MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA

Meaning: Manufacturing industries are industries that turn raw materials into new products mechanically or chemically
at homes or factories. For example, latex from rubber tree is turn into tyres and other plastic products.
Classification of Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria
a. Light industries: They produce light weight goods such as books, pencils, foot wears, toiletries etc.
b. Consumer goods industries: They turn raw materials into edible commodities such as sausage, spirits, etc
c. Heavy industries: They produce heavy and bulky goods such as petroleum products, car assembly plants.
Characteristics of Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria
1. Concentrated in towns: Manufacturing industries are located in many towns like Lagos, Ibadan, Kaduna etc.
2. Mainly import substituting: Major raw materials are sourced from foreign countries.
3. Depend on imported machinery/technology: Machineries are imported from abroad.
4. Mainly light industries: They produce light weight products like foot wears.
5. Labour intensive: Manufacturing activities are not automated, thus high dependence on human labour.
6. Production of consumer goods: production of consumable goods like beverages
7. Products mainly consumed internally: Products are not exported abroad due to low production
8. Mainly small-scale industries.
9. Dominated by foreign multi-national corporations: Most of the industries are not own by Nigerian eg. Cadbury.
10. Provision of alternative power supply: Industries rely on generators due to epileptic power supply.
Factors that favour the location of the industry
1. Availability of capital: Capital inform of banks for manufacturers to get loan
2. Good port facility: Nigeria is blessed with sea ports such as Tin Can Island for export and import
3. Political stability: Nigerian political system has remained stable since the return of democracy in 1999.
4. Good transport network: Efforts are being made by government to improve the quality of Nigerian roads.
5. Presence of support services, e g Insurance houses, banks
6. Development of Infrastructural facilities
7. Government policies: Tax holidays and creation of industrial zones promote industrialization
8. Availability of market: The dense population of Nigeria provides ready market for industries
9. Availability of cheap labour: Due to large population, there is abundant skilled and unskilled labour.
10. Nearness to raw materials: example include lime stone in Ewekoro for cement production
Contributions of Industrial Sector to Economic Development of Nigeria
1. It provides employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled labour
2. It stimulates other sectors like mining and agriculture
3. It increases the Gross National Product, which is the total value of all finished goods and services produced by a
country's citizens in a given financial year.
4. Provision of infrastructures like good roads
5. Diversification of the economy: It helps to stimulate the growth of other sectors like mining and agriculture
6. Manpower development: It helps to develop high level manpower at managerial and administrative cadres.
7. Transfer of technology: Nigerian engineers and technicians are being trained on imported technology.
Problems facing manufacturing industries in Nigeria.
1. Inadequate skilled labour: Skilled labour needed in industries are in short supply.
2. Inadequate capital: Many manufacturers could not access loan for industrial expansion
3. Inadequate raw materials: Raw materials needed in industries are not readily available
4. Poor management: Industrial management is characterized by corruption, inefficiency and nepotism
5. Poor transport facilities: Most of Nigerian roads are dilapidated, making movement of industrial raw materials and
finished goods very difficult.
6. Erratic power supply: Industries in Nigeria run on diesel due to epileptic power supply.
7. High interest rates and difficulty in accessing loans hamper industrial activities.
8. High cost of spare parts: Industrial spare parts are very expensive because they are imported from abroad.
9. High degree of dependence on imported raw materials: This makes cost of finished goods very high.
10. Limited market due to low purchasing power of the people
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11. Production of inferior products: Many industries produce substandard goods, which is why preference for foreign
goods is still very high
12. Use of limited technology: The level of technology in Nigeria due faulty educational system.
Solutions to the Problems of Industrialization in Nigeria
1. Increased Access to Credit
2. Local Manufacture of Industrial Machines
3. Improved Education System/Training
4. Improving Agricultural Sector
5. Good Government Policies
6. Provision Of Necessary Infrastructures
7. Incentives to local industries
8. Establishment of more power plants
9. Increased wages and salaries for workers
Industrial Zones in Nigeria
1. The Western industrial zone
 Location: Lagos, Ibadan, Abeokuta, Oshogbo, Sango Ota, Ikeja
 Products: chemical, textiles, foot wears, boats, beverages, spirits, construction
2. The North Central industrial zone
 Location: Kano, Kaduna, Jos, Zaria
 Products: Textiles, drinks, H.E.P, cars, food products
3. The South East industrial zone
 Location: Onitsha, Port Harcourt, Enugu, Aba
 Products: Petroleum products, construction, drinks, power, mineral products
4. Mid-West industrial products
 Location: Benin, Asaba, Warri, Sapele
 Products: processed wood, petroleum products, boat

