Secondary and tertiary Industries (unit 9)

Q What is primary industry?

Ans: Industry that extracts raw materials from nature is called primary industry i.e. mining, agriculture, fishing and
forestry.

Q Define agro-based industries.

Ans: Industries which use agricultural products as their raw material are called agro-based industries. They are
cotton textile industry, sugar industry and flour mills.

Topic: Textile industry.

Q List the following in order: Cloth, raw cotton, cotton yarn and readymade clothes.

Ans: Raw cotton-cotton yarn-cloth- readymade clothes.

Q Explain why Lahore is an important textile center.

Ans: (1) Raw cotton is grown in the province which is raw material for textile. (2) Capital and skilled labor is available
in Lahore. (3) Large local market is available due to large population. (4) Infrastructure like road, railway connection
and power available. (5) Lahore has cotton spinning, weaving, dyeing, printing and garment making industry. (6)
Towel, bed sheet, curtain and canvas are also manufactures.

Q Why Quetta is a market oriented cotton textile manufacturing center? (2)

Ans: Quetta textile industry fulfills the needs of local market.

Q Why Karachi is an important textile center?

Ans: (1) capital is available from rich business men of Karachi.(2) cotton is grown in Sindh in large quantity which is
raw material for textile industry.(3) Karachi seaport is used to import machinery and export cloth.(4) skilled labor is
available.(5) Large population act as market. (6) Damp climate of Karachi suited cotton textile industry.

Q Explain what are advantages and disadvantages of developing cotton textile centers?

Ans: Advantages: (1) increase job opportunity.(2) develop skills in work force.(3) standard of products will increase
due to competition.(4) increase exports and earn foreign exchange.(5) improve balance of payment. (6) Encourages
construction of infrastructure.

Disadvantages: (1) Pakistani textile products cannot compete with other countries due to low standard. (2) Lack of
modernization and high cost of products. (3) Lack of skilled labor and shortage of electricity is a hurdle. (4) Shortage
of raw material due to virus attack on cotton crop. (5) Synthetic fiber may be cheaper. (6) Road net work is poor for
transport. (7) May cause less investment in other industries and less land will be available for agriculture.

Q What are products of textile industry in Pakistan?

Ans: cotton yarn, cloth, garments, towels, canvas, tarpaulin, hosiery products are vest, underwear, socks, gloves and
T-Shirts.

Q Suggest one reason for the difference in output of cotton yarn and cotton cloth, and explain your answer. [2]

Ans: (1) Pakistan has more yarn spinning mills than cloth or weaving mills. (2) Yarn is made into cloth. (3) There is
less investment in cloth weaving factories. (4) There is more demand for yarn worldwide.

Q What are problems of textile industry in Pakistan?

Ans: shortage of raw material due attack of leaf curl virus and pest, recession in international market, strong
competition from south Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Egypt. Lack of modernization and Power shortage is a
problem. Pakistan is not member of major trading block.

Topic: Sugar mills.

Q Describe the distribution of sugar mills in Pakistan. (4) J 2001.

Ans: Sugar mills area located in Peshawar, Mardan in K.P.K. Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Gujrawala, Bahawalpur,
Rahimyar khan in Punjab. Larkana, Nawab shah, Hyderabad, Badin and Thatta in Sindh.

Q Explain why sugar mills must be close to sugar fields.

Ans: Sugar cane loose sugar contents after harvesting with time and sugarcane is bulky commodity so to save
transport charges sugar mills are set up close sugarcane growing areas.

Q Why sugar mills only operate only 160 days every year and what happens to workers? (4)

Ans: Sugar mills only operate from November to March because sugarcane production is not enough. Workers
returns to farms, some workers remain employed in sugar mills to repair the machinery. Bagasse is used to make
chip board and thermal power so some workers are also employed to make chemical form molasses.

Q What are uses of by-products of sugar mills?

Ans: Bagasse: Is used as fuel in sugar mills for thermal power, to make chip board, paper and animal feed. Molasses:
is used to make acid, Chemicals, ethylene which can be turned into packaging plastics.

Topic: Fertilizer.

Q Name the raw materials for fertilizer.

Ans: Natural gas, gypsum, sulphate, phosphate, potassium and lime stone.

Q Explain why the most fertilizer factories are in the Punjab and northern Sindh?

