Linking words and

phrases

UNIT 3

Lengua BII (Inglés) Traducción e Interpretación

2021/2022
*
 *

We just don’t have the money to do the

work, however necessary you think it is

However she held the mirror, she

couldn’t see the back of her neck

* However:
✓ Adverb when followed by adjective, adverb or much/many:

✓ Conjuction when it means ‘in whatever way’:

 ▫ Verbs and verb phrases: ‘arise
from’, ‘be based on’, ‘come from’,
‘stem from’
Reason ▫ Her attitude stems from her
(I) background.
▫ The success of the company is
based on the employees’ hard
work and enthusiasm.
 ⚫ As
⚫ Since A clause
⚫ Because

Reason ⚫ Because of

(II) ⚫

⚫
Due to
Owing to
A noun or
noun
⚫ Thanks to phrase
⚫ The cause of
⚫ The reason for
⚫ On account of
 ▫ Verbs and verb phrases: ‘lie
behind’, ‘bring about’, ‘generate’,
‘give rise to’, ‘lead to’, ‘produce’,
‘result in’
Result ▫ Summer clubs for school
students in the UK have led to a
decrease in the crime rate.
▫ A poor diet will result in health
problems.
 ▫ Furthermore, Moreover, In addition (to), Indeed,
Together with…
▫ Apart from this/that…
▫ Also / As well as / Besides…

Addition ▫
▫
On top of that
Additionally
▫ Not only…..but also…
▫ To make matters worse…
▫ In fact, As a matter of fact…
 ▫ Yet, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Even so, In contrast,
On the contrary…
▫ Having said that…
▫ Although / *though / While / Whereas / Even though /
Contrast Notwithstanding…
▫ As opposed to, In contrast…
(I) ▫ Conversely / On the one hand….On the other hand
▫ The former….the latter…

*I’m afraid he doesn’t eat much these day but he looks pretty
fit, though (though I have said he doesn’t eat much)
 ▫ All the same
▫ Still
▫ As opposed to

Contrast
(II)
 ▫ Anyway
▫ At least
▫ At any rate
▫ In any case
Reservations,
qualifications
 ▫ Especially
▫ In particular
▫ Above all
▫ Particularly
Emphasising ▫ Chiefly
▫ Primarily
 ▫ In other words
▫ That is to say
▫ Which means that

Clarifying
 ▫ As a rule
▫ Broadly / generally speaking
▫ Everyone would agree that
▫ In many cases
Generalising ▫ It is often said / recognised that
▫ On the whole
▫ By and large
 ▫ Apart from
▫ But all the same
▫ But now and then
▫ But in other cases
Explaining ▫ But there are exceptions to every rule

exceptions ▫ Except for

▫ To some (a certain) extent
▫ To put it another way
▫ Accordingly
 ▫ Summative: Altogether, Overall / All in all…

▫ Generalizations: Broadly / Generally speaking / On the whole / By and large /

To a large extent…

▫ Resultive: Accordingly, Consequently, Hence, Therefore, Thus, As a

Other ▫
consequence / As a result / For that reason…

Reason: In that / Inasmuch as / Insofar as…

▫
linkers To conclude: In conclusion / In a nutshell (to put in a nutshell) / To summarize /
To cap it al (inf.)

▫ To clarify: Incidentally, By the way, As a matter of fact, At any rate, Anyway..

▫ Personal opinion: To be honest / To tell the truth…

▫ Concession / Qualifications: Even so / All the same / At least…

 ▫ To express time and reason relationships:

Watching the advert for digital TV, Ben wondered about

the technology involved.
-ing Having realised that you were going to be late, you should

clauses have phoned to change your appointment.

PRACTICE
 Rewritings
o Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets

❖He’s rather untrustworthy since he usually forgets he owes you money (that).

❖I know there’s an economic recession, but our profits should still be higher (same).

❖He enjoys reading biographies –especially ones about politicians (above).

❖Science fiction is an acquired taste –anyway that’s what sci-fans say (rate).

❖Reading is an inexpensive hobby and it is enjoyable (only).

 Linkers bingo

1 2 3 4
✓ Insofar ✓ Thus ✓ Provided that ✓ To cap it all
✓ Yet ✓ In that ✓ Owing to ✓ Notwithstanding
✓ Hence ✓ Likewise ✓ By and large ✓ Accordingly
✓ In any case ✓ All the same ✓ At any rate ✓ Chiefly
✓ So that ✓ Otherwise ✓ Not only … but also ✓ To make matters worse
 References
Capel, A. & W. Sharp (2014). Objective First. Students’ Book. Cambridge: CUP.

Cosgrove, A. & Hobbs, D. (2019). Open World B2 First. Cambridge: CUP (Student’s book).

Hewings, M. (2005). Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge: CUP.

Murphy, R. (2012). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: CUP.

Swan, M. (2012). Practical English Usage. Oxford: OUP.

Vince, M. (2012). First Certificate Language Practice. With Key. London: Heinemann.