CHILD BEARING

Group 2 :
1. Ceri Lee ( 9103022002)
2. Lili Safitri (9103022017)
3. Maya Puspita Slamet (9103022021)
4. Shindi Oktavia Wulandari (9103022022)

5. Berliana Liris LP (9103022033)

6. Rachel Audina Putri (9103022042)
7. Dinda Abelia Sagala (9103022050)

Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya

Nursing Faculty
Academic Year 2023/2024
 Foreword

We give thanks to God the Father in heaven, the Most Loving, for his gifts,
blessings, mercy and guidanceThank you to all of us so that the paper we have
written can be completed well and smoothly.
On this occasion, the author has prepared a paper about Transcultural
Childbearing Culture in every region or from various countries which is expected
to help in Transcultural Nursing lectures to fulfill the assignments given, as well as
provide a little information and knowledge for readers.
We as writers are aware of the limitations of our abilities, facilities and time,
so the writer feels that this paper has been prepared with many shortcomings and is
not yet perfect.a. Therefore, with all humility, the author will gladly accept anyone
who provides constructive suggestions and criticism for future improvements.
Hopefully the results of this paper can be useful for readers and in general and for
students of the Faculty of Nursing in particular.

Surabaya, 10 September 2022

Writer
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

4.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

As time progresses in the current era of globalization, there is an
increase in population, both population and variation. This situation allows
for multiculture or cultural variations in each region. The public's demand
for quality health services is increasingly high. This requires every
professional health worker, including nurses, to know and act as precisely
as possible with a global and medical perspective on how to care for patients
with a variety of different cultural and cultural backgrounds from various
places in the world, paying attention but remaining to the main goal, namely
providing quality nursing care. .
Transcultural nursing is a main area of nursing that focuses on
aspects of different cultures and sub-cultures, which respects behavior,
nursing services, belief values about health and illness, and behavioral
patterns (Andriani, 2015). The goal of transcultural nursing is to provide
culturally specific and universal care practices for the health and well-being
of people or to help them cope with the adverse human conditions of illness
or death in a culturally meaningful manner. The transcultural nursing
process is applied to reduce conflict between cultural or cross-cultural
differences between nurses as professionals and patients because cultural
behavior related to health and illness in society is generally still carried out
by families for generations. So it is very necessary to research the cultures
of pregnancy care practices that exist in society. Indonesia is a country rich
in art and culture. Every region in Indonesia has different culture or
customs. This culture emerged from the habits of previous ancestors and
seems to be embedded in the soul of every society. Every individual has a
culture whether consciously or unconsciously, culture is the structure of life
1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION
1. What is meant by giving birth to a child?
2. What is meant by the stage of childbearing?
3. How do physiological changes occur in mothers who give birth?
4. What are the signs and dangers when a mother gives birth?
5. What are the facts or myths that occur in each region about giving
birth to children?
6. What is meant by nursing transculture?
7. What are the basic concepts of transcultural nursing?
8. What are the transcultural nursing paradigms?
9. What is the process of transcultural nursing in Indonesia?

1.3. PURPOSE
1. Understand what it means to give birth to a child.
2. To find out the stages of childbearing.
3. Can find out the physiological changes that occur in the mother
giving birth
4. Understand what are meant by the signs and dangers that occur when
giving birth to a child.
5. To find out the facts or myths that exist in each region about giving
birth to children.
6. Understand what is meant by transcultural nursing.
7. Understand what is meant by the basic concept of nursing
transculture
8. Understand what is meant by the transcultural paradigm
9. To find out about the transcultural nursing process in Indonesia.
 CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Childbearing

Childbirth is the process of expelling a fetus at term
which is around 37-42 weeks and was born spontaneously with a posterior
presentation headache that lasts for 18-24 hours without complications. Childbirth
is treatment by the uterus when the baby is about to be expelled. That during labor,
The uterus will contract and push the baby up to the cervix. So that
This push causes the cervix to reach complete dilation, contracting
and the mother's push will move the baby downwards (Nurasih, Nurkholifah, 2016).

2.2Stages of childbearing
1.) Cervical dilation, in this first stage the cervix dilates to a maximum of 10
cm This stage lasts up to 24 hours in the first pregnancy. The head has the largest
diameter on the baby's body (Sherwood, 2014).

