12/6/2019 OneNote

Resources
Sunday, 10 June 2018 12:44

1. Distribution of key natural resources

a. While natural resources are distributed in all through the world, specific resources often
require particular conditions and so not all natural resources are spread equally.
b. The geographic factors that most influence where humans settle are water, soil, vegetation,
climate, and landscape. Because South America, Africa, and Australia have fewer of these
geographic benefits, there is less population as compared to North America, Europe, and
Asia.
c. Economic activities that are directly associated with resources include farming, fishing,
ranching, timber processing, oil and gas production, mining, and tourism.

2. Factors responsible for location of primary, secondary, tertiary sector industries

a. Raw materials
b. Demand/Market (domestic or export)
c. Availability of land
d. Capital and infrastructure
e. Cheap labour
f. Power (thermal or hydel)
g. Transport (rail/road/port/inland)
h. Climate
i. Govt policy
j. Culture

Industries India and the world

1. Iron and steel

a. Most coal fields in mid latitudes => iron and steel industry located here. Tropical belts don't
have coal fields. Lack of coal & iron ore in Africa has hurt development of iron and steel,
other steel based industries
b. Raw materials = iron ore + coking coal + limestone

2. Automobile
a. Facts
i. India is 2nd-largest automobiles market with close to 25 million units
ii. Contributes around 7% to India's GDP
iii. industry has attracted FDI worth $18 billion since 2000
iv. India levies an import tax of 125% on foreign imported cars, while the import tax on
components such as gearboxes, airbags, drive axles, is 10%.
b. Where is it located?
Majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three "clusters".
i. Around Chennai is largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of exports
ii. Near Mumbai along the Chakan corridor near Pune, with a 33% share
iii. northern cluster is around NCR, and contributes 32%
c. Factors responsible
i. Automobile industry requires large variety of raw materials from other industrial
sources viz. steel, nonferrous metals, window-glass, plastic, rubber, wood, paint,
textile, electronic cables, seat cushions
ii. For continued mass production on the assembly line, need continuous supply of
those spare parts & raw material. Therefore, best location for automobile industry =
established industrial region that has tradition of manufacturing such components
3. Timber
a. Factors:
i. Raw material: waste from wooden logs is 60%, located near jungle to reduce
transport
ii. Rivers: require clean water, also easy transport
iii. River direction: toward market. Hence Siberia has not been exploited
b. Why Canada is famous?
i. Softwood: concentrated and easy to chop
ii. Transport: temperate forest are less dense than tropical (hence rail) + rivers in N. Am
iii. Rivers: cheap hydroelectric power
iv. Labour: farm labour in winter + lumbering is highly mechanised
v. Market: easy access to USA market
vi. Replantation program and strict govt regulation
c. Tropical areas aren't favourable in any of the above factors, except Malaysia.
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d. India's timber industry is import dependent

4. Commercial fishing
a. Factors: also why Europe/Americas vs Asia
i. Plankton availability: great in cold + warm current meeting point. Western Atlantic
and North West Pacific.
ii. Market: for domestic consumption or export
iii. Climate: tropical areas, fish can't be stored for long
iv. Capital: required for ship building and processing centers
v. Coastline: indented is good for ports and harbours
vi. Labour: cold long winters make labour switch to fishing
vii. Species: Tropical areas have variety but then not conducive for commercial scale
b. Regions:

location prominent fishing area

Northern Europe ○ Dogger bank,
○ Great Fisher bank
US Canada ○ Grand bank, George bank
○ Nova Scotia, Newfoundland

c. In India, fishing is more developed along western coast than in Eastern coast because
i. Continental shelf in western coast=wider=more plankton=more fishes
ii. Commercial varieties like prawns and mackerel are mostly confined along western
coast.

5. Cotton textile
i. Cotton as a raw material is lightweight, non-perishable. Cotton to yarn/textile =hardly any
weight loss. Therefore, proximity to raw material site is not essential, doesn’t offer great
cost-saving in transportation. (unlike sugar, cement or steel industry)
ii. Result is other factors become more important in industrial location viz.
○ Nearness to market
○ Nearness to waterbody (for dyeing, bleaching)
○ Energy to run powerlooms and textile machines
○ Cheap labour supply
○ Availability of capital/finance
iii. Why Britain became leader?

