n

al
3 oPtcvd''
tcJLy;rt ynXo
011ti" ' 'tF\
;
.:. \: ,t'tt
! ,r5t\ .
I #
'" :'il$
--t - ,\. (')

l (:t,1-
t Lnapter /

PHARI/IACEUTI
CAI, CHEMISTTTY
ilr

ru Phrrmaccrric;rt cherrrisry hri r)rufedfir

'|(rcrrcun,D!s,,",,,ili:i':''r) "":Pll"'rs " svnLlre;i rlrerr'icrl
5trrrr''|r(:Irrdrerc'|r')'|rs
,rudnroretLrrrr T or
biorigl. i'; ;i';i;;'ili"li,:r(,nejrti r.iocr,c,,,,"r,/
.I,rrarn'jrcorosv'
cr'rblcerr'crrtt'." rr"i" r"o.'i. i..,,.'.,i"1'l illt'',"''l{"cr tlti; :rlth'.'ugl
'r <ur',r'l
chemisrr)is;rlsuruucr'.a .p,,,,i "'J vrr crrerrrrc:rl
!sPcrLs5.lm' qurrc'clcinenr.ry
iLi
j
t"'ct '
D i r e c r i o s : , . E & h o f r h e q u c s r i o n so r ' ,/,-, .tt
incon- Diphenoxvlare
iu p ' c r es k r c m e n L bs e t o wi s f o t t o w c db y
f t v es u s - Ct rLonrorj,,
i" an aqcu(use_
sesredeskeG 6r conrptetto",. S"r""iLr," srsi .''i.,rrheaIris'rruc-
a n s w c rI n c a c h . 3 s . . i:ll!iiill,';:l:"' