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 Daffod;ls World )chool
Jeevan nagar ,sanwali road ,sikar
AISSCE Practical
EXAMINATION 2023-24
Topic -

Class -
Roll no -

Submitted to Submitted by
 I would like to express my sine e gratitude to
the following individuals and organisations that helped
me with my school project
Mr Mukesh Kumar Sharma - tor providing
valuable guidance
and feedback throughout project
My parents -tor providing a quiet space to work on
my project and offering
words of encouragement
our school library for providing resources and equipment to complete my poject
I would also like to thank our director sir Mr Sanjeev Kulhari
and principal mam Mrs Anju kulhari
for supporting my project
and giving me the opportunity to learn ang grow
Without the help and support of these individuals and organisations
,this project would not have been possible .
Thank you all for your time , effort and contribution .

Sincerely
Ridhima
DAFFODILS WORLD SCHOOL ,SIKAR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ridhima , a student of
grade 12 has successfully completed the
research on the mentioned project chemistry
in everyday life under the guidance of Mr Mukesh
Kumar Sharma ( subject teacher) during the year
2023-24 in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical
examination conducted by CBSE ,sikar

External sign Internal sign

Sign head of institution seal

 I

0 I

r: ,
Cher-i1istry in

••
•• • ••
What are drugs?
Any substance, other than food ,used in
the prevention ,diagnosis all aviation or
treatment of disease is called drug .A
drug may be also defined as a chemical
which ,when taken in some way alter the
body function .Drug is also known as
medicine .Generally, the term drug is
applied to any stimulating or depressing
substance that can be habituating or
addictive

Meaning of addiction
Addiction is th1e habitual, psychological
dependence on a substance or practice
which is beyond voluntary control .A
person who is habituate to a practice ,
especially a harmful one, is called an
addict
 CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
TYPE OF DRUGS EXAMPLES EFFECTS
Barbiturates, Depress CNS
1. Sedatives and
Benzodiazepines activity give
Tranquillizers
feeling of
calmness,
relaxation,
drowsiness.

Opium, morphine, Suppress brain

2. Opiate
codeine, heroin activity,
Narcotics
Relaxed pain.

Amphetamines, Make a person

3.Stimulants caffeine, cocaine more wakeful,
alert and active,
cause excitement.

4.Hallucinogens LSQ, Mescalin, Alter thoughts,

psilocybin, Ganja, feeling and
chares, Hashish perceptions.
STRUCIVRESOF SOME MENTIONED
DRUGS

Sedatives and Tranquillizers

-fF½
Ny
H O ,N
I
)
NH R

Rz'

0
Barbiturates BbenzodiazeDines
Opiate Narcotics

Hif
MORPHINECODBNE

HEROIN
 COMBINATION OF DRUGSAND
ALCOHOLS

Some addicts use mixtures d drugs to have immediate

'kick' or 'charge'. Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol
may produce dangerous effects, including death. When
barbiturates and alcohol are taken together, each doubles
the effect of the other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin
called speed ball, gives spontaneous kick of cocaine and
prolonged pleasure of heroin.

Combination Effect
1. Alcohol + Barbiturates. Markedly increased
deoressant effect.
2. Alcohol + Antihistamines. Marked drowsiness.
3. Alcohol + Valium. Dramatically increases
sedative effect.
4. Alcohol + Marijuana or Decreased coordination
Hashish. increased reaction time
impaired judgment.
5. Alcohol + Aspirin.
Increased changes of
damaae to gastric mucosa.
 TOBACCO

Sources
It is a native d South Africa, where the Red Indians first
started smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the
world over. It has large, quote to lanceloate leaves and
terminal clusters of tubular, white or pink flowers.

Effl&t ofNicotine
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and
pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the
risk of heart diseases.
(v) Retards fetus growth in expecting mothers.
(vi) High concentration of nicotine paralyses nerve cells.
 ALCOHOL

Sources
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid
having a penetrating odor and burning taste. It is one of
the products of the distillation of fermented grains, fruit
juices and starches with the help of yeast enzymes. It is
the principal constituent and the intoxicating principle of
wines.

Modesotuse
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy
and wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack,
brandy, whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.

Addiction
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are
found in all sections of society. Alcohol causes intoxication
and thus, acts as a poison. The drinkers begin with small
doses, but many of them soon start consuming large
doses and become addicts. By the time they realize that
drinking is adversely affecting them; it is too late to give it
up.
 What Happens when Alc:ohol gets in stomach
Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and upper part
of small intestine and reaches all the tissues in minutes.
Its oxidation starts at once and a large amount of heat is
produced. Since heat is not needed in the body, it is taken
up by the blood and carried to the skin for dissipation.
Since the receptors of heat are located in the skin, the
rush of blood to the skin gives a false impression of
warmth in the body. The blood supply of internal organs is
greatly reduced resulting in fall of temperature In them.
Energy released by alcohol is mot used In any life process.
Rather the energy derived from food Is used up In ridding
the body of excess heat.
 SOCIAL DISEASE - SMOKING,
DRINKING AND USE OF DRUGS
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or
regularly are social diseases. They adversely affect the
health of the addicts and the society. Young people take
to these habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an
adventure or feeling of freedom, or as a gesture ex
defiance against the elders who themselves indulge in
these activities but check the youngsters. Other factors
that make people take to these vices are inability to face
problems of life indifference shown by members of the
family, and encouragement or pressure by friends.
Temporary escape from the life problems and mental
relaxation felt on taking the drugs in the beginning
increase person's interest in them. Soon they become
habitual and find it difficult to leave. The daily dose to get
the desired effect increases with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction is
spreading in India also. A large number of our young men
and women have taken to intoxicants. About 87.6% drug
addicts are between the ages of 14 and 25 years.
SOAPS AN D
DETERGENTS