Climate moist westerlies =humidity=threads don’t break

Raw Cheap Cotton from its colonies (India, Egypt).
Material
Transport Liverpool port. Later Manchester Ship Canal was developed to turn
Manchester itself into a port.
Water Streams from Pennine hills = soft water for dying bleaching.
Energy ○ In the initial phase of Industrial revolution, same water was used as
source of energy for running Arkwright’s spinning machine.
○ later, coal utilized from Northern England and Wales
Labor Cheap labour after Enclosure movement
Market Demand in Europe + colonies.

iv. In India

Factor Ahmedabad Coimbatore

Raw material Available from nearby same + cotton variety known as
districts. “Cambodia cotton” is grown.
Energy Thermal power plant near Pykara Hydel project
Sabarmati
Water for dyeing, Sabarmati, Khari river Noyyal river, Kaveri catchment
cleaning, bleaching
Market Large market in Gujarat and Large demand in Southern States+
neighboring states, export Chennai port for export

6. Silk textile
a. Factors:

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i. Labour: need cheap female labour
ii. Raw material: easy to transport, non perishable, non bulky
iii. Market: luxury item and fashion statement
b. Current production levels: China produces almost 80%, India around 18%.
c. India factors

Raw Mulberry plant: can be grown in any type of soil even in forest fringes, hill slope.
Materi Can withstand drought =works well in non-green revolution, non-irrigated areas
al of East and NE India.
Labour Sericulture does not involve hard labor. Silkworms can be reared by women and
old people=side income. In Eastern States, farmers earlier used to grow jute but
jute demand declined so they shifted to sericulture.
Capital works on simple technology, no sophisticated equipment needed, can be done
by small and marginal farmers, tribals.

d. India grows all important varieties of silk: Mulberry, Tasar, Oak Tasar, Eri and Muga. But
demand >greater than> production. Hence we import from China, particularly bivoltine
mulberry silk. Mulberry silk is produced in southern states AND non mulberry in eastern
India and NE.

7. Wool textile
a. Factors:
i. Climate: Dry warmer climates of Southern hemisphere provide better conditions for
wool production. e.g. Interior Australia, South Africa and rain shadow area of
Patagonia
ii. Economies of scale: In Australia, sheep rearing is done on a large scale = economies of
scale = lower cost of production. This enables wool producers from southern
hemisphere to compete.
iii. Labour: Woolen textile business require skilled workers. In Australia, low-population
=wage rates higher, hence not leading in textile.
b. India

Factor Why?
Nature of raw • Wool as raw material =non-perishable, lightweight.
material • Apparels: Indian wool is coarse fibers=irritates body. Imports must
• Non-apparels: to produce decent carpets, blankets, mix with NZ wool.
Hence location of woollen textile not tied to raw material site.
Market • Winter in North India, good demand.
• ~75% of industries concentrated in Northern States because of market
factor.

8. Jute
a. Why flourished in WB?

Raw 90% of jute is cultivated in Ganges hinterland. Jute is only crop that can
material withstand flooding of this region.
Energy Raniganj and Jharia coalmines
Water Large quantity of water for washing, bleaching, retting. Hoogli river helps.
Labour Jute-processing = labour intensive. Cheap labour available
Capital Banking-finance facilities because initially it was capital of British India

b. Why in decline?
Facts:
i. Industry supports 4 lakh workers 4 million farmers, West Bengal is the largest
producer.
ii. India is the largest jute producer at 55% of world production.
iii. On partition, most of jute mills remained in India while major jute producing area
went to East Pakistan. Pakistan then denied supply of raw jute to India
iv. Due to national law to use jute as packaging materials, India is the largest consumer
of jute in the world.
Problems:
i. Non availability of quality raw jute: Primitive, labor intensive cultivation methods
ii. Shrinking acreage: 10% drop amid low productivity and falling prices of crash crop.
iii. Failure of jute mill to modernise: Govt launched Jute Technology Mission but it failed

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iv. Competition: loses competitiveness due to obsolete technology, higher prices and
industrial sickness
v. Dependent on govt support: Jute Packaging Material Act, 1987
vi. Decrease in demand: fast losing market to plastic, synthetic fibres and similar
substitute products and lack of marketing strategy
vii. Labour problem: loss of work by strikes, lockouts, law off, closure of mill, etc.

