Ch. 13.

Reproduction in Humans

Content

- General plan of the male and female reprodu ctive systems

*Produc ts from testes:

~
*Spe~ v~eme ~
,r
.~ xplain how sperm is transfor med into semen and its significance. (5 marks)

*Explai n the function s of the ~ ick muscular wa~ the uterus. (2 marks)

- Fertiliza tion and post-fertilization development

Exampl e

1. Suggest and explain a structure in the sperms that 'help them to penetrate into the ovum.
(2 marks)

r : : ,_/ (1 mark)
2. Give one reason why some embry_os fail to develop into foetus;....,

- Pregnancy

*Which process marks the beginning of pregnancy?

\.
 Example

1. Explain how the structure of placenta is adapted to its functions . _(5_m_arks)

2. Give three reasons why maternal blood and foetal blood is separated.
• I
.
(3 marks)

3. State three functions of amniotic fluid. (3 marks)

*Comme nt on whether the nutrition of a mammalian foetus inside the uterus of the mother is
considere d as a kind of parasitism. (2 marks)

*Precautions of pregnancy: Why vigorous exercise is not recommended? (2 marks)

- Contrace ption

Example

I. Explain the biological basis of the rhythm method and why it is not relia?le. (5 marks)
 2. Explain why it is advised ~ on condoms during sexual intercourse. (2 marks)

*Infertility and detection of abnormalities

1. State two causes of infertility in (a) man and cb) woman. (4 marks)
I

2. For in-vitro fertilization (IVF), explain why the woman had undertaken hormone injection
at the beginning but not the man. (3 marks)

3 (a). Suggest a method to diagnose Down syndrome at foetal stage. (3 marks)

(b). Suggest and explain one precauti~n of the above m~tho? sugg:ste~ (2 marks)

Exercise

Section A: True or False

: i;rwins must have the same genetic make-up and have the same sex.

3,,tjaculation cannot occur when the sperm ducts are cut and tied.4'-

: j,,5exual characteristics will be affected if the sperm ducts are cut and died.

· 4. follen__g_rains are male gametes.

~yelf-pollination will not produce any genetic variations.

.
 Section B: Structure questions

1. The diagrams below show the male and female urog

enital systems .

.,,--- -._:~ .---- - A

-1.._ IJ--- -:,-- B
f;C-;J -- - C
,.,~ --o
- E

(a) Identify and name the structures in both systems

that
(i) transport the gamete. (1 mark)

(ii) prod uce sex hormone. (I mark)

(b) Refer to the male urogenital diagram, what are C,

D and E? Explain how these three
structures help in fertilization.
(5 marks)
/

(c) Explain how th~ tile tissues pf the penis contr

ibute in the transfer of semen into the
vagina. / · ,. · '

(d) Wha t is J in female syste m? Give one function of

it. I (2 marks)
/
 cycle.
(e) Desc ribe the chang e in thickness in K durin g menstrual
V
(3 marks)

2. Belo w show the male sex and female sex cell.

----. ..-"'- - .,,..-• I ttJ

~f'f'"ll ~l1,J;1r<'-(' J.u l
hoJ

rtiliz.ation. (2 marks)
(a) Wh~ t is struc ture ? ? Suggest 01;ie funcJio.{! _o_f ~during-.fe

.. - \j .....,
sexual repro d~tio n. (3 marks)
(b) Wha t is structure Y? State the s~gnificance ~f Y during

(I ~
(c) Give the definition of sexual reproduction.

(2 marks)
(d) Why sperms contain so many mitochondrio /

of which is produced on a separate

3. The following picture shows two types of flowers, each
primrose plant.