Ans: Natural gas is raw material for fertilizer; the main gas pipe line is located at the border of Punjab, Sindh and
Balochistan. Also there is huge demand of fertilizer in lower Punjab and northern Sindh. Soil also lacks organic
materials.

Q Why it is important for Pakistan to manufacture its own fertilizer?

Ans: (1) Natural manure (cow dung) is not available in large quantity. (2) soil of Pakistan is lacking in nitrogenous
matter.(3) H.Y.V needs large doses of fertilizer.(4) Reduce import bill and improve balance of payment.(5) To grow
more food for fast growing population.(6) Raw material natural gas is available.

Q Describe the distribution of fertilizer factories.

Ans: Fertilizer factories are located in Dharki, Mirpur Mathelo in northern Sindh. Multan, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura,
Daud Khel in Punjab. Haripur in K.P.K.

Q What are environmental damage can occur when a new fertilizer factory is built in rural areas? (4)

Ans: (1) Large land is covered by fertilizer factory (2) Discharge of poisonous gases causes’ air pollution, respiratory
and eye diseases. (3) Toxic waste and effluent from factory can pollute nearby river and canals if it is not treated. (4)
Heavy vehicles that brought raw material and manufactures products cause noise pollution and traffic congestion.
(5) Dumping of waste in nearby land can cause soil pollution.

Q Why fertilizer industry is included in large scale industry? (3) N 2004

Ans: It produces manufactured goods on large scale. (2) Large capital in needed. (3) Large land and number of
workers needed. (4) Consume large amount of power so included in large scale industry.

Topic: Cement industry.

Q State natural inputs used to make cement.

Ans: Lime stone, gypsum and natural gas, powdered coal, clay, water and sand.

Q Why there is large demand for cement in Pakistan? (4) N 2007.

Ans: A large number of construction projects are underway. Cement is needed for building factories, dams, barrages,
bridges, houses, flats, hotels, schools and hospitals. In agriculture it is needed in lining of canals, setup tube wells,
fish farm and live stock farms. Roads from villages to cities to transport agricultural products.

Q Suggest two locations to establish cement factories in Sindh and also give reasons.

Ans: Karachi is suitable to set up cement factory because Ganjo Takar lime stone deposits because lime stone is a
bulky commodity and difficult to transport.

Q Describe the distribution of cement industry.

Ans: Cement factories are setup at Karachi, Hyderabad, Rohri, and Thatta in Sindh. Wah, Noshera, Kohat in K.P.K.
Daud Khel, Dundot, Jauharabad, D.G Khan in Punjab.

Q Why cement industry is developed on large scale?

Ans: Raw materials lime stone and gypsum is easily available in Pakistan. Source of foreign exchange, provide
employment, increase G.D.P, machinery of cement plant is locally manufactured in H.M.C.T. Large local market is
available, natural gas is used as cheap fuel government policies are favorable for cement industry.

Q What are advantages and disadvantages of building cement industry near major cities? (6) J 2011

Ans: Advantages: Cement can be transported to market at cheaper transport charges and in less time, supply of
labor is easy near cities, good infrastructure like roads, power and water is available in cities and provide
employment in cities.

Disadvantages: Causes air pollution by smoke and emission of poisonous gases, traffic problem is created by trucks
transporting raw materials and cement. Loss of farm land, large land is covered may be used for houses, hospitals
and schools etc. May be far away from source of raw materials, can cause water pollution, disposal of waste is
difficult, encourage rural-urban migration and establishment of slums.

Q explains the uses of concrete? (3)

Ans: concrete is used for construction of roads, bridges, flats, multi-storey buildings, factories, offices and electric
poles.

Topic: Steel Industry.

Q Name the raw materials for steel industry.

Ans: Iron ore or scrap iron, Manganese, coke, chromite, lime stone, scrap iron and air.

Q Why 50% of the output of Pakistan steel mills sent north from Sindh to Punjab? (3)

Ans: Punjab is thickly populated province with developing industries. Agricultural machinery like tube well and
tractors are manufactured. Automobile parts, electric goods, light engineering industry in Lahore, Gujrawal and
Sialkot. Large steel plant in Taxila consumes steel from Pakistan steel Karachi.

