Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mettu University
Mettu,Ethiopia
Prepared by Reviewed By
Ramata Mosissa (Ass. Professor) Prathap Mani (Professor)
Baessa Kajela(MSc.) Sridhar Udayakumar (MSc)
Begna Dejene (MSc.)
Segni Badasa (MSc.)
Hunde Yigazew (MSc.)
Ibsa Beyene (MSc.)
Total CRH : 42
Page
3 Definition of Terms 3
6 Graduate Profile 5
6.1 Knowledge and Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.2 Computing-related Cognitive skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.3 Practical Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.4 Other Transferable Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.5 Excellent Career Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.6 Educational Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7 Program Requirements 9
7.1 General Course Content Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.2 Admission Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.3 Graduation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.4 Duration of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8 Degree Nomenclature 11
10 Assessment/Evaluation 11
11 Resources 12
11.1 Material Resources – Laboratory and other resources . . . . . . . . . . 12
12 Quality Assurance 13
13 Teaching-Learning Methods 14
13.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
13.2 Media/Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
14 Course Structure 16
15 References 81
16 Appendix 82
16.1 Staff Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
16.2 Literature Search Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
16.3 List of Top Journals/Conferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
16.3.0.1 Students are encourages to read related papers recently
published in these important and top journals and con-
ferences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Mettu University, in its acronym (MeU), is one of the non-profit public universities
established among the 3nd generation Ethiopian Universities on October 11,2001 E.C. as a
result of the Ethiopian government’s endeavor towards realizing the country’s renaissance
through educating the generation. Its foundation was laid by the then deputy minister of
Education H.E Ato Adhana Haile and then Oromia national Regional State President H.E.
Aba Dula Gemeda and other national and regional authorities at the presence of multitudes
from different angles of ILU Aba Bor Zone to celebrate the ceremony on October 11,2001
E.C. The year 2001 E.C marks the beginning of the first phase buildings.0
Being located in Oromia National Regional State in Ilu Aba Bor zone, the University is
established to be a center of educational training and research in numerous range of fields
to fulfill the growing demand for trained manpower and realizing the renaissance of the
country. Mettu University is located 600 km apart from the capital Addis Ababa/Finfinne
to the South West of the country. It is situated to the North West of Mettu town, the
capital of the zone. The area is characterized by its evergreen tropical forest and most of
the rainy months. The area is also renowned for its forest coffee production, bee farm,
livestock rearing ,and others. The Natural Environment, the wild lives ,and the presence
of abundant natural resources make the area one of the potential tourist attraction areas
of the country. It is also a potential research and training area that enables our university
to practice its mission.
The University has two campuses, the main campus is located at Mettu and the Bedelle
Campus is located in the Buno-Bedelle zone, some 116 kilometers east of the Mettu Main
Campus. Since 2001 E.C, the Mettu Campus has developed its uniqueness, complexity
,and potential beginning to play its strategic role in the evolving industrialization of the
city and the area. Owing to this standing, the University designed different Colleges and
school structures based on the Ministry of Education regulations. As this niche increasingly
became a source of strength, an increasing number of students began to enroll in the
university posing increasing demands for leadership changes, managerial attention ,and
structure.
College of Engineering and Technology is one of the colleges established in Mettu University.
The college was established in September 2011 (Meskerem 2004E.C) with Mechanical
Engineering, Civil Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering . The College
currently consists of Information Technology, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and
Construction Technology and Management Departments.
The Department of Information Technology at Mettu University was founded in 2013. The
department was established to alleviate the lack of Information Technology professionals
in the nation. Since its establishment, the department has graduated 3 batches of students
The master program in Information Technology responds to the need among an increasing
number of Bachelor Degree (in Information Technology, Computer Science, and Information
Science, etc) graduates in Ethiopia. Many Bachelor’s degree graduates need to update
their training and/or develop expertise in new or different software development and
management domains. For many of these students, it is both necessary to prepare them
for doctoral-level education and also to achieve their professional goals which may be
concerned with practice in changing trends in technology.
