Question 1:

a) The formula for the confidence interval for a sample proportion is:
CI = p̂ ± z * √((p̂ * (1 - p̂ )) / n)
where:

 CI represents the confidence interval

 p̂ is the sample proportion
 z is the z-score associated with the desired confidence level (e.g., 1.96 for a 95%
confidence level)
 n is the sample size

The formula calculates a range of values around the sample proportion that is likely to contain
the true population proportion with a certain level of confidence.

b) To ensure that the confidence interval captures the population parameter, you can modify
the sample size (n) or the confidence level (z-score). Increasing the sample size will generally
narrow the confidence interval, making it more likely to capture the true population
parameter. Similarly, increasing the confidence level will widen the confidence interval,
increasing the likelihood of capturing the true population parameter (Diez et al., 2019).
Adjusting these parameters allows for a trade-off between the precision of the estimate
(narrower interval) and the level of confidence (higher confidence level).

Question 2:
The conditions necessary for the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) to hold depend on whether we
know the population distribution or not, as well as the sample size(Learn the Central Limit
Theorem in R: A Step by Step Guide (Updated 2023), 2019):
a) When the population distribution is known (normal distribution):

 The population follows a normal distribution.

 The sample is a simple random sample or a random sample obtained through a
randomized experiment.
 The observations in the sample are independent.

b) When the population distribution is unknown:

 The sample size is large (typically considered n > 30) or very large (asymptotic
condition).
 The sample is a simple random sample or a random sample obtained through a
randomized experiment.
 The observations in the sample are independent.

When the sample size is barely over 30, the conditions are less stringent, and the CLT can still
provide reasonably accurate approximations. As the sample size increases, the distribution of
the sample mean approaches a normal distribution regardless of the shape of the population
distribution. This is known as the asymptotic condition.

Question 3:
The standard error measures the precision of a sample statistic, while the margin of error
provides a measure of the uncertainty in estimating the population parameter based on the
sample. They are related but distinct concepts that play crucial roles in statistical inference.
Question 1
The graph shows the simulation of 25 intervals from 25 samples with a 95% confidence level. One
interval missed the population parameter (p = 0.88).

a) The formula to be used for the confidence interval for a sample proportion is:
CI = p ± {Critical Value(z)*(Standard Error)
CI = p ± {z*(sqrt ((p*(1 - p))/n))
In which:
CI = confidence level (in this case, 95% = 0.95)
p = sample proportion (in this case, the specific sample proportion is not mentioned).
z = critical value, which is obtained from the confidence level using the standard normal distribution
(in this case, the confidence level is 95%, thus the z value is 1.96).
n = sample size (in this case, the sample size is 25).

b) In order to ensure the confidence interval captures the population parameter, we can either
modify the sample size or the desired confidence level. By increasing the sample size, it will generally
result in a narrower confidence interval and a smaller margin of error. While increasing the
confidence level, it will help increase the likelihood of capturing the true population proportion.

To have a better idea, here is the relationship between confidence interval width and sample size:

Confidence interval width: 1/√n

Thus, when we opt for the option of increasing the sample size, it will lead to a narrower confidence
interval width and a smaller margin of error. Meanwhile, if we opt for increasing the confidence level,
it will widen the interval and increase the likelihood of capturing the true population proportion.

Question 2
Ganti (2023) defines the central limit theorem (CLT) as the distribution of sample means that
approximates a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger, regardless of the population's
distribution.

In normal conditions, the CLT is to be held given the conditions that the samples are obtained
through a random sampling process from the population, the observations within each sample must
be independent of each other, and the population from which the samples are drawn must have a
normal distribution.

Given the case where the sample size is barely over 30, the conditions to be met include that the
samples must be obtained through a random sampling process from the population and that the
observations within each sample must be independent of each other (online.stat.psu.edu, n.d.).
Meanwhile, if the sample size is very large, the conditions to be met are that the samples must be
obtained through a random sampling process from the population, observations within each sample
must be independent of each other, and the population distribution should not have a significant
skewness; otherwise, a larger sample size may be required for the CLT to hold (Turney, 2022). Lastly,
the population should not contain extreme outliers that could significantly impact the sampling
distribution.

Question 3
The margin of error represents the area surrounding the sample statistic where the population
parameter is likely to be found. Meanwhile, the standard error measures the variability or precision
of a sample statistic (Zach, 2020). The margin of error itself is used to build a confidence interval to
estimate population parameters and is expressed as a value added to and subtracted from the
sample statistic to identify the maximum amount of acceptable deviation when estimating the
population parameter. whereas the standard error is used for computations and statistical tests and is
calculated using the standard deviation of the sample.

a) The formula for the confidence interval for a sample proportion is:

CI = p̂ ± z * √((p̂ (1 - p̂ )) / n)

where CI is the confidence interval, p̂ is the sample proportion, z is the z-score corresponding
to the desired confidence level, n is the sample size.

b) To ensure that the confidence interval captures the population parameter, you can modify
the confidence level. By increasing the confidence level, you can make the interval wider,
which increases the likelihood of capturing the population parameter. For example, using a
99% confidence level instead of a 95% confidence level would result in a wider interval that
is more likely to contain the true population parameter. Additionally, increasing the sample
size (n) can also improve the precision of the estimate and increase the likelihood of capturing
the population parameter. A larger sample size reduces the standard error, making the
confidence interval narrower. By adjusting the confidence level and the sample size, you can
control the width of the confidence interval and increase the probability of including the
population parameter within the interval.