2.) Expulsion of the baby, in this second stage only begins after cervical dilatation
complete. This stage is shorter, lasting 30 to 90 minutes. The process begins when
the baby moves through the cervix and vagina where the receptors activate a nerve
reflex so that it can trigger abdominal wall contractions that are synchronous with
uterine contractions (Sherwood, 2014).

3.) Delivery of the placenta (afterbirth), in the third stage, this occurs immediately
after the baby is born, then a second uterine contraction occurs which indicates that
the placenta is separated from the myometrium and finally exits through the vagina.
This stage takes place 15 to 30 minutes after the baby is born (Sherwood, 2014).

2.3 Physiological changes in childbearing

Physiological changes during childbirth believe that pregnant women gain access
to information about pregnancy from various sources and receive support emotional
during pregnancy. Mothers also obtain information about physiological changes
during pregnancy from internet discussion sites. Some mothers expressed concern
about the physiological changes experienced during pregnancy. This anxiety takes
the form of worry about risky pregnancy and childbirth. One of them is information
about risky pregnancies. this condition often makes pregnant women feel more
anxious which causes them physiologically unprepared for the physical changes
during childbirth. Pregnant women are known to often feel anxious, especially
when responding to laboratory results or other test results regarding abnormalities
or danger signs of pregnancy they are experiencing. This anxiety greatly affects
their mental and physiological readiness for childbirth. In this case, pregnant
women really hope for help and treatment from the midwife or obstetrician
properly. This medical treatment can help increase the mother's confidence in being
able to give birth naturally. Continuity with maternity care providers during
pregnancy and the role of health workers to provide support and good care are very
important in increasing the physiological readiness of mothers to give birth.
Midwives continue to strengthen the belief that mothers can undergo normal labor.
Normal labor is characterized by the longest and largest myometrial activity then
weakening towards the cervix. Where the fundus experiences a soft organ change
during pregnancy to become contracted so that it can push the fetus out through the
birth canal (Cunningham, 2014).
The mother expressed her strong belief in having a normal delivery even though
she felt physiological changes in herself. This belief is based on a number of
experiences, including messages received from mothers and grandmothers, family
experiences and family support which can also increase the mother's self-
confidence and physiological strength to be able to give birth normally. Pregnant
women believe that they are often portrayed differently than they were before
pregnancy.
2.4 Danger signs of childbearing
1. Bleeding through the birth canal
2. Mother had a seizure
3. The umbilical cord or baby's hand comes out of the birth canal
4. The amniotic fluid is green and smells bad
5. Mother was in great pain
6. Mother couldn't push hard
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 Understanding Transcultural Nursing

Transcultural nursing is very important to be implemented in nursing practice
considering that the patient's cultural background is multicultural. Culture is a very
important component in making decisions and providing nursing actions that suit
patient needs effectively and efficiently. In carrying out nursing practice, to avoid
misunderstandings when interacting with patients in providing nursing care, nurses
must be able to understand the values held by the patient, the patient's daily habits,
the way the patient grows up in the family, family relationships, the expressions
made by the patient, and self-knowledge. patient towards himself (Handayani et al.,
2020)
What is meant by transcultural nursing is part of the scientific knowledge regarding
culture in the learning process or nursing practice that really respects the cultural
differences or similarities that patients have in providing care, understanding health,
illness or actions and complaints, cultural values that each individual has, the basic
concept of transculturalism is developed based on values. Dry-drying is a form of
attention that every individual needs as a social creature from birth to death. If
detailed, the basic concepts adopted in transcultural Nassering include several core
points as follows
1. Culture is a guide in thinking and making decisions
2. Cultural values are things or foundations that provide a background for someone
to carry out an action
3. Cultural differences can be a reference in providing varied approaches to
providing care in order to respect the values and beliefs held by other people
4. is often an action to provide motivation for assistance to both individual families
and the community (rejeki, 2000)
3.2 Goals of Transcultural Nuraing
Transcultural nursing theory highlights and is a guide for nurses. This theory
highlights culturally based care factors that may have a direct influence on each
individual's health, well-being, illness, or approach to death. The aims and
objectives of transcultural nursing theory are to provide culturally congruent, safe,
and meaningful care to clients from diverse or similar cultures.
Nursing is based on a humanistic and holistic approach that harmonizes
compassion, honesty, kindness, altruism in the delivery of health care and involves
considering the patient's cultural needs, the need for equal access to health care,
respect for cultural background, beliefs and safety needs. Transcultural nursing
education is closely related to the belief that nursing should provide individualized,
high-quality, and appropriate care for all individuals. (Farokhzadian et al., 2022)
Nurses must have sufficient knowledge of different cultural backgrounds and
traditions to be competent to perform holistic patient assessments. Therefore,
nursing students must develop cultural awareness, knowledge and skills through
transcultural nursing.

