PFI Standart £8.24 (Revises 1992) Pipe Bending Methods, Tolerances, Process and Material Requirements Prepared by Engineering Committee Pipe | Fabrication Institute x 173 @ Springdale, PA 15144 Dedicated to Technical Advancements and Slandarcization1 score 1.4. This standard covers methods, process require- monte, inlarannes and arcenancs criteria for shop fabricated pipe bends. 1.2 The bending methods described in this standard are @ partial represeriauurt UF commonly used processes and do not preclude the use of other methods. 2.0 TERMINOLOGY 2.1 The symbols and terms defined below are used throughout this standard ‘CENTER TO END 4 oe\ [accu | bg FIGUHE 21 = Nominal pipe size. Dn = Nominal outside diameter of pipe. tn = Nominal wall thickness ot pipes. tm = Minimum calculated wall thickness required by the applicable code. T= Pipe wal thickness (measured or minimum. in accor: ance with purchase specication) R= Center line radius of bend. 3.0 BENDING METHOUS: 41. This standard covers bends formed by both hot and cnid handing mathods. For this standard. a temperature 100 degrees F below the lower crt ‘cal temperature ofthe material is defined as being the boundary between hot and cold bending, 3.2. Unless otherwise specified by the governing code, the bending procedure, including the heatingicool- ing cycle and post "2nd heat treatment, is deter- mined by the pipe material, diameter, vall thick” ss, bend radius and the required pro: =” ties bending. Because of the many varia: inv + the hending pennediira ehouild he A mir 2y the fabricator. 33 While the bending equipment used in many of the metiuds Io yorerivally the sare, (ore way Ue =a aaa TANGENT LENGTHS 8.0 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HOT BENDING 8.1 Pipe tobe bent should be protected from the con- tamination of harmful materials such as the low melting temperatura allays af canner brass and lead. 82 Stainless stee! pipe suspected of being contami fated will fervus metals vi vilier haiinful ‘materials should be cleaned prior to bending to Femove the contaminants. 83 Stainless steel pipe should be furnished in the solution annealed condition [Lanes 2* | ayer emu aves | 4° ama Pulling End | ined enter 20 (10 min) Haldng End T @ 1180 90" min) Tangent Bawween Boras my | 6 e | OWE min | Nowe: MN TOF 4 pipe ww" min 10 5° pipe TABLE 751 MINIMUM TANGENT LENGTHS FOR FURNACE BENDSMetric Conversion ‘The conversion of quantities between systems of units involves a determination of significant t digits to be retained. ‘All canversinne denend unan the intended precision of the original quantity and are rounded to the appropriate accuracy. Pipe sizes together with applicable wall thicknesses are not shown with metric equivalents. Tho Sl(metric) values where included with the customary U. S. values in this Standard are the rounded equivalents of the U.S. values and are for reference only. Metric units derived utilizing the following conversion factor: Conversion Factor Conversion Factor Inches to 25.4 Deg. Fahr. to 5/9 (Deg. F.—32) e Milimetrs Dep. Cent Lbsin” to 0.0703 Kgyem?‘Acurrent index of the latest revised ES Standards and Technical Bullatins is available from the Pipe Fabs cation Institute FI Standate and Tanhninal Rllatine ara puiliched ta conve prowan naadte nf tha pine fahrinating indietry at’ 39sign level and in actual shop operations. Hence, such needs are continually Considered and reviewed by Zngineenng Committee of the F ~ Fabrication institute to provide recommended procedures which ha, een demonstrated by collecti: —vxperiences to fil requirements in a manner for Code comol- anc inwever ae the BEI Standart minim viremente he Hocigner ar fahrieatne alae ha the option of specitying supplemer conditions in: form of requirements beyond the scope of the PFI publications.