Fascism is a political ideology characterized by authoritarianism, extreme nationalism, and the

suppression of dissent. While the term is often associated with European history, its influence has
permeated various regions, including the Philippines. This essay explores the historical roots of fascism in
the Philippines, examining its emergence during the early 20th century and analyzing its contemporary
manifestations.

Historical Roots:

Japanese Occupation (1942-1945): During World War II, the Philippines experienced the brutal Japanese
occupation. This period witnessed the rise of local collaborators and fascist-leaning groups, such as the
Makapili, who supported the Japanese regime. The collaborationist mindset left a lasting impact on
Philippine politics, fostering an environment where authoritarian tendencies could take root.

Marcos Dictatorship (1972-1986): The most significant manifestation of fascism in the Philippines
occurred during the Martial Law era under President Ferdinand Marcos. In 1972, Marcos declared
Martial Law, suspending civil liberties, suppressing political opposition, and concentrating power in the
hands of the executive. The imposition of authoritarian rule was justified under the guise of maintaining
law and order, but it resulted in widespread human rights abuses and a culture of fear.

Contemporary Concerns:

Authoritarian Populism: In recent years, there has been growing concern about the rise of authoritarian
populism in the Philippines. Some political figures have adopted populist rhetoric, capitalizing on public
discontent and promoting strongman personas. The appeal of a charismatic leader promising quick
solutions to complex issues can pave the way for the erosion of democratic institutions.

Erosion of Democratic Norms: The Philippines has experienced challenges to its democratic institutions,
with allegations of extrajudicial killings, attacks on the media, and the consolidation of power in the
executive branch. These developments raise concerns about the potential erosion of democratic norms
and the establishment of a more authoritarian political landscape.

Nationalism and Xenophobia: Elements of extreme nationalism and xenophobia have also surfaced in
Philippine politics. The scapegoating of certain groups, whether based on ethnicity, political affiliation, or
other factors, can be indicative of fascist tendencies. Such sentiments can lead to the marginalization of
minority groups and the suppression of dissenting voices.
Social Media Influence: The rise of social media has played a significant role in shaping political
narratives in the Philippines. While it can be a tool for democratic expression, it has also been used to
spread misinformation, polarize society, and create echo chambers that reinforce authoritarian
ideologies. The manipulation of information on social media platforms poses a threat to the open
exchange of ideas and diverse perspectives.

Conclusion:

While the Philippines has a history of resisting authoritarian rule, the specter of fascism continues to
loom over the nation. Historical legacies, coupled with contemporary challenges, highlight the
importance of safeguarding democratic institutions, promoting political pluralism, and fostering a culture
of open dialogue. Recognizing the signs of authoritarianism and addressing them proactively is crucial to
maintaining a democratic and inclusive Philippines.