3.3 Basic Concepts of Transcultural Nursing

Nursing is an integral part of health services oriented towards individuals, families
and communities in a comprehensive biological, psychological, sociocultural and
spiritual form based on nursing science and guidance. All life processes in health
and disease. Using these limitations, the caregiver ensures that each individual is a
complete and unique being.
Nursing staff use therapy to provide constructive encouragement to clients of
nursing services. Nursing services are assistance to clients with physical and mental
limitations, limited knowledge, and lack of will which leads to the ability to
independently carry out daily life activities which are carried out to prevent, cure,
recover and maintain disease. Focuses on primary/essential health service efforts in
accordance with the authority, responsibility and aesthetics of the profession.
3.3 Transcultural Paradigm
Leininger defines the transcultural nursing paradigm as a perspective, beliefs,
values, concepts in the implementation of nursing care that are in accordance with
the cultural background of the four central concepts of nursing (Ferry, 2009),
namely:
1. Man
Humans are individuals, families or groups who have values and norms that
they believe in and are useful for making choices and making choices.
According to Leininger, humans have a tendency to maintain their culture
at all times wherever they are.
2. Healthy
Health is the totality of activities that clients have in filling their lives,
located in the range of health and illness. Health is a belief, value, activity
pattern in a cultural context that is used to maintain and maintain a
balanced/healthy state that can be observed in daily activities. Clients and
nurses have the same goal, namely wanting to maintain a healthy state
within an adaptive health-illness range.

3. Environment
The environment is defined as the totality of phenomena that influence the
client's development, beliefs and behavior. The environment is seen as a
totality of life where clients and their cultures interact with each other. There
are three forms of environment, namely: physical, social and symbolic. The
physical environment is the natural environment or created by humans such
as equatorial areas, mountains, dense settlements and climates such as
houses in Eskimo areas which are almost completely closed because there
is no sun all year round. The social environment is the entire social structure
related to the socialization of individuals, families or groups into wider
society. In a social environment, individuals must follow the structures and
rules that apply in that environment.
 4. Nursing
Nursing care is aimed at making individuals independent according to the
client's culture. The strategies used in nursing care are
protecting/maintaining culture, accommodating/negotiating culture and
changing/replacing the client's culture.

3.5 Transcultural Nursing Nursing Process

The conceptual model developed by Leininger in explaining nursing care in
a cultural context is depicted in the form of a sunrise (Sunrise Model). Geisser
(1991) stated that the nursing process is used by nurses as a basis for thinking and
providing solutions to client problems (Andrew and Boyle, 1995). Management of
nursing care is carried out from the assessment stage, nursing diagnosis, planning,
implementation and evaluation
1. Assessment
Assessment is the process of collecting data to identify the client's health
problems according to the client's cultural background (Giger and Davidhizar,
1995). The assessment was designed based on the 7 components in the "Sunrise
Model", namely:

