem. Because one computer user had
complained of pain, other people assumed that they, too, were bound to
suffer from the same thing. The pain in their arms and wrists was imagi-
nary. Do you believe that one’s mind can affect one’s health and one’s physi—
cal condition? Should the recommendations given in the text be taken se-
riously? Do people ignore tips like the one about antistatic carpeting?
3. What is the reason for people’s fascination with computers? What makes
these machines so attractive and popular, especially with young people? Do
peeple forget that, though sophisticated, they have their limitations, too?
216
@ews item 51: Electromagnetic radiatiofif“ ea
1. The mass media are keeping quiet about electromagnetic radiation
in order not to provoke panic.
2. People move house if they think they are too close to power lines. [:I
3. Scientists agree on. the potential danger of electromagnetic radiation. E
4. If there is enough pressure from local residents, power lines are
El
put underground rather than overhead.
5. Proximity to power lines is taken into consideration by many
who buy a house these days.
6. Radiation is the movement of electrons in high voltage wires.
7. People are often unaware of the presence of electromagnetic fields
that are around them all the time.
8. Microwave ovens produce non-ionizing radiation.
9. Living organisms do not generate any electricity.
10. Experiments on animals have not demonstrated any harmful
effects due to exposure to electromagnetic fields.
11. Peeple exposed to radiation report mental imbalance.
12. The link between cancer and electromagnetic fields has not been
scientifically established.
Collocations
Match the words from column A with those from column. B to form
COLUMN A COLUMN B
adverse ..................................................................... balance
biological ..................................................................... discussion
brain ..................................................................... disorders
chemical ..................................................................... districts
electromagnetic ..................................................................... effect
harmful ..................................................................... energy
healthy ..................................................................... environment
radiant ..................................................................... fields
residential ..................................................................... processes
scientific ..................................................................... waves
217
Electromagnetic radiation threat
Many people are deciding not to wait for the outcome of the
debate on electric power lines. They are selling their property
and moving out of houses situated anywhere near power lines.
As scientific discussion continues as to Whether the
electromagnetic fields created by electricity pose a serious threat
to human health or not, these people are claiming their right
to a healthy environment. In many cases, local residents have
successfully pressed for the rerouting of power lines away from
residential districts. With more prominence being given to the
issue in the mass media, houses for sale in affected areas are
now less likely to find buyers, as no—one wants to expose
themselves to potentially harmful waves.
Radiation, that is the movement of waves through space, does
not come only from high voltage Wires. Household appliances,
electrical Wiring, TV sets, and visual display units, all create
electromagnetic fields to which people are exposed 24 hours a
day. Even an electric alarm clock on the bedside table emits a
small amount of n0n~ionizing radiation. Many scientists insist
that electromagnetic waves can do no harm, and exposure to
the radiant energy generated by power lines is not unsafe.
However, high frequency waves, like microwaves, and the
radiation they generate, can allegedly have an adverse effect
on the human body, interfering with the organism’s own delicate
electrical pattern and exerting influence on biological
processes.
Scientific experiments carried out on mice and rats Show that
extremely high frequency waves affect the chemical balance
in the blood, the brain and the liver. These waves can also slow
the heartbeat and stunt growth. Experiments have shown that
people exposed to erratic frequencies over a period of time
undergo sensations of terror and disorientation. Disruption of
sleeping patterns and changes in brain waves are also reported.
The radiation may also be linked to a higher than normal
incidence of cancer and brain disorders among those living
or working in close proximity to power lines. Yet, a direct
causal relationship has not been definitely established.
218
outcome n, (consequence, conciusion reached) — rezultat
rerouting n, (setting a difierent course for passage) — vsryznaczenie innej trasy
affected adj (influenced injuriously) — dotkniety, objety, zaatakowany
voltage 72 (electricai pressure measured in volts) —— napiecie
pattern 72 (natural configuration) — struktura, schemat
exert 0 (exercise) —~ wywieraé
extremely adv (exceedingiy) ~— mqtkowo
liver n (organ in the body which secretes bile and purifies the blood) -——— watroba
erratic adj (variable and unbalanced) -—-— chaotyczny, ulegajacy wahaniom
disruption n (disorder; breaking up of a continuance) w zaklécenie
incidence n (rate or range of occurrence) — wystepowanie
disorder 72 (sickness, disturbance) ~— zaburzenie
proximity n (closeness, vicinity) —— bliskoéé
causal adj (of cause and effect) — przyczynowy
Reading comprehensien
1. Why do many people who live near power lines decide to move house?
2. What kind of radiation are they escaping from?
3. According to the report, are human beings affected by electromagnetic
fields?
Phrases to learn
a stanowié powaine zagroienie ~— p ............ a s.................... t .................
a domagaé sic; prawa do czegos’ _ c ................. a r ................ to sth
e nadaé rozglos jakiemué zagadnieniu — g ......... p ............................... to some
i ..............
e wytworzyé pole elektromagnetyczne ~— 0 ................... e ....................................
f. ............
e wydzielaé niewielka iloéé promieniowania —~ 9.................... a s.....................
a ....................... of r ...............................
e zaszkodzié —— d ..... h ..............
a byé wystawionym na dzialanie promieniowania ~— be e .......................... to
r .........................
e mieé negatywny Wplyw ——~ h ............... an a ........................... e....................
e wywieraé wplyw 113 ~— 9 .................. i .................................. on
e doéwiadczyé uczucia przeraienia — u ................. s..................... of t ...............
e ustalié bezpoéredni zwiqzek przyczynowo-skutkowy - e..........................
a d .................. c ................... r .....................................
219
Headline
ALLEGATION 0 OF C EXAMINED 0 RESIDENTS 0 TO 9 PRESS 0 RADIATION
BE 0 FIELD 0 FOLLOWING 0 EFFECTS 0 FOR 0 ELECTROMAGNETIC
Trwajq rozwaiania naukowe, czy pole elektromagnetyczne, wytworzone przez
prad, stanowi powaizne zagroienie dla ludzkiego zdrowia. Wiele oséb, nie cze-
kajqc 11a wynik debaty, domaga sic; prawa d0 zdrowego érodoyviska i qa usu—
niecia linii wysokiego napicgcia z obszaréw zamieszkalych. Zrédlami promie-
niowania sq nie tylko linie wysokiego napiecia. J esteémy wystawieni 11a
dzialanie pola elektromagnetycznego wytwarzanego przez urzadzenia elek-
tryczne.
Naukowcy na ogél twierdza, 2e fale elektromagnetyczne nie sq szkodliwe.
N atomiast fale o wysokiej czestotliwoéci, takie jak mikrofale, zaburzajq pole
elektryczne organizmu. Doéwiadczenia wykazaly, Ze zaklécaja; 1‘6wnowage che-
miczne} krwi, mézgu i troby. Z tego typu promieniowaniem moie byé zwia;
zana roaca liczba przypadkéw raka u ludzi mieszkajacych qé pracujqcych
w zasieggu oddzialywania linii elektrycznych. Bezpoéredni zwiqzek przyczy-
nowo-skutkowy nie zostal jednak stwierdzony.
I . O I I I D O . 5 ' O I C I . I O . I I . I I C I I O O I I . D I I O O O I O . I C O I I . I I I O Q I I I . . . I . . O I O O I I . . I I I I I I I { U O I I O I I I I I I I I I O . . . . . . . . . C O I I C O I I O C C O I I O I I I I I I I I C O I O O I O I I Q I I I .
I I I I I I I I I C O I O D O I I C I O I O I I D o n I I I . I I I I O Q C I o I t a b . . . I . I o D . I I I I I O I . I I . O I I I O O l I D . . . I a I I I I I . o I . D o l l I n I I l i t . I I O D a l l l n I I I . O I l l I C O I O Q I I O C I I I Q D I I I Q I I I I
I . I I I . O O D I I O . I . O U I I . 0 I O . I I t . I I I Q . 0 . . I I I U I I C Q O I C O I D Q I O O ‘ C O I Q I I I C I O I . I I I I I I I 0 - 0 0 3 0 ; I I I I I I I I I O . a l t o o o l o n u l l t t v l o t b l l b t I I I I I I I t O O O O O O O O O fi l l . . .
Discussion topics
1. Are you the sort of person that is likely to panic when hearing unsubstan—
tiated reports of something posing a health hazard? Would you take ac-
tion and move house, even having to put up with worse living conditions,
just to get away from the power lines?
2. Would you be Willing to move your bed or use special screens if a dowser
(a person who finds underground reservoirs using a rod or a pendulum)
told you that you are being exposed to ionizing radiation generated under-
ground?
3. There is speculation that electromagnetic fields might have been used in
the past as a weapon. Over a period of time, radiation would have been
beamed at people that were to be eliminated. Consider the advantages and
disadvantages of this lethal application.
News item 52: Euthanasia ..................................................... 223
News item 53: Test-tube babies 2 .......................................... 227
News item 54: Surrogate motherhood ................................... 227
News item 55: Pro-abortion movement ................................. 231
News item 56: Anti—abortion movement ............................... 235
News item 57: Broken marriages .......................................... 239
News item 58: Cosmetic surgery ........................................... 243
News item 59: Anorexia ......................................................... 247
News item 60: Fat rights ........................................................ 251
News item 61: Gay rights ....................................................... 251
News item 62: Video nasties .................................................. 255
News item 63: Pornography ................................................... 259
News item 64: Prostitution .................................................... 263
News item 65: Teenage gambling .......................................... 267
News item 66: School violence ............................................... 271
News item 67: Soccer hooliganism ........................................ 275
News item 68: The homeless .................................................. 279
News item 69: Experiments on animals 1 ............................ 283
News item 70: Experiments on animals 2 ............................ 287
News item 71: Curbs on dogs ................................................. 291
News item 72: Dog attacks ..................................................... 295
[ News item 52: Euthanasia 7
DD
1. The number of people who support the idea of euthanasia is growing.
2. A special committee wants to change the law on euthanasia.
3. Comatose patients would most likely die Without life-support
CID
machinery.
4. Doctors do What their patients expect them to do.
5. The signing of the “living will” means that people will not receive
DD
treatment if they do not want it.
6. Some people would rather die than live the life of a vegetable.
7. The report states that religious people are not supposed to take
CHI! CID
their own lives.
8. Dying with dignity means dying without pain killers.
9. Doctors who allow their patients to die, even if they are asked
to switch off the life-support, go to prison.
10. Telling someone how to commit suicide is not a crime.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
assisted ....................................................................... beliefs
comatose ....................................................................... death
darkest ....................................................................... doses
excruciating ....................................................................... efforts
life—prolonging ....................................................................... hours
life—support ....................................................................... machinery
narcotic ....................................................................... medications
religious ....................................................................... pain
strenuous ....................................................................... patients
sufficient ....................................................................... treatment
223
Euthanasia
According to the recent surveys, euthanasia, commonly referred
to as “mercy killing”, is gaining more and more advocates,
especially among those who feel that the law and the doctors
let them down in their darkest hours. Thus, a special committee
has recently been set up to promote the idea of “assisted
death” for terminally ill or comatose patients who cannot
survive Without life—supporting machinery.
Everybody would like to die peacefully and with dignity.
However, terminally ill patients often undergo long periods of
excruciating pain. Doctors may even refuse narcotic
medications which might relieve intolerable pain. A solution
for those peeple would be to Sign in advance a declaration or
“living will” to the effect that they do not want the doctors to
give them life~prolonging treatment or make strenuous efforts
to save their lives if there is no chance of recovery, or if they
are incapable of responding to their environment. Many people
are fearful of unending, painful treatment or being hooked up
to intensive care machines and they do not want to be
resuscitated if severely brain-damaged.
Unless there is legislation on this issue, many people will
continue to terminate their suffering themselves, often
struggling with their religious beliefs. They should be given
a lawful alternative and the right to obtain sufficient doses
of paimkfllers to make them as comfortable as possible so that
they may pass away in peace. Doctors should not be prosecuted
for deliberately hastening death, if they are respecting the
earlier Wishes of the patient and family.
Meanwhile, an inquiry has been launched after it was revealed
that the committee issued pamphlets which give instructions
on how to take one’s own life. These “suicide manuals” are said
to make horrifying reading. Since, under the Suicide Act of 1961,
it is illegal for anyone to assist another’s suicide, the committee
members may be subject to prosecution.
224
advocate n (person who speaks in favour of sb/sth} — zwolennik, Ol‘edownik
promote 0 (encourage to exist) m krzewié, propagowaé
assist 0 (give support or aid) — poméc, wspomagaé
comatose adj (deeply unconscious, usually from injury/illness) — w s’piaczce
dignity n (self-respect) —— godnoéé
terminally adv (incurably, ending in death) — tu: nieuleczalnie
excruciating adj (extremely painful, acute) — (0 bélu) dotkliwy, rozdzierajqcy
intolerable adj (too painful to be endured) ._. nie do zniesienia
strenuous adj (using great effort) -— wyteiony
incapable adj (not having the power or ability) -—— nie (bedqcy) w stanie,
niezdolny do czegoé
resuscitate v (bring back to consciousness) -- reanimowaé
legislation n (law or a set of laws) - prawodawstwo
terminate 0 (bring to an end) —— 130102376 czemué kres
prosecute v (start legal proceedings against sb) -— zaskal‘iyé
manual n (handbook or textbook) —— podrecznik
1. Which category of patients may request euthanasia?
2. How does a “living will” system work?
3. Why is the need for legislation urgent?
4. Is the publication of “suicide manuals” legal?
Phrases to learn
o zawieéé kogoé m l .......... sb d .............
o powolaé komitet -~ 3......... u ..... a c ..............................
o dzialania dla podtrzymania Zycia m l ..........-p ............................ t ......................
o podlqczyé do urzadzefi na oddziale intensywnej terapii —— h .............. up to
i ......................... c ............ m ..........................
o odejéé W pokoju -—- p .......... a .............. in p ................
o uszanowaé wyraéone wczeéniej Zyczenie -——- r ........................ e.....................
w ...................
o rozpoczaé dochodzenie -——— l ................. an i ........................................
. odebraé sobie iycie -— t .............. one’s o ........... l ..............
o poméc komué w popelnieniu samobéjstwa -— a .................... another’s
s.....................
o byé postawionym W stan oskarienia ~— 6 ...... s ................. to p ..........................
225
Headline
SEEK 0 DIGNITY 0 TO - DYING 0 EUTHANASIA 0 ON 0 WITH
COMMITTEE - LEGISLATION
Eutanazja zdobywa coraz Wiecej zwolennikéw. N iedawno powstal komitet pro—
pagujqcy idee nie przedlruiania Zycia w ostatnich stadiach nieuleczalnych ch0-
réb czy w stanach épiaczki, gdy Zycie podtrzymywane jest tylko za pomoca
skomplikowanej aparatury medycznej. J ednym z warunkéw dopuszczajacych
eutanazje byloby podpisanie przez pacjenta stosownego Zyczenia, gdy nie ma
Zadnej moiliwos’ci wyleczenia, a dalsza egzystencja przestala mieé sens.
Dopéki problemu eutanazji nie uregulujq stosowne ustawy, ludzie beds; sami
prébowali skracaé cierpienie i odbieraé sobie Zycie. KaZdy czlowiek powinien
mieé prawo wyboru, a przede wszystkjm mieé nieograniczony dostep do érod-
kéw przeciwbélowych, ktére pozwolilyby umieraé z godnoécia.
o n . a a a a a a o n n n n n usouOI-ouo o o o o o 9a . . . . . O . o o o o o o n . l l l l l o n . . . . . . . 0 o o o o o o a n o o o o o o o o o C O O ‘ I I I O I I I C Q I I Q O O C O . . . . . . . . . c c c c c c c c c c c c n o o o o o o o n o t . n n n n n n t o
Discussion topics
1. Give your opinions on euthanasia. Do peeple have the right to say that they
want to die Whatever their reasons? Are they justified in their decision if
they realize that their life in any meaningful way has come to an end?
2. Should people be told by their doctors that they are terminally fll and that there
is no hepe for them? Is it better to know, 01' be kept in the dark until the end?
3. Doctors are expected to fight to the bitter end to save their patients’ lives,
even if for the patients that means living the life of a “cabbage”. Is this the,
right attitude?
4. There are fears that legalizing euthanasia would open the gate for cases in
which people are “helped” to die because, for instance, the family want to:
put their greedy hands on the inheritance. What safeguards would you pro—
pose so that the law on euthanasia could not be used against anybody’s will?
226
News item 53—54: Test-tube babies 2 and
S rrogate motherhood
Test-tube babies 2
SUEDE!
On July 25, 1978 scientists successfully fertilized a human egg “in vitro”. E]
Without the technique, many women would remain childless.
The success was welcomed without raising any controversy.
The idea of creating life has been a theme of many books and films.
Only one embryo is formed at a time and it is the one that is implanted.
One of the ethical problems concerns the treatment of the embryos.
Surrogate motherhood
DEE] Cl D D
1. The courts are not certain how to rule in cases concerning surrogacy.
2. Full surrogacy involves one man and two women.
3. The commissioning couple are people who are buying another
woman’s child.
4. When the commissioned child is born it is given to the woman who
wants it more.
5. Surrogate contracts may be a way of making money for some people.
6. The issue is too emotional to find a successful solution in court.
Collocations
collocations as they appear in the two reports.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
biological ...................................................................... couple
commissioning ...................................................................... deliberations
ethical ...................................................................... eggs
fertilized ...................................................................... embryos
frozen ...................................................................... implications
human ...................................................................... manipulation
legal ...................................................................... parent
moral ...................................................................... rights
ominous ...................................................................... stir
227
Test-tube babies 2
It took many years of research to develop “test~tube” techniques
until finally, on July 25, 1978, the first baby conceived “in Vitro”
was born. The procedure has brought children and joy to many
Who feel their lives would otherwise be unfulfilled Without
offspring. It has also provoked discussion about its disturbing
moral, ethical and social implications. The prospect of creating
life outside the womb has fascinated people for centuries.
Now successful, it is seen by some as yet another ominous
manipulation of basic life processes. Many peeple believe that
under no circumstance should any interference with nature take
place. One of the most difficult ethical deliberations involves
the destruction of unused frozen embryos. “Right-to—life” activists
argue that all fertilized eggs should be used. However, this is
medically unacceptable because some embryos are abnormal.
Whether embryos should be entitled to full human rights is an
issue which is unlikely to be agreed on unanimously.
Surrogate motherhood
Commercial sarrogate motherhood has created a legal stir. In
full surrogacy, a fertilized egg is taken from one woman,
physically unable to have a child, and implanted in the uterus
of another, who agrees to bear it for an agreed sum of money.
In other words, the commissioning couple leases the womb
of the surrogate mother. Has a woman got the right to do this?
Problems may arise when the father is the only true biological
parent, donating his sperm to the surrogate mother. Occasionally
the surrogate mother changes her mind, claiming that the child
is hers and that she wants to keep it. Who is the baby’s legal
mother in such a case? Most children born under such contracts
are wanted very much by the commissioning parents.
Condemn-ing surrogate motherhood is easy for those who are
fertile, or wealthy enough not to have to consider offering their
bodies for money. Whatever the outcome of the debate, it will '
always leave someone emotionally hurt.
228
otherwise adv (differently) —- w innym wypadku, w przeciwnym razie
offspring n (children) .... potomstwo
ominous adj (menacing, threatening) -—- zlowieszczy, zlowréibny
deliberations n (careful considerations) — rozwaéania
unanimously adv (showing complete agreement) ~— jednogloénie
surrogate adj (acting as a substitute for another) -- zastepczy
stir n (commotion, controversy) -—— zamet
uterus n (womb) ~— macica
commission 0 (place an order for something) —- zlecié
lease 0 (use something for a certain time for a fixed payment) -— dzieriawié
condemn I) (express strong disapproval) -—— potepiaé
fertile adj (able to reproduce) --— plodny
outcome 72 (consequence, conclusion reached) --— wynik
1. Who is likely to support the “test-tube” technique?
2. On what grounds is the technique opposed? .
3. How do the two types of surrogacy described in the report differ?
4. What legal doubts do surrogate contracts raise?
Phrases to learn
0 wiele lat badafi --- m ............ y ............. of r .........................
o przynieéé radoéé -—- b .............. j .........
. wywolaé dyskusje - p ...................... d ..............................
. niepokoj ace konsekwencje — d ....................... i ...............................
o moiliwoéé stworzenia Zycia -——— p ...................... of c .................... l ...........
- sterowanie podstawowymi procesami Zyciowymi -—— m ............................. of
b ............ l ............ p ........................
o w Zadnym razie -— u .............. n ..... c .................................
o mieé przyslugujqce prawo do m be e .................... to
o wszelkie prawa jakie przysluguja czlowiekowi -— f. ............ h ....................
r ....................
o wywolaé zamet «- c .................. a s.............
o niezdolna do urodzenia dziecka — u ................... to h ............. a c ...................
o zmienié zamiar -- c ................... one’s m ...............
229
Headline
1. TEST 0 TUBE 0 OVER 0 TECHNIQUE a DEBATE 0 PROVOKES 0 ETHICS
2. CREATES . MOTHERHOOD 0 LEGAL 0 SURROGATE ¢ QUESTIONS
Wiele lat badafi zajelo opracowanie techniki zaplodnienia poza organizmem
kobiety. W 1978 roku urodzflo sic; pierwsze dziecko ,,z probéwki”, potem rodzfly
sic; dalsze. Technika wywolala dyskusje nad moralnq, etyczna i spolecznq stro—
ng takiego zaplodnienia. Zastanawiano sie, czy jest to kolejny krok umoiliwia-
jacy sterowanie podstawowymi procesami iycia. Sprzeciw budzi praktyka nisz—
czem'a niewykorzystanych embrionéw.
Zastegpcze macierzyfistwo polega 11a tym, ie kobieta, ktéra z powodéw zdro-
wotnych jest niezdolna do urodzenia dziecka, ,,Wynajmuje” inna kobiete, kté-
rej wszczepia Sitf: zaplodnionq komérke jajowq tej pierwszej. Zastc—gpcza matka
zgadza sic; urodzié nie swoje dziecko W zamian za ustalone wynagrodzenie.
Rodza sic; pytania, czy kobieta ma do tego prawo i kto jest prawdziwq matka,
dziecka. Problem staje sic; najtrudniejszy wtedy, gdy zastegpcza matka p0 po-
rodzie zmieni zamiar, nie przyjmuje pieniedzy i chce zatrzymaé dziecko.
I o n o u o . ‘ “
u v - O . I I O O I I O O I I I D O I I D U O I I O I I “ - - “ ' ‘ ‘ " - - v
Discussion topics
1. Do you think that people are justified in going to all lengths in trying to
have their own child, regardless of the cost and moral implications? Why
is it so difficult from the legal point of View to adopt a child?
2. Think of books and films in which the main theme was the idea of creat-
ing life in an unnatural way (Dr Frankenstein’s monster comes to mind).
Why is it always the domain of horrors?
3. Can you see any rational reason as to why commissioned children would
be loved more than others?
4. Put yourself in the position of a surrogate mother. Why is she the one most
likely to suffer emotionally? '
230
E News item 55: Promabortion movement j
1. At the moment many parliaments are revising their country’s laws

