Mineral resources (unit: 5)

Q Describe the mining methods.

Ans: Adit mining: The seam of mineral is exposed on a slope and is approached through a tunnel from
the side of a hill.

Shaft mining: Vertical shaft goes down the hill till it reaches the seam of mineral. Then the direction of
mine can be changed according to the seam of mineral deposit.

Open cast mining: If the seam of mineral lies close to surface. The mineral is scooped up with the help of
excavators and power showel.

Quarrying: is an open cast mining, the useful part of rock is cutoff with help of hand tools, power saw
and explosives.

Q Name one non-metallic mineral extracted in Pakistan.

Ans: Marble, limestone, china clay and sulphur.

Q How metallic and non-metallic minerals are different?

Ans: Metallic minerals are hard, tough and shiny, metals can change shape without breaking, metals can
be stretched and compressed, many metals are good thermal and electric conductors, metals are more
reactive to water and Acid.

Non-Metallic minerals are soft, rough, break away when shape is changed, poor thermal conductor, less
reactive to water and acid.

Q State the meaning of terms mineral exploration and mineral extraction. (2)

Ans: Mineral exploration means searching out for minerals. This is called prospecting.

Mineral extraction means working and taking out the mineral from mines.

Q What are the hurdles in the way of mineral development?

Ans: Lack of capital, technical knowledge, experts, government priority and mismanagement. Remote
deposits have difficult access.

Q Describe the measure and policies which has been introduced in Pakistan to promote the
exploration of minerals.

Ans: (1) Geological survey of Pakistan was established in 1947 for mapping of workable mineral deposits.
(2) In 1961 oil and Gas Corporation of Pakistan was set up to explore, develop, refine and sell oil and gas.
(3) Resource Development Corporation was founded for development of Saindak copper project. (4)
Gemstone Corporation of Pakistan was setup to developed gemstone resources. (5) National mineral
policy was announced in 1995 offered attractive incentives to attract local and foreign investors.
Topic: Rock Salt.
Q Describe the factors that help and hinder the production of raw material in Khwara.

Ans: Khwera salt mine covers an area of 25 sq miles. Factors that have helped are vastness of the
deposits, thick layer of salt and the purity or quality of salt.

Factors that hinder the production of salt are the lack of the latest mining machinery and storage facility
and shortage of electricity.

Q Name the places where rock salt is extracted.

Ans: Karak, Jatta and Bahadur Kheil in K.P.K, Khewra and Warcha in Punjab,

Q In what ways is rock salt important to industry and to people? (5) N2001

Ans: Rock salt is used in cooking and as food preservation. In the chemical industry it is used in
manufacturing of different kinds of sodas like caustic soda, washing soda, soda bicarbonate. Rock salt is
also used in textiles, tanning and laundries. Earn foreign exchange by exports and generate employment
by mining.

Q What is mixture of rock salt and water called?

Ans: Brine.

Topic: Limestone.
Q Describe the distribution of limestone deposits in Pakistan? (3)

Ans: In Punjab it is found in Khwera, Dandot, Daud Kheil, Rawal Pindi and D.G Khan. Nowshera, Khot,
Pezu in K.P.K. Harnai in Balochistan. Kot Deji hills, Ganjo Takar, Mangopir and Murli hills in Sindh.

Q What are the uses of limestone?

Ans: Limestone is raw material for cement. It is used in manufacturing glass, soap, paper, bleaching
powder and paints. It is painted on tree trunks to protect them from termite and treat salinity.

Q Which mineral has deposit each for Karachi and Hyderabad that enables to establish cement
factory?

Ans: Manghopir hills and Murli hills limestone deposit Karachi. Ganjo Takar hills of limestone near
Hyderabad.

Q Which mineral has the most widespread deposits? (1)

Ans: Limestone.

Q Why is the supply of limestone to most areas likely to be cheaper than rock salt?

Ans: Deposits of limestone are widespread throughout the country and are used in cement, so they are
cheap whereas salt deposits are found mostly in the north of country costs lot of transportation charges
to supply it to all parts of country.
Topic: Gypsum.
Q Name one Gypsum deposit in salt range.

Ans: Khwera. (Also, Dendot and Daud Kheil)

Q What are uses of gypsum?

Ans: It is raw material for cement and plaster of paris. It is used to manufacture fertilizer, paints, and
prefabricated boards and used to treat salinity.

Q Name the places of gypsum deposit.

Ans: Dandot, khwera In Punjab. Chamlong, spintangi in Balochistan. Saiduwalin in K.P.K.