Profound changes in Ethiopian society are requiring that students, in addition to learning
the basic curriculum of computer science/ information technology, must also gain critical
thinking and advanced skills to succeed. M.Sc. education, offered in conducive learning
environments which include more advanced courses for research and development, presents
an excellent opportunity for students to develop these skills.
One of the primary goals of education is to enable students to develop their IT skills,
using multiple intelligences and creativity in programming as a means to achieve this. For
learners to develop their mental capabilities and realize their full potential, they need to
be exposed to many kinds of knowledge and ways of expressing their thoughts.
We live in an era that has been and will continue to be profoundly influenced by advances
in information technology. These advances are having a dramatic impact in the field of
education, information exchange, and other service providing agencies, where a growing
number of educators are exploring ways of taking advantage of interactive multimedia
and telecommunications technologies.
Figure 1. Chart reflecting the requirement of M.Sc IT program based on Need Assessment
3. Definition of Terms
A Computer shall mean an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in
binary form , according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
A computer is a machine that accepts data as input , processes that data using programs,
and outputs the processed data as information. Many computers can store and retrieve
Information Technology can be briefly defined as the study or use of systems (especially
computers and telecommunications) for storing , retrieving, and sending information.
Information Technology means the use of hardware, software, services, and supporting
infrastructure to manage and deliver information using voice, data and video.
Program shall mean the major focuses areas of higher education institutions that involve re-
search undertaking, academic disciplines, community engagements, science and technology
culture development, and internationalization and partnership.
Higher Education shall mean a tertiary educational level that is provided to students at
undergraduate and graduate programs that enable learners to acquire advanced academic
and professional knowledge , skills , values, ethics and competencies.
University shall mean a tertiary educational institution that carries out research and
sceintific investigations , provide community services and awards academic degrees in
various academic disciplines both at undergraduate and graduate levels or certificates of
training.
• To create study and working environment that is conducive to improve the social
skills and entrepreneurship among students and staff.
• To provide and support other institutions within the country with the necessary
technological education, advanced training and research output as well as highly
qualified staff.
• To cooperate closely with public and private enterprises in promoting and developing
local and national computing know-how.
• To equip postgraduate students with an integrated set of skills that will allow them
to develop their professional careers in Information Technology.
• To equip students with the theoretical and practical knowledge that is necessary to
enable them to understand the design of complex computer applications/science. The
program also prepares students to embrace future developments in the field and has
a demonstrated professional relevance.
• The program helps students to acquire the latest skills and build their future capabili-
ties using world-class technology. At the end of this program, the student will possess
a strong foundation in computer systems and information technology.
• To provide students with the scientific qualifications to formulate and solve complex
problems relating to information technology.
• Within the framework of the program, to enable students to acquire the requisite
qualifications for posts in business and industry as well as for research training
programs (Ph.D. program) in information technology.
6. Graduate Profile
On completion of this program the successful student will have knowledge and under-
standing of:
• Critically evaluate the communication needs of an organization and apply both formal
and informal methods to the design of a system to meet the requirement specification.
• Understand, design and evaluate the performance of a AI, Machine Learning , Data
Analytic models using modeling and simulation techniques.
• Acquire skills for developing products and systems in the area of industrial information
and communication technology.
• Use different research methods to develop policies and select suitable mechanisms to
enforce such policies.
• Ensure that information technology system design complies with relevant professional,
ethical and legal issues.
• Take personal responsibility for a range of activities and make decisions within an
individual or group task context.
• Understand the legal, social, ethical and professional issues related to network design
and development.
• Ministry of Defense
• Research organizations
Graduates can also be good assets for Universities and Research organizations.
4) An ability to use current techniques, skills, and tools necessary for computing practice.
6) An ability to use and apply current technical concepts and practices in the core
information technologies.
8) An ability to identify and analyze user needs and take them into account in the
selection, creation, evaluation and administration of computer-based systems.
9) An understanding of professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and respon-
sibilities.
10) Recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in continuing professional
development.