on abortion.
2. There are several lobbies pressing for their solution of the problem
to be passed into law.
3. In some countries abortion is illegal.
4. It is proposed that after 12 weeks pregnancy may still be
terminated, but not on demand.
5. Women want to have legal control over their bodies.
6. According to pro—lifers, it is unethical for a woman to have an
abortion unless she was raped.
7. The ban on abortion 1s ineffective because pregnant women will
seek to have it done elsewhere.
8. Many unmarried mothers-to-be seek abortion because they have
no money to bring up the child.
9. Teenage pregnancies often take place at the onset of sexual activity.
10. Members of Catholic communities, like good Christians, will always
accept a mother with her illegitimate offspring.
11. The number of unwanted pregnancies is now being kept under control.
12. Condoms are not as reliable as the pill.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
absolute ............................................................................ arguments
final ............................................................................ baby
heated ............................................................................ choice
impassioned ............................................................................ debates
protected ............................................................................ nonsense
public ..................I.......................................................... opinion
social ............................................................................ pressure
unwanted ............................................................................ sex
231
Pro-abortion movement
Few issues have managed to split public opinion more effectively

than that of abortion. As courts and parliaments worldwide are
engaged in heated debates, activists on both sides of the dispute
step up their campaigns. Emotions run high as the opponents
use impassioned arguments to support their respective cause.
“Pro-choice” advocates want to ensure that abortion rights
continue, and they want to see them introduced in countries
Where abortion is still against the law. They argue that if a
woman Wishes a termination, the procedure should be
routinely available on demand during the first three months of
pregnancy. She may be counselled on alternatives, but the
final choice should be hers. After the first three months it would
be more difficult to have an abortion, but not impossible. Under
slogans such as “My Womb Belongs To Me”, campaigners say a
woman’s right to control her own body cannot be denied. It is
inhuman, they declare, to bar a woman from having an
abortion, especially if the pregnancy results from incest or rape.
In countries where a ban is in force, women sometimes travel
abroad, to countries Where the procedure is legal. Their
motivation is high because of the tremendous financial and
social pressure they may face by having a child out of wedlock.
They may lose their jobs, or face ostracism in her local
neighbourhood. For many teenagers, the fact that they must
hear an unwanted baby because their first romance “got
complicated” means ruining their chances of ever getting
married, especially in strict Catholic communities.
In western countries, one in five pregnancies ends in abortion,
and the rate is rising steeply. AIDS campaigns for “safer” or
“protected” sex by using condoms may decrease the rate. But
many women have given up the pill due to fears of breast cancer,
and changed to other, less reliable, forms of contraception. The
figures indicate that it is an absolute nonsense to think that by
declaring abortion illegal, it will cease to exist.
232
split 0 (divide into two or more parts) -— rozdzielié
impassioned adj (filled with deep feelings) -—-— zas'zarty
cause n (here: principle, ideal) -—-— sprawa, idea
termination n (here: abortion) -— zakoflczenie, tu: aborcja
counselled v (advise, recommend a certain course of action) -—— doradzié
bar 0 (ban, obstruct, prezent) — zakazaé, uniemoiliwiaé
incest n (unlawful sexual intercourse between near relations) —— kazirodztwo
tremendous adj (very great, immense) —— ogromny
ostracism n (exclusion from a society) —— ostracyzm
bear 0 (give birth) -- rodzié
strict adj (demanding exact observance) —— surowy, tu: ortodoksyjny
steeply adv (sharply) «— gwaltownie
reliable adj ( that can be trusted) —— godny zaufania
cease 0 (stop) -——- zaprzestaé
1. Why are activists on both sides of the debate stepping up their campaigns?
2. What is the main argument used by abortion rights’ supporters?
3. Can a government effectively enforce a ban on abortion?
4. What are some of the factors that may influence the rate of unplanned
pregnancies?
Phrases to learn
- uczestniczyé W zaiartym sporze — be e..................... i ..... a h ..................
d ..................
. nasflié kampanie — s............ up a c ............................
:- nastroje siegajq zenitu -- e.......................... r ......... h ............
o sprzeczne z prawem —— a ..................... the l ............
o dosttgpne na Zadanie —— a ........................ on d ........................
o ostateczny wybér —- f. ................ c ..................
o odméwié prawa ——- d .............. a r ...............
o obowiazywaé —— be i ..... f. ................
o znaleéé sit; pod naciskjem opinii publicznej -- f. .................. s........................
p ........................
o mieé dziecko poza maliefistwem - h .............. a c ................. out of
w ..........................
o zmarnowaé szanse; -- r .............. a c .....................
o obniiyé odsetek -—~ d ..................... the r ..............
233
Headline
STOP 0 PROPONEN TS 0 WON’T 0 ABORTIONS 0 SAY 0 LAWS
v - I . ‘ v ‘ ‘ c —= I n b l I O C C I O I Q O I I I O I 0 O O I O a C I I . . . Q O U I n n - O U O O I I Q t O U I O O I D I I I I n O O O I O I I Q O I I D I O U I O . C O I O I I O I I I I O I ‘ C I I O O O
Statystyki podajq, 29 W krajach zachodnich jedna 11a pieé ciagé: jest usuwana.
Spér o to, czy przerywanie ciaZy ma byé legalne, czy nie, toczy sis; 0d dawna.
Zwolennicy ,,wolneg0 wyboru” chcq, aby prawo zezwalajqce 11a aborcje zostalo
utrzymane. Kobiecie moina zaproponowaé rézne rozwiqzania, ale ostateczna
decyzja powinna naleéeé do niej. Zwolennicy prawa d0 aborcji twierdza, Ze
zabranianie przerywania ciaiy W przypadkach kazirodztwa lub gwaltu jest
niehumanitarne.
W niektérych érodowiskach urodzenie nieélubnego dziecka moie spowodowaé
naraZenie sic; na ostracyzm, utrate pracy i brak szans na zamqipéjécie. J eZeli
obywatelka kraju, w ktérym obowiazuje zakaz usuwania ciqiy, zdecyduje sic;
na zabieg, uda sig- tam, gdzie aborcja jest legalna. Wprowadzenie zakazu abor-
cji nie zlikwiduje problemu.
‘ fi I I . I . . I I C . . I . C O Q O I I I I I
- - - - - u n u - ' I I I I I I I O . Q O O O Q C I I I D D O O I I D U I I I I I I .
For related Discussion topics go to News item 56: Anti-abortion movement"?
234
L News item 56: Anti-abortion movementj
1. “Pro-life” activists are those who support the idea of keeping
abortion legal.
D D D D D D D D D D D D
2. From now on, these activists will do more than just demonstrate.
3. The “pro—life” activists manage to get addresses and phone numbers
of abortion clinics’ patients.
4. The campaign described in the report is intended to make pregnant
women continue with their pregnancies.
5. Genuine abortion clinics appeal to humanitarian feelings to dissuade
their potential clients from having abortions.
6. The “Wanted” posters depicting doctors who perform abortions
are issued by the police.
7. The campaign of harassing doctors has met With success.
8. Doctors who are known to perform abortions in consequence
have bigger practices and more clients.
9. “Pro—lifers” run their campaign largely on religious grounds.
10. They argue that the unborn have the same rights as any other
human. being.
11. They regard the pregnant mother’s life as less important than that
of the foetus’.
12. To 24% of American voters, the candidate’s stand on abortion comes
first on the list of most important issues.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
anonymous ..................................................................... assassins
emotional ..................................................................... callers
fake ..................................................................... clinics
firm ..................................................................... debate
hired ..................................................................... demonstrations
legal ..................................................................... publicity
rowdy ..................................................................... recognition
unfavourable ..................................................................... support
235
Anti-abortion movement
“Pro—life” activists have reportedly resorted to new methods of
trying to dissuade women from having abortions. So far, the
campaign has been limited to rowdy demonstrations, notably
in front of abortion clinics. Now they say they are going to
defend the right to life of the unborn by all possible means. New
tactics in this all-out war involve harassment and violations
of privacy.
Women who visit abortion clinics for consultation are sent colour
photographs of bloody foetuses and anti—abortion tracts. Those
who have just had their pregnancies terminated receive phone
calls in the middle of the night, in which anonymous callers ask
them Why they “murdered” their own child. Also, fake clinics
have been set up which, instead of performing operations,
lecture pregnant women on the horrors of the procedure in an
effort to persuade them to give up their intention. They are
made to listen to the foetal heartbeat and look at pictures of a
foetus at the same stage of development as theirs. As part of
the crusade, mock “wanted” posters are issued depicting doctors
who work in abortion clinics, calling them “hired assassins who
kill unborn babies for a fat fee”. As a consequence of such
harassment, few new doctors learn to perform abortions,
concerned that unfavourable publicity could ruin their practices.
One “pro-life” leader has been quoted as saying that “God’s law
is higher than man’s law” to justify some of the movement’s
actions. Ultimately, they seek legal recognition that a foetus is
a living human entity with a right to life. Such a ruling would
make it possible to outlaw abortion, except in cases When the
mother’s life is endangered.
A recent poll taken in America has revealed how emotional the
debate on abortion is. Twenty-four per cent replied they would
never vote for a candidate who supports abortion rights,
regardless of his or her stand on other issues. All candidates
running for political offices are now expected to declare publicly
either their firm support or condemnation of abortion.
236
dissuade 0 (discourage) — odradzié, zniechgcié
rowdy adj (noisy, disorderly) -— halaéliwy
notably adv (principally) — szczegélnie, zwlaszcza
harassment 72 (causing repeated annoyance) — ntgkanie
tract n short, printed essay on a moral subject) -— rozprawa
fake adj (not genuine) -— falszywy
mock adj (not real, made to imitate) -— udawany, pozorowany
assassin n (killer) -— zabéjca
fee 72 (sum payable to somebody for services) —— honorarium
entity n (something that has an existence) -— istota
ruling n (authoritative decision) -——- decyzja, orzeczenie (sqdu)
regardless (of) adv (paying no attention to) — bez wzgledu na
stand n (declaration of one’s opinion) --— stanowisko
condemnation n (disapproval of) - potepienie
1. What are some of the tactics used by anti-abortion activists?
2. What is the purpose of setting up fake abortion clinics?
3. Does the campaign discourage doctors from performing abortions?
4. How do “pro-lifers” justify the controversial methods of their campaign?
5. Why is abortion also seen as a political issue?
Phrases to learn
uciec sic; do nowych sposobéw w- r ............. to n .......... m ......................
wszystkie moiliwe érodki ~——— (I ....... p ................... m ...............
wojna totalna -— an a .......-o ......... w ..........
pogwalcenie iycia osobistego —— v ........................ of p ......................
porzucié zamiar -—- g ............. up an i ...........................
ten sam etap rozwoju ~- the s........... s............... of d .........................
przytoczyé czyjeé slowa -— q ................ somebody a ...... s..................
usprawiedliwié dzialania « j ...................... a ................
domagaé Sig uznania przez prawo ~— 3.............. l ................ r ............................
przeprowadzié sondai opinii publicznej —— t ............. a p .............
ubiegaé sic; o urzad z ramienia partii ~— r ............. for a p .......................
o ................
zadeklarowaé swoje poparcie —-— d .................. one’s s..................
237
Headline
THEIR 0 AN TI-ABORTION a BATTLE 0 CAUSE 0 ALL-OUT 0 ACTIVISTS
CONTINUES 0 AS 0 DEFEND
Obroficy Zycia poczetego uciekaja Sig do nowych sposobéw przeciwdzialania
aborcji, stosujac wszelkie dostepne érodki. Wiele z nich jest pogwalceniem pry-
watnoéci. Kobiety, ktére usunelw ciaZe, mega byé nekane anonimowymi tale-
fonami. Powstajq gabinety, W ktérych rzekomo moina poddaé Sig zabiegowi,
ale w rzeczywistoéci uprawia Sit} W nich propaganda antyaborcyjna. Na uspra-
Wiedliwienie podjgtych dzialafi przytaczane sq slowa: ,,Prawo boskie stoi p0—
nad prawem ustanowionym przez czlowieka”. Lekarzy przeprowadzajqcych
zabiegi nazywa sit; ,,platnymi mordercami”. W konsekwencji mlodzi lekarze,
ktérzy dbaja 0 dobra} opinig, nie podejmuja nawet préb nauczenia sit; prze—
prowadzania zabiegu.
.o-Ia sssss c nnnnnnnn e c u - c l o c - a o n u n c a t o n - - - - - - - - - -
Discussion topics
1. Why is there so little tolerance shown on both sides in the debate towards
the opponents’ Views on abortion? Do you approve of the tactics used by
“pro-life” activists?
2. Consider the fate 'of the unwanted children brought up Without fathers,
given to orphanages or put up for adaption. D0 “pro-lifters” accept the re-
sponsibility of guaranteeing them a happy childhood?
3. With both sides agreeing that abortion is a bad thing, what would you sug-
gest that would dramatically reduce the risk of unwanted pregnancies?
4. To what extent, in your opinion, do we have control over our own bodies
and lives? (abortion, suicide, etc.)
238
L News item 57: Broken marriages )
1. Divorce is on the increase.

