NAKHLAH (Girls Campus Society)

The Environment Of Pakistan: Unit-9 Industrial development.

Large Scale Industries

Cotton Textile Industry.

i) Largest Industry in Pakistan. iii) Karachi is the largest center followed by Faisalabad & Hyderabad.
ii) Power looms have increased output. Iv) Towels are exported to U.S.A, Europe, China & other Muslim
countries. V) Cotton Yarn is exported to Japan; Hosiery and Canvas products are also exported.

Requirements for the site of cotton Industry:

 Easy provision of raw materials.

 Water available for washing, dying, etc.
 Lobour: Skilled and unskilled labour.
 Power: national electricity grid, gas pipelines, oil pipelines.
 Transport: good roads, railways, airport etc
 Telecommunication: access to internet.
 Education: skilled labour, I.T skills.
 EPZ to promote international trade.
 Dry port/ sea port. Factories for all stages of products: ginning/ spinning etc.

Stages of Cotton Industry:

1: Cotton Ginning: Fiber is separated from seed. More than 1200 ginning factories are set up.

2: Cotton Spinning: Yarn is produced from raw cotton. 403 mills are producing yarn exported in world market the share
of Pakistan is 30%.

3: Cotton Weaving: Making of cloth from yarn.

Advantages of Exporting cotton Textile than Raw Cotton:

Manufactured cotton products are valuable than raw cotton. Provides employment. Industrialization due to more
earning from export.

Advantages and disadvantages of developing the cotton manufacturing industry in Pakistan:

Advantages: 1) Established industry/ good reputation worldwide. 2) Increase employment/develops skills. 3) Cheap
labour will be available with traditional skills. 4) Export of value added products. 5) Farmers can increase income.

6) Can compete with other countries. 7) Better infrastructure.

Disadvantages: lack of modern skills, Lack of money to invest, lack of investors. Competition with other countries. Old,
machinery, power breakdown, water shortage for manufacturing, conflict with other users. Changing Government
policies. Climate problem, poor harvest. Lack of investment in other industries.

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 Sugar Industry

1) 2nd largest industry of Pakistan. 2) Located in Punjab, K.P.K and Sindh. 3) Sugar mills should be near to the msugar
cane fields. 4) No sugar mill is found in Balochistan.

Fertilizer Industry 1) Important industry because Pakistan is an agriculture based country. 2) The use of
chemical fertilizer is increasing day by day.

Distribution of felrtilizer industries: Punjab: Faisalabad, Shaikhupura, Multan, Sindh: Sukkar, Dhurki, Mirpurmathelo

K.P.K: Huripur, Daudkhail.

Raw materials used to make fertilizer:

Natural gas, sulphur, phosphate, gypsum, nitrogen, potassium, ammonia.

Benefits of increasing fertilizer production:

1) Higher yield 2) More food production. 3) More agricultural exports. 4) Improved balance of payment. 5) Higher
G.N.P. 6) Less debt. 7) Higher farm profit. 8) More jobs 9) Cheaper cost of fertilizer. 10) More industrial
goods.

Why most fertilizer factories are in Punjab and Sindh?

1) Main farming area. 2) Deep, fertile soil. 3) Good irrigation. 4) Large population to feed. 5) Good
infrastructure. 6) Availability of raw material, e.g. Gas from Sui and Potwar plateau. 7) rock salt and gypsum
from salt range.

Disadvantages/ Environmental damage by fertilizer factories: [Rural areas]

1) Loss of farm land/land lost for factories and roads. 2) Water pollution/ noise pollution. 3) Dumping of
wastes. 4) Loss of habitat/ soil erosion. 5) Traffic congestion.

Cement Factory:

Raw Materials for Cement: Limestone, gypsum, Natural gas/Coal, Clay, Water, Sand.

Reason of High Demand for Cement: 1) For domestic construction. E.g. houses. 2) For industrial constructions e.g.
factories. 3) Institutional building. E.g. school, college. 4) Communication: roads, bridges etc. 5) Port development.
6) Water management e.g. dams, barrages, canal embankment.

