University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Chemical Engineering Department

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics-I

Chapter # 1
Introduction
Assignment
Submitted By:
Muzamil -- (2022-CH-53)

Submitted To:
Dr. Humayun Wali
Question:
Why does the internal energy of a system change when heat is added or
removed, even when the temperature remains constant?

Answer:
The internal energy of a system changes when heat is added or removed, even at
constant temperature, because temperature is not the only factor influencing
internal energy. Internal energy is a state function that depends on both
temperature and the molecular arrangement or phase of the substance.
When heat is added to a system at constant temperature, the internal energy can
change because the heat energy is used to overcome intermolecular forces,
allowing the molecules to rearrange or change phase. For example, in a phase
transition such as melting or boiling, heat is absorbed to break intermolecular
bonds, leading to an increase in internal energy without a corresponding increase in
temperature. On the other hand, when heat is removed, the internal energy may
decrease as molecules form stronger intermolecular bonds or transition to a more
ordered state, releasing energy in the form of heat.
In short internal energy changes not only with temperature variations but also with
changes in the molecular arrangement and phase of the substance, providing a
more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between heat and internal
energy.