a. Technological factors Health technology allows individuals to

choose or get offers to solve problems in health services. Nurses need to assess:
perceptions of health and illness, habits of seeking treatment or dealing with health
problems, reasons for seeking health assistance, reasons for clients choosing
alternative medicine and clients' perceptions about the use and utilization of
technology to overcome current health problems.
b. Religious factors and the philosophy of life (religious and
philosophical factors) of its adherents. Religion provides a very strong motivation
to place truth above everything else, even above one's own life. Religious factors
that must be studied by nurses are the religion adhered to, marital status, the client's
perspective on the causes of disease, treatment methods and religious habits that
have a positive impact on health. C. Social factors and family attachment (kinship
and
c. Social factors) The nurse at this stage must examine the factors: full
name, nickname, age and place of birth, gender, status, family type, decision
making in the family, and the client's relationship with the head of the family.
d. Cultural values and lifestyles (cultural values and life ways) Cultural
values are something formulated and determined by cultural adherents that are
considered good or bad. Cultural norms are rules that have limited application to
adherents of the relevant culture. What's necessaryThis factor studied is: the
position and title held by the head of the family, the language used, eating habits,
foods that are avoided when sick, perceptions of illness related to daily activities
and personal hygiene habits.
e. Applicable policy and regulatory factors (political and legal factors)
Applicable hospital policies and regulations are everything that influences
individual activities in cross-cultural nursing care (Andrew and Boyle, 1995). What
needs to be studied at this stage are: regulations and policies relating to visiting
hours. Number of family members who can wait, method of payment for clients
being treated.
f. Economic factors: Clients who are treated in hospital utilize the
material resources they have to finance their illness so they can recover quickly.
Economic factors that must be assessed by nurses include the client's employment,
sources of costs. Medical treatment, family savings, costs from other sources such
as insurance, reimbursement from the office or joint ventures between family
members.
g. Educational factors (educational factors) Educational background.
Client education is the client's experience in pursuing the highest formal education
path at this time. The higher the client's education, the client's beliefs are usually
supported by rational scientific evidence and the individual can learn to adapt to a
culture that suits his health condition. Things that need to be assessed at this stage
are the client's level of education, type of education and their ability to actively
learn independently about their illness experience so that it does not happen again.
2. Nursing diagnosis
A nursing diagnosis is a client's response according to his or her cultural
background that can be prevented, changed or reduced through nursing
intervention. (Giger and Davidhizar, 1995). There are three nursing diagnoses that
are often made in transcultural nursing care, namely: verbal communication
disorders related to cultural differences, social interaction disorders related to
sociocultural disorientation and non-compliance in treatment related to believed
value systems.
3. Planning and Implementation
Planning and implementation in transcultural nursing is a nursing process
that cannot be separated. Planning is a process of choosing the right strategy and
implementation is carrying out actions that are in accordance with the client's
cultural background (Giger and Davidhizar, 1995). There are three guidelines
offered in transcultural nursing (Andrew and Boyle, 1995), namely: maintaining
the client's culture if the client's culture does not conflict with health,
accommodating the client's culture if the client's culture is less favorable to health
and changing the client's culture. If the client's culture conflicts with health.
. Cultural Care preservation/maintenance/ Maintaining culture Maintaining
culture is carried out if the patient's culture is not in conflict with health. Nursing
planning and implementation is provided in accordance with the relevant values
that the client has so that the client can improve or maintain their health status, for
example the culture of exercising every morning.
1. Identify differences in concepts between clients and nurses regarding the
birthing process and baby care
2. Be calm and don't rushu-hurry when Interacting with clients
3. Discuss the cultural gaps that ariseiki client and nurse Cultural care
accommodation/negotiation /Cultural Negotiation Nursing intervention and
implementation at this stage is carried out to help clients adapt to certain
 cultures that are more beneficial to health. The nurse helps the client to be
able to choose and determine another culture that is more supportive of
improving health, for example, a client who is pregnant is abstaining from
eating fishy foods, so fish can be replaced with another source of animal
protein. Involve the family in treatment planning.
4. If the conflict is not resolved, negotiate where the agreement is based on
biomedical knowledge, the client's views and ethical standards
5. Cultural care repartening or reconstruction or cultural restructuring. Client
cultural restructuring is carried out if the culture they have is detrimental to
their health status. The nurse attempts to restructure the client's lifestyle from
usually smoking to non-smoking. The life plan pattern chosen is usually the
one that is more profitable and in accordance with the beliefs held.

4.. Evaluation
Evaluation of transcultural nursing care is carried out on the client's success
in maintaining a culture that is in accordance with health, reducing the client's
culture that is not in accordance with health or adapting to a new culture that may
be very contrary to the client's culture. Through evaluation, nursing care can be
identified that is appropriate to the client's cultural background
 CHAPTER 4
Facts and Myths about Child Birth

