MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES NOTES

Q1) What is manufacturing?

i) Production of goods from raw materials to obtain more valuable products is
called manufacturing.
ii) Examples of manufacturing, obtaining sugar from sugarcane, paper from
wood, iron ore and aluminum from bauxite, etc.
Q2) Why is Manufacturing considered to be the backbone of development?
i) Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, but they
also reduce the heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing
more job opportunities in tertiary and secondary sector.
ii) Industrial development is needed to eradicate unemployment and poverty
problems in our country.
iii) This was the main objective behind public sector and joint sector ventures
in India, manufacturing also aims to remove regional disparities by
establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
iv) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, contributing to
foreign exchange.
v) Countries that can transform their raw materials to a wide variety of new
products of higher value, are said to be prosperous.
Q3) Agriculture and Industry go hand in hand. Justify.
i) Agro-industries in India give a major boost to agriculture by increasing its
productivity.
ii) They depend on agriculture for raw materials, and in turn, sell their
products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, PVC wires,
machines, tools, etc.
iii) Thus, the development and competitiveness of the manufacturing industries
increase the productivity of agriculture, as well as improve the production
processes involved.
Q4) How can industries be classified?
i) Industries can be classified into 5 broad categories;
ii) On the basis of source of raw materials:
- Agro-based: Cotton, jute, wool, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, etc.
- Mineral Based: Aluminium, iron ores, steel, cement, etc.
iii) On the basis of their main role:
- Basic industries are those which supply products such as raw materials
to manufacture other goods. Eg: Iron, steel and copper smelting.
Aluminium smelting, etc.
 iv) On the basis of capital investment:
- A small scale industry is defined as the maximum investment allowed
on the assets of a unit.
- At present, the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
v) On the basis of ownership:
- Public sector: Owned and operated by Government agencies. Ex-
BHEL, SAIL, etc.
- Private sector: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of
individuals. EX- Bajaj Auto Ltd, Dabur Industries.
- Joint sector: Jointly run by the state and individuals or group of
individuals. Ex- Oil India Ltd (owned jointly by public and private
sector)
- Cooperative sector: Industries owned by producers or suppliers of raw
materials, workers, or both. They pool in resources and share profit or
losses proportionately. ExSugar industry in Maharashtra, Coir
industry in Kerala.
vi) On the basis of bulk or weight of raw materials and finished goods:
- Heavy industries: such as iron and steel.
- Light industries: Use light raw materials and produce light goods, ex
Electrical goods industries.
Q5) Why does the textile industry occupy a unique position in the Indian economy?
i) It contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation,
and foreign exchange.
ii) It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in
the value chain. (Raw materials are utilized to the maximum)
Q6) Explain the history of the cotton textile industry in India.
i) In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and
handloom weaving techniques.
ii) By the 18th century, power looms were introduced.
iii) Traditional industries suffered in the colonial period as they could not beat
the mill-produced cloth by the British.
iv) The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
v) When the two world wars were fought in Europe, there was a demand for
cloth in the UK.
vi) Hence they gave a boost to the development of the cotton textile industry in
India.
Q7) Cotton textile industry was concentrated in and around Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Why?
i) Availability of raw cotton
ii) Availability of cheap labor
iii) Proximity to market
iv) Well developed transport including accessible port facilities.
v) Favorable climatic conditions for growing cotton.
Q8) What other industries does cotton textile industry support?
i) The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as
chemicals and dyes, packaging materials and engineering works.
Q9) Why has weaving been decentralized?
i) Though spinning continues to be centralized in places such as Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu and Gujarat, weaving has been decentralized.
ii) This is to incorporate traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton,
silk, Zari embroidery, etc.
Q10) How is weaving incorporated in India?
i) Weaving supplies a low-quality fabric as it cannot utilize the high-quality
yarn produced in the country.
ii) Weaving is done by handloom, and powerloom in mills.
iii) The handspun khadi provides larger scale employment to workers in their
homes, as a cottage industry.
Q11) Why are most jute mills located in the Hugli River of West Bengal?
i) Factors responsible for their location in Hugli basin are;
ii) Proximity of jute producing areas
iii) Inexpensive water transport
iv) Good network of railways, road ways and water ways for movement of raw
material to the mills.
v) Abundant water available for processing new jute.
vi) Cheap labor from WB, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and bihar.
vii) Kolkata, a large urban centre, also provides banking, insurance and port
facilities for export of jute goods.
Q12) Give a brief note about the sugar industry in India.
i) India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place
in the production of gur and khandsari.
ii) The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in transport, its sucrose
content reduces.
iii) The mills are located in:
 - Uttar Pradesh
- Bihar
- Maharashtra
- Karnataka
- Tamil Nadu, etc.
iv) However, 60% of sugar mills are located in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Q13) Why has there been a tendency of mills to shift to south and western states?
i) Recently, sugar mills have been shifted to south and western states, such as
Maharashtra.
ii) This is because the canes produced here have higher sucrose content.
iii) The cooler climate also ensures longer crushing season.
iv) Cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Q14) Why is iron and steel industry considered the basic industry?
i) Iron and steel industry is considered the basic industry as all other
industries, whether heavy, light or medium, depend on it for their
machinery.
ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, consutrction
material, defence, medical and a variety of consumer goods.
Q15) Why is iron and steel industry considered a heavy industry?
i) It is considered heavy as the raw materials used as well as the finished
goods, are all heavy and bulky.
ii) Because of their weight and bulk, they require heavy transportation costs.