Q Name location of a steel plant on coastal are of Pakistan. N 98

Ans: Pakistan steel mills Karachi at Pipri (Gharo creek) near Port Qasim. 40 km east of Karachi.

Q Explain why steel plant was set up at Pipri? (3)

Ans: Water is provided to Pakistan steel mills Karachi from Haleji Lake for cooling process, electricity from Pipri and
Landhi thermal power stations. Coal, Iron ore and steel machinery is imported through Port Qasim located near steel
mills. National highway and railway line connects steel mills. Skilled labor is available from Karachi city. Lime stone
from Makli hills near Thatta.

Q Name outputs of Pakistan steel mills. J 2009

Ans: Galvanized products, sheets, plates, coils, slabs, pig iron, rolled and cast billets, coal tar, raw steel and coke.
Q Name human inputs of the steel mills Karachi.

Ans: Labor, capital, machinery, power, water, skills and transport.

Q Why Pakistan steel mills is included in formal sector? J 2006

Ans: Pakistan steel is large industry with regular working hours, regular wages, registered in stock exchange, pay
taxes, provide holidays and medical facilities to staff. Large capital is invested.

Q Name a location where a steel plant is located in northern Pakistan. (1)

Ans: The heavy mechanical complex Ltd Taxila (H.M.C.T)

Q Explain why a steel plant was setup in northern Pakistan? (4) N 98

Ans: Taxila (H.M.C.T) steel plant is located in north of Pakistan to serve the needs of region. Hydel power is available
due to Mangla and Tarbela dams. It meets need of railway and automobile industry, army and provides employment
to large number of people. Iron ore is available in Langrial and Dommel Nissar in north of Pakistan.

Q What are products of heavy mechanical complex Taxila (H.M.C.T)?

Ans: It has capacity to design and manufacture industrial plants and machinery. Boilers, cranes, railway equipment,
thermal power plant, sugar mills, cement plants, road rollers, truck chassis, defence production, hydro-electricity
plants, chemical and petro-Chemical plants.

Q Why the most of raw material of steel mills is imported? (2)

Ans: Iron ore is not mined in Pakistan; coal is of poor quality in Pakistan so raw material is imported.

Q What are advantages and disadvantages of increasing steel production in Pakistan.

Ans: Advantages: Cheaper supplies of steel products than imported one. Save foreign exchange, improve balance of
payment, steel production can be used for development and industrialization and construction. Increase G.N.P and
G.D.P. Increase employment and create independence from other countries.

Disadvantages: Lack of raw material so imported, high cost of imported iron ore and coal is a burden on economy,
lack of machinery and technology so mostly imported, lack of skilled labor and power supply.

Q How human inputs can improve production?

Ans: capital: used for purchase of machinery, technology and raw material and for payment of wages.

Machinery: For faster and better quality production of new products.

Skills: to operate computers, machinery and marketing.

Technology: to improve quality and speed of production of products.

Transport: For fast supply of products and raw materials and marketing.

Power: To run machinery to speed up production of goods in large quantity.

Water: for cleaning and cooling process.

Topic: Brick kiln.

Q What is the process of Brick making?

Ans: Suitable clay is mixed with water manually then molded into rectangular shapes by using moulds then these
unbaked clay bricks are dried up in sun light after that unbaked bricks are kept in fired kiln for baking to give strength
and to turn soft sticky clay in to permanent hard material.

Q What are uses of bricks?

Ans: Bricks are used in lining of canals and water channels and for making sewerage drains in rural areas, bricks are
used in construction industry (flats, houses and buildings).

Q How brick kilns are harmful for environment?

Ans: Brick kilns use old rubber tyres, raw coal or organic material as fuel which produce carbon monoxide, sulphur-
di-oxide, nitrogen peroxide gases and soot. These gases cause air pollution, lung diseases, congestion and cancer.
Brick kilns also damage land scape. Depressions are created to get clay may fill up with water cause water logging
and salinity.

Topic: Industrial estates.

Q Explain why industrial estates have been developed at many places in Pakistan. N 98

Ans: Industrial estates have been established to encourage the small and medium sized industries. Land is provided
at cheaper rate. Road and railway connection is provided. Government provides infrastructure like gas, water, power
supply, sanitation, security, incentives like exemption of custom duties on import of machinery, tax holiday, housing
and technical training to labor is provided.