11) Sensitized towards community problems and who can bring about a palpable change.
7. Program Requirements
The course program will comprise core (compulsory)1 , elective2 courses and thesis as
depicted in section 14.
AR1: Completed the academic requirements for the Bachelor Degree in Information Tech-
nology or Computer Science or Information Systems or Information Science or Man-
agement Information Systems or Software Engineering from an accredited higher
learning institutions and a Cumulative Grade Point must be an Average (CGPA) of
2.00.
AR2: Applicant must pass the written and oral entrance examination as prescribed by the
university.
AR3: Applicants must fully satisfy all the requirement as laid down in academic rule and
regulations of Mettu University; and
AR4: Produce a letter of recommendation indicating sponsorship for their research work or
sign an agreement, if, self-sponsored.
AR5: The maximum number of graduate students to be admitted annually to each program
is determined by the department council in consultation with the council of graduate
studies, based upon the availability of resources and considering its cost effectiveness.
However, in any case, the minimum number of students per class shall not be less
than 5 students.
AR6: Admission shall take place one time in a year for the Fall Semester beginning on
September.
AR7: Anyone who fulfills the above-mentioned requirements can apply for the program. For
pedagogical reasons or special requirements of the field of study, the college Academic
1 Compulsory courses are those that must be taken, that is, the qualification cannot be awarded unless these courses
have been successfully completed. Each of these courses makes a unique contribution to the learning objectives of the
program.
2 Elective courses are those from which a specified minimum number must be taken, that is, the qualification cannot
be awarded unless this specified minimum number of elective courses has been successfully completed. Each of the
possible combinations of elective courses will make a similarly unique contribution to the achievement of the learning
objectives of the program.
The graduate candidate (M.Sc Information Technology) must fulfill the following require-
ments:
GR1: All candidates must satisfactorily fulfill the general graduation requirements as laid
down as in Academic rules and regulations of the University School of Graduate
Studies
GR2: Pass all examinations in the courses offered in the program with a minimum CGPA
of 3.00 or more and with not more than one "C" grade in all subjects.
GR3: A graduate student may apply to the College Graduate Council to repeat a course in
which he/she obtained a "C" grade; however, no such course may be repeated more
than once.
GR4: If a graduate student repeating a course in which he/she obtained "C", the last grade
will be final.A previous grade of "C" should be shown as canceled on the transcript
top indicating that the course has been repeated, and the new grade is maintained
which can exceed "B"; this shall be included in the computation of the CGPA in the
new reporting period.
GR5: Graduate students repeating courses in which they scored "C" grades must register
for the courses and carry out all academic activities pertaining to the courses.
The duration of the M.Sc. of Information Technology program will be a minimum of two
academic years , with three semesters for course work and the 4th semester devoted fully
to thesis work in the case of a regular program. In the case of the weekend program, 2 and
half years with five sub-semesters for course work and the 5th (summer) and 6th semesters
devoted fully to thesis work .
The degree awarded to students who successfully completes the minimum requirements is
as follows,
In English:
In Amharic:
The program consists of two years of full-time studies, giving a total of 42 Credits. The
medium of instruction is English. The curriculum is organized in 4 semesters (or 6 Terms
for Weekend enrollment). The first year includes 9 courses with 5 courses in semester 1
and 4 courses in semester 2. The second year first semester has again 4 mandatory courses.
The second semester is dedicated to the research work and preparation for the final year
thesis.
In addition to the main course material and thesis work, students are expected to attend a
regular program of seminars on specific topics, designed to extend students’ knowledge
and introduce them to new technologies, applications and research areas. Furthermore,
focus on experimental work is ensured through laboratory courses integrated with the
majority of the courses. In addition, the students can include experimental activities in
their project and thesis work.
10. Assessment/Evaluation
Continuous Assessment of 50% (like written test, project work, seminar, term paper,
individual and group assignment,) and written examination of 50%, will be used to assess
the progress of the trainees. The choice of continuous assessment is as per the discretion of
11. Resources
To yield graduates equipped with the specified skills, knowledge and attitude, the Depart-
ment of Information Technology is wealthy of qualified professionals and supportive with
material resources like laboratory services.