9. Food crops
a. Wheat: Canada/Prairies

Soil • Temperate grasslands. Centuries of grass rotting has produced fertile soil
• Topography suitable because wheat cannot tolerate stagnant water
• Flat terrain= machines can be employed @ every production stage
Land European settlers seized opportunity, bought large farm holdings.
Holding
Labour Since farm is large, mechanization possible= don’t need farm-workers.
Transport • Railroad connectivity via Canadian Pacific Railway
• Many branch lines are constructed to connect even the remotest farm
regions with the mainline = easy to send your produce to market.
Storage • Grain elevator storage facilities along the railway lines: here wheat is
cleaned, graded, processed and stored.
Governm • Canadian Wheat Board, a statutory body= sole purchaser and seller of food
ent grains for export. Farmers are given schedules to send their wheat
Policy • This system minimizes price fluctuations/distribution inefficiencies

b. Rice: China, south of Yangtze

Climate mild temperature, good rainfall= can grow two crops in a year
Soil Suitable for rice cultivation + waste from sericulture is used as fertilizer.
Water good rainfall + irrigation from Yangtze and numerous other rivers and streams
Labour Cheap and abundant
Technolo with government help, farmers:
gy • use diesel operated special tractors to plough rice field
• Mechanical rice planters to plant the rice seedlings and HYV seeds
Transport Yangtze river=inland transport, connects important markets. +Railway
network.

c. Corn: USA. Why?

i. Corn gives high yield per acre compared to wheat
ii. Effective for fattening animals. Corn => fed to cattle/pigs/poultry => meat exported.

Soil, chernozem soil= good for corn. Soil-climate suitable

climate
Market Most of the corn produced=used for fattening animals=> animals sent to
slaughterhouses in Chicago and Omaha. Railroad transport well developed.
Govt Government spends billions of dollars per year in subsidy to corn farmers
policy
Labour Only small labour force needed because planting+harvesting =highly
mechanised

d. Soybean
i. To most consumers, the soybean is an invisible food. Clearly, the soybean is far more
pervasive in the human diet than the visual evidence would indicate
ii. USA produces 45% share of the global production, meanwhile Brazil and Argentina
account 31% and 17%, respectively. Why in Brazil?

climate crop can grow almost anywhere with a warm growing season, ample
water, and sunlight.
market Soy is used in oil, food and industrial products, and soybean meal as
fodder
Infrastructur Brazil is poised to become largest producer by improving connectivity to
e its Mato Grosso area with China's help

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Land Large tracts of Amazon forest could be cleared to expand

i. Why China is consuming soybean? As China’s appetite for meat, milk, and eggs has
soared, so too has its use of soybean meal. China’s neglect of soybean production
reflects a political decision made in Beijing in 1995 to focus on being self-sufficient in
grain
ii. Indian farmers cultivate soybeans through rainfall rather than irrigation and growing
starts with the monsoon rains. Indian exporters sell soymeal at about $405 per tonne
on a free-on-board basis, $100 more than supplies from rivals Argentina and Brazil.

10. Milk and dairy

a. New Zealand (serves away market) by converting raw material (fresh liquid milk) into more
‘concentrated’ form (cheese/butter/powdered milk)

Climate Cold and humid climate+ low undulating plains= luxuriant, perennial growth
of nutritious grass. Possible to graze the animals throughout the year
Labour Dairy farming carried on for generations = skilled.
Tech Scientific breeding of animals, vaccination, disease control, infrastructure for
refrigeration, transport of milk products
Govt Govt exercises strict quality control over export of milk and meat products =>
Policy NZ’s dairy-products command good prices in international market.
Transport Geographically, NZ is located far away from the market. Liquid milk is
converted into such as butter, cheese and powdered milk meaning Longer
shelf life, can withstand long sea journey. Higher value per unit product can
withstand transport cost.

b. Why not in Africa? Tropical diseases, grasslands lack nutrition, unskilled/nomadic labour,
market is divided, infrastructure is non existent

11. Horticulture industry

a. Fresh vegetables are widely grown near major markets because
i. Product is perishable.
ii. Urban consumers want it fresh and has the purchasing power.
iii. High value product= veggie/fruit farmer can risk to buy/rent the more expensive land
near city areas (compared to a wheat/corn farmer)
iv. Grown anywhere: exceptions are apples, oranges, mangoes etc. they need particular
climate
b. Von Thunen rings - agro land use model
i. Farmers near cities grow vegetables, fruits, milk
ii. Faraway from cities grow foodgrains
iii. Extremely faraway from cities rear sheep/goat etc.
c. Wine industry/ grapes