Industrial Zones in Nigeria

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 TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA
Meaning: Transportation is the movement of people, goods and services from one place to another by land, water or air.
Types of Transportation in Nigeria
1. Land transportation 2. Air transportation 3. Water transportation.
1. Land Transportation: It is the movement of people, goods and services from one place to another on land. This
system includes human porterage, animal porterage, road transport and rail transport.
Road Transport
 It involves the use of bicycles, motorcycles, tricycles, buses, cars, lorries, trucks and others to move people and goods
from one place to another on roads.
 There are three types of roads in Nigeria, namely:
1. Trunk A roads: Built and maintained by federal government. They are dual carriage linking state capitals
2. Trunk B roads: Built and maintained by state governments. They connects major towns within the state.
3. Trunk C roads: Built and maintained by local governments. Most of these roads are not tarred.
Advantage of Road Transport
1. It provides door to door destinations
2. It is the most accessibility to rural areas
3. It is suitable for short distances
4. It is flexible service
5. It acts as a feeder to other means of transport
Disadvantages of Road Transport
1. It is not suitable for heavy cargo
2. It is prone to elements of weather such as heavy rain storm, fog and harmattan haze
3. It is not suitable for long distances
4. It is comparatively slower than other modes, especially air and modern rail system.
5. Vehicles can breakdown at any time
6. Insufficient finance to construct and maintain roads.

Rail Transport
 Railways run on two metal rails. The width between the two rails is known as rail gauge. There are narrow (107cm)
gauge, standard gauge (143cm) and broad gauge (160cm).
 Railways in Nigeria consist of a 3,505 km narrow gauge and 669 km of standard gauge.
 Nigeria has two major lines: western and eastern lines
 The western line runs from Lagos to Nguru while the eastern line runs from Port Harcourt to Maiduguri.
 Railway junctions include Minna, Kaduna, Zaria and Kafanchan while railway terminals are Iddo, Kaura Namoda, Nguru,
Maiduguri and Port Harcourt.

Advantages of Rail Transport

1. It suitable for transporting bulky and heavy Good.
2. It is a cheaper mode of transport as compared to other modes of transport.
3. Railway is the safest form of transport.
4. It encourages mobility of labour and thereby provides a great scope for employment.
5. It helps in the industrialization of a country by easy transportation of raw-materials at a cheaper rate.
Disadvantages of Rail Transport
1. Railway is the safest form of transport.
2. It is not flexible because tt routes and timings cannot be adjusted to individual requirements.
3. Rail transport cannot provide door to door service as it is tied to a particular track.
4. Railway transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for short distances and small traffic of goods.
5. The cost of construction and maintenance is very high
6. It is very slow, hence not suitable for perishable goods
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 Railway Lines in Nigeria
Air Transport
 Air transport involves the use of aircraft, helicopter and rocket to carry people and cargo from one place to another.
 There are two types of airports where aircrafts land and take off viz: domestic and international airports.
 Domestic airports service aircrafts that fly within a country, most of which are located in state capitals.
 International airports are used for aircrafts that fly from Nigeria to other countries. Examples include the Muritala
Muhammed airport in Lagos, Nmandi Azikwe international airport in Abuja, Port Harcourt airport, Aminu Kano
international airport, Kano.