In our department, we help the students to develop the ability to relate the taught material
in a lively, active manner for application in the software scenario. Students are directed
towards the scientific concepts and software principles needed to interpret and evaluate
software engineering problems.
Laboratory experience and extensive design projects reinforce the understanding of theory.
Training is provided in the theory and laboratory application of software and development.
The department possesses 5 computer labs (on average 20 computers/per lab).In addition
to this, extra Lab rooms are arranged to meet the requirements of the MSc IT program. And
computer hardware and software resources such as simulation, experimental, visualization
and analysis tools, laboratories with local area network and online access facilities, a
bibliographic laboratory equipped with appropriate information resources and information
retrieval tools, laboratory and office rooms equipped with appropriate ICT resources and
facilities are available.
• Blackboards
• White boards
• Overhead projectors
• LCD projectors
• Audio-visual equipment
The quality of the program offered by the department is assessed by the performance of
its graduates and the impact they bear in the industrial sector of the country. The quality
assurance methods adopted by the department include the following:
• In line with the University’s policy, students’ evaluations regarding the teaching-
learning process are taken a midst and at the end of each semester;
• Through information exchange with students who go for higher studies in foreign
institutions.
• Accreditation of the programs will be sought to ensure that the programs meet national
and international standards in the field.
Generally, students’ cognitive skills are assessed by group and individual coursework,
presentations, group and individual reports, and the unseen examination and the project
thesis assess students’ knowledge and understanding while students’ practical skills are
assessed by group and individual coursework, and laboratory tests. On the other hand,
the collection of feedback of employers, the success of graduates in their career, and
accreditation will be used as external quality assurance measures.
13.1. Methodology
The programs aim to provide the graduates with the skills and knowledge to take on
appropriate professional positions in Information Technology upon graduation and grow
into leadership positions or pursue research or graduate studies in the field. Since the
emphasis of the program is enterprise orientation, the teaching methodologies should
reflect this emphasis and the syllabus should be taught in a more active way to provide
confidence-building in practical areas. The teaching methodology is provided in such a
way that the above objective can be achieved. The courses are practical oriented and the
teaching method should provide the students with practical knowledge and skills. The
students are provided with intensive lab topics and the instructors will arrange effective
follow-up and evaluation mechanisms. The students must develop managerial skills in
planning and administrating organizational IT systems/resources. The courses are designed
in such a way that the students should develop both teamwork spirit and project leading
skills. The students are provided to work on real organizational problems and present
their reports. In addition to the practical skills, they must have a research focus on the
methods of implementation too and this is achieved by introducing new technologies along
with new trends in the field.
• Industrial visits;
Taking a cue from the dictum of learning which says "You may hear and forget, you
may see and remember but you do and learn", action-oriented and student-centered
learning would be emphasized as the modus operandi while underlining the significance
of inducing curiosity for continuous self-learning as the catalyst for effective assimilation
of knowledge and its application in concrete situations.
As mentioned earlier, the department employs the following tools/medias to easily address
the teaching-learning process:
• Blackboards
• White boards
• LCD projectors
• Audio-visual equipment
The course number will comprise of 3 alphabet (MIT) and 4 digits(I, II, III, IV). The
explanation of the five alphabets and four digits will be as under.