Q Name an industrial estate.

Ans: Quaid-e-Azam industrial estate Lahore and Sindh industrial trading estate limited. (S.I.T.E)

Q How has the central and provincial govt of Pakistan encourage development of industrial estates?

Ans: The provincial government provides land and necessary infrastructure like road, railway, power, telephone, gas
and water. Training facilities are provided by opening technical institutes. Central government arranges loans,
finance, tax concessions, concession on custom duty on import of machinery and raw material.

Q Why special industrial zones are established?

Ans: Special industrial zones are planned to establish export products processing industry. Government also
encourages local and foreign companies to establish it. Government assists to provide infrastructure. Government
provides Incentive like exemption on taxes and custom duties on import of machinery and raw material, relaxation
on foreign exchange control, simplified procedures and security.

Topic: Formal and informal sector.

Q Describe the characteristics of an industry in the formal sector of employment. J 2009

Ans: Formal sector of employment is provided by institutions, capital is invested, machinery is used, fixed wages are
provided and working hours are also fixed, business is registered and taxes are paid, labor is skilled and mostly male,
facilities like health care and holidays are provided to workers, goods are produced in large quantity.

Q What is meant by informal sector of employment?

Ans: Informal sector is self employment, simple machinery is used, no regular wages and no tax is paid, working
hours are not fixed, there is no legal protection, business is not registered, Labor is mostly children and women, low
standard of products are produced, work is done at home and streets, employment is temporary and seasonal.

Q What are advantages and disadvantages of informal sector? (6)

Ans: Advantages: Low skilled and illiterate people can get employment. It is a source of employment to women and
children. Little capital is needed, self respect, there is no proper working hour so suitable, can even work at home.

Disadvantages: Informal sector is low paid, child labor is involved, employment is seasonal or temporary, business is
illegal, and no medical facility and holidays are provided, little chance of skill development.

Topic: Large scale industry.

Q Why is the development of large scale industry important for Pakistan? (5) J 99
Ans: (1) Generate employment on large scale. (2) Supply consumer goods and reduce import bills. (3) Increase
exports and foreign exchange earnings. (4) Improve G.D.P (5) Industry encourages for development of infrastructure
like road, railway and power. (6) Improve skills of work force.

Q Describe government policies help the development of industries in Pakistan. (5)

Ans: Government provides loans on low interest rates for industries through industrial development bank (I.D.P.B),
Pakistan industrial credit and investment corporation (P.I.C.C) and Pakistan industrial development corporation
(P.I.D.C). Government gives concessions in taxes and duties on import of machinery and raw material. Industrial
estates provide cheap land and infrastructure. Technical assistance (help) is provided by opening engineering
colleges and technical institutes, Government introduce tariffs on imports to protect local industries.

Q Explain the factors which have limited the growth of large scale industry. (5)

Ans: Lack of capital, shortage of electricity and its high rates, the number of poly technical institutes is not enough so
lack of skilled workers. Infrastructure is not developed. Frequent changes in policies due to political instability. There
is lack of basic minerals like iron and coal. Local investors are reluctant due to high risk.

Topic: Cottage and small scale industry.

Q Name two machines that may be used in craft industry. (2)

Ans: Sewing machine, drill, generator, lathe, saw and hammer.

Q Which city in the northern Punjab is a centre of sports goods manufacturing? (1)

Ans: Sialkot/Lahore

Q What is the main raw material used in the production of footballs and bats?

Ans: leather and plastic for footballs. Wood for bats.

Q Why have small-scale industries such as sports goods developed in this area?

Ans: easy to set up, machinery to manufacture sports goods is not expensive , low capital is needed, local skills labor
is needed, increases employment opportunities, provide work for women, raw materials are available. Airport at
Sialkot is available; large market of Punjab is available dry port at Sialkot/Lahore helps in exports of goods.

Q Name some cottage and small scale industries.

Ans: Sports goods, cutlery, surgical goods, carpets, garment, hosiery, embroidery, pottery, handloom cloth, rope,
and basket and flour mills.

Q What is difference in cottage and small scale industry?

Ans: Small scale industry employs less than 10 (ten) people and capital is less than 10 millions.

Cottage industry caries manufacturing at home with the heap of family members.