Climate Grapes can't be grown in cold climates, up to 50 degrees N/S

Water Roots can penetrate deep for sucking water = grow in semi-arid Mediterranean
Soil Grapes like calcium. France-Italy hill have chalk/limestone=good for growth.
Labour Mediterranean countries have dense population and long history of cultivation
=skilled labour available. In California, grapevine harvested using machine but
not possible in Europe because hill slopes and small farms.
Raw Grapes= perishable. Wine=non-perishable, can be stored for years
mat
Market Mediterranean region =long established wine producing areas have reputation,
ex: Sherry (Spain), Champagne (France)

12. Plantations
a. Factors responsible for development of plantations in Asia and America:
i. Suez Canal was opened in 1869 => this reduce the distance between Asia and Europe
ii. Introduction of steam based ship => faster, more carrying capacity
iii. Industrial revolution= demand for rubber, consumer demand for tea, coffee,
tobacco.
iv. imperialism: cheap labour already available in colonies, capital provided by
Europeans.
b. Types:

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i. Tree crops: take years to mature. Palm, coconut, cocoa, coffee, tea (capitalists, can't
switch to another crop in case of price shocks)
ii. Field crops: less maintenance than tree crops. sugarcane, banana.
iii. Annuals: cotton, jute, tobacco (suitable for small farmers)

13. Rubber
a. Nature of raw material
i. Natural rubber is obtained from latex of rubber trees.
ii. Latex contains 30-40% rubber, rest material lost during processing => preliminary
processing is done near raw material site.
iii. Can be grown in tropical areas alone
iv. Need skilled, abundant labour
b. Rise of synthetic rubber
i. In the 1920s, USA began to develop synthetic rubber. Although natural rubber was still
preferred because new technology was costly. During WW2 Japan occupied
Southeast Asia, natural rubber export to USA was cutoff. In response, US
government developed a huge synthetic rubber industry in a very short time and after
WW2, sold it to private companies.
c. Kerala rubber

climate Rubber hates cold + likes abundant moisture. Tapping done in morning to avoid
afternoon rains.
soil laterite soil is good for growth.
labour Available and skilled. One tapper can go through almost 300 trees per day.

14. Sugar
a. Sugar mills are located near sugar growing areas, because of two factors

Perishabl Sugarcane = contains sucrose. Once you cut the sugarcane, the sucrose
e content starts to decline. Raw material must be quickly transported.
Weight Sugar accounts for only ~10% of the bulky sugarcane and therefore it is
loss prohibitively expensive to transport sugarcane over long-distance

b. Sugar mill vs sugar refinery

Sugar mill Sugar refinery

Input Sugarcane raw coarse brown sugar (sugar mill)
Process Sugarcane is crushed between rollers Raw sugar is refined

output • raw coarse brown sugar= need further Brown and white sugars of various
refining grades.
• bagasse => fodder, energy, paper-pulp
industry,
• molasses=> ethanol
Locatio Must be located near sugar-farming areas In countries which rely on imports,
n because sugarcane being bulky- sugar refineries are setup near
perishable. ports

c. Factor: North India vs South

In South India: No loo, no frost+ moderating effect of ocean=ideal for sugarcane growth.
i. During British-raj, North India used to cultivate indigo as cash crop but then invention
of synthetic dyes=> farmers switched to sugarcane.
ii. In South India, farmers have better cash-crop alternatives e.g. cotton, tobacco,
coconut, groundnut etc. so no large sugar belt like UP.

15. Tea

Factors impact
raw Tea leaves => tea involves considerable weight loss. Hence tea processing is done
material in the estate/plantation itself.
Climate • frost=injures the leaves=>tea not grown beyond Northern China/Honshu
• very long winter=retards plant growth, decreases yield
Topograph doesn’t like stagnant water=> has to be grown on highland or hill slopes, e.g. hills
y of Darjiling, Jalpaiguri or Nilgiri
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Labour Weeding & plucking= tedious job: need skill=>cheap female labour is essential

a. Rise of London tea business

i. British controlled Indian and Sri-Lankan tea estates and had a ‘sphere of influence’ in
China. Therefore, lot of tea went to London port and from London the large
consignments were broken, various blends were mixed and tea was re-exported to
other European countries + USA + local consumption.
Fall: American independence, loss of colonies, no influence in China.
b. Tea: Darjeeling
i. Capital availability: Britain had accumulated truckload of wealth from its Asian-
African colonies + industrial revolution.
ii. By 1830s, monopoly over Chinese tea-trade was lost with the entry of other
European players exercising sphere of influence over China.
iii. The indigo cropping in Bihar was not giving good returns.
iv. Suez Canal opened=distance reduced.
All these factors led to British “FDI” going in the Indian tea-plantation activity.