NJ
. Many people bring up their children without the support of their

spouses.
. About half of absent fathers support their families.
. Many divorced mothers cannot cope financially.
Custody of the child is always granted to its mother.
It is the court that rules on the visitation fights of divorced parents.
Teenage marriages offer better prospects for solid family life.
Teenagers start their sexual lives too early.
Ten per cent of young fathers are happy to start families.
10. Unwed mothers are supported by taxpayers’ money.
11. More women than men would like to return to their ex-spouses.
12. It is important that people take more time to make up their minds
before they actually get their divorce.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
awarded ......................................................................... access
divorced ......................................................................... alimony
financial ......................................................................... breakdown
illegitimate ......................................................................... dependency
legal ......................................................................... mothers
limited ......................................................................... obligations
marital ......................................................................... offspring
parental ......................................................................... permissiveness
sexual ......................................................................... responsibilities
social ......................................................................... rights
239
Broken marriages
The steady rise in the incidence of marital breakdown may soon
make the institution of marriage obsolete. Single~parenthood,
once uncommon, is now almost the rule in certain communities.
It is usually the father who is absent «— often defaulting on his
financial responsibilities, and failing to meet his moral and legal
obligations to support his family. Only a quarter of such
husbands are found to contribute the awarded alimony and
child support payments, and this leads to increased poverty
among divorced mothers. In rare cases, however, courts grant
custody of children to the father, stripping the mother of
parental rights. She is given limited access to her children and,
in extreme cases, visits may take place only under supervision.
One in every three marriages now ends in divorce, with teenage
marriages three times more likely to break up. These facts are
partly due to changing morals. Some blame sexual
permissiveness for the alarming statistics on divorce, and for
the number of children born out of wedlock. According to
statistics, ninety percent of fathers are too immature to take
responsibility for their babies. The remaining ten per cent are
forced into teenage marriages, but these are filled with
frustration, tension and strife, and usually end in divorce.
Unwed mothers, burdened by their illegitimate offspring,
feel trapped. They can only turn to welfare for support, from
that time on leading a life of social dependency.
A survey was recently conducted among divorced couples. It
reveals that a surprising number of divorced partners would like
to reconcile and get together again. Over fifty per cent of the
men surveyed are Willing to remarry their (ex-spouses, as are
twenty-eight per cent of the women. It is now being argued that
divorce gives neither partner enough time to rethink and, after
careful consideration, some couples regret splitting. An attempt
to start anew should be made for the sake of the children, whom
divorce often leaves distraught and mentally scarred.
240
marital adj (relating to marriage) — maliefiski
obsolete adj (no longer used) — przestarzaly
default 0 (negZect to perform a duty) — nie wywiqzywaé Big 29 zobowiqzafl,
nie uiszczaé naleZnoéci
award 0 (give 3th as a; result of an ofi’icial decision) - przyznaé
alimony n (allowance paid by a husband to his wife after a legal
separation) ~ alimenty
poverty n (state of being poor) .___ nedza, ubéstwo
morals n (standards of behaviour) — moralnoéé, obyczajowoéé
permissiveness 72 (greater moral freedom) - poblailiwos’é w sprawach
obyczajowych, przyzwolenie
immature adj (not yet fully developed) m niedojrzaly
strife n (discord, quarrelling) ._ spér, niesnaski
unwed adj (unmarried) «- niezameiny
burden I) (carry a heavy load) --— ponosié cigiar
illegitimate adj ((Of a chiZd) born out of wedZock) ... nies’lubny, nieprawy
reconcile 0 (cause to become friends again) ~—~ pogodzié sit;
Spouse n (husband or wife) -— wspélmalionek
distraught adj (upset, troubled, distressed) - zrozpaczony
1. What changes are taking place in the institutions of marriage and family?
2. What is the main cause of divorce?
3. Why do so many single mothers have to depend on welfare?
4. IS there any evidence that some couples divorce too hastily?
Phrases to learn
a wypelnié moralnq powinnoéé — m ........... m .............. o ........................
a przyznaé opieke -— g ............... c ....................
a pozbawié praw rodzicielskich -- s................. of p ......................... r ..................
a ograniczony dostep —~ 1....................... a ...................
a pod ,nadzorem ~— u ................ s...............................
o dzieci urodzone poza maliefistwem -——— c ........................ b ................ out of
w ........................
e braé odpowiedzialnos’é za ~— t ............ r .................................. for
e zwrécié sic; 0 pomoc do opieki spolecznej ——— t ................ to w .................... for
s........................
a przeprowadzié ankiettf: —— c ........................ a s ....................
e przez wzglad na dzieci —— f. ......... the s ............ of c .....................
a rozpoczqé 0d nowa «- s............... a ................
241
Headline
SHOULD 0 TIME 0 BE 0 MORE 0 COUPLES 0 TO v DIVORCING
GIVEN 0 RECONCILE
Notuje sic; ciaglry wzrost liczby rozwodéw, c0 w lionsekwencji prowadzi do wzro-
stu liczby matek samotnie wychowujqcych dzieci. W rozbitych rodzinach zwy—
kle brakuje ojca. 0298130 319 zdarza, Ze zapomina on 0 swoich obowiqzkach
wobec dzieci. AZ 75% l'ozwiedzionych ojcéw nie placi zasqdzonych alimentéw.
Istniejq rzadkie przypadki, kiedy to matke sad pozbawia praw rodzicielskich,
przyznajqc ojcu opieke nad dzieckiem.
Za przyczyne tak Wielu rozwodéw uwaia Sit; rozluénienie zasad moralnych.
Swoboda obyczajéw spowodowala wzrost liczby nieélubnych dzieci. Niezamgi—
ne matki zwracaja; sic; o pomoc finansowa, do opieki spoiecznej. Szybko prze-
prowadzane procesy rozwodowe nie pozwalajq malionkom na przemyélenie
decyzji o rozstaniu. Ankiety wykazaly, Ze duia Iiczba rozwiedzionych partne—
réw chcialaby ponownie zamieszkaé razem.
- - - - - - - v .. . IOIOI‘.IOIOQOOODCCIICIiIi.QIOIoQIlllnloltlooilIIIQIOIIIDICO
I . . . ‘ . . . I Q I “ ‘ " v luv: 0 . . . .
Discussion topics
1. Why is there an increasing number of people in western countries who de—
cide to live together but decline to be wed? Is there any practical differ—
ence between being officially married or living as partners?
2. What is the correlation between sexual permissiveness, teenage marriages
and divorce?
3. How would you defend the institution of marriage? What values does it
protect? Has it got any chance of survival as a social institution?
4. What are the conditions that could guarantee the success of marriage? Does
mutual love offer a basis for a solid marriage? Does the success of mar-
riage depend only on the spouses themselves?
5. Describe the life of a single parent. Can one parent satisfactorily stand in
for the missing one?
242
[ News item 58: Cosmetic
1. Very few people are dissatisfied with the way they look.
2. Corrective cosmetic surgery is solely intended for people who are
disfigured because of an accident.
3. A woman may have her breasts made to look bigger or smaller
if that is her wish.
4. Nose reshaping is one of the most popular procedures.
5. If one wants to feel satisfied with one’s appearance a beautiful nose
is essential.
. Suction lipectomy is done with the use of a vacuum cleaner.
. If one is too fat, suction lipectomy is the answer to one’s problem.
. The success of suction lipectomy is not always guaranteed.
. Some people maintain that medicine is supposed to serve far more
important purposes than corrective surgery.
10. Men are as much interested in corrective surgery as women are.
11. There are people who seek cosmetic surgery on the recommendation
of their psychiatrists.
12. Corrective surgery is generally performed to make people happier.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
advertising ...................................................................... feature
aesthetic ...................................................................... leaflets
common ...................................................................... perfection
comprehensive ...................................................................... procedures
corrective ...................................................................... purposes
discomforting ...................................................................... range
painful ...................................................................... reduction
physical ...................................................................... surgery
psychiatric ...................................................................... technique
weight ...................................................................... therapy
243
Cosmetic surgery
Clinics which perform corrective cosmetic surgery are enjoying a
real boom as more and more peeple seek assistance in improving
upon nature. The range of procedures available to meet the
demand for the body beautiful is comprehensive, including both
breast reduction and augmentation, facelifts, the elimination of
wrinkles, “bat ear” correction, and hair transplants to reverse
baldness.
One of the most common procedures reshapes the nose.
Advertising leaflets claim that the nose is the key to a beautiful
face; it is central to the way one feels about one’s appearance.
They say that this procedure is a must to create “a new
confident you”. Suction lipectomy is another intrusion into
one’s body for which there is a considerable demand. This
painful technique, otherwise known as the fat vacuum, involves
removing fat from the abdomen, bottom and/0r thighs, sucking
it off with a thin tube attached to a vacuum~cleaner type device.
It does away with bulges, which are virtually impossible to
eliminate through diet and exercise. However, this technique
is a means of body contouring, not of weight reduction. The
success of the operation depends on how elastic and resilient
the patient’s skin is. Recuperation lasts a week and
medication is prescribed to minimize discomfort.
Achieving physical perfection, that is, making essentially
normal people look better merely for aesthetic purposes, may
seem unethical. It could be argued that the money spent on such
procedures, not to mention the surgeon’s time and efforts, might
be put to a better use. But for women, who make up almost all
of the clinics’ clientele, the motivation behind the quest for a
new look and an improved self image is largely psychological.
If some feature is discomforting enough to affect one’s mental
Well-being, the operation can be regarded as part of a psychiatric
therapy. Still, unless real deformities justify surgery, it remains
a matter of human vanity.
244
boom n (increase in trade activity) —— wzrost koniunktury
range n (extent) —— zakres
comprehensive adj (broad, extensive) —-—- szeroki, wszechstronny
wrinkle n (line on the skin surface) -- zmarszczka
reverse 0 (turn backward in direction or order) — odwrécié
confident adj (sure of oneself) ~— pewny siebie
abdomen n (belly) -— brzuch
thigh n (part of the human leg between the knee and the hip) -~ udo
bulge n (protruding part) -— wybrzuszenie, wypukloéé
contouring n (profiling, shaping) -— nadawanie ksztaltu
resilient adj (elastic, pliable) —-— elastyczny, spreiysty
recuperation 12 (becoming stronger after illness) —~ powrét do zdrowia
quest n (search for something) -— poszukiwanie
vanity n (excessive pride in one’s appearance) -- préinoéé
1. Why are there so many types of cosmetic surgery?
2. Why are people encouraged to reshape their noses?
3. Is suction lipectomy an easy procedure to go through?
4. Why do some people consider cosmetic surgery unethical?
Phrases to learn
szukaé pomocy — s ............... a ..............................
poprawiaé nature; -- i .................... u ............ n ................
wyjéé naprzeciw oczekiwaniom -——- m ............ the d ........................
znaczny popyt -~ 0 ................................ d ..........................
rozprawié Bit; 2 czyms’ «— d ...... a ............ w ............. 8th
przepisaé leki -—- p .................... m .........................
zmniejszyé zle samopoczucie — m ........................ d ............................
osiagniecie fizycznej doskonaloéci -——— a ........................ p ...........................
p ............................
dla celéw estetycznych - for a ......................... p ..............................
znaleié lepsze zastosowanie -—- p ............ to a b ................... u .........
wplywaé na czyjeé dobre samopoczucie -— a ................. one’s w .............. -
b ...............
uwaiaé za -—~ r .................. a ......
usprawiedliwié zabieg chirurgiczny -——- j .................... s......................
245
Headline
VANITY ' HUMAN 0 SURGERY ° REFLECTS 0 FOR ¢ COSMETIC ° DEMAND
I O O I O I U C D ‘ I I I I I OI I I I I I I I R O I I I . . . . . . .
Kliniki przeprowadzajace operacje plastyczne przeiywajq rozkwit, wychodzac
naprzeciw ludzkim oczekiwaniom. Coraz wigcej ludzi postanawia poprawié
swéj wyglad. Zabiegi, ktérym moina sic; poddaé, t0 miedzy innymi powiek-
szenie qi zmniejszenie piersi, likwidowanie zmarszczek na twarzy, korek—
cja odstajqcych 113211 1 przeszczepy wloséw. D0 najczgéciej przeprowadzanych
operacji naleiy korygowanie ksztaltu nosa oraz odsysanie tluszczu.
Dla kobiet, ktére stanowia} prawie sto procent pacjentéw, atrakcyjny wyglad
jest sprawa dobrego samopoczucia. Wiekszoéé tego typu operacji moZna wiec
traktowaé jako rodzaj terapii psychiatrycznej. Powstaje pytanie, czy operacje
plastyczne dla osiagniecia perfekcyjnego wygladu nie powinny byé zaniecha-
ne, 3 pieniqdze i wysilek chimrgéw znaleié lepsze zastosowanie. Z wyj atkiem
przypadkéw, gdy interwencja chirurga jest uzasadniona ze wzgledu 11a sto-
piefi znieksztalcefi, pragnienie poddania Sig operacji plastycznej jest przeja-
wem ludzkiej préz'snoéci.
I I I I I I O . I I I I I I I . I . 0 . 0 I . I O O I I I O O I . O . . . I I O O I . I . 0 . 0 I O I I I I I O Q O O O O I I I I D O I O I I O I
Discussion topics
1. What is the motivation of people who Wish to undergo cosmetic surgery?
2. Why, do you think, people, and women in particular, are so fussy about:
the way they look? Is the desire to look nice 3 natural drive to attract mem-
bers of the opposite sex?
3. Think of Nazi war criminals who had their faces changed to escape pun-
ishment? Invent your own story in which plastic surgery plays a major part.
4. Are you satisfied with the way you look? Is there anything that you think
could be improved by means of corrective surgery? Would you be Willing to
suffer pain and discomfort for the sake of a better-looking body?
246
Q
[ News item 59: Anorexia
. The number of people suffering from anorexia nervosa is increasing.

. The main symptom is that one has no longing for food.
Teenage girls do not eat because they want to look like models.
Everywhere people talk about slimming and exercising.
Girls do not eat because that is What magazines tell them to do.
Anorexia patients should be treated both by doctors and psychiatrists.
The problem with anorexics is the way they perceive themselves.
At some point they realize that enough is enough and start eating
normally.
9. In western cultures, the dominant tendency is “slim is good, fat is bad”.
10. Girls refuse to eat because they think that it is the way to please
their parents.
11. They feel like breaking free from the world in which everybody tells
them what to do.
12. With changes in fashion, it is predicted that the number of sufferers
will not increase.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
compulsive ........................................................................ belief
distorted ........................................................................ body
eating ........................................................................ diet
fashion ........................................................................ disorder
mental ........................................................................ image
misleading ........................................................................ magazines
overwhelming ........................................................................ models
reverse ........................................................................ obsession
Skinny ........................................................................ problem
slim ........................................................................ starvation
voluntary ........................................................................ term
247
Anorexia
According to recent reports, more and more girls, some as young

as ten, are falling victim to anorexia nervosa, the “slimmer’s
disease”. Anorexia means “loss of appetite” but the term is
misleading. The sufferers do feel hunger pangs but in spite of
this they refuse to eat —~ food becomes a reverse obsession. So far,
anorexia has been mainly associated with teenage girls who
pursue an idealized image of a perfectly slim body as manifested
by scores of skinny models in fashion magazines. The western
obsession with dieting, slimmess and the keep—fit mania often
results in thousands of teenagers starting compulsive diets.
Although sometimes classified as an eating disorder, anorexia
nervosa is largely a mental problem. Young women, dissatisfied
with their figures, continue to cut down on food in the
misguided belief that they are overweight. Terrified of
gaining extra pounds, they refuse to eat even though they are
painfully thin. What is most dangerous is their distorted body
image: no matter how thin they are, anorexics always feel like
losing “just one more pound”.
What precipitates anorexia is not clear. There are probably
many causes of the disorder, many of them sociological. The
Victims maintain an overwhelming belief that the thinner they
are, the better people they become. If you put on weight, they
say, you are not socially acceptable. It may also be a form of
protest against parents who set excessively high standards
of achievement for their children. Unable to fulfil their
parents’ expectations, they often resort to drugs or voluntary
starvation. Their bodies become the only thing they can
control; they can choose to eat or not to eat.
Medical specialists predict that the number of young women
starving themselves will increase, with the average age
dropping. Helping anorexics can be a matter of life and death as
families Who have lost a member to anorexia know only too well.
248
pangs n (sharp, physical sensation of hunger? ~ Skurcze glodowe
pursue v ( seek, follow) — dqiyé do
scores n (a, great many) —- duZo
skinny adj (very thin) -— wychudzony
compulsive adj ( caused by an obsession) — nalogowy, uzaleiniony
misguided adj (mistaken, wrong) _... bhgdny, file pojety
overweight adj (obese, exceeding normal weight) -- z nadwaga
distorted adj (twisted out of true meaning) - znieksztalcony, wypaczony
precipitate u (make 3th happen sooner; cause) ._ przyspieszaé, doprowadzaé
do czegoé
overwhelming adj (overpowering) — przytlaczaj acy, nieprzeparty
achievement n (something gained, accomplishment) -- osiqgniecie
resort 0 (turn to something) - uciekaé 519 do
voluntary adj (ready to do things willingly) — dobrowolny
starvation n (lack of food) ~— glodéwka
predict 0 (tell in advance) —— przepowiadaé, przewidywaé
average adj (mean) ~— éredni, przecietny
1. What kind of a disorder is anorexia nervosa?

2. In What way are fashion magazines responsible for the slimming epidemic?
3. In What way can anorexia be seen as a mental problem?
4. Why do specialists stress the role of the family in overcoming anorexia?
Phrases to learn
a paéé ofiara choroby ~— f. .......... v.................. to a d ......................
e okreélenie Wprowadzajace W blad ~— a m .......................... t ...............
e gléwnie kojarzony z — m ................ a ............................... with E
e niezadowolony ze swojej figury _ d ............................ with one’s f. ................
e ograniczaé jedzenie ~— 0........... d ............... on f. ...........
e przybieraé na wadze — p .......... 0 ......... w ....................
e stawiaé wygérowane wymagania ~— 3........... e............................. h ...............
s.........................
e Spelniaé oczekiwania rodzicéw -- f. ........................ the p ......................... ’
e.......................................
e sprawa iycia lub émierci —— a m .................... of l .............. and d ................
e wiedzieé zbyt dobrze - k ................. o .............. t ......... w ..........
249
Headline
Rearrange the words to form the headline to the report:
NUMBER 0 FOR 0 SUFFERERS 0 MAGAZINES 0 BLAMED 0 OF 0 AN OREXIA
FASHION 0 INCREASING
I I I I I I I I I D O C fl . . . O l O I I . I I I I I O ‘ . O O . I D I I I O I O I I I . fl O l . I I O . . . O . U . I I . I O I O C I O I I O I I I O O C . .
W ostatnich latach coraz wiecej odchudzajacych sic; dziewczat pada ofiarq cho-
roby zwanej anoreksja. Polega 011a na tym, Ze chore, mime glodu, odmawiajq
przyjmowania jaldchkolvxdek pokarméw. Zaburzenia wystepuja gléwnie u masto-
latek, ktére (121235; d0 uzyskania smuklej sylwetki jakq prezentujg modelki 2 ma-
gazynéw mody. Dziewczeta, nieustannie bombardowane inibrmacjami 0 odchu—
dzaniu i dietach, pepadajq w obsesje. Niezadowolone ze swych figur, w blegdnym
przekonaniu 0 swej nadwadze, nieustamfie redukujq iloéé spoiywanego jedze-
nia. Obsesyjne odchudzanie wynika takie z przeéwiadczenia, ie ludzie z nad-
wage; nie sq akceptowani W spoleczer’lstwie. Jest 1‘6wniei formq protestu prze«
ciwko zbyt wysokim wymaganiom stawianym swoim cérkom przez rodzicéw.
I I I I I I I I D C . I I I I I I . I . . . I I D . D D . U I I I O I O I . I I I . O I I I . O I I I I O O I I O O I I I I C D ¢ I I O I I I O D O C . . .
Discussion topics
1. Western culture has created a standard according to which everybody must
be successful, have a career, be fit and healthy, and always be happy. Prob-—
ably that’s Why they keep making sure by asking everybody “How are
you?”, to which there is only one reply “I’m fine”. Can you see any correla—
tion between this and What the report says about the causes of anorexia?
2. Have you ever wanted to look like somebody else?
3. Analyze the responsibility of the mass media in promoting styles and fash-
ions often aimed at the younger generation.
250
E News item 60—61: Fat rights and Gay rights ]
Fat rights
1. Fat people are often discriminated against.
2. Mass media focus everybody’s attention on keeping in shape.
3. The stereotyped image tells us that people are fat because they
are stupid and lazy.
4. Fat teenagers are generally liked by their mates.
5. The Association will teach its members how to lose weight effectively.
Gay rights
D E C ! DE]
1. The purpose of “Outing” is to make people realize how many
homosexuals there are around us, including celebrities.
2. If a person is a homosexual, they want everybody to know that.
3. The common opinion is that nobody has any right to reveal someone
else’s secrets in public.
4. The campaigners know very well that what they are doing is wrong.
5. People whose sexual orientation has been revealed by the campaign
are expected to admit the allegation and be proud of it.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
derogatory .......................................................................... abuse
gay .......................................................................... activists
key .......................................................................... controversy
lingering .......................................................................... discrimination
media .......................................................................... exposure
militant .......................................................................... issue
national .......................................................................... orientation
public .......................................................................... personalities
sexual .......................................................................... rights
size .......................................................................... stereotypes
verbal .......................................................................... term
251
Fat rights
A new association has been formed for overweight people,
colloquially known as “fatsos”. They will attempt to oppose What
they call “size discrimination” and they are seeking legislation
of “FAT RIGHTS”. The legislation would ban intolerance against
fat people, make discrimination illegal, and officially recognize
that being fat may be a disability. People who are obese quickly
realise that it is no fun living in a society Obsessed with thinness,
dieting, and jogging. They have to fight lingering stereotypes of
fat peeple as lazy, stupid and unmotivated. They find it harder
to find employment, losing the race against slim people.
From earliest childhood “fatsos” are faced with cruel verbal
abuse from other schoolchildren, Who Shout rhymes like “Tubby,
tubby, two by four, can’t fit through the kitchen door”. This and
other forms of bullying are manifestations of ostracism and
plain dislike. Another key issue for the association is teaching
its members that FAT IS O.K. They have to learn to accept
themselves as they are and do everything they can to restore
the dignity they have been stripped of.
Gay rights
As part of a national controversy over homosexuality militant
gay activists have launched a campaign called “Outing” aimed
at exposing “closet homosexuals”, gays who conceal their
sexual orientation. Posters of celebrities have been put up
labeling actors, actresses, media personalities and politicians
as dykes or fags, traditionally derogatory terms sometimes
used sarcastically in reference to gays. This crude, public
exposure of queers is seen as a smear and an invasion of
privacy, but the “Outers” see their action as an attack on
hypocrisy. Those who are not straight, they say, and belong to
sexual minorities, should come out of the closet and publicly
declare their support for gay rights.
252
disability n (impairment) — ulomnoéé
obese adj (overweight, very fat) — otyly
lingering adj (remaining) — utrzymujqcy sic;
tubby adj (round and fat) -- przysadzisty
bullying n (harassment) m dokuczanie, zastraszanie
strip 0 (deprive of) -——» pozbawié
militant adj (aggressive) ——~ bojowniczy
closet n (place for storing things) —— szafa
closet adj (pertaining to people who do not admit their homosexuality) —
ukryty, niejawniajqcy swojej odmiennej orientacji seksualnej
conceal 0 (hide) — ukryé
celebrity n (famous person, personalisty) —— znana 030133 2 Zycia publicznego
label 0 (categorise) --— zaszufladkowaé kogoé, przyczepié latke;
dyke n,sl (lesbian) —-- lesbijka
fag n,sl (male homosexual) «- pedal
crude adj (impoZite) - niewyszukany
queer adj,sl (homosexual, deviant) -——- zboczony
smear n (damage done to somebody’s reputation by spreading rumours) ——
oczernienie
straight adj, 3! (here: heterosexual) —— heteroseksualny
1. What are the aims of the association of overweight people?
2. What created the necessity for seeking legal forms of protection?
3. Who is exposed by “Outing”?
4. What do gay activists want to achieve by their campaign?
Phrases to learn
0 utworzyé stowarzyszenie -— f1............ an a .............................
0 oficjalnie uznaé -— o ........................ r ...............................
o przegraé z kjms’ wyécig —— l .......... the r ........... a ................. Sb
0 narazié sis; na obelgi -- f. ............. v ................. a ..................
o przywrécié godnoéé —— r ..................... d .......................
a zapoczatkowaé kampanit; —— l .................. a c ..............................
o wywiesié plakat -- p ........ up a p ..................
. okreélenie przynoszqce 11i -~ d ............................. t ...............
o W odniesieniu do -— in r ....................... to
o wtargniegcie w czyjeé iycie osobiste - i .......................... of sb’s p ....................
o oznajmié publicznie -—- p ...................... d .......................
253
Headline
1. WEIGHT t SOUGHT 0 END 0 DISCRIMINATION 0 RIGHTS 0 TO 0 FAT
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
2. POSTER 0 GAYS 0 IN 0 CLOSET 0 BROUGHT 0 OF 0 THE 0 CAMPAIGN