4.1 Dayak tribal culture in Central Kalimantan

The culture of the Dayak tribe in Central Kalimantan places women at a high level.
Not surprisingly, the position of women in Dayak society is special. You women
always get full attention, especially during the process leading up to childbirth. The
birthing phase in Dayak culture indicates the need for a number of preparations,
including preparation of Dayak equipment before giving birth. In the process before
giving birth to a baby or awau, the mother-to-be is laid on a small cot in a slanted
position made of wood called sangguhan with a power carved motif on each side.
Then when giving birth, a bottle is also prepared as a place to wait in the mother's
stomach so that dirty blood can quickly come out. Apart from being equipment for
the Dayak tribe before giving birth, this bottle is also used to store hot water.
Furthermore, Residents who give birth also need to prepare balalai cloth with
different layers. 7 layers of bahalai cloth when welcoming a baby boy and 5 layers
of bahalai cloth for a baby girl. Even though it is a supporting equipment,
preparation for the birth process according to Dayak tribal culture is absolutely
necessary. In the phase when the baby is born, the baby's umbilical cord or placenta
is cut using a sembilu. For the first stage and the final cutting of the placenta with
Ringgit money. The pan of the Dayak tribe before giving birth is prepared from the
start in a plate or paraten. The cut off day is stored in a tabuni box. Newborn babies
(awau) are bathed in the kandarah, and the baby diapers used are stored in the saok.
After giving birth, the mother usually uses stagen (brass tripe) to tie the stomach to
quickly return the mother's stomach to its original condition. Of course, it is to
protect the mother's body after giving birth and also serves to guard against
unexpected conditions such as difficulty in getting the baby out. If that happens, the
Dayak people have a unique and magical way, namely, using sprouted coconuts and
then touching them to the baby's membranes. The purpose of the Dayak equipment
before giving birth is to open up space so that the baby can come out easily. So the
Dayak people have a unique and magical way, namely, using sprouted coconuts and
then touching them to the baby's membranes. The purpose of the Dayak equipment
before giving birth is to open up space so that the baby can come out easily. So the
Dayak people have a unique and magical way, namely, using sprouted coconuts and
then touching them to the baby's membranes. The purpose of the Dayak equipment
before giving birth is to open up space so that the baby can come out easily.

4.2 In the Bali Aga community in Trunyan village

The Bali Aga community in Trunyan village views birth as a natural and "public"
thing. Birth is considered a man's business, because male birth attendants and
husbands are the main role of birth attendants. Handai tolan, including children, can
gather in front of the door that is left open, to watch the birth process outdoors.
However, only the male shaman, the husband, the birth mother of the woman giving
birth, and her previously born children are in the room plus one or more other
women, who have the function of assisting the birth if their labor is needed. The
woman about to give birth sits with her back against the Balian k (midwife)'s chest
on a stool. The husband sat right in front of his wife, because it functions as a
recipient of the baby at birth. Between husband and wife there is a shallow hole
which is lined to accommodate the placenta, semen and blood that comes out of the
body of the woman giving birth. At the woman's side, stood a girl whose function
was to pull her hair, so that the woman in labor could remain in an upright sitting
position. The goal is to ensure that his soul remains in his body and will not leave
him. The Balian will diligently massage it to correct the baby's position if it feels
breech in its mother's stomach. However, if the birth process appears to be going
normally, it will not do anything except serve as a place for the woman giving birth
to lean on and provide psychological peace. Another perpetrator, Balian usada only
plays a role if there is a difficult birth process. He will recite mantras and prayers,
and give the mother a drink of holy water, then spray it with saliva mixed with
chewed betel leaves. The perpetrators, especially the girl, always tried to prevent
the mother from fainting, because it was thought that this could cause her death.
Meanwhile, the mother of the woman who gave birth was also in the same room to
provide inner peace for her daughter who was in the process of giving birth. During
the assisted delivery process, it is believed by all practitioners that as long as the
placenta has not come out, the umbilical cord should not be cut for fear that it will
be pulled back into the mother's womb. then spray it with saliva mixed with chewed
betel leaves. The perpetrators, especially the girl, always tried to prevent the mother
from fainting, because it was thought that this could cause her death. Meanwhile,
the mother of the woman who gave birth was also in the same room to provide inner
peace for her daughter who was in the process of giving birth. During the assisted
delivery process, it is believed by all practitioners that as long as the placenta has
not come out, the umbilical cord should not be cut for fear that it will be pulled back
into the mother's womb. then spray it with saliva mixed with chewed betel leaves.
The perpetrators, especially the girl, always tried to prevent the mother from
fainting, because it was thought that this could cause her death. Meanwhile, the
mother of the woman who gave birth was also in the same room to provide inner
peace for her daughter who was in the process of giving birth. During the assisted
delivery process, it is believed by all practitioners that as long as the placenta has
not come out, the umbilical cord should not be cut for fear that it will be pulled back
into the mother's womb. The mother of the woman who gave birth was also in the
same room to provide inner peace for her daughter who was in the process of giving
birth. During the assisted delivery process, it is believed by all practitioners that as
long as the placenta has not come out, the umbilical cord should not be cut for fear
that it will be pulled back into the mother's womb. The mother of the woman who
gave birth was also in the same room to provide inner peace for her daughter who
was in the process of giving birth. During the assisted delivery process, it is believed
by all practitioners that as long as the placenta has not come out, the umbilical cord
should not be cut for fear that it will be pulled back into the mother's womb.