Factors impact
Climate Morning fog, low temperature=high grade leaf
Water • Teesta, Rangeet, Mahananda, Balason+ many Himalayan perennial
streams.
• South-west monsoon provided sufficient water
Soil Soil has good quantity of phosphorous + potash
Topograph Grown in hills = no stagnant water.
y
Labour Large estates have residential, school, hospital facilities => permanent labor
force working for generations.
Market • Yes, local + foreign demand.
• Proximity to Kolkata port=good for export.

16. Coffee
a. Boston tea party revolt + American war of independence => tea supply halted. Americans
switched to Coffee and thus USA became major market for Brazil and Columbian coffee
cultivators.

factor impact
Temper Coffee needs to be protected from direct sunlight, especially when plant is
ature young. In Yemen/Ethiopia annual rainfall is less than 20 cms but still coffee
grows cos thick sea mist provides moisture and protects from excessive heat.
Topogr Coffee likes abundant moisture but hates waterlogging=>hilly slopes receiving
aphy orographic rainfall are best suited for coffee. Hill slops facing the sea=even
better, because they benefit from the mist and sea breezes=cooler
Labour Berry has to be picked by hand, sorting the ripe berries from leaves, twigs etc.
also needs patience and skill. Since coffee has to be grown in hillslopes, large
scale mechanization = not possible
Market Coffee loses flavour quickly after being roasted. Only preliminary processing
done in exporting country, and roasting done in the importing country.

17. Iron-coal industry

a. Raw material:
i. Iron ore + coke + limestone = heat => pig iron + CO2 + slag
ii. Pig iron=more processing=> cast-iron, wrought iron, steel and variety of alloys
Therefore, essential inputs are:
iron ore, coking coal and limestone
water for cooling
energy for heating
iii. Steel industry also requires dolomite, manganese etc. but in small quantities => their
presence is not the main deciding factor for the location.
b. Location:
Near coalfields (industrial revolution)
i. Coalfield region had a tradition of iron working based on charcoal as a result coalfield
areas already had labour and technology.

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ii. In Britain, iron ore was found embedded with coal seams = same area provided both
iron ore + coal
iii. Railway engines were inefficient. So, weight-wise, it was cheaper to transport iron ore
to coalfields rather than transporting coal to iron ore site.
Near coasts:
By early 20th century the coal and iron ore mines in US-Europe started getting depleted. So,
they started importing iron ore from other countries.
i. As a result the iron space and steel industry started moving toward coastal sites to
reduce cost of transporting ores from port to factory via railways.
c. Empty wagons: Ural/Rourkela rich in iron ore, Siberia/Bokaro rich in coal => iron steel
industry developed at both places to reduce plying of empty wagons
d. Coking coal shortage: Sweden doesn't have coking coal, so exports iron ore Ruhr and
imports pig iron (but now costlier). So they produce high value items, such as cars
e. Technology: Oxygen converter process reduced coal/energy requirement. Electric smelters
technology helped in development of mini-steel plants near industrial cities
f. Strategic: industry is backbone of development, WW2 forced countries to spread out
industries
g. Development: plant in Bhilai in India to counter regional backwardness
h. Industrial inertia of industry

Factor impact
Labour As time progressed, area near coal fields developed into industrial cities=There is
already a large pool of skilled and experienced workers, support services
Transp The railroad, transport and communication infrastructure = well-developed in
ort the old area. Import raw material from other areas.
Capital Cheaper to modernize or expand an existing location rather than move to a new
site. For example, as cotton industry of Lancashire declined, they converted
textile mills into light engineering goods factories
Market Iron and steel industries provide raw material to many secondary
manufacturing industries such as automobile, heavy engineering etc. If the
primary industries moved to new location but the corresponding customers
(automobile/heavy engineering industries) don’t change location, then it will
affect profit levels.
Govt POSCO (Korea), pulled out from the steel-mill project in Karnataka worth almost
policy $5 billion FDI, due to bureaucratic red tapes

18. Steel based industries

a. Facts
i. Since most of the coalfields are located in the middle-latitudes => iron-steel industry
developed here.
ii. Since steel is the raw material for many secondary industries => important industrial
regions usually found in middle latitudes.
iii. On the other hand, tropical belt doesn’t have any significant coalmines => hardly any
industries belts, e.g. most of Africa.
b. Factors for rise
i. Iron ore availability
ii. Coking coal
iii. Limestone
iv. Energy
v. Labour
vi. Market
vii. Transport
c. Heavy industries also tend to settle near steel plants to reduce cost of transporting the
bulky raw material