OUT 9 SMEAR
. . . . . . . .
Utworzono nowe stowarzyszenie skupiajqce ludzi z nadwaga, ktére ma prze—
ciwdzialaé dyskryminowaniu ludzi grubych. Otyloéé jest ulomnoécia. Ludziom
z nadwagq trudno jest Zyé W spoleczefistwie zwariowanym na punkcie utrzy-
mania szczuplej sylwetki. Musza zwalczyé utrzymujqcy sit;- stereotyp, Ze gru—
bi to ludzie leniwi, glupi i bezwolni. 0d wczesnego dziecifistwa grubasy sq
naraione na obelg‘i i dokuczanie ze strony réwieénikéw. Podstawowym zada~
niem stowarzyszenia jest przywrécenie u otylych poczucia wlasnej godnoéci.
Grupa wojowniczo nastawionych homoseksualistéw zapoczqtkowala kampa~
nie; majaca, na celu ujawnienie ludzi o nieheteroseksualnych sklonnoéciach.
Na ulicach porozwieszano plakaty przedstawiajqce osobistoéci z iycia publicz»
nego o orientacji homoseksualnej. Taka publiczna ekspozycja jest wtargnie-
ciem w Zycie osobiste. Prowadzqcy kampanie traktuja} jg jako atak na hip0-
kryzjeg. Wszyscy o odmiennych nii heteroseksualne sklonnoéciach powinni sit;
ujawnié, oznajmié ten fakt publicznie i walczyé 0 swoje prawa.
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Discussion topics
1. Why is intolerance so characteristic of the human race? Why do people dis—
criminate against other people for the sole reason that they are either fat,
gay, black, or Jewish, to mention just a few?
2. Why is intolerance and discrimination such a difficult thing to live with?
Is it so because we are so helpless when confronted with such reactions?
3. Why are stereotypes so unjust? Why do many people treat them seriously?
Give examples of how biased opinions can affect people’s lives.
4. Have you ever been bullied by your mates because you are different in some
respect? Have you ever manifested any kind of intolerance?
254
L News item 62: Video nasties ]
1. The purpose of the campaign is to restrict access to Video nasties.
2. Video nasties portray Violence as something horrible and contemptible.
CO
. It is not true that the law Which protects children from watching
these films is effective.
Some parents allow their children to watch such films.
9 m m ?
Children never watch them without asking permission first.

. Every film is given a certificate which states its audience suitability.
Films for children represent a considerable proportion of the whole
film production.
8. Video nasties are produced because they provide an interesting
insight into the way people behave.
9. Civil liberties mean that people are free to do as they like as long
as they stay within the law.
10. If the proposed bill becomes law, parents will no longer have to take
responsibility for what their children. watch.
11. If the distribution of Video nasties is made illegal, their production
will increase because that is Where the big money is.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
artistic ....................................................................... acts
awkward ....................................................................... campaign
black ....................................................................... consent
civil ....................................................................... films
enormous ....................................................................... liberties
lucrative ....................................................................... market
obscene ....................................................................... merit
parental ....................................................................... profits
parliamentary ....................................................................... questions
repulsive ....................................................................... trade
255
Video nasties
A parliamentary campaign has been launched to impose stricter
control over the spread of “video nasties” -— gruesome horror
or obscene films on Video cassettes. These are available through
Video rental shops, practically Without any restriction. Mostly
American productions without any artistic merit, these films
glorify and encourage Violence and portray repulsive acts such
as cannibalism, sadomasochism and torture. Although the law
prohibits the sale of any material “likely to deprave or corrupt”
minors, surveys Show that 40% of six—year—olds claim to have
seen at least one horror film on home videos, either with or
without parental consent.
All videos that legally enter the market have to be examined
and certified as suitable for home viewing prior to their release,
but only about 10% of films reviewed yearly are deemed suitable
for children to watch without parental control. The proponents
of this legislation maintain, however, that films which exploit
the worst elements of human nature for profit should be banned.
“The damage done by such films on minors could last forever,”
they say, demanding that the distribution of all video films
classified as “unsuitable for children” be stopped. Cassette
covers displayed in video shops should not provoke awkward
questions or give nightmares to children who only come to
borrow a cartoon.
Opponents have voiced fears, however, that such a ban would
violate civil liberties. The issue is Whether the government
should interfere in What people choose to watch for entertain-
ment. It is also argued that no legislation can remove the
parents’ responsibility to protect their children from corruption
and depravity. In addition, if the proposed bill becomes law, it
is bound to encourage a black market in banned videos, run by
organized crime gangs, making enormous profits from this
lucrative trade.
256
Spread n (expansion) — rozpowszechnienie
video nasty n (repulsive, morally filthy film) -—- Wideo-obrzydliwoéé
gruesome adj (ugly, repqive, horrible) — okropny, 0draZajqcy
merit n (value, quality that deserves reward) - zaleta, wartoéé
repulsive adj (causing a, feeZing of disgust) -——- odpychaj acy, budzacy 0draze;
deprave v (corrupt, make morally bad) - deprawowaé
minor n (person under legal age) -—- nieletni
survey n (opinion poll) -~ sondaz
consent n (permission) - zgoda
suitable adj (appropriate) ~— odpowiedni
proponent n (person who argues in favour of something) - rzecznik, oredowm'k
exploit 0 (use for one’s own profit) —~ wykorzystywaé
awkward adj (embarrassing) w krepujacy, wywolujacy zaZenowanie
nightmare n (frightening dream) -—-— koszmar, mara nocna
violate 0 (act contrary to) —— pogwalcié, naruszyé
civil liberties n (freedom of an individual to do, think and speak as they
choose) — prawa, swobody obywatelskie
lucrative adj (profitable, bringing in money) — dochodowy, przynoszacy
zyski
1. What type of films are defined as Video 113813198?
2. Do children have access to these films?
3. Should children be protected from video nasties and, if so, how?
4. Will the problem ever be solved by legislation?
Phrases to learn
a zainicjowaé kampanie; - l .................... a c ...............................

a narzucié écisla kontrole; nad czymé ~— i ................... s................. c ..................
o.......... sth
o bez ograniczefi — w ................ r ..................................
e wychwalaé przemoc ~——~ g ................. v......................
e zakazaé sprzadaiy —— p ......................... the s............ .
9 1121136 213 nadajace sit; dla dzieci — d ............. s.................... for c ..................... i
e wyrafaaé obawy -- v.............. f. ................. I
o odpowiedzialnoéé za ochrone — r ...................................... t ....... p ....................
Wm;"§§$m4:'a§aizizsaa}.‘£ii' " I
e osiagaé ogromne zyski -—- m ............. e.......................... p ....................
257
Headline
FIRE 0 CHILDREN 0 UNDER 0 OVER 0 VIDEO 0 CORRUPTION
0F 0 ALLEGED ' NASTIES
Parlament bedzie sie stara} wprowadzié przepisy ogl'aniczajqce rozpowszech-
njanie krwawych i wulgarnych horroréw na kasetach wideo. ,,Wide0-obrzydli~
woéci”, gléwnie produkcji amerykafiskiej, przedstawiajg 0draiajace akty przen
mocy i tortur. Rzecznicy ostrzejszych praw regulujqcych dystrybucje kaset
domagajq sic; zakazu rozpowszechniania filméw, ktére za temat obieraja naj~
gorsze ludzkie sklonnoéci. Negatywne oddzialywanja tego typu filméw 11a mlo-
docianych mega mieé nieodwracalne skutki.
Przeciwnicy projektu twierdza, 2e zakaz dystrybucji ”widen-obrzydliwos’ci” jest
pogwalceniem praw obywatelskich. Wladze nie powinny ingerowaé w to, jaki ro-
dzaj filméw spoleczefistwo oglqda dla rozrywki. Zadne prawo nie zwolni rodzi-
céw 0d odpowiedzialnoéci 23 to, co oglqdaja} ich dzieci. J eieli proponowana usta—
wa wejdzie W Zycie, rozwinie Sig czarny rynek handlujqcy zakazanymi filmami.
I . . . I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I I I h OOOOOOO I I . . . I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Q C I ' O
Discussion topics
1. Why do some people relish watching horror films? Why do children cover
their eyes while watching a horror film, and yet they cannot resist the
temptation to peep through their fingers?
2. Is it true, in your opinion, that Video nasties have a devastating effect on
minors and are a source of nightmares and fears that may stay with them
for the rest of their lives?
3. Is there any technical way of preventing children from watching such films
when their parents are not at home?
4. Should people be restricted in the way they spend their free time?
258
[ News item 63: Pornography J
1. Because of the spread of pornographic material, there are more
sexurelated crimes.
2. Tests were carried out to find out if pornography encourages crime.
3. The more hard—core materials are sold, the higher the rate of rape is.
4. Porn consumers want to try for themselves What porn magazines
and films Show.
5. Feminist activists bitterly oppose pornography.
6. They say pornography shows an unrealistic and distorted image
of What women are really like.
7. Video films ShOW deviated forms of sex as something normal and
generally acceptable. '
8. Activists want video renters to remove pornographic films from
their shops.
9. Only men, not women, are consumers of pornography.
10. It is easy to define What is obscene and what is not.
11. What was unacceptable some years ago may now be the norm.
12. According to psychologists, consuming pornographic materials
can do no harm to anybody.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
bizarre ................................................................................ abuse
explicit ................................................................................ activists
feminist ................................................................................ aggression
ludicrous ................................................................................ behaviour
male ................................................................................ evidence
new ................................................................................ fixations
offensive ................................................................................ materials
perverse ................................................................................ myth
primitive ................................................................................ scenes
sexual ................................................................................ tastes
259
Pornography
Recent surveys provide new evidence that pornography rarely
provokes sex-related crimes like rape or child-molestation,
and that the two are not linked. In fact, pornographic materials
can actually diminish male aggression, rather than encourage
sexual offences. There seems to be little correlation between
the amount of hard-core material sold, and crimes committed
in a tested area. If pornography were a cause of sexual abuse,
it would mean that male and female porn consumers are
automatons driven to act out fantasies induced by explicit
sexual imagery.
These findings should ultimately settle the question of whether

obscene, offensive materials incite Violence against women.
But pornography, now under fire from feminist activists, is seen
in itself as violence against women. They argue that because of
the way pornography shows women, they are devalued and
suffer humiliation. Pornography is dehumanizing, they say, and
exploits primitive tastes. Explicit scenes showing bizarre
behaviour are degrading and harmful. As part of their
campaign, they are objecting to newsagents’ “mp-shelf” girlie
magazines and are demanding that video renters should not
give prominence to blue movies.
On the other hand, people who feel less inhibited, and there
are women amongst them too, say that there is nothing wrong
in showing human bodies, especially if they are beautiful to look
at. Unless it becomes a sex substitute, pornography should be
available to those who enjoy it. Relatively few women admit that
pornography turns them on, but this is because for centuries
they were supposed to shun sex.
Lastly, the question of What is obscene has baffled censors for
years. Nowadays, there are few cases in which something is
banned on the grounds that it is “likely to deprave or corrupt”.
Still, psychologists maintain that pornography, however defined,
can lead to perverse fixations and can encourage the ludicrous
myth that women actually enjoy being abused.
260
child-molestation n (making indecent sexual advances t0ibd?€l
seksualne wykm zystywanie dzieci
correlation n (reciprocal relation)- wzajemna relacja
hard--core adj ((of pornography) explicit mater ial)-—— pornografia bez oslonek
automaton n (robot) tu: czlowiek, ktéry zachowuje sit; jak maszyna
induce 0 (bring about, generate) - wywolaé
explicit adj (fully and clearly Show) -— bez niedoméwiefi, wyrainie pokazany
obscene adj (immodest, lewd) -— nieprzyzwoity, lubieiny
incite v (stir up) —-—— wywolywaé, zachecaé
exploit 0 (make unfair use of something) —- wykorzystywaé
bizarre adj (aberrant, peculiar) --— dziwaczny, wynaturzony
degrade 0 (reduce the value) —- poniz'syé
inhibited adj (restrained, suppressed) - skrepowany, z zahamowaniami
shun v (avoid, turn away from 3th) -- unikaé
baffle v (puzzle) -— zaskakiwaé, wprawiaé W zaklopotanie
ludicrous adj (laughable, ridiculous) -— niedorzeczny, absurdalny
1. Is there a correlation between pornography and the crime rate?
2. What arguments do feminist activists present against pornography?
3. Why is defining something as pornographic difficult?
4. What adverse effects may pornography have on people?
Phrases to learn
a dostarczyé nowych dowodéw —— p ................... n ........... e...........................
- naklaniaé do popelniania przestepstw na tle seksualnym —— e.......................
s.................. o .........................
o urzeczywistniaé fantazje -- a ....... o ........ f. ....................
.- ostatecznie ustalié —— u .......................... s................. the q .......................
. pod obstrzalem -- u ............. f. ...........
o sprzeciwiaé sit; ~— 0................ t ......
o dawaé pierwszefistwo, eksponowaé -——- g ........... p ..............................
e podniecaé kogoé ~— t ............ Sb 0 .....
o zakazaé z powodu... ~— 15......... 0.... the g .....................
. zdeprawowaé i sprowadzié na 2123 droge; — d ................. and c .....................
. prowadzié do wypaczonych nawykéw —— l ................. to p .............................
f. .....................
261
Headline
SEX-RELATED 0 DISPUTED I PORNOGRAPHY 0 AND 0 LINK
BETWEEN 0 CRIMES
I I I I I O . R . . O I O I . . . I D . 0 ‘ . I . I I O O O Q C I I I . I . I I I 3 0 . . I . “ ‘ “ “ "
Ostatnie badania dostarczaja nowych dowodéw na to, fine pornografia nie jest
przyczyna przestepstw na tle seksualnym, takich jak gwalt czy seksualne
wykorzystywanie dzieci. W rzeczywistoéci materia1y pornograficzne mogq
zmniejszyé agresjg mgiczyzn i 1113 prowadza do przemocy wobec kobiet. Por-
nografia jest pod obstrzalem dzialaczek feministycznych, dla ktérych jest (ma
sama w sobie pogwalceniem praw kobiety. Sposéb, w jaki pokazywane sq k0-
biety W niektérych filmach czy pismach, uwlacza ich godnoéci.
Pornografia bazuje na prymitywnych gustach. Sceny przedstawiajqce wyna-
turzone akty przemocy seksualnej sq dla kobiet poniiajace. Niektére kobiety
nie widzq nic zlego w pokazywaniu nagiego ciala. Cenzorom pozostawia sic;
decyzje, co jest nieprzyzwoite i powinno byé zakazane. Psychologowie sq zda-
nia, 2e pornografia moZe prowadzié do wypaczonych nawykéw seksualnych.
I O O D C I D U I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I . . . ’ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I D d . I I I I I I I I
n o I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I O I I ‘ . . . . . I . u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u . q u o . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
------ - -v--:=. IIOIIlilo...InIQ-OIQC...cbutOIOIlolI.I.allIlaQOQDIOCuIOOIIIIIIIOCOtOU!
O l - O U O U I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O C I O O D ’ Q U C O O O . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 " . . . I I I I I I I I I I I D O . . .
Discussion tepics
1. Why do people find pornography exciting, though few dare to admit it?
2. Would you agree that what pornography shows is unnatural, and that the
people pictured in the films do not behave like that in everyday life? Is
this one of the reasons why it may create myths and wrong expectations?
3. Should pornography be Widely available, or what rules, if any, Should rem
strict access to it?
4. In the majority of cases pornography portrays male dominance and superi—
ority in during sex. Is it so because the market is basically targeted at men?
262
L News item 64: PEOStiiutio
. The listeners who phoned in were unanimous in their opinions.
flsnsnukwyow
Prostitution is called the oldest profession in the world.