Q16) What all minerals are used in the manufacturing of steel?
i) Iron ore, coking coal, limestone, are required in the ratio of 4:2:1.
ii) Manganese is also added to harden the steel.
Q17) Why is there a high concentration of iron and steel in the Chhotanagpur
plateau?
i) The advantages the region has is as follows:
ii) Low cost of iron ore
iii) High-grade raw materials in proximity
iv) Cheap Labor
v) And vast growth potential in the home market.
Q18) Why is Aluminium smelting the second most important metallurgical industry in
India?
i) It is the second most important metallurgical industry in India due to the
various advantages of aluminium.
ii) Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat,
malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals.
iii) It is utilized to manufacture utensils, aircrafts and wires.
iv) It is being used as a substitute for copper, lead and zinc in many industries.
Q19) Where are Aluminium smelting plants in the country located?
i) Aluminium smelting plants are located in
- Odisha
- West Bengal
- Kerala
- Uttar Pradesh
- Chhattisgarh
- Maharashtra
- Tamil Nadu
Q20) What is Bauxite?
i) Bauxite is a raw material used in the smelters.
ii) It is very bulky, and a dark reddish colored rock.
iii) Bauxite is crushed and Alumina is dissolved out, then aluminum is refined.
Q21) What are the factors in which aluminium smelting plants are located?
i) Regular supply of electricity
ii) Assured source of raw material at minimum cost.
Q22) What are the inorganic and organic chemicals used in chemical industries?
i) Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash,
and caustic soda.
ii) Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for
manufacturing synthetic fibres, drugs, pharmaceuticals, plastics, etc.
iii) Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical
plants.
Q23) The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Explain
i) Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that
are used for industrial application, agriculture or for consumer market.
ii) Hence, as various chemicals are needed for the manufacturing of various
other useful chemicals, the chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
Q24) What is the fertilizer industry centred around?
i) The fertilizer industry is centered around the production of nitrogenous
fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate.
ii) They also produce complex fertilizers that are a mix of nitrogen, phosphate
and potash.
Q25) Why is potash entirely imported in India?
i) Potash is entirely imported into the country as the country does not have
any reserves of commercially usable potash, or potassium compounds in
any form.
Q26) What states are the main producers of fertilizers?
i) After the green revolution, the industry had spread over other parts of the
country.
ii) Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute half of
the fertilizer production.
iii) Other significant producers are
- Andra Pradesh,
- Odisha,
- Rajasthan,
- Bihar, etc.
Q27) What materials are needed in cement industry?
i) Cement is essential for construction activities, such as building houses,
factories, bridges, etc.
ii) This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials, such as silica,
limestone, and gypsum.
iii) Other requirements are coal and electric power, as well as good
transportation.
Q28) How has liberalization of trade affected the Automobile industry?
i) After liberalization, the coming of new and contemporary models had
boosted the demand for vehicles in the market.
ii) This led to a growth in the industry, including passenger cars, two wheelers
and three wheelers.
Q29) Mention the states/places in which automobile industry is located?
i) Delhi
ii) Gurugram
iii) Mumbai
iv) Pune
v) Chennai, Kolkata, Indore etc.
Q30) Explain the importance of the Information Technology and Electronics Industry.
i) The electronic industry manufactures a wide range of products from
transistors to televisions, telephones, computers, radars and many other
equipment that is needed by the telecommunication industry.
ii) The industry has shown a significant impact in employability generation.
iii) Continuing growth of hardware and software is the key to the success of IT
industry India.
Q31) How do industries pollute the environment?
i) Industries are responsible for 4 types of pollution, namely:
Air pollution:
i) It is caused by the presence of abundant undesirable gases, such as sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide.
ii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries,
and smelting plants, as well as the burning of fossil fuels in big and small
industries that ignore pollution norms.
iii) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous and have long-term effects.
iv) Air pollution affects human health, plants, buildings and atmosphere.
Water pollution:
i) Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged
into rivers.
ii) The main culprits are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum
refineries, and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids,
and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, plastics and rubber, into
water bodies.
iii) Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are major solid wastes in
India.
Thermal Pollution:
i) Occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is dumped into
water bodies.
ii) Wastes from nuclear power plants and nuclear and weapon production
facilities cause cancer, miscarriages, and birth defects.
 Soil and water pollution are closely related, Explain.
i) Dumping of wastes, especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial
effluents, packaging etc, into soil renders it useless.
ii) When rainwater enters soil, it carries the waste substances into water
bodies.
Noise pollution:
i) Noise pollution can cause hearing impairment, increased heart rates and
blood pressure, and othe r physiological effet]cts
ii) Unwanted sound causes irritation and stress.
iii) Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment,
generators, saws, etc, produce a lot of noise pollution.
Q32) How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced?
i) Minimising the water we use by reusing and recycling it in two or more
successive stages.
ii) Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements
iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Q33) Explain how you can reduce industrial pollution of fresh water by treating it.
i) Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in 3 phases.
ii) Primary treatment by mechanical means, this involves screening, grinding,
flocculation and sedimentation.
iii) Secondary treatment by biological processes.
iv) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This
involves recycling of waste water.
Q34) Discuss the steps to be taken to reduce environmental degradation.
i) Drawing ground water excessively can be a threat to ground water
resources, hence it should be regulated legally.
ii) Air pollution can be reduced by adding smoke stacks to factories.
iii) These smoke stacks have electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers
and inertial separators.
iv) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.
v) Machinery and equipment should be fitted with silencers.
vi) Most machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce
noise.