Significance of Letters
Alphabet M IT
Significance Masters Information Technology
Stands for Name of Degree Name of Program
Significance of Digits
Digit I II III IV
Significance M.Sc course Year of program Semester of year Course num-
ber of respec-
tive semester
Numeric number 6/7 1 0r 2 1 or 2 1,. . . .n
Illustration
6 1 1 1
M.Sc 1st Year 1st Semester 1st Course of 1st Semester of first year
i.e Research Methodologies
6 1 2 1
M.Sc 1st Year 2nd Semester 1st Course of 2nd Semester of First Year
i.e Software Engineering
7 2 1 1
M.Sc 2nd Year 1st Semester Ist Course of Ist Semester of 2nd Year i.e
Information Security and Cyber Laws
The below diagram is a sample recommended guideline by the ACM for bachelor pro-
gramme
IT Curriculum 45 credits
37.5%
IT Electives 15%
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
As we are preparing the Master curriculum we cannot consider the other curricula 75
credits as mentioned above, but we focus on core IT curricula as we focus only on master’s
level. Hence the courses are categorized as per the guideline
7216/7217
Total 10 8 6
Year II Semester II
S.No. Course Code Course Name Credit Lec Lab
Hr.
1 MIT722 Thesis 6 0 0
Total 6
7216/7217
2 MIT6127 Recent trends in IT 2 2 0
3 MIT7213 Blockchain Technology 2 2 1
Total 6 6 2
Year II Term III
S.No. Course Code Course Name Credit Lec Lab
Hr.
1 MIT722 Thesis 6 0 0
Total 6
Course Contents
Chapter Four Citation and reference usage during writing research report
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Usage
Course Contents
Chapter One Introduction to Computer Networks
1.1. Overview and History of the Internet
1.2. Network Edge and Core
1.2.1. End Systems, Access Networks and Links
1.2.2. Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Network Struc-
tures and Architectures
1.2.3. Delay, Loss and Throughput in Packet-Switched Net-
works
1.3. Overview of OSI and TCP/IP Layer Protocols
Course Contents
Chapter One Introduction to Python
1.1. Use IDLE to develop programs
1.2. Basic coding skills
1.3. Working with data types and variables
1.4. Working with numeric data and string data
1.5. Python functions and Boolean expressions
1.6. Selection and iteration structure
1.7. Working with lists,list of lists, work uples, work with dates
and times ,and get started with dictionaries.
Literature
[1.] Michael Urban and Joel Murach, Python Programming, Shrof-
f/Murach, 2016
[2.] Haltermanpython
[3.] Mark Lutz, Programming Python, O’Reilly, 4th Edition, 2010
* ONLINE RESOURCES:
• https://www.w3schools.com/python
• https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html
• https://www.python-course.eu/advanced_topics.php
Course Contents
Chapter One Introduction
1.1. Data base system Architecture
1.2. Query Optimization Techniques
1.3. Transaction Management:
1.3.1. Transaction Processing Concepts
1.3.2. Concurrency Control
1.3.3. Recovery Techniques -Database Security.
Lab contents
• Object-Relational Features
• PL/SQL Programming
• Web based databases
• Specific Applications of Emerging databases
• DB Administration
Course Contents
Chapter One Introduction
1.1. Introduction to software engineering
1.2. Importance of software
1.3. The evolving role of software
1.4. Software Characteristics
1.5. Software Components
1.6. Software Applications
1.7. Software Crisis
1.8. Software engineering problems
1.9. Software Development Life Cycle
1.10. Software Process.
Lab contents
1. Program for Configuration Management.
2. Perform SA/SD for the following software.
• Hotel Automation System
• Book Shop Automation Software.
• Word processing Software.
• Software Component Cataloging Software.
3. Design and development of test cases for testing.
4. Writing program in Java for Computing Cyclomatic complexity.
5. Development of Software tool for Halstead Analysis.
6. Perform Cost/Benefit analysis.
7. Illustration of various activities of Software development using
MSProject 2000.
8. Lab exercise involving development of various practical appli-
cations using software like VJ++VB, SYBASE, JDK.
Course Contents
Chapter One Introduction
1.1. Natural Language Processing concepts
1.2. Ambiguity and uncertainty in language
Textbook and References There is no single text book for the course. It is, thus, recommended
that the students read appropriate articles and chapters from the
given reading materials (high-quality publications) in addition to
their own reading materials.