. At the moment, in most countries prostitution is a criminal offence.
. The police are successful in preventing prostitution.
Red~light districts can be found in all major cities.
There were some prostitutes among the callers too.
The arguments they gave in favour of legalizing prostitution were
illogical and not to be taken seriously.
8. Controlling prostitution is one of the ways of controlling the
spread of AIDS.
9. Today no prostitute will have sex without a condom under any
circumstances.
10. The police report a very high incidence of rape.
11. It is said that if brothels operated legally, more men would want
to Visit them.
12. Prostitutes want the system legalized because they are complaining
about not having enough clients at the moment.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
astonishing .......................................................................... checks
broad .......................................................................... demand
health .......................................................................... districts
official .......................................................................... fact
red-light .......................................................................... need
sexual .......................................................................... opponents
undisputed .......................................................................... pimps
unscrupulous .......................................................................... promiscuity
urgent .......................................................................... recognition
Vigorous .......................................................................... spectrum
263
Prostitution
A recent radio phone-in programme revealed a broad spectrum
of opinions on prostitution. The callers fell roughly into two
groups: those Who were all for it, and those who fiercely
opposed it. The main question was Whether the world’s “oldest
profession” should be legalized. The majority expressed the
belief that it should at least be decriminalized. Even though
it is not illegal to be one, a prostitute breaks the law when
she plies her trade and solicits clients. Yet, prostitution has
proved hard to stamp out, it even flourishes. The existence of
red—light districts in all the major cities is undisputable.
Prostitutes who joined the programme spoke of problems that
only official recognition of prostitution can solve. “Sexual service
providers”, as they wish to be called, raised points which even
the most vigorous opponents of legalizing prostitution had to
take seriously.
First, with AIDS spreading rapidly among heterosexuals, there
is an urgent need to stop infected women from passing the
disease to their clients. Although many of them practise “safer
sex”, they are still paid more for having sex Without a condom.
Therefore, it is better to run regular health checks for AIDS and .
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, than to ignore the problem. To
do that, there is a need for legalized establishments for
prostitution, in other words, brothels. Second, it is better to
make “paid sex” available and thus lessen the higher than ever
rate of rapes and other sex-related crimes. Another benefit of
getting women off the streets would be to rescue them from the
hands of unscrupulous pimps and to eliminate Mafia-
-controlled rackets. Despite several attempts, proposals to
amend the prostitution laws have been successfully blocked on
moral grounds. Licensing brothels, it is argued, would encourage
sexual promiscuity. Yet, the demand for sexual services is
astonishing; a single streetwalker admits to having an average
of 22 clients a week. The radio programme proved that
prostitution is a problem that cannot be ignored.
264
roughly adv (approximately) — z grubsza biorac, W przybliiem'u
fiercely adv (aggressively, vehementZy) —- zawziegcie, zagorzale
decriminalize 1) (make 3th not punishable) —— przestaé s’cigaé jako przestepstwo
solicit u (make a sexual ofier especially in a public place) — nagabywaé H192-
czyzn W celu uprawiania nierzqdu
stamp out U (suppress completely) -- wykorzenié, skoflczyé z czymé
flourish v (prosper; be at the height of activity) -— kwitnqé, dobrze prosperowaé
undisputable adj (not called in doubt) -— nie budzacy watpliwoéci
provider n (one who supplies services) —-— éwiadczacy uslug‘i
vigorous adj (forceful, strong) — energiczny, zdecydowany
brothel n (establishment for prostitution) -—— dom publiczny
unscrupulous adj (stopping at nothing) wpozbawiony skrupuléw
pimp n (man who solicits customers for a prostitute in return for a share of
the proceeds) —-— alfons
racket n (business organization for making illegal profits) - organizacja
przestegpcza
amend u (make changes in the law) — wnieéé poprawke;
promiscuity n (having many sexual partners) -- rozwiqzloéé, stosunki
pozamalieflskie
astonishing adj (amazing) — zdumiewajacy
1. How is prostitution treated by law?
2. What arguments are typically raised in favour of legalizing prostitution?
3. Why was the proposal rejected as unacceptable?
4. What is the scale of the problem?
Phrases to learn
. szeroki wachlarz poglqdéw -—-— a b ............... s..................... of o ....................
o wyrazié przekonanie ... e................. a b ................
:- uprawiaé proceder -- p ........ one’s t ................
. oficjalne uznanie ~— 0 .................. r ...............................
o szerzyé Sig w szybkim tempie ~——- 3................ r ....................
o pilna potrzeba —— an u ................ n ............
o przeprowadzaé regularne badania kontrolne ~— r ............... r ......................
h .................. c .................
o udostepnié —- m ............ sth a .......................
o wyiszy niz'; kiedykolwiek m h ............... t .......... e..........
265
Headline
LEGALIZING 0 CONTROVERSIAL 0 ARGUMENTS 0 REMAINS
OVERWHELMING 0 DESPITE 0 PROSTITUTION
J eden z wczorajszych programéw radiowych przedstawil szeroki wachlarz opi—
nii spoleczeflstwa 11a temat prostytucji. Wéréd wyraZajqcych swe zdanie byli
zdecydowani przeciwnicy, ale i tacy, ktérzy uwaZali, Ze uprawianie tego pro-
cederu nie powinno byé karalne. Bez wzgledu na to, co spoleczeflstwo o tym
sadzi, istnienie prostytucji jest niezaprzeczalnym faktem.
Zalegalizowanie prostytucji pozwoliloby na wyeliminowanie z zawodu prosty—
tutek chorych, zaraiajacych swoich klientéw chorobami przenoszonymi dro-
gq plciowq, miedzy innymi AIDS. Powstanie legalnych doméw publicznych
zmniejszyloby iloéé przestepstw na 1318 seksualnym, jak réwm’ez wyzwolilo pro-
stytutki Spod wplywu suteneréw. Préby zmiany statusu prawnego prostytu—
tek nie powiodly Sig ze wzgledéw obyczajowych. Istnienie doméw publicznych
przyczyniloby 319 do jeszcze Wiekszej rozwiqzloéci. J ednakie przedstawione
fakty i opinie nie mega} byé ignorowane.
C O . I I I I I I I I O . . . I I I I I I . 0 . I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I 9 . . I I I I I I I I . I . I O I I I I . I O O D D O U I I I I I I I I CUDOCDO I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 3 . . . . . . Q C C I Q O I . I I I I I I I I I I I 0 “ . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . 0 . . .
Discussion tOpics
1. Why is prostitution called “the oldest profession”? Why has there always
been a demand for “sexual services providers”?
2. Should prostitution be made legal and brothels officially established? Do
you believe that legalizing prostitution would solve the problems discussed
in the phone—in programme?
3. Why is sexual promiscuity regarded as something immoral or sinful? Are
there any cultures where it is acceptable, or even treated as a norm?
266
[ News item 65: Teenage gambling
Playing the slot machines can become an addiction.

Teenagers well realize the potential risk of compulsion.
Amusement arcades can have a mesmerizing effect.
The excitement of the game is too high and teenagers run away.
The only thing they are thinking of is how to go back and play again.
They have the money because they are given more and more by
their parents.
7. The problem concerns only those who are over 16.
. Young gamblers have better results at school.
9. One can always quit playing the machines any time one likes.
10. It takes a lot of time to free oneself from the habit.
11. At first young patients may behave very Violently.
12. The purpose of the parents’ organization is prevention and offering
help to young gamblers.
Collocations
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
behavioural ............................................................................. bandit
flashing ............................................................................. fixation
mental ............................................................................. gambling
one—armed ............................................................................. lights
real ............................................................................. machine
slot ............................................................................. problems
sole ............................................................................. purpose
unaware ............................................................................. scars
underage ............................................................................. symptoms
withdrawal ............................................................................. teenagers
267
Teenage gambling
Having a bit of fun on a slot machine can soon become a real
fixation for some unaware teenagers, leading psychologists
warned today. According to specialists, gambling is a kind of
addiction and can be as compelling as drugs. Amusement
arcades, with their machines and flashing lights, can
mesmerize youngsters, and form a compulsion which they are
unable to resist. It is the noise when the machine starts paying
out and the thrill which really get teenagers hooked on the
game. Soon the game becomes the only thing on their minds:
they start playing truant from school, they steal from their
parents, they lie and do anything to get money for gambling;
their sole purpose in life is to return to the “one-armed bandit”
to have another go!
Although the law forbids admission to the places in question
to anyone under sixteen, underage gambling is on the increase.
It has now been proved beyond any doubt that playing these
machines can create a kind of dependence. This, in turn,
causes behavioural problems, such as lack of interest in any
other activity and in school in particular. Not everyone will
become a problem gambler but, when a person realizes that he
is one, it is already too late.
Every addiction leaves mental scars. Therapy takes a long time
and the process of adaption to normal life is gradual. Violence
and aggression are typical withdrawal symptoms. Teenagers are
not allowed to handle money for several years. They are
encouraged to take up new interests, make new friends and get
a job. Apart from this, parents of young gamblers are organizing
themselves to help young Victims kick the habit and straighten
out their lives. But, above all, they are campaigning to have
slot machines removed from all venues to which children have
access in order to reduce the temptation to play the game. They
also seek penalties for those arcade owners who admit
youngsters below the age of sixteen.
268
slot
W1machine
zutowy n (machine activated by dropping a coin in a slot) --.- automat ;
fixation n (preoccupation, obsession)——— fiksacja, bzik

gambling 72 (playing at any game of chance for money)— uprawiam'e hazardu
compel U (have a powerful and irresistible efi'ect) — zniewalaé
mesmerize v (hypnotize) —— zahipnotyzowaé, byé zafascynowanym
thrill n (excitement) —— emocja
hooked on adj (addicted to something) -——- uzaleiniony 0d
forbid v (prohibit) -— zakazaé
dependence n (state of being conditioned by something) -— uzaleZnienie
scar n (mark) —— skaza
gradual adj (taking place by degrees) -- stopniowy
straighten out 0 (reform) ~— uporzqdkowaé, tu: uloiyé Zycie. 0d nowa
venue 27. (meeting place) -— miej sce spotkafi
access n (entry) -- dostep, wstep
penalty n (punishment for failure to obey rules) — kara
1. Why can playing slot machines become a compulsion?

2. Why do teenagers easily develop a dependance?
3. What kind of problems result from gambling?
4. What does the Withdrawal therapy involve?
Phrases to learn
0 zabawié sis; ~- 11............. a b .......... of f. ...........
o wytwarzaé zachowania nawykowe —- f. ............ a c ...............................
o chodzié 11a wagary —— p ............ t ................... from s...................
o zagraé jeszcze raz -— h ........... a .................. g .....
o bez cienia watpliwos’ci -— b ................ a .......... d ..................
. brak zainteresowania jaqolwiek dzialalnoécia —— l ........... of i ...................
m any a ........................
o zostawié skaze; na psychice —— l ........... m ............... s..............
o objawy kuracji odwykowej —- w ......................... s..............................
o mieé do czynienia z pieniedzmi w h ..................... m ................
o podj a6 nowe zainteresowania ——- t ............. up n ............ i ......................
o zerwaé z nalogiem -—- k ............. the h ...............
o zmniejszyé pokusc; - r .................... the t .................................
269
Headline
GAMBLING 0 FIGHT 0 OF 0 PARENTS 0 TEENAGE 0 GROWING 0 WAVE
Zabawa na automatach do gry stala Sig prawdziwq mania wéréd mlodzieéy.
Hazard uzaleinia tak samo jak narkotyki. Dreszcz emocji, ktéry towarzyszy
wyrzucaniu przez maszyne wygranych pieniedzy powoduje, 2e mlodziei Hie
jest w stanie odméwié sobie gry i Wkrétce popada w nalég. Uczniowie zaczy—
naja wagarowaé, kraéé, klamaé, byleby tylko zagraé jeszcze jeden raz. Pomi-
m0 prawa zakazujqcego mlodzieiy poniiej szesnastego roku iycia dostepu do
maszyn, liczba mlodocianych uprawiajacych hazard roénie.
Hazard, jak kaidy nalég, zostawia skaze; na psychice. Terapia odwykowa jest
dlugim procesem, ktéremu towarzysza typowe objawy, min. agresja. W uwal—
nianiu Sig 0d nalogu i ukladaniu Zycia 0d nowa pomagajq rodzice. Pomagajq
W znalezieniu innego zainteresowania, pracy oraz poznaniu nowych ludzi.
Rodzice domagaja sie; usuniecia automatéw do gry z miejsc, do ktérych dzieci
majq dostep, aby zmniejszyé pokuse. Waéciciele lokali powinni byé karani za
umoiliwianie gry nieletnim.
O I I I I I I I I D C . I I I I I I D . . . I I I I I I I I I ‘ D . . . I I I I I I I 0 " . I I I I I I I I 0 . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I G O Q U U I .
Q C . . . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O I O D D U O Q U . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I U 3 . . . I I I I I I I I I I
I O . . . . . . . . . . . . Ct aaaaaaaa n o . «««««« O I . . . nnnnnnnnn a . . . ooooooooooo I I oooooooo g a n g . . . uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu a g g r a v a i ¢ u n o a n o c o o o ooooooooooooooo g i a n t - t n nnnnnnnnnnnnnn . n a
Discussion topics
1. Think of different kinds of addictions a person can develop. Which one is
the hardest to break? Why are teenagers so prone to various addictions?
2. Why is it stupid to say “I’ll never become addicted because I know I’ll stop
in time.”?
3. Try to imagine what it must be like to be a problem gambler. Why would
the addiction ruin your life as well as your family’s?
270
( News item
1. The report explains Why the decreasing number of teachers

nowadays is doing their job.
2. Teachers find their profession very stressful.
3. More than half of those interviewed for the report have been
Victims of classroom violence.
9051533531.?“
The profession of a teacher is highly respected in the society.

They are paid inadequately for the work they are expected to do.
Eight—year-olds are being thrown out of school for violent behaviour.
Teachers’ cars are often vandalized by pupils.
Headmasters are helpful in solving disciplinary problems because
they do not want to lose teachers.
9. Students behave at school just as they must be behaving at home
towards their parents.
10. Many parents would rather pretend not to notice their children
drinking alcohol.
11. Pupils moderate their language when they address their teachers.
12. Parents who cannot control their children are grateful to teachers
for bringing them up properly.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
appalling ............................................................................. abuse
corporal ............................................................................. cases
discouraged ............................................................................. degree
drastic ............................................................................. evidence
foul ............................................................................. language
horrifying ............................................................................. manners
physical ............................................................................. punishment
substantial ............................................................................. students
unruly ............................................................................. teachers
verbal ............................................................................. Violence
2'71
School violence
The Teachers’ Union has published a report which provides
substantial evidence as to why scores of discouraged teachers
are leaving the profession seeking less stressful alternative
employment. Five hundred men and women were surveyed for
the report, and as many as 40% revealed that they had been
subjected to daily verbal abuse, intimidation, threats, and
physical Violence from their pupils. The deterioration in
children’s behaviour is manifested by foul language and appalling
manners. The badly-paid profession is held in very low esteem.
Teachers say that there is a limit to the enthusiasm one can
generate for the job on a tiny salary. For many, the strain is too
high and it is driving them out of the classroom for good.
The teachers report a horrifying degree of classroom Violence,
with children as young as eight being suspended for being
disruptive. Vandalism, graffiti, arson, and theft are common-
place, and few schools manage successfully to tackle rowdies
who disrupt school life. Parking outside a school means finding
scratched paintwork, twisted aerials and punctured tyres. The
Violence involves knifing, punching and beating. In one case,
a boy turned on a teacher, grabbed him by the throat, and
threatened him with a broken bottle. But even in such drastic
cases, there is little support from the headmasters who are
reluctant to pass details to local authorities because such reports
reflect badly on their schools.
A breakdown in discipline at home has affected students’
behaviour at school. Bad behaviour has increased dramatically
since corporal punishment was abolished. Many young
people drink excessively and parents turn a blind eye to it. If a
teacher tries to correct or reprimand an unruly student, he or
she risks physical assault and severe verbal abuse. On top of
it, there is no support from the parents who rather come and
tell the teacher off for trying to keep their children in order.
Pupils know they can get away with assaulting teachers because
no—one takes such acts seriously.
272
substantial adj (considerable) ___ znaczny
verbal abuse n (being offensive using bad language) — wyraianie sic;
w sposéb obraéliwy
intimidation n (making someone afraid) -——— zastraszanie
deterioration n (becoming worse) — pogorszenie
tiny adj (very small) ———— niewielki
strain 72 (tension, frustration) -—— napiecie
suspend v (announce that Sb will not be allowed to perform duties for a, time
because of a breach of rules) «- zawiesié W wykonywaniu obowiqzkéw
disruptive adj (causing disorder or turmoil) -—~ powodujacy zamieszanie
commonplace adj (usual) —-— powszechny
rowdy n (hooligan, thug) -——~ awanturnik
punching n (striking hard with the fist) - uderzanie pieécia
turn on (somebody) 0 (attack) - rzucié sit; na kogoé
corporal punishment n (physical punishment) ~— kara cielesna
abolish U (do away with 3th) w znies’é
reprimand v (rebuke) -- udzielaé nagany
assault n (attack) ~—~ napaéé
tell Sb off I) (talk angrily to Sb, reprimand) — zbesztaé
1. What is making so many teachers leave their jobs?

2. How violent are the incidents described in the text?
3. Why is there no support for teachers from the headmasters?
4. Is there any correlation between children’s upbringing at home and class-
room violence?
Phrases to learn
a poszukiwaé zastepczego zatrudnienia ~—- 3.................. a .................................
e....................................
e wulgarne slownictwo i okropne maniery -—-— f. .............. l ......................... and
a ....................... m .......................
e cieszyé Sitf: niewielkim powaianiem -- be h ............. in l ........... e....................
e poradzié sobie z rozrabiakami ._. t ................. r ............................
e wystawiaé czemué zle éwiadectwo —- r ...................... b .................... on sth
a znieéé stosowanie kar cielesnych -—- a ....................... c ................................
p ..................................
e przymykaé na coé oko — t ............. a b ............... e.......... to sth
o utrzymywaé kogos’ W posluszefistwie — k ............ sb in o ................
273
Headline
CLASSROOM 0 OF 0 TEACHERS 0 TO 9 DISCIPLINE 0 OVER

MORE 0 LACK ‘ RESIGN
Mnéstwo nauczycieli W Anglii porzuca swéj zawéd i szuka innego zatrudnie-
nia. Przyczynq tego zj awiska, jak dowiadujemy sic; z raportu opublikowanego
przez zwiqzek nauczycieli, jest przemoc, pogréZki, szantaz i wulgarne slow—
nictwo ze strony uczniéw. Dodatkowo ten 2’31e platny zawéd cieszy sie; niewiel-
kim powaianiem w spoleczefistwie. N auczyciele donosza 0 wzrastajqcej licz-
bie przypadkéw przemocy, wandalizmu, podpalefl i kradzieZy. Dyrektorzy
niechegtnie zglaszajq te zajécia policji, gdyz wystawia to szkole zle éwiadec-
two. Rozluénienie dyscypliny w rodzinach ma zwiazek ze zlym zachowaniem
uczniéw W szkole. 0d czasu zniesienia w szkolach kary cielesnej, zachowanie
uczniéw znacznie sis; pogorszylo. Wladze nie reagujq na akty przemocy ze stro-
ny mlodzieéy, a rodzice r6wniez przymykajq na 1119 oczy. Wszystko to powo-
duje, ie nauczyciele masowo opuszczaja szkoly.
Discussion topics
1. What conditions should be created in schools to attract good teachers?
2. What changes would you suggest in order to make teachers feel less help—
less in the kinds of situations presented in the report?
3. How would you tackle the problem of school Violence if you were a teacher?
4. What are the factors behind the continuing deterioration of children’s be—
haviour?
274
L News item 67: Soccer hooliganism ]
1. Trouble erupted because the fans were unhappy with the score.
9° P0
The fighting started immediately after the match.