Advantages of Air Transport

1. It is the fastest mode of transport
2. It provides a regular, comfortable, efficient and quick service.
3. There is no physical barriers like mountains and thick vegetation
4. Air transport can be used to carry goods and people to the areas which are not accessible by other means of transport.
5. It is the most suitable for carrying perishable and valuable goods of perishable.

Disadvantages of Air Transport

1. Air transport is the most expensive means of transport.
2. It is not suitable to carry cheap and bulky goods.
3. It is mostly affected by unfavourable weather such as fog, snow and heavy rain
4. It requires a large amount of capital investment in the construction and maintenance of aeroplanes.
5. Air transport requires a specialised skill and high degree of training for its operation.
6. There are many legal restrictions imposed by various countries in the interest of their own national unity and peace.
REVISION QUESTIONS
1a. On a sketch map of Nigeria, locate and name any 3 international airports
1b. Discuss limitations of air transportation in Nigeria and suggest possible solutions.
2a. On a sketch map of Nigeria, locate (i). The two major rail lines (ii). One terminus on each line (iii). Any two rail
stations
b Highlight the limitations of rail development in Nigeria and suggest possible solutions.

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 WATER TRANSPORT IN NIGERIA
 Water transport in Nigeria involves the use of canoe, ferry, boat and ship on rivers, lakes, lagoons, oceans and other
bodies of water
 Water transport in Nigeria can be grouped into ocean navigation and inland navigation.
1. Ocean navigation
 It involves movement on the Atlantic Ocean from one place to another along the coastline as well as between Nigeria and
other countries.
2. Inland water navigation
 This involves movement from one place to another within Nigeria on rivers, lakes, lagoons and creeks.
 The most important inland waterways in Nigeria include: Rivers Niger and Benue, Cross rivers, Lake Chad and Kainji
dam among others.
Advantages of water transportation
1. It is good for transporting goods over long distances.
2. It is the cheapest means of transportation between countries.
3. It is used to move heavy and bulky goods from one place to another.
4. It is relatively safe
5. Cost of construction and maintenance is low
6. The oceans and seas are free for all nations to use
Disadvantages/Limitations of water transportation
1. It is slower than other means of transport
2. Cost of .acquiring a ship is very high
3. It is not flexible
4. Cost of port construction and maintenance is very high
5. Inadequate technical expertise in ship maintenance
6. Most of the rivers in Nigeria are seasonal in nature
7. There is presence of waterfalls, rapids and cataracts that impede navigation
8. Most rivers are short and contain shallow water
9. Presence of water weeds such as water hyacinths
Solutions
1. Rivers should be dredged regularly
2. Construction of canals to bypass waterfalls and cataracts
3. Water weed should be cleared regularly
4. Loans should be granted to construct and maintain seaports
5. Ships should be equipped with refrigerated holds.
Ports Development in Nigeria
 A port is a meeting point between the land and ocean water where ships and other vessels berth.
Types of Ports
1. Seaports: They are large ocean terminals with essential port facilities for large ships and other vessels. E xamples include
Apapa and Tincan Island ports (Lagos) and Port Harcourt (Rivers)
2. River ports: These ports are located on navigated rivers for smaller ships and ferries. Examples include Warri, Sapele and
Koko Ports (Delta state), Calabar port (Cross river), Bonny port (Rivers) and Onitsha Port (Anambra).
Hinterland of a port: The hinterland of a port is the land behind a port that supplies it exports and the port supplies it with
imports. Nigeria is a hinterland to Apapa port.
Importance of Seaports
1. Export of goods
2. Import of goods
3. Employment.
4. Raw materials for industries
5. Tourism
6. Fishing
REVISION QUESTIONS
1. Describe factors that aid the development of ports in Nigeria
Identify the limitations of port development in Nigeria and suggest poss

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