Course Contents
1. Introduction to ISR
1.1. IR and the retrieval process
1.2. Basic structure of an IR system
2. Text/Document Operations and Automatic Indexing
2.1. Index term selection (Luhns selection and Zipf’s law
in IR)
2.2. Document pre-processing (Lexical analysis, Stop word
Elimination, stemming)
2.3. Term extraction (Term weighting and similarity mea-
sures)
Course Contents
Chapter One An introduction to blockchain technology
1.1. What is blockchain?
1.2. Why do we care about blockchain?
1.3. The move to decentralization Ledgers, Distributed Ledgers,
Consensus
1.4. What is Cryptocurrency? (examples: Bitcoin, ETH)
1.5. Introduction to Ethereum
Course Contents
Chapter One Introduction
1.1. Introduction to Machine Learning
Teaching Strategy This course will be offered through lectures, presentations, class
discussions,and individual and group projects. Students should
participate in the following research projects to get some hand on
experience on the application of Machine Learning in different focus
areas of computer science.
Course Requirement Students are required to attend classes, do their assignments
individually or in groups and submit their reports on time, and
make presentations. Furthermore, attending the examination is a
mandatory requirement.
References
[1.] Peter Harrington, Machine Learning in Action, Manning
Publication, 2012.
[2.] Willi Richert, Luis Pedro Coelho, Building Machine Learning
Systems with Python, PACKT Publishing, 2013.
[3.] Gavin Hackeling, Mastering Machine Learning with scikit-
learn, 2nd Edition, Birmingham Mumbai, 2017.
[4.] Online courses (MOOC) at Coursera ( http://www.cours-
era.org )
* Reading Materials:
[5.] Kevin Murphy, Machine Learning A probabilistic Perspective,
MIT Press, 2012.
[6.] Ethem Alpaydin, Introduction to Machine Learning, MIT Press,
2004
[7.] Valentin Haenel, Emmanuelle Gouillart, Gael Varoquaux,
Python Scientific Lecture Notes, Release 2011.
Course Contents
Chapter One Introduction
1.1. Digital image fundamentals
1.2. Sampling
1.3. Quantization
References
[1.] C. G. Gonzales und R. E. Woods: Digital Image Processing. 3
rd Edition,Pearson Education/Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA,
2008.
[2.] OGE MARQUES, Practical Image and Video Processing Using
MATLAB, IEE Press, 2011.
Course Contents
Chapter One Introduction
1.1. History of wireless systems
1.2. Types of services
1.3. Economic and social aspects
1.4. Wireless vs mobile , Applications
Course Contents
Chapter One Introduction
1.1. Fundamentals of data mining
1.2. Data Mining Functionalities
1.3. Classification of Data Mining systems
1.4. Major issues in Data Mining
1.5. Data Warehouse and OLAP Technology for Data Mining
Data Warehouse
1.6. Multidimensional Data Model
1.7. Data Warehouse Architecture
1.8. Data Warehouse Implementation
1.9. Further Development of Data Cube Technology
1.10. From Data Warehousing to Data Mining.
Text Books
[1.] Gupta, It Infrastructure & Its Management, First Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill Educatio Education.
Course Contents
Literature
Course Contents
Literature
[1.] ACM Information Technology Competency Model of Core Learning Outcomes and
Assessment for Associate-Degree Curriculum, October 14,2014.
[5.] Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP), Code of Ethics and Standards
of Conduct; http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.aitp.org/resource/resmgr/forms/code_
of_ethics.pdf. Accessed 2017 Dec 2.
The department’s staff composition is dynamic. This helped the department emerge with
new propositions and ideas for the way the department steps forward towards further
developments in education and research. Furthermore, IT teaching-learning environments’
and laboratories’ reputation has been built on the strength and quality of its staff. Currently,
the department is equipped with the following proportion of qualified people :
The students can access the following most popular portals of academic databases from
where full texts of scientific papers can be downloaded.
• Science: http://www.sciencemag.org/
• PNAS: http://www.pnas.org/
Students are encourages to read related papers recently published in these important and
top journals and conferences.
List of Important and Top Journals include:
• Nature Communications
• Science Advances
• Nature Physics
• IEEE Computer