Coaches were vandalized in the scuffle.
r“
Those who were arrested are now back on the streets.
Hooligans wanted to set fire to the train.

9.99.59!"
The reason for the scuffle was that rival supporters were on that train.
More violence erupted at the stadium.
Some policemen were hurt because the rioters were well—prepared
for fighting.
5. The match was played two hours after the police had restored order.
1. Reported hooligans will not be allowed to travel abroad to support

their team.
2. On that day, they will be locked up in jail.
3. Soccer violence is alcohol-related.
4. Offenders will be severely punished as a warning to other thugs.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
high ................................................................................. disorder
offensive ................................................................................. fans
opposing ................................................................................. hooliganism
ripped ................................................................................. seats
rival ................................................................................. sides
smashed ................................................................................. supporters
soccer ................................................................................. tension
unruly ................................................................................. weapons
violent ................................................................................. windows
275
Soccer hooliganism
. Fighting broke out shortly after a football match between two
rival clubs ended with the guests Winning 4 to 1. Tension had
been high for over an hour before violence erupted. Fans
rampaged through streets, smashing Windows, tearing up
fencing and clashing with rival supporters. Trouble also broke
out in pubs and at the station, as coachloads of fans were
assembling to make their way home. Coaches had windows
smashed and seats ripped. Twenty-five men, who were
arrested by the police and now await trial, deny causing Violent
disorder. They were released on bail but barred from going
within a mile’s radius of any football gTound on a match day.
Football supporters who took part in the “fire bombing” of a
train endangering the safety of passengers will be charged
today. They are members of a gang of football hooligans
which threw milk bottles full of petrol at a train carrying
rival supporters. Four hundred fans damaged cars and
hurled missiles during a spate of Violence, when gangs of
youths from opposing sides met each other near the station.
The police charged the rioting supporters, many of Whom
were carrying offensive weapons. A number of officers were
assaulted during the scuffle. It took police two hours to
restore order, and the match was put off till the next day.
. New measures will be introduced today in an effort to stamp
out the current wave of soccer hooliganism. Known offenders
will be barred from going abroad on the day the team they
support plays a match in a foreign country. They will have
to report to their local police and make their presence known.
Both police and football clubs are determined to gain control
of unruly fans. The new laws mean that thugs may face
up to ten years in jail for causing an affray. British
supporters in particular are notorious —-- they get drunk on
cheap Whisky bought on the ferry to the Continent and then
roam round towns in drunken packs. Those who indulge in
Violence and vandalism and who bring disrepute to the
game are warned that they can expect no mercy.
276
rampage v (riot) —— demolowaé, tu: dopuszczaé sic; wybrykéw chuligafiskich
rip 0 (cut, tear; and pull out) -—— rozerwaé, wyrwaé
hurl v (throw violently) -— ciskaé, miotaé
spate (of sth) n (sudden outpouring of 3th) -—- seria czegoé
offensive adj ( used for attacking) -- tu: (0 broni) niebezpieczna
scuffle n (rough, confused fight) - szamotanina
stamp out I) (suppress completely, end) —— wykorzenié, skoficzyé z czymé
unruly adj (disorderly) —— niezdyscyplinowany
thug n (violent hooligan) — zbir
affray n (fight in a public place causing a disturbance of the peace) -——- burda,
zaklécanie porzadku publicznego
notorious adj (widely known for something bad) —— cieszyé Sig 213; reputacja
roam 0 (walk or travel without any definite aim) -- Wléczyé Sit}, walesaé
indulge v (allow onself to do sth that one enjoys esp. bad or harmful) —-
pozwalaé sobie na coé, folgowaé
disrepute n (disgrace) -- hafiba, zla reputacja
1. What damage was done by the football fans? (report 1)
2. How violent are the riots induced by football matches?
3. What steps are being taken to eradicate soccer hooliganism?
Phrases to learn
. wyrywaé ogrodzenie --— t ........ up f. ...................

o udaé sic; do domu -— m .............. one’s w .......... h ...............
o the szyby i wyrywaé siedzenia -— s................. w ...................... and r ...........
s...............
. wywolaé gwaltowne zamieszki — c ................ v ....................... d ........................
o zwolnié za kaucja — r ..................... on b .............
zagrozié bezpieczefistwu -— e ........................ the s ...................
. przywrécié porzqdek ~— r ................... o ................
wprowadzié nowe przepisy —-— i ......................... n ............. m ........................
o potwierdzié swojq obecnos’é ——— m ............... one’s p ....................... k .................
o byé zdecydowanym przejaé kontrole; - be d ........................... to g .................
c ................
o nie liczyé na litoéé —— e............................. n ......... m ............................
277
Headline
Rearrange the words to form the headline to report 3.
TRAVELLING 0 TO 0 SOCCER 0 THUGS 0 CONVICTED 0 BE
ABROAD 0 FROM 0 BARRED
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Mecze pilki noinej wywoluja Wéréd kibicéw skrajne emocje bedqce czgsto przy-
czynq wybrykéw chuligafiskich. Chuligani tlukq szyby i wszczynaja} béjki.
Policja zwykle zatrzymuje chuliganéw, ktérzy péiniej staja przed sqdem.
W czasie jednej z takich zamieszek agresywni kibice zaatakowali pociag wio-
zacy kibicéw przeciwnej druZyny. Wielu policjantéw odnioslo obl‘aZenia.
Zostanq wprowadzone nowe przepisy, ktére ukréca agresywne zachowania
kibicéw. Tym, ktérzy notorycznie zaldécajq porzqdek, nie bedzie wolno wy—
jeidiaé 11a mecze rozgrywane za granica}. Nie bedq tei dopuszczani W pobliZe
stadionéw podczas meczéw rozgrywanych w kraju. Za zaklécenie porzadku
publicznego chuliganom grozi kara do dziesieciu lat Wigzienia. Policja i kluby
pflkarskie zdecydowane sq walczyé z niezdyscyplinowanymi kibicami, ktérzy
przynosza 11i sportowi. Chuligani mega; nie liczyé na litoéé.
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Discussion topics
1. Would you agree that soccer hooliganism has got nothing to do with the
actual game, and that violence has its roots elsewhere?
2. Why do soccer matches attract such a wide audience? Why do they often
provoke such uncontrollable emotions among the spectators?
3. What steps would you take to prevent the outbreaks of violence that ac-
company football matches?
4. HOW must a player feel when he learns that the supporters of his club have
run riot and vandalized a town or a train?
278
L News item 68: The homeless J
1. The building that was commandeered by the squatters is in a terrible
condition.
2. The squatters want to turn it into a hotel.
3. They occupied the building because it had been abandoned for a year.
4. The building in question looks so bad that, for the time being,
it is still better to sleep in the park than in it.
At the moment, there are seventy—six people staying there.
The organizer of the squat has asked for public financial support.
Many people are contributing Whatever they can to keep the place going. E]
The government is failing in its responsibility to help the homeless. E]
. There are many cases when people are homeless because they do
not want to return to Where they came from. D
10. Soup kitchens are being financed by the government.
11. The only problem that the homeless have is Where to stay for the night. D
12. It is likely that the squatters will soon have to find another place to stay. E]
Collocations
COLUMN A _ COLUMN B
affordable ................................................................................. bed
appalling ................................................................................. building
charity ................................................................................. condition
derelict ................................................................................. interview
deserted ................................................................................. list
hot ................................................................................. meal
housing ................................................................................. organization
meagre ................................................................................. place
press ................................................................................. property _ '
voluntary ................................................................................. resources I: _
warm ................................................................................. work "
The homeless
A group of squatters have taken possession of a derelict
building under the slogan “The Homeless Help Themselves”.
Although the commandeered building is in an appalling
condition, they promise to make the hovel habitable again.
They will do it up and turn it into a place where the homeless
can have a warm bed and a hot meal. The deserted property
had remained disused and boarded up for the last year. Even
in its present state, the squatters say, it is much better than
sleeping rough. At the moment, there are seventy people housed
there, their ages ranging from twenty to seventy-six.
In a press interview, the man behind the project talked about
how easy it is to end up on the street and, describing the
meagre resources now at his disposal, appealed for donations
and voluntary work. Impressed by his determination to keep the
project going, many people have responded. Donations of
bedding, clothes and food are slowly coming in.
The action raises the question of the government’s responsibility
to provide cheap rented accommodation for people who need
assistance in this respect. Too many of the nation’s poor are
unable to find an affordable place to rent. However, among them
are people who have made themselves intentionally homeless.
These cases are not top priority on the housing list. It is widely
felt that the government money, which is desperately needed
to finance shelters for the desolate and the dispossessed, is
being misused. Most of the “meals-on-Wheels” programmes and
soup kitchens are funded by charity organizations.
The current action offers more than just a roof over people’s
heads. It is a means of helping the homeless to move back into
the social system. Yet, despite their efforts at self-help, the
squatters may still face eviction, as the city council is
reluctant to give up its plans to pull the building down. A
demolition contractor has already surveyed the building,
which is scheduled for demolition next month.
280
squatter n (person who occupies empty, deserted buildings without
permission) —-—- dziki lokator
dereliét adj (abandoned, left to fall into ruin) -— opuszczony, bezpaflski
commandeer v (confiscate, take over) -—- zarekwirowaé
hovel n (poorly cared for; dirty building) — (przenoénie) nora
habitable adj (fit to be lived in) -- nadajqcy sic; do zamieszkania
desert v (abandon) —— opuécié, pozostawié niezamieszkany
meagre adj (insufficient, poor) -—- skromny, niedostateczny
respond v (act in answer) - odpowiedzieé na wezwanie
the desolate 12 (people who are lonely) -——- ludzie opuszczeni, samotni
the dispossessed n (people who have been denied ownership) — ludzie
wywlaszczeni
eviction n (expelling tenants from a house by authority of the law) --— eksmisja
reluctant adj (unwilling, disinclined) — niechetny
demolition n (pulling down buildings) -- wyburzanie
survey 0 (examine the condition of a building) —— przeprowadzié oglgdziny
1. What are the squatters going to do with the disused building?
2. What kind of help are they getting?
3. What kind of policy should the government adopt for the homeless?
4. What is the planned future of the building in question?
Phrases to learn
o objaé W posiadanie «- t ............. p ..............................
. spaé ,,pod mostem” —— s.............. r ................
o znaleéé sie na ulicy -- e.......... u ..... on the s................
o zaapelowaé 0 darowizny i prace; spoleczna —- a ................ for d ........................
and v ......................... w ................
o pomszyé zagadnienie - r ............... a q ........................
o w tej kwestii -—~ in this 7'...................
a niskoczynszowe mieszkanie do wynajecia -— an a ......................... p ..............
to r .............
. niewlasciwie spoiytkowaé pieniadze rzqdowe — m ............... g ........................
m .................
. ufundowane przez instytucje dobroczynne ~— f. ................. by c .................
o .....................................
o nie byé sklonnym do zaniechania planéw - be r ........................ to g ...........
up p .............
o wyburzyé dom —- p .......... d ............. a b .......................
281
Headline
SQUATTERS 0 FOR 0 CLAIM 0 SCHEDULED 0 SHELTER 0 DEMOLITION
..-‘- -... . . : ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
Grupa dzikich lokatoréw zaje1a opuszczony budynek. Niezamieszkany dom
stal pusty przez estatni rok. Mime 2e budynek jest W strasznym stanie i prze-
znaczono go do rozbiérki, bezdomni zdecydowali przystosowaé go do zamiesz—
kania. Jest to lepsze rozwiqzanie niz spanie pod mostem. Znaleéli sit; ludzie,
ktérzy odpowiedzieli na apel o dary dostarczajqc léika, odziei i Zywnoéé.
W zaadaptowanym domu zamieszkalo jui Siedemdziesiat oséb w wieku 0d
dwudziestu do Siedemdziesieciu szeéciu lat. Rodzi sic; pytanie, czy rzqd nie
. powinien zapewnié taniego zakwaterowania ludziom samotnym i wywlaszczm
nym. Organizacje charytatywne dostarczaja gorace posilki. Ta akcja pomocy
bezdomnym zapewnia im dach nad glows; i pomaga powrécié do normalnego
Zycia. Istnieje nadzieja, 2e lokalne wladze zarzuca plan rozbiérki budynku,
a dzicy lokatorzy nie zostanq zmuszeni do jego opuszczenia.
ooooooooooooooooooo
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
oooooooooooooooooooooooo
. . . . . . . .
Discussion topics
1. Do you approve of the action taken by the squatters?
2. Give arguments in support of the statement: “It is an ideal solution for the
homeless to form their own. community.”
3. If you wanted to make a list of government’s priorities where would you
put social welfare?
4. How does one become homeless? What is understood by “voluntary home-
lessness”?
5. Imagine that you have nowhere to go. Try to describe What sort of life you
would lead. What home comforts would you miss most? What must it feel
like to sleep rough? Can you see any good aspects of being homeless?
282
[News item 69: Experiments on animalS 1)
. Yesterday’s demonstration was an isolated event. D
. The venue of the demonstration had nothing to do with its purpose. D
. The current campaign is directed against experiments on animals. D
. Cats and dogs are dying at the hands of scientists. E]
. Leaflets were distributed during the demonstration to inform the
public about the cruelty of scientists.
D D D D D D D D
6. People are well-informed about what is going on behind the research
laboratories’ doors.
7. One of the aims of the experiments is to determine safe levels of
chemicals present in medicines and cosmetics.
8. Animals do not take the drugs willingly.
9. When the experiments are over, the animals undergo medical treatment.
10. Animal rights activists do not want animals to be treated differently
from human beings.
11. Posters displayed at the demonstration were intended to show how
happy and friendly animals can be.
12. The message of the demonstration was that every living creature
has the right to live in peace.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
common ............................................................................... action
electric ............................................................................... chemicals
horrifying ............................................................................... experiments
humane ............................................................................... infections
induced ............................................................................... injection
justifiable ............................................................................... laboratory
lethal ............................................................................... pain
research ............................................................................... practice
toxic ............................................................................... shocks
unbearable ............................................................................... treatment
283
Experiments on animals 1
Animal rights’ activists staged a demonstration in front of a
research laboratory yesterday as part of a massive campaign
now being mounted to combat the abuse of animals and
condemn those scientists who perform experiments on them.
It has been revealed that a staggering number of creatures are
slaughtered annually in laboratories, among them popular
pets like cats and dogs. Brochures distributed during the
demonstration describe the horror and torment these animals
experience at the hands of scientists.
The public is not aware of how the animals suffer convulsions,
vomiting, loss of balance, sores and skin rashes. Creatures,
which also include rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys,
are subjected to electrical shocks, doses of radiation and induced
infections. Toxic chemicals are injected into their bodies, and
tablets are mixed with their food in order to screen medicines
for effectiveness and safety. Drugs are force—fed, and then the
animals are closely monitored for side-effects even though their
metabolisms are different from that of humans. Unbearable
pain is inflicted, especially when testing cosmetic products to
see if they are safe for people. A common practice is to squirt
irritants into the eyes of rabbits to measure safety levels.
Activists reveal that these horrifying experiments often leave
animals blind, burned and mutilated before their suffering is
mercifully put to an end by a lethal injection.
Demonstrators carried placards reminding the public that
animals also deserve humane treatment. A human being, they
maintain, has no right to usurp its dominance over other
animals, no matter how justifiable that action may seem. To
communicate the message effectively, heart-breaking posters
were displayed depicting animals in Whose eyes one can see
an appeal for mercy. Bearing these pictures in mind, we must
never forget they are living feeling creatures that have every
right to co~exist alongside human beings.
284
condemn v express strong disapproval) — potepié
staggering adj (astonishing) ——~ zdumiewajqcy
slaughter I) (kill in a brutal manner) --—- zabijaé, zarzynaé
torment n (pain and agony) -- meka, cierpienie
sore n (painful spot on the body) -- 1‘anka, bolesne miejsce
rash n (red irritated areas on the skin) —— wysypka
unbearable adj (that cannot be endured) -—- nie do wytrzymania
squirt v (eject liquid in a jet) -— wtryskiwaé
irritant n (substance that causes irritation) —- substancja drainiaca
mutilate v (cripple and maim) -—- okaleczyé
lethal adj (causing death) — s’miertelny
placard n (written or printed slogans displayed at demonstrations) --
transparent, plakat z haslem
humane adj (merciful) —-—— ludzki
usurp 0 (take wrongful possession of 3th) -— przywlaszczaé prawo do czegoé,
uzurpowaé
depict v (portray, Show) -~ przedstawiaé
1. What was the aim and the main message of yesterday’s campaign?
2. How would you describe the treatment of animals in research laboratories?
3. Is the suffering of animals in research laboratories justified?
Phrases to learn
. zorganizowaé demonstracje; ~— 3.............. a d .................................
o przeprowadzié ogromna} kampanie; -— m ............. a m ................. c .....................
. przeprowadzaé doéwiadczenia ~— p ..................... e................................
wstrzykiwaé toksyczne s’rodki chemiczne -—i............. t ............ c .......................
prowadzié obserwacje W kierunku wystapienia skutkéw ubocznych —
m .................. f. ......... s ............-e ..................
o zadawaé b6] -—— i ................. p ............
. mierzyé bezpieczne pulapy —- m .................. s................. l .................
o poloiyé kres cierpieniu —— p .......... s...................... to an e.........
«- zaslugiwaé na humanitarne traktowanie -- d .................... h .........................
t ..........................
e blaganie 0 litos’é ~— a ..................... for m ..................
o mieé w pamieci —— b ............ in m .................
285
Headline
END 0 FOR 0 ANIMAL 0 CALLS 0 MEDICAL 9 DEMO 0 TO 0 AN
EXPERIMENTS 0 RIGHTS
I I O I O I O O I U I I G O I I I D I I u O I I I I D I " u u - u.- v l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
Rokrocznie w wyniku doéwiadczefi medycznych girlie olbrzymia liczba zwie-
rzqt. Przeprowadza Sig na nich Wiele bolesnych doéwiadczefi. Poddawane sq
wstrzasom elektrycznym, szkodliwemu promieniowaniu, wstrzykiwane sq im
bakterie. Zwierzetom podaje Sig toksyczne leki w celu sprawdzenia ich sku—
tecznoéci i zaobserwowania dzialafl ubocznych. Kosmetyki sq réwniei testo—
wane na zwierzegtach. By ustalié dopuszczalnq dawke substancji drainiqcych,
wstrzykuje Sig je do oczu zwierzat. W wyniku takich praktyk, zwierzeta by~
wajq oélepione, okaleczone, poparzone.
Wigkszoéci tych badafl przeciwstawiaja sie obroficy praw zwierzqt. Wczoraj
zorganizowali demonstracje; przed jednym z instytutéw badawczych. Plakaty
przypominaly ludziom 0 potrzebie humanitarnego traktowania zwierzqt. Ze
wzgledu 11a zdarzajace Sig: przypadki wtargnieé do pomieszczefi i uwalniania
zamkniegtych zwierzat, laboratoria sq pilnie strzeione.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v - v I - I o ‘ l ‘ y - - u “ “ “ “ “ “ “
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
‘ICIOII!IQIOIII .A. - .. - . ....oonnl o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Discussion topics
1. Do you believe that demonstrations like the one described in the text serve
any purpose?
2. Think of arguments that justify the practices of animal testing.
3. Do you see any difference between subjecting a dog and a rat to medical
experiments?
“All living organisms have been created equal.”
5. If you were a strong supporter of an animal rights’ group, would you ac-
cept medicines knowing that they had been tested on animals?
286
( News item 70: Experiments on animg
1. The current debate concerns the financial cost of animal "1
experimentation.
2. Activists often demonstrate in front of research labs.
3. They also illegally enter buildings to rescue animals which are
kept there.
4. Strict security measures have been introduced to prevent animals
from escaping.
Drugs cannot be marketed unless they are first tested for safety.
Thanks to such tests, many life-saving vaccines have been developed. D
Doctors have remained unmoved by animal rights” campaigns. D
Activists say that scientists should first make use of the results
of research already carried out.
9. When it comes to experiments, nothing can replace tests on live animals. D
10. Critically ill patients may willingly paxticipate in tests despite the risk. D
11. Vivisection. is part of the school syllabus. D
12. Activists maintain that those pupils who do not take part in
vivisection classes will be emotionally affected. D
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
caged animals
clinical
data
devastating
infra-red
massive
moral
needless
practical
sophisticated
Experiments on animals 2
Animal rights’ activists have launched a massive campaign to
save animals from cruelty and death, rekindling the debate on
Whether the practical benefits of animal experimentation
outweigh the moral costs. Centres conducting experiments are
being picketed by activists, and the people who work there are
being barrage-d with hostile phone calls. Many break-ins to set
the caged animals free have been reported. These laboratories
are now protected against such raids by razor sharp railings,
reinforced fences tOpped with barbed Wire and sophisticated
surveillance devices, including infra-red body sensors.
Every medicine must, by law, be safe, effective, and of high
quality. Therefore, scientists say that they have no alternative
but to test drugs on animals. Thanks to this testing, man
benefits enormously from lifesaving treatments and vaccines
developed through animal research. However, many doctors are
giving in to the activists’ pressure, and are withdrawing from
experimenting on animals. This can be seen as a defeat for
science.
Animal rights’ activists claim there is too much needless