Advantages and Disadvantages of building large cement works close to big cities:

Advantages: [to city d citizen] 1: cheaper transport cost to work. 2: Readily available/ quicker supply.
3: Employment opportunities.

[To cement Company] 1: Supply of labour. 2: Market/ near demand 3: Cheaper delivery cost. 4: Good infrastructure

Disadvantages: 1: Pollution e.g. air pollution from dust and smoke, Noise pollution. Visual pollution/ quarries.
Water pollution from dumping of waste, 2: Traffic congestion. 3: Loss of farm land. 4: Loss of other land that can be
used in housing, schools, industry. 5: Increased Rural-Urban migration in search of jobs causes more slums.

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Distribution Of Cement factory: Punjab: Dera Ghazi Khan, Jahurabad. Sindh: Karachi, Hyderabad, Thatta, Khairpur,
Rohri. K.P.K: Daudkhail, Attock, Naushera, Kohat. Balochistan: Not found.

Reasons of increase in demand of cement manufacture:

1: Industrial/ economic development. 2: Urbanization/ construction. 3: Better/ more housing, roads, offices, factories.
4: Population increase. 5: cheap and locally available raw material.

Iron and Steel Industry

Pakistan steel mill cooperation was set up in December 1973 at Pipri. 40 km east of Karachi on Gharo Creek near Port
Qasim. The products of steel mills are pig iron, raw steel, billets, hot rolled sheets, cold rolled sheets etc. Pakistan steel
covers an area of 75.4 sq. km. has two blast furnaces and has a capacity of 1-1 million tones. Pakistan is still not
sufficient in iron and steel production and has to import heavily from other countries.

Raw materials: Iron ore, manganese, coking coal.(have to be imported not available in Pakistan). Iron ore from
Australia, Brazil, Canada. Coking Coal from Australia. Lime stone, chromite, Oxygen.

Impact on National Economy: 1: Development of construction capability. 2: Assimilation of knowledge. Pakistani

engineers have started gaining expertise in the field of manufacturing of steel. 3: Employment opportunities. Pakistan
steel has provided 20000 persons for constructions. 4: Import substitution. The products of steel mill save foreign
exchange. 5: effects on agriculture. The production of threshers, tractors and other agricultural implements has now
been made easy.

Location of Pakistan Steel Mill:

1) Site: Flat, cheap, unused land was available next to Gharo creed at Pipri.
2) Natural Routes: Port Qasim has a natural harbor that facilitates import and export.
3) Capital: The former USSR provided economic assistance in the form of technology and capital.
4) Raw materials: Iron ore, manganese and most of the coking coal is imported through nearby port Qasim. Lime
stone is needed as flux is brought by road from the Makli hills near Thatta. Large quantities of water are required
in the process of making steel; it is brought from lake Haleji 50 Kms to the East.
5) Energy: port Qasim and Karachi have the highest electricity generating capacity in the country. Pipri thermal
power station produces 21% of the total thermal energy produced. In addition Karachi has a nuclear station.
6) Labour: skilled and unskilled labour is available locally from Karachi.
7) Markets: many industries that use steel products are located in Karachi. It also supplies cold rolled sheets,
galvanized sheets, pig iron and coal tar to other parts of the country. Over half of the steel produced at Pipri is
used in Punjab.
8) Transport: Pipri is connected to the main Karachi-Kotri railway. Mettaled roads also connect this area to the
main road system.

Other Steel Complexes in the country:

Pakistan machine tool factory. Located in Karachi established in 1968 in collaboration with a Swiss company. Deals in
machines and tools for the engineering industry, transmission components and automobiles part.
Heavy Mechanical Complex: (HMC) Established in Taxila in 1979 with Chinese assistance. It meets the need of railways,
automobiles, power plants, oil and gas processing plants, boilers, cranes, steel structures etc.
Heavy Forge Factory: Established in Taxila. Produces railway parts, heavy machinery, automobiles.
Karachi Shipyard and Engineering: Established in 1956. It can build and repair ships of up tos 12000 tonnes, a canal
connects the shipyard with Karachi harbor. Page-3