SOAPS
Soaps are the sodium and pota,ssrum salts r:A the long
chain carboxylic acid. A soap morecule consists of a
long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and
hydrogen) with a ca rboxylic acld on one end which is
1

ionic bonded to metal ion usually a sodium1 ,o r

potassium.
A soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon group and
an lonrc group COO-Na+..
EXAMPLf$ OF SOAPS
Sodium stearate(aiemi'cal formu,a: C17H35COO-
1

N,a +)
Sodium palm itate (Chemical formula: C15H31COO..
Na+}
Sodium a/at e (Chemical formula: C17H33COO-,
Na·+ )
A soap molecule has two ends with different properties.
(i) A long hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic (i.e. it
dissolves in hydrocarbon).
(ii) A short ionic part containing COO-Na+ which is
hydrophilic (I.e. it dissolves in water).

WORKINGOF MICELLES

-·-
yFQ-IANISM Of SOAPS
 no.npallr polar
I -1i:
' \# '

soap malacute: -_..-....... · N1+

flUY ,ae1d _
chlin1

1oll
lie a,d
- -

When ai dirty croth is put in water conta·fnfng soap

then the hyd'rocarbon ends ,of 'the soap molecule in
the micelle atta ch to the oil or grease partid'es,
1

present on ·the surface of dirty doth. In this way the

soa.p micelles entraps the oHv particles by usi,ng the
hydrocarbon ends.. The ionic ends ,o f the soap
.molecujles remain attached bJ ·the water when the
di rtv cloth is, agitated in soap soJutlo n. 'The oily
1

pa rtides present on Its surface gets dtspersed in the

1

water due. to whidl the croth gets cfea nii

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages
•!• Soaps are eco-frienclty and bio degradable.

Disadvantages
•!• Soaps are not suitable in the hard water.
•!• They have weak cleansing properties than
detergents.
 DETERGENTS
Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain
benzene sulphuric acids.
Detergents are primarily surfactants, which could be
produced easily from petrochemicals. surfactants
lower the surface tension of water, essentially making
it 'wetter' so that it is less likely to stick to itself and
more likely to interact with oil and grease.
The Ionic group is In a detergent Is sof Na•

EXAMPLES Of/JtZtRGENTS
Two basic examples cl well-known detergents of the
sulphonate group or the sulphate group are:

Sodium p-dodecyl benzene sulphonate Sodlum lauryl sulphate or

Sodium n-dodecyl sulphate
 ADVANTAGESOF DETERGENTS
1

❖ Since deterg,ents are the sa~ts cf strong acids

they do 1nat decompose 1·n acidic medium. Thus
1

detergents can effectively clean fabri'c e,ven If the

1

water is acidic,
<• Synthe·tfc deterge,nts are ,m·ore sofubfe in water
1

than soaps•
.:• They ha,ve, a strong'1er dean5ing 1action than
soaps.
+As detergents are derived ·from petrofeum they
save on natural vegetabfe oils, which are
importa,nt as essential cooking medium

DrSADVANTAGES OFDETERGENTS
❖ Many detergents are re;ista nt to the ad:io1n of
biotogicaI agents and thus are not bfodegradlabte.
1

Their eHmination from munici,paJ wastewaters by

1

the usual treatments is a probrem..

❖ They have a tendency to produce stabJe fcems Jn
1

rivers that extend over several hundred 1

meters of
1

the river water~ Thrs is due to tne effects of

1

surfactan~ used in Hleir preparation. Thus they

pose a danger to aquatic Hfe.
❖ They tend to l'nhibit oxl'dation of organic·
substances present ,n wa.stewaters because they
form a sort of einvelope around them.
!DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOAPSAND
_DETEllQNTS

SOAPS
•) They amie metal :salts of fong cha1in higher fatty
adds.
•) These, are prepared from vegetable oHs and
1 1

animal fats.
❖They cannot be used effective'¥ in hard wa ter as,
1
1

they produce .scum i.e., insoluble precipitates r:I

1

ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2.+ etc,.

DETERGENTS
❖ These a1re sodium salts of long chain 1

hydrocarbons Hke alkyl sulphates or a1acyl

be nze.ne su1phonates.
❖ They are ,prepared from hydrocarbons of
petroleum or coa I.
·❖ These do not produce insoluble precipita1 tes in
hard water, Tlhey a1re effective ·in soft, hard or
1

salt water1
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