Q What are advantages and disadvantages of developing small scale industries at rural areas? (5) N99

Ans: (1) Small scale industries provide needs of local use. (2) Provide employment. (3) Reduce rural urban migration.
(4) May earn foreign exchange. (5) Utilize by-products of other industries. (6) Can be started by small capital, simple
tools and low skills. (7) Utilize local raw material.

Q What are problems of small scale industry?

Ans :( 1) manufactured goods of small scale industry lacks in quality and standard. (2) Lack of modernization and
standard. (3) Most of the profit is earned by middle man. (4) Lack of rural electrification is a hurdle. (5) Lack of
training and education. (6) Restrictions in international market due to child labour.

Q Explain how government organizations help and promote the development of small scale industry?
Ans: P.S.I.C (Pakistan small scale corporation), S.M.E.D.A (small and medium enterprise development agency)
provide education and training, easy loans on instalments are provided by these organizations. Government provides
concession in taxes. Government establishes small scale industrial estates to setup small scale industry; dry ports are
set up to export products of small scale industry. Government provides power supply. Trade fairs and marketing
facilities are provided by government. Technical service centers are setup for expert advice.

Q Explain the importance of mechanization to craft industry and other small scale industry in Pakistan.

Ans: Mechanization increase production of goods and large production of goods is possible. It lowers labour cost.
Machines are less tiring and increase standard of products. Machines can replace child labour and develop new
skills. Mechanization has increased production and profits.

Q Quarrying, crushing, packing driver, sales man, office workers.

Name primary employment: Quarrying, crushing.

Name secondary employment: Packing.

Tertiary employment: Drivers, salesman and office workers.

Topic: Tourism.

Q Using examples suggest why the northern areas of Pakistan are attractive to tourism.

Ans: Swat valley, Kagan valley, Chitral valley, Gilgit, Murree, Abottabad, and Nathia Gali is examples of tourism
attractions in Pakistan.

(1) People in plain areas visit in summer to northern areas to avoid intense heat. (2) Scenic beauty like hills covered
with coniferous forest, grassy meadows, fast flowing streams, waterfalls, lakes and trout fishing attract tourist. (3)
Trekking, hiking, mountain climbing attract tourist due to high peaks like K2, Nanga Parbat and Trich Mir. (4) Distinct
culture of chitral and Hunza. Dresses, dances, rituals of Hunza and Swat. Games like polo in Shandur also attract
tourist. (5) Ancient rock engravings, stupas, old forts attract archaeologist and research workers. (6) Winter sport
such as skiing is also becoming popular.

Q What are advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for tourism? J 2007

Ans: Advantages: Forest add to scenic beauty, provide good spot for picnic and outing. Good site for holiday resort,
trekking and hiking. Provide employment. Improve infrastructure like road, electricity, sanitation, water supply and
shops.

Disadvantages: Development is costly, tourist litter with rubbish and garbage. May cause forest fire and degrade
environment. May act as hideout for criminals and causes deforestation.

Q explain advantages and disadvantages of developing tourist attractions in Pakistan.J 2005

Ans: Advantages: Source of foreign exchange, help to improve balance of trade, payment. Create employment,
encourage handicraft industry, improve infra structure like road, electricity, water supply, sanitation, hotels,
transport. Reduce migration from rural to urban areas. Locals can also use these facilities. Contact with tourist
creates cultural interaction.

Disadvantages: Provide seasonal employment, tourism destroys local culture and creates social evils like drugs,
drunkenness. Domestic tourism may not be able to afford tourist facilities. Natural environment be badly affected by
deforestation and garbage. Capital spend on tourism can be used to develop health, education facilities and mineral
extraction.

Q Why capital is important for development of tourism? J 2005

Ans: Capital is needed for advertisement and to build hotels. Capital is needed for construction of guest houses,
roads. Capital is needed for proper transportation and to provide security.

Q What sites of cultural attractions in Pakistan?

Ans: There are many locations and sites for cultural attraction like kalash tribe of Chitral are famous for dance and
costumes. Mohenjo-Daro, Taxila and Harappa and Swat have rock inscriptions, stupas and Buddhist sites. Many
tourists are interested in mosques, tombs, forts. Polo matches in Gilgit, kite festival in Lahore.