4.3 In the Bajo community in Saloso,

Kendari district, for the safety of the mother and baby a traditional ceremony is
carried out with various conditions and rules that must be fulfilled during the
process and before the ceremony takes place. Likewise, the people of Aceh have a
rule in the form of abstaining from leaving the house for 44 days for new women.
Providing advice to lie down during the postpartum period, postpartum care, with
massage, warming the body, consuming drinks in the form of herbal medicines and
abstaining from certain foods.

4.4 Chinese Ethnicity

Those who live in Indonesia have rules for women during the postpartum period
including postpartum women being prohibited from leaving the house for 1 month,
not being allowed to bathe or wash their hair for 1 month on the grounds that the
mother's condition is considered cold after giving birth so that if she is exposed to
something cold again it will cause diarrhea. wind. The view of eating cold food is
specific in processing food and serving food which is also done in a special way.

4.5 In Javanese Society

During the postpartum period, they are prohibited from eating eggs, fish and so on
that smell fishy because they believe that their wounds will take a long time to heal
if they eat them.
2) after giving birth, the mother can only eat food with just salt and no seasoning.
3. During the postpartum period, mothers are prohibited from napping.
4) during the postpartum period, mothers are required to fast (not eat solid food).
5) during the postpartum period, mothers must not leave the house before 40 days.
6) during the postpartum period, mothers are not allowed to have sex.

4.6 South Central Timor

Giving birth in a Round House and grilled with burning coals underneath until 40
days after giving birth. The process of roasting in a round house is also believed by
people to be an antidote to serious illness, especially for women after giving birth.
There is also a fear from parents that if this process is not carried out, the child's
body condition will be soft and weak, and it will even cause madness in the mother.
But in reality this has bad consequences. Not only is it possible that the body of the
mother and baby will burn, but it also affects the healing of wounds on the mother's
body after giving birth.

4.7 Sasak tribe in Lombok

Postpartum mothers usually give pakpak rice (rice that has been chewed by the
mother first) to their babies so that the babies grow healthy and strong. They believe
that what comes out of the mother's mouth is the best for the baby.

4.8 Acehnese Society

1) After giving birth, the mother is bathed. At the last shower, it is doused with ie
boh kruet (kaffir lime) to remove the fishy smell, after changing clothes it is given
egg red with honey.
2) For three days, they are given a decoction of leaves consisting of peugaga leaves,
henna leaves (gaca), un seumpung (urang-aring). These leaves are kneaded with
water and then drunk. This is efficacious for cleaning dirty blood.
3) For seven days then given a concoction of turmeric, brown sugar, tamarind, jeura
eungkot, boh cuko (galangal galangal), and pepper. All these ingredients are ground
until smooth and then mixed with water plus honey and egg yolk. Its properties
increase blood and clean dirty blood.
4) If the mother's health allows, starting from the first day, hot stones are placed on
the stomach and peumadeung (dissale). Mother slept on a bed made of bamboo
under which a fire was lit. The custom of tot batee and sale is 30 to 40 days. This
aims to clean dirty blood, restore muscles
and slim the body.
5) Breastfeeding mothers usually drink the juice of leaves such as kates leaves, long
bean leaves, katuk leaves, etc. The goal is to get more milk.
6) During the postpartum period, the mother must drink ashes from the kitchen
mixed with water, then filtered, mixed with salt and acid and then drunk to the
mother so that she gets lots of breast milk.
7) Mothers must use stagen or udet (centing).
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