19. Automobile:
a. Best location for automobile industry = established industrial region that has tradition of
manufacturing such components. (e.g. we saw earlier Midlands of UK=Leyland;
Mercedes/Volkswagen near Ruhr Germany; Volvo Sweden.)
Shipbuilding:

physical factors economic factors

○ large, level coastal ○ steel availability
land ○ capital
○ deep navigable waters ○ demand
○ skilled workers

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i. Vishakhapatnam and Kolkata well connected with steel industries of Jharkhand and
WB = raw material available nearby.
ii. Flat/level coastal land available
iii. Rich hinterland with excellent railroad connectivity for transport of labor and ancillary
components
iv. Indigenous demand from ONGC, for offshore platforms, drilling rigs and steel jackets +
from Indian Navy and Coast guards.

20. Aluminium
a. Aluminum is an abundant mineral in the crust of earth but for mining or commercial scale
exploitation, need significant concentration of bauxite ore at one particular site.
b. From bauxite ore to alumina (crushed to dried), 50% weight loss. Hence done near raw
material site
c. White powder of alumina is dissolved in a bath and electric current is passed through it
using carbon electrodes. Result- alumina is converted to aluminum.
i. But this stage requires massive amount of electricity
ii. Therefore, aluminum smelting facilities are set up near sources of cheap electricity

Major refiners in 70s Major refiners now

Japan, United States and Western Europe Australia, Canada, Brazil, Middle
d. East, Russia and China.
Declined because of rising cost of electricity + Cheap electricity from coal/hydro.
pollution related taxes and laws.

e. Vedanta is an integrated producer of Aluminum in India with mines, smelters and

associated power plants.
i. Korba (Chhattisgarh) and Jharsuguda (Odisha)
ii. Both places have bauxite and coal deposits.
iii. Vedanta uses coal for generating thermal electricity in its own captive power plants.
Same electricity used for refining alumina to aluminum.
iv. Niyamgiri Hills in Odisha considered sacred by the tribal groups such as the Dongria
Kondh. Vedanta wanted to extract Bauxite from here, project worth more than $1.5
billion.

21. Copper refining

a. Intro
i. Copper production in India is only about 0.2% of world production in view of its
potential 2% of world reserve.
ii. With 20th century, copper became important for electric industry.
iii. As the demand for copper increased, new mining-smelting technologies are
developed to utilize even lower quality ores.
iv. Need significant concentration of ore for commercial mining
v. Smelting process different than bauxite.
vi. Major mines: Khetri (RJ), Singhbhum (JH)
b. Stage 1: concentration into blister copper
i. Barely 2.5% of the original matter remains. And less weight= less transportation cost.
ii. Therefore, copper concentrating mills are set up near the raw material
c. Stage 2: blister copper is refined via electrolysis method.
i. blister copper is immersed in a bath of copper sulphate, electricity is passed and
impurities are removed.
ii. weight loss ratio is extremely small. (~1%). So, there is no economic factor to setup
copper refining factories near the raw material.
d. From the copper refining process, by products can be used for making phosphoric acid,
sulphuric acid. How? Copper smelting => SO2 gas=> Sulphuric Acid
Same sulphuric acid + Rock Phosphate => Phosphoric Acid. Further it can be used for making
fertilizers.
e. Problems in India
i. India imports 94% of its copper concentrates to feed its smelters
ii. Special copper alloys are still imported. Because we don’t have technology to produce
them locally. E.g. Beryllium copper
iii. Still don’t have technology for downstream copper products e.g. copper tubes for
refrigeration/AC etc. majority of them still imported.
iv. Mining & smelting technology is obsolete. Causes substantial air pollution because
sulphur dioxide emission.
v. Still don’t have technology for complete recovery of precious metals such as cobalt,
Nickel etc from copper concentration.
vi. Producing 1 ton copper from ore=takes almost 14000 kwh energy, from
scrap/recycling=takes only 1700 kwh. Not yet well established in India. 

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vii. huge gap between demand and supply. Almost 70% copper is imported.

22. Oceanic resources

a. Oxygen/carbon, marine life, oil and natural gas, manganese nodules, sand and gravel,
renewable energy, tourism.

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