Topic: Marble.
Q Name the place where marble is extracted.

Ans: Mullagori, Maneri and Ganai Tarko from K.P.K. Chagai, in Balochistan. Thano Bula khan in Sindh.

Q What are the uses of marble?

Ans: It is used for making decoration pieces and floors.

Topic: Clays.
Q Name a place from where china clay is extracted.

Ans: Shah Deri in K.P.K.

Q What are uses of china clay?

Ans: It is used to make ceramics and special cement.

Q What are uses of fire clay?

Ans: It is used to make fire bricks of refectories and insulating bricks. Used in pottery and chemicals.

Q Name the places of extraction of fuller earth?

Ans: Sulaiman range.

Q What are uses of fuller earth?

Ans: it is used in steel making, oil drilling and oil refinery.

Topic: Sulphur.
Q Name the places where sulphur is extracted.

Ans: Kohi Sultan and Sanni in Balochistan.

Q What are the uses of sulphur?

Ans: Sulphur is used in manufacturing of sulphuric acid, fertilizer, paint, dyes, rayon and explosives.

Q Name a place from where copper is extracted.

Ans: Saindak in Balochistan.

Q What are uses of copper?

Ans: It is used in making electrical wire, water pipes, tanks and alloys.

Q Name the places where iron is extracted.

Ans: Dommel Nissar, Marai Bala, Mazari Tang in K.P.K. Kala Bagh in Punjab. Chil Gazi in Balochistan.

Q What are uses of Iron ore?

Ans: Steel making, construction and transport.

Q Name a place from where magnetite is extracted.

Ans: Spin Khan and Kohi Moran in Balochistan.

Q What are uses of Magnesite?

Ans: (Magnesium carbonates a white mineral)

It is used in manufacturing cement, pulp, paper, rayon, fertilizer and medicines.

Q Name the places where manganese is extracted.

Ans: It is extracted from Lasbela and Zhob in Balochistan.

Q What are uses of Manganese?

Ans: (A grayish white metallic chemical element, hard and brittle, rust like iron and is non-metallic)

It is used in making dry batteries and paints. It is a vital alloy in steel making, flares and flash bulb.

Q Name a place of Chromite extraction.

Ans: Muslim Bagh in Balochistan.

Q What are the uses of Chromite?

Ans: (a black mineral with metallic luster) it is used in chromium electroplating, steel making, making
engineering tools, lining in metallurgical furnace.

(ii) Suggest why the production of minerals, such as chromite, varies from year to year. [3] Ans: (1) Lack
of Investment and funding. (2) Demand and orders vary. (3) Due to loss many companies have left
Pakistan. (4) Problems with machinery. (5) Reserves of chromite are reducing. (6) Due to the difficult
landform of Balochistan it is difficult to find new reserves. (7) Terrorism, poor law and order in
Balochistan is a hurdle.
Q Name a place of extraction of celestite?

Ans: Thano Bula khan in Sindh and Daud Khel in Punjab.

Q What are uses of celestite?

Ans: (1) Tracer bullets (2) fireworks (3) paints and (4) plastic.

Q Name a place of extraction of Bauxite?

Ans: Muzaffarabad in Kashmir.

Q What are the uses of Bauxite?

Ans: (Aluminum oxide) Aluminum is extracted from Bauxite used in Utensils, tin and cans.

Q How is the environment damaged by unscientific mining?

Ans: (1) Deforestation is done to construct roads and mining. (2) Large pits are dug and are filled with
rainwater and may cause flooding. (3) Air pollution is caused due to blasting. Noise pollution is caused
due to the use of explosives (4) wildlife also disturbs from blasting. (5) Mining waste cause water
pollution. (6) cause health problems in miners.

Q How can problems due to unscientific mining be reduced? [4]

Ans: (1) Laws should be introduced by the government to check the activities of mining companies. (2)
Tree planting the area around mine should be properly planted with trees so that the atmosphere will
remain healthy. (3) Land restoration the land should be leveled, and depressions should be filled. (4)
Personal health and safety – wearing masks against the dust, ear defenders, and regular medical
checkups should be provided to miners. (5) Mining waste should be properly treated.

(d) To what extent can more extraction of mineral resources help to increase development in
Pakistan? [6]

Ans: In favor Increase trade and exports while reduce imports. Raise GDP and GNP, increase the
economy Increase employment. Raise taxes and government earnings. Attracts foreign investment.
Causes Rural development and provides more fuel or raw material to industry so increase
Industrialization for example mining of coal and iron ore can develop steel industry. Develop skills of
work force