suffering and too much repetition of experiments already carried
out. Pooling of information in special data banks is an absolute
necessity. The advancement of science is such that in many
cases live animals can be replaced with simulations or cell
cultures. Testing drugs takes twelve years. It is argued that
clinical trials -— on critically ill patients, for whom the potential
benefits outweigh the possible risk —- should be allowed to take
place much earlier.
Another issue concerns the treatment of animals at schools.
Activists are seeking a ban on dissection lessons or, at least,
exemption for pupils who Wish to opt out when Vivisection is
demonstrated. Such classes can have a devastating effect on a
child’s psyche, encouraging cruelty and a sense of dominance
over animals. They teach children to be callous and unfeeling.
288
rekindle v (rouse anew) —— ponownie wywolaé, na nowo rozbudzié
benefit n (positive outcome) -- korzyéé
outweigh v (be greater in value) —— przewaiyé, mieé wieksze znaczenie
picket 0 (demonstrate outside somewhere) — pikietowaé
(be) barraged (with) v (be subject to an overwhelming quantity of 3th) -—-
doéwiadczaé potoku, lawiny np. telefonéw
hostile adj (nasty, spiteful) -— nieprzyjemny, przykry, dokuczliwy
barbed Wire n ( wire with short sharp points) -— drut kolczasty
surveillance n (keeping close watch on persons suspected of wrongdoing) -—
inwigilacja
defeat n (failure) - poraika
needless adj (unnecessary) - niepotrzebny
pooling n (putting together) -—— gromadzenie, tu: tworzenie banku informacji
data n (information) —— dane
simulation n (imitation) -—- symulacja
exemption n (freeing from, release) —— zwolnienie, wykluczenie
opt out 0 (choose not to take part) ~— nie braé udzialu
callous adj (indifierent, uncaring) —— obojetny, nieczuly
1. What kind of action do animal rights’ campaigners resort to?
2. How is animal experimentation defended?
3. What steps could be taken to reduce the number of animals used in testing?
4. What proposals are put forward concerning the treatment of animals
during biology lessons at schools?
Phrases to learn
a wypus’cié na wolnoéé uwiezione zwierzeta -—~ 3......... c ............... a ......................
f. ............
e wymyélne urzqdzenia inwigilacyjne — s.............................. s.............................
d ....................
o nie mieé wyboru -- h ............. no a ..........................
e ulec presji ~— g ............. i ...... to p ........................
e wycofaé sic; z przeprowadzania doéwiadczefi -—— w ............................. from
e..........................................
e postep nauki ~— a .................................... of s .......................
a korzyéci przewaiaja nad ryzykiem —— b ................ o.................. the r .......
:- domagaé sie, zakazu —— s.............. a b ..........
---Réérrange the words to form the headline to the report.
FOUR-LEGGED 0 LOVERS 0 AGAIN 0 IN 0 ANIMAL 0 STRIKE 0 THEIR
FRIENDS 0 OF 0 DEFENCE
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Demonstracje stalry sic; inspirac do dyskusji na temat praktycznych korzyéci
z eksperymentéw i zasad moralnych. Naukowcy twierdzq, ice nie majq wyboru.
Leki i kosmetyki, przed wProwadzeniem na Tynek, musza byé sprawdzone pod
wzglegdem efektywnos’ci i bezpieczefistwa. Dzieki doéwdadczeniom prowadzonym
na zwierzetach, znaleziono wiele szczepionek i lekéw ratujacych iycie. Prawdq
jest, Ze cierpienia zwierzqt 11102113 ogram'czyé. Stworzenie banku informacji p0~
zwoliloby uniknaé dublowania doéwiadczefl. W niektérych badaniach nauko—
Wych stosuje sic; obecnie metody symulacji. Czeéé lekéw moina by testowaé 11a
nieuleczalnie chorych pacjentach, u ktérych potencjalnie korzystne dzialanie
preparatu przewyisza ryzyko rychlejszej émierci. Istnieje wiele sposobéw, aby
walczyé z okrucieflstwem wobec zwierzat i ludzka obojetnoécia.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Discussion topics
1. Do you agree that the practical benefits of animal experimentation out—
weigh the moral costs?
2. Do you approve of the tactics used by animal rights’ activists?
03
. Can you think of any other ways of testing drugs and cosmetic products?
4. How would you teach anatomy and how the body works without the aid of
dissection?
5. Imagine that you are the only student in the class who does not want to
perform a dissection. Would it be easy to admit the reason you wanted to
leave the classroom, especially if you were only eleven years old?
290
( News item 71: Curbs on dogs
The Dangerous Dogs Act concerns public safety.
Owners must decide for themselves if their dog is dangerous or not.
If a dog’s owner is found guilty of breaking the law he will go to prison.
Many dog owners waited till the last minute before buying a leash.
The only thing that the Act obliges people to do is to keep their dog
muzzled and leashed in public.
6. Unless the dogs affected by the Act are neutered, insured and
registered, they cannot stay alive.
7. Branding dogs with identity marks will enable the police to locate
their owners.
8. The listed breeds are the only kinds of dogs that have been
reported to attack people.
9. If a person is attacked by a pit bull terrier, they may die because
the dog is so strong and aggressive.
10. Rottweilers are not on the list because they are not dangerous.
11. It is felt that the Dangerous Dogs Act stopped short of guaranteeing
people real protection.
12. If the dogs in question are spotted Without a leash or a muzzle,
they will be shot by the police.
Collocations
COLUMN A COLUMN B
criminal ............................................................................. attacks
fighting ............................................................................. dogs
humane ............................................................................. implant
identity ............................................................................. mark
microchip ............................................................................. offence
pet ............................................................................. ownership
proper ............................................................................. shops
responsible ............................................................................. steps
savage ............................................................................. way
291
Curbs on dogs
Curbs on dogs become law today as the Dangerous Dogs Act
comes into effect. It puts owners of the fighting dogs listed in
the Act under an obligation to ensure that their dog does not
appear in public Without a muzzle and a leash. Failure to
comply With the new rules will be treated as a criminal offence
carrying a penalty, upon conviction, of up to £2,000 or six
months’ imprisonment. Yesterday, there was a last minute run
on muzzles at pet shops. Owners and breeders are also worried
about the cost of neutering and third—party insurance.
The new law gives the owners of the three breeds branded as
killer dogs, pit bull terriers, the Japanese Tosa, and the Dogo
Argentino, a deadline by which they must decide if they want
them humanely destroyed or else neutered, insured and
officially registered. The law also aims to encourage responsible
ownership. This means that, as well as being registered, dogs
should additionally be branded with an identity mark, such as
a microchip implant. In this way, their owners can be held
accountable. Dogs are also expected to be properly trained and
obedient.
The listed breeds, which were developed specifically for fighting,
have been singled out after a series of savage attacks on
people. Pit bull terriers, of which there are about 10,000 in
Britain, are fifty times more powerful than other breeds. This
increases the chances of an attack being fatal. However,
Rottweilers and Dobermann Pinschers, exempt from the list
because they are not bred specifically for fighting, are also
responsible for savage attacks, and there are calls for an
extension to the new law to cover those breeds, too. Opponents
of the Act argue that there is no genetic reason Why a pit bull
should attack humans. Meanwhile, the police will be taking
proper steps to make sure that the law is obeyed. Dogs that are
spotted by the police running loose and without a muzzle, will
be caught and disposed of in a humane way. Their owners will
be punished.
292
curb n (something that restrains or controls) — ograniczenie .._..
muzzle n (guard placed over the mouth of an animal to prevent it from}
biting)— kaganiec 7"
leash n (strap for holding an animal) - smycz
conviction n (declaration of guilt by the court) —— skazanie
breeder n (person, who develops young animals) —— hodowca
neuter 1) (make sterile by operation) ~— poddaé sterylizacji, kastracji
breed 72 (group of animals possessing common qualities) — rasa
brand 0 (mark for identification) — oznaczyé
single out I) (choose from among many) — wybieraé
fatal adj (resulting in death) —— émiertelny
exempt from adj (not included) -—- nie objety, wyhczony
savage adj (crueZ, wild) -— dziki
1. What does the Dangerous Dogs Act provide for?
2. What steps are being taken to make dog owners accountable?
3. How do pit bull terriers differ from other breeds?
4. What kind of steps can the police take if the law on dogs is broken?
Phrases to learn
. wejéé w iycie «- c ................. into 9.......................
- zobowiqzaé —— p ........ u .................. an o ................................
a pojawié sic; W miejscu publicznym - a ........................... in p ...........................
o postepowaé zgodnie a przepisami — c ..................... with the r ..................
. przestgpstwo -—— a c ....................... o ..............................
o wyznaczyé ostateczny termin —— g ................... a d .....................
o bycie odpowiedzialnym Wlaécicielem —— r ............................ o ............................
o oznakowaé —— b ............... with an i ......................... m .................
o pociqg‘naé kogoé do odpowiedzialnos’ci — h ................ sb a .......................
o podj aé odpowiednie kroki -—— t .................... p ....................... s.................
o przestrzegaé prawa -- o ................... the l .........................
. swobodnie biegaé ———~ r ............ l .....................
o pozbyé 319 w sposéb humanitarny - d .................. of in a h w
Headline
BY 9 CURBED 9 LAW 0 ATTACKS 0 VIOLENT 0 TO 0 NEW 0 BE
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Weszla w Zycie Ustawa 0 Niebezpiecznych Psach. Wlas’ciciele niektérych ras
pséw sq zobowiqzani do wyprowadzania ich w kagaficu i na smyczy. Za paste-
powanie niezgodne z przepisem grozi kara grzywny lub szeéciu miesiecy p0~
zbawienia wolnoéci. Psy objete ustawa muszq byé ponadto kastrowane, zare-
jestrowane i ubezpieczone. W innym wypadku trzeba je uépié. SE; to psy
wntkowo niebezpieczne i ich atak 11a czlowieka moie spowodowaé émieré.
Wlaécicieli pséw trzeba nauczyé odpowiedzialnoéci. Psy 111a byé oznakowa-
ne w celu identyfikacji ich wlaéciciela. Policja podejmuje odpowiednie kroki,
aby ustawa byla przestrzegana.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Discussion topics
1. Do you think the provisions of the Dangerous Dogs Act are satisfactory?
2. What is your opinion on breeding dogs specifically for fighting? Should it
be allowed?
3. When dogs are kept as pets in towns, especially in high—rise blocks of flats,
what rules should be followed regarding their well—being, as well as the
safety of other residents?
4. Do you agree that putting down dogs whose owners refuse to obey the law
is the only sensible solution? Who would pay for keeping them alive in ken-
nels until they die of natural causes?
5. Why do people want to keep animals as pets? What about those who choose
snakes and spiders as their favourites?
294
[ News item 72: Dog attacks
1. The victim was attacked by dogs that belonged to semeone else.
2. The dogs were able to leave their garden because the gate had
been left open
3. The boy died before being offered any help.
4. The breed of dogs responsible for the attack IS covered b'fithe
Dangerous Dogs Act
5. The owner of the dogs wanted them killed.
6. The victim’s family still cannot believe What has hap
7. It IS generally believed that othel breeds of dogs shoal
covered by the Act.
8. As fan as the othel incident IS concerned, the chlldre
have been playing 111 that place. - -.
9. The attack was not serious.
10. The general feeling IS that the British do not have a res
attitude towards animals. '
11. Many dogs have to be destroyed because nobody want:
after them.
12. Peeple will face prosecution for acts of cruelty to ammal
Collocations
Match the words from column A with those from column
COLUMNA _
dog
horrendous ...............................................................
hospital ...............................................................;
legal .............................................................'.;;
responsible
sham ................................................................
snarling ................................................................
tragic
Dog attacks
An eight~year—old boy was savagely bitten on the face and then
mauled to death in a horrendous attack by Alsatians as he
was returning home from school yesterday. The boy was rushed
to hospital, but died from the injuries shortly afterwards. The
dogs were running freely in a neighbour’s garden when they
jumped over the fence. Following the incident, the dogs were
taken away, at the request of their owner, to be humanely
destroyed. Relatives of the boy are trying to come to terms with
the tragedy and are under sedation for shock.
Although Alsatians are not listed as dangerous, today’s tragic
incident has heated the debate about an extension of the
Dangerous Dogs Act to other breeds. In another case this week,
five boys were savaged by a pack of Rottweilers, running amok
and biting and mauling children in a school playground. Other
pupils fled screaming when the three snarling dogs burst into
the yard. The boys needed extensive hospital treatment. Again,
the owner of the dogs was blamed for recklessness.
It is said that the British, known worldwide as dog lovers,
should change their attitude from sham sentimentality to
responsibility, and act in a socially acceptable way. Owners who
allow their dogs to foul parks and mess at random, will spon
face prosecution. Kennels report that the British turn 1,000
dogs a day out onto the streets to join an army of strays which
have to fend for themselves. This is most common at Christmas
when thousands of puppies, given as presents, are thrown away
after a few days. About 360,000 unwanted dogs are put down
each year. Also, so many pets die because of their owners’
stupidity that societies for the protection of animals have sought
legal remedies against the most common type of abuse. Thus,
it is now illegal to leave animals in locked cars, or “walk” a dog
While riding a bicycle. Bringing to justice people Who inflict
cruelty, and teaching responsible ownership, Will prevent
accidents in future.
296
maul I) (hurt or injure in a brutal attack) -— okaleczyé
horrendous adj (terrifying, frightful) -- straszliwy, przeraéajaccy
sedation n (treatment by sedatives) — podawanie érodkéw uspokajajqcych
pack 11 (here: a number of animals going about together) —— sfora
run amok 1) (run about wildly) m dostaé szalu
flee (fled, fled) (run away as quickly as possible) -— uciec, zbiec
snarl v ((of dogs) ( show the teeth and growl) -—- Warczeé i szczerzyé kly
recklessness n (thoughtlessness, carelessness) - bezmyélnoéé, beztroska
sham adj (false, pretended) — nieprawdziwy, udawany
kennel n (place where dogs are cared for) — schronisko dla pséw I!
stray n (homeless, wandering animal) ~— bezpafiskie zwierze
fend for oneself (look after oneself) —— dawaé sobie rade
put down 0 (humanely take away the life of an animal) - uépié zwierzg
1. How serious were the incidents described in the report?
2. Could they have been prevented?
3. What examples are given to disprove the stereotype of the British as 3
animal lovers?
4. What is meant by “responsible ownership”?
Phrases to learn
0 ugryié w twarz — b ............. on the f. ...............
e umrzeé z powodu doznanych obraiefi -- d ........ from i ...................
. na proébe; wlaéciciela - a ..... the o ................ ’s r ..................
. pogodzié sit; z tragedia -——~ 0............... to t ................ with the t ....................
a zaognié dyskusje —— h ............ the d ...................
. Winié za bezmyélnoéé —— b.... ............... for r .....................................
. zmienié stosunek «— c ................... the a .........................
o zanieczyszczaé parki -— f. ........... p ................
o gdzie popadnie — a ...... r ..................
o narazié Sig na kroki sadowe -— f. ........... p ................................
o poszukiwaé sankcji prawnych —— s.............. l .................. r .......................
a postawié przed sqdem ._ b ................ to j ......................
o dopuszczaé sit; okruciefistwa —— i .................. c .......................
297
Headline
SAVAGE 0 OWNER 0 FOR 0 IRRESPONSIBLE 0 DOG 0 ANOTHER
ATTACK o BLAMED
v I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Mnoia sit; tragiczne w skutkach przypadki atakowania Iudzi przez psy. W tym
tygodniu oémioletni chlopiec zmarl z powodu doznanych obraiefi. Zostal
uprzednio zaatakowany przez owczarka alzackiego. Na boisku jednej ze szkél
kilku chlopcéw zostalo powaZnie zranionych przez psy, ktére w napadzie 323-
111 wdarly 519 na teren szkoly. Odpowiedzialnoéciq za atak obarcza sit; Wlaéci-
ciela pséw.
Brytyjczycy, ch06 znani W éwiecie ze swojej miloéci do pséw, Wielokrotnie wy-
rzadzajq im krzywde. Okolo tysiaca pséw dziennie wyrzuca Sig na ulice. Rocz-
nie 360 tysiecy pséw jest usypianych, gdyi nie maja Wlaéciciela. Girupota i krét«
kowzrocznoéé Wlaécicieli naraéxa zwierzeta 11a cierpienie lub émieré.
Brytyjczycy powinni byé mniej sentymentalni, za to bardziej odpowiedzialni
za los swoich ulubieficéw.
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
---------------------------------------------------
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Discussion topics
1. Do you think that the measures laid out by the Dangerous Dogs Act, even
if it is extended to other breeds, are enough to prevent incidents like the
two described in the report?
2. Is it possible to make generalizations like the one about the British being
animal lovers? Are they true?
3. What, in your opinion, makes people behave in a cruel way towards ani-
mals, even their own pets?
4. How would you teach “responsible ownership”? Draw up a special Code of
Conduct that anyone who wanted to keep pets, however small, would have
to comply with.
,wg£3913?
t um:.7
abandon 6 astonishing 64
abdomen 58 attach 49
abdominal 37 attenuate 37
ablaze 14 augmentation 42
abolish 66 automaton 63
abrupt 13 average 43, 59
absorbent 29 avert 2 award 57
accelerate 34 awareness 44
access 47, 65 awkward 62
accumulation 26
achievement 59 bacilli 39
acidify 28 baffle 63
acidity 28 ban 13, 27, 46
acne 48 bar 55
activate 21 barbed Wire 70
additives 44 bare 2, 30
adequate 43 barrage 22, 70
advocate 52 barren 26
affected 51 bathroom fittings 38
affray 67 battering 4
agent 38 bear 55
aggravate 28 bedevil 6
ailment 6, 49 behead 13
air pocket 16 belch 16
airborne 28 benefits 24, 70
alimony 57 benign 41
allege 21 bereaved 14
allegedly 42 bind 30
alleviate 47 binge 45
allocate 34 biodegradable 23
alongside 45 biopsy 41
altitude 13 bizarre 63
amend 64 blast 11
analgesic 47 blaze 15
anxiety 50 bleach 31
anxiously 42 blistered 12
appalling 7, 45 bloom 32
apparent 16 boom 58
appliance 26 booms 17
aquatic 31 brake 20
articulated lorry 19 brand 71
artificial 36 breach 25
ashes 1 breakthrough 42
assassin 56 breed 71
assault 10, 66 breeder 71
assess 31 breeding 34, 36
assessment 33 brothel 64
assist 47, 52 bruise 19
bug 38, 39 compel 65
bulges 58 competitive 44
bullying 60 comply 50
buoyant 5 compounds 31
burden 57 comprehensive 58
burst 6 compulsive 59
bypass 49 conceal 61
conception 49
calamitous 8 condemn 54, 69
callous 70 condemnation 56
calves 35 confident 58
capacity 13 confines 35
capsize 6 confirm 6
captivity 36 conflagration l
carcasses 35 congestion 25
carcinogenic 23 consent 62
cardiac arrest 45 constipation 45
carrier 37 contagion 7
carve 22 contain 1
casualties 9 containment booms 33
cause 55 contaminate 12
caverns 22 contaminated 7
cease 26, 55 contouring 58
celebrity 61 contraception 49
cesspits 31 contribute 43
chainsaw 29 convenience 44
charming 36 converge 22
charred 15 convert 2, 41
child-molestation 63 conviction 71
chills 39 coolant 27
choke 25 core 21
civil liberties 62 corporal punishment 66
cling 5 correlation 63
closet 61 counsel 55
cloudburst 5 cramp 48
coach 20 craving 46
coastal 31 crucial 27
coat 42 crude 33, 61
collide 13, 20 crush 19
colliery 16 crustaceans 32
comatose 52 culling 35
combat 37 cultivation 30
combine 2 curb 25, 71
combustion 23 cured 41
comestibles 41 current 17
commandeer 68 cutoffs 24
commission 54
commonplace 66 data 70
328
debris 10
decimate 3, 28
decline 34
decompose 12
decrease 25 distrafig'fif? 57;;-
decriminalize 64 distressed'zg" . .,
default 57 disturbance 8
defeat 70 diuretics 45
degrade 63 diversity 34
dehydrate 3 dormant 11
deli 40 downgrade 4
deliberations 53 downpour 5
demolition 68 drag 14, 26
dense 18 drain 31
dependence 65 drawback 22, 25, 5O
dependency 47 drift—netting 34
depict 69 drown 6
deplete 2 drudgery 50
depleted 29 drums 22
depletion 27 dump 22, 31
deploy 13 dung 30
deposits 24 dwindling 35
depots 24 dyke 5, 61
deprave 62
deprive of 8 coo—activist 27
derail 16, 20 eerie 1
derelict 68 eject 13
deserted 68 emaciated 3
desolate (the) 68 embankment 6
detect 32 embers 1
deteriorating 28 emissions 25, 26
deterioration 66 emphasis 49
device 49 endanger 12
devoid 30, 31 endure 1
dignity 52 engulf 15
diluted 28 enlarge 36
disability 60 entity 56
discard 46 entomb 8
discharge 31 eradicate 38
disgorge 45 erratic 51
disintegrate 13 eruptions 11
disorder 51 essential 48
dispersant 33 evaporate 17
disperse 12 eviction 68
displace 6 exaggeration 50
disposal plant 23 exclusively 36
dispossessed (the) 68 excruciating 47, 52
disrepute 67 exempt 71
329
exemption 70 full-blown 39
exert 51 fumes 12
exhaust 26, 30 gale 4
exhausted 33 gambling 65
explicit 63 gem 48
exploit 62, 63 generate 24
exploitation 29, 34 glare 50
extend 44 glow 1
extinct 11 gnawing 47
extinguish 15, 17 gradual 65
extremely 51 grazing 3, 29
eyestrain 50 gfievously 9
grime 1
facilitate 12, 36 gruesome 62
facilities 7 gush 17
factors 43 gut 15
fag 61
failure 20 habitable 68
fake 56 habitat 34, 35
fallopian tubes 49 halve 25
fallout 21 hamper 9, 18
falter 14 harassment 56
famished 3 hard~core 63
fast food 44 hastily 39
fatal 71 hazardous 23
fate 42 head off 12
fee 56 head-on 19
feed stuffs 40 heal 48
fend 72 heap 10
ferry 5 heave 8
fertile 2, 54 highlight 13
fervent 5 hooked 44, 65
fiercely 15, 64 horrendous 72
filth 31 hostile 70
fine 46 household 24
fission 21 hovel 68
fissure 9 huddle 6
fixation 65 humane 69
flare 39 humidity 30
flatten 4 hurl 67
flaw 21 hypothermia 33
flee 12, 72
flicker 50 ignite 1
flourish 32, 64 ill—equipped 12
fodder 35 illegitimate 57
foliage 28 immature 57
forbid 65 immunity 43
fossil 26 immunize 7
330
impact 14 landfill 23 ”'
impair 7, 39 lash 5 '"
impassioned 55 launch 36
impervious 39
implant 42, 49
imposing 35
impregnation 36 lease 5'4
in—Vitro fertilization 49 leash 71
incapable 52 legislation 52
incest 55 lessen 27
incidence 21, 27, 41, 51 lethal 12, 38, 69
incinerate 23, 24 limbs 9
incite 63 lingering 60
indefinitely 32 list 18
indiscriminately 31 listeria 40
induce 41, 44, 49, 63 litter 24, 46
indulge 67 live 37
infant 3 livelihood 32
inferno 1 liver 51
infestation 32 livestock 3, 26
inflammable 15, 23 lobby 46
inhale 48 looting 6
inhibit 41 lotion 43
inhibited 63 lucrative 62
injurious 40 ludicrous 63
inoculation 7 lumber 29
insomnia 48 lump 41
intake 41 lure 48
interrelation 30
interval 40 magnitude 8
intimidation 66 maintenance 38
intolerable 52 malignancy 41
inundate 4, 26 malignant melanoma 43
invariably 47 malnutrition 3
irreversible 28 mammography 41
irrigation 2 mangled 14
irritability 46 manhole 19
irritant 69 manual 52
irritate 28 marital 57
ivory 35 marooned 6
mastectomy 41
junk foods 44 mating 36
maul 72
keel over 18 mayday call 14
kennel 72 meagre 68
meltdown 21
label 61 meningitis 31
laden 3 mercilessly 34
331
merit 62 offence 40, 46
mesmerize 65 offensive 67
mild 39 offspring 53
militant 61 ominous 53
minors 62 ooze 11
miscarriage 50 opt out 70
misguided 59 ordeal 42
mock 56 osteopathy 48
moisture 2, 28 ostracism 55
moisturize 43 otherwise 53
molten 11 outbreak 32
monitor 34, 37 outcome 51, 54
mooring 4 outlaw 34, 46
morals 57 outlets 44
morsel 45 outweigh 7O
mortalities 7 overflow 5
mounds of debris 8 overhaul 14
mount 18 overweight 59
mudflows 11 overwhelming 59
multiply 23
mutilate 14, 69 pace 44
muzzle 71 pack 72
pal] 8, 14
nasty 46, 62 panacea 48
nausea 5O pang 47, 59
needless 70 parch 2
negligence 19 patch 33, 46
neuter 71 pft, 40
nightmare 62 path 18
nose-dive 14 pattern 51
notably 56 penalty 65
notorious 67 perilously 32
noxious 25, 33, 39 perish 11, 18
numb 18 permissiveness 57
nutrients 32 persist 10
nutrition 41 phase out 27
nutritionist 44 picket 70
nutritious 45 pie 40
pigmentation 43
obese 60 pile—up 19
obesity 44 pill 42
obligatory 17 pimp 64
obliterate 9 pin 20
obliteration 35 pinpoint 9, 36
obscene 63 piste 10
obscure 48 pit 16
obsolete 57 pitiful 3
oesophagus 45 placard 69
332
plague 30 quit 46
plea 35
pliable 42 racket 64
plight 3 rage 1
plough 14 ram 18, 19
plumes 11 rampage 67
plummet 13, 14- range 58
plunge 13, 18 rash 69
pneumonia 38 ravag'ing 29
poaching 35 ravine 10
pooling 70 raze 8
pose 21 recede 6
potent 40 receptacle 24
poultry 40 recharge 25
poverty 26, 57 recklessness 72
praise 20 reclusive 36
precast 8 reconcile 57
precaution 21 recover 9
precipitate 59 recuperation 58
predict 59 reek 33
prediction 11 refuse 22, 26
preservation 44 regardless of 56
presume 4 rekindle 70
prevailing 50 relapse 46
processing 23 release 12, 27, 37
proliferate 32 relentless 3
proliferation 41 reliable 55
promiscuity 64 relief 47
promote 52 relieve 47, 4-8
proponent 62 reluctant 68
prosecute 52 remedy 48
provider 64 render 9, 40
provisions 40 renewable 24
proximity 51 replenish 27
puff away 46 repository 22
pulp mills 29 reprimand 66
pumice 11 repulsive 62
punching 66 reroute 20
purge 45 rerouting 51
purification 7 reserve 34
pursue 59 residue 33
put down 72 resilient 58
putrid 32 resistant 39
resort 4.7, 59
quadruplets 49 resource 24
queer 61 respond 68
quest 58 restore 28, 42
quintuplets 49 resultant 30
333
resuscitate 52 seek refuge 4
retain 30 serum 37
retardant 1 severe 39
retrieve 18 shaft 16
reusable 23 shallow 18
reveal 23 reverse 58 sham 7 2
revive 15, 48 shield 22, 50
ridicule 48 shift 26
rigorous 29 shortsighted 22
rip 4, 67 shun 63
roam 35, 67 simulation 70
rod—shaped 38 single out 71
rods 21 site 50
rot 45 skid off 19 skim 17
rotten 7 skimpy 43
roughly 64 skinny 59
rowdy 56, 66 slash 5
rubbish 24 slash—and-burn 30
rubble 8 slaughter 34, 69
ruling 56 slick 17
mmbling 16 Slight 49
run amok 72 slot machine 65
run low 9, 20 slurry 22
run over 19 smear 33
runway 14 smear 61
rupture 8, 17, 21 smog 25
rush 16 smoke detector 15
smoke inhalation 15
safeguard 7 smother 15 .
safeguards 50 smothered 33
saliva 37 smoulder 1, 15
salvage 17 snap 11
sampling 38 snarl 72
sanctuary 34 sniffer dogs 10
savage 71 soak up 27
scar 65 soar 4 solicit 64
scarcely 19 solution 49
scare 40 solvent 23
Scoop up 33 somersault 19
scorch 2 sophisticated 9
scores 34, 59 sore 69
scour 33 sparse 2
screening 21 spate of violence 67
scuffle 67 spawn 32
sear 1 spew 17, 25, 33
sedation 72 spillage 17
sedative 4'7 split 55
sediment 12 spouse 57
334
spray 27 , 38 sunburn 43
Spread 62 sunken 18
spring up 8 suppress 48
squatter 68 surge 10
squirt 69 surrogate 54
stable 44 surveillance 70
staggering 69 survey 62, 68
stagnant 38 susceptible 39
stall 13 suspend 66
stamp out 64, 67 sustain 19, 29
stampede 13 sustaining 49
stand 56 swarm 38
starvation 36, 59 swath (cut a) 4
starve 3 sweep 4, 10
stationary 19, 20 swiftly 7
steep 13 swirl 5
steeply 55 switch 27
stench 12
sterility 34 tailback 19
stir 54 tap water 31
stockpiles 2 tar 46
storage 40 taxi 14
straight 61 tell off 66
straighten out 65 temblor 9
strain 38, 39, 66 temperate 29
stranded 10 tend 20
strap 13 terminally 52
stray 37, 72 terminate 52
stray off 10 termination 55
strenuous 16, 52 tertiary 32
strew 9 thighs 58
strict 55 thinning 27
strife 57 thrifty 23
strike down 38 thrill 65
stringent 22, 25 throw clear 19
strip 60 thugs 67
stroke 44 thunder 10
stumble down 9 timber 1
stump 29 tiny 66
stunt 3 tip 23, 24
submerge 6 torment 69
subside 5, 11 torrential rain 4
substantial 66 torrents 30
subversive-s 6 tow 17
succumb 37 track 20
suffocate 16 tract 56
suffocation 32 tranquillizer 47
suitable 62 transuranic 22
335
trap 16, 26 vaporize 1
treat 28 vapours 28, 38
tremendous 55 venture 10
tremors 8 venue 65
trickle 5 verbal abuse 66
trigger 8, 10 vicious 43
tubby 60 video nasty 62
tug 17 Vigorous 64
tumour 47 violate 62
turbulence 26 Virtually 2
turn on 66 Virulence 37
tusk 35 virulent 7, 38
voltage 51
unabated 30 voluntary 59
unaccounted for 16 vulnerable 2, 27
unanimously 53
unbearable 69 wade 33
undernourished 3 wander 37
undisputable 64 ward off 41
unique 29 water-borne 7
unprecedented 6 waterproofing 33
unrestrained 43 widespread 30
unruly 67 wilderness 29
unscathed 4 Winch 5, 17
unscrupulous 64 wipe out 8
untreated 7 Withdraw 40, 42
unwed 57 wither 3
upheaval 11 womb 49
usurp 69 wreckage 14
uterus 54 wrench 35
wrinkle 58
vaccine 7
vanity 58 yield 2
336

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Barbara Otto .

English for Understanding World Reports

Natural calamities Health

Man-made disasters Social issues

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nglish Und E’standﬁ g WorE .

Koncepcja graﬁczna i lamanie

Copyright © 2005 by Poltext Sp. z 0.0.

Poltext Sp. z 0.0.

Section two: Man-made disasters ..... _ 59

Section three: Ecology 97

Section four: Health ................. .......... ..... ....... 159

Section five: Social issues .......................... .........................221

W slowniczkach zastosowano nastepujace skréty:

1. This year’s forest ﬁres have brought several million dollars’

After the ﬁre, the forests will soon look as before.

1. What sort of damage has been caused by the fires?

. o o o o a a ¢ o ~ a o . o c o o o o oooooooooooooooo o n . . . . . . . . . . 00¢... oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo cunncoananc . . . . . . .

Inan.OOOOIlQIOOODQOCOOSOIODO oooooooooo q . . . oooooo c o o l . . . ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo c n I I I O D ¢ I n l l t n n v o l o a n c n nnnnnn

a s . . . ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo no ooooooooo . n c q n u nnnnnnnnnnnnnn c o c a n o u a c o n n o o - o c - n a . o n nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

nc-onuonooanu-uooo oooooooooooooooo «on... oooooo . 0 - 0 ‘ ooooooooooooooo g a g - o c c a a a o o a o o - o oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

O t t o I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I n o t . nnnnnnnnnn o c c c c c c c ouo . . . . . . . . n u c u u - o c u n v c n c c . . . . . . O ‘ D o Q D I I D D O I O I Q aaaaa nI I I I I I I

1. The conference was devoted to analyzing the causes of this year’s

. There will be no grain left for winter.

How can winter weather affect the quality of the soil?

a zapobiec kryzysowi -— a ................ a c ...............

Ten million people died of starvation in Agunda in 1981.

The current famine is the result of prolonged drought.

. Food supplies will be distributed by air and by land.

Fears are growing of another famine in Agunda which could

Reporters speak of a pitiful picture of human suffering caused

. Why must the world community act now?

. What shows that the situation is desperate?

a okazaé Sig 0 Wiele gorsze -— p ............... m .............. w ............

FOR 0 MILLIONS ' INTERNATIONAL 0 STARVATION 0 AS 0 FOOD

. Peeple knew that it was coming.

The number of victims is as yet unclear.

Hurricane George, which has been sweeping across the

How destructive were the Winds?

9 spowodowaé szkody i zniszczenia w c ........... d ................ and d ........................

100 0 OVER 1* DEADLY 0 JAHAR 0 STRIKES 0 KILLING 0 GEORGE

1. The rainstorms described in the report have been the worst

One had to be quick if one did not want to drown.

a wytrzymaé napér wody — w ..................... the p ........................ of w ...............

t o . . . uuuuuuuu u p . . . uuuuuuuu n o . . . oooooo o to . . . . . ac nnnnnnn .a aaaaaaaa o a t . nnnnnnnnnnn o nnnnn t o . » a a t n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n no a

ooooooooo octucoououonuonun U ! a I . I I O D . . . 0 I I I I D ¢ D I I O I O I ¢ I ' O l i l a t t u c o o l l t s l n l d l n ‘ o a t - o u c - I o n - o n l o o o u a n a - s a s n c n n n - u o o u I I c o n s - o n u -

one... ooooooooo c o c o . . . a c a t . . . . . . . COG u u u u u u o . o o o o o o . o o o o o o o o o a n . n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n a a a a a a I t . . . 0 oooooooooooooooooooo a n t : D

not c c c c c c c c c a n . . . oooooooo 9. no . . . . . . . . on . . . . . . 0 . . . . . o n . n n n n n n n n n n a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 . oooooooooooooooooooo Onnnnnn «can uuuuuuuuuu

The reported ﬂooding is the ﬁrst one this year.

Thousands of people had 110 time to leave the affected area.

What was the weather like in Anturia this year?

a wedlug doniesieﬁ - a ........................ to r ..........................

1. This strain of meningitis is very easy to catch.

Why were the refugee camps needed?

a osiagnaé rozmiary epidemii ~— r ........... e......................... p ...........................

2. DEADLY 0 VACCINE 0 AS 0 INTERNATIONAL 0 MENINGITIS 0 TAKES

We know exactly the number of casualties.

At two in the morning, two strong quakes, thirty minutes apart,

What information do you get about Ishmad from this report? ?i

Why can’t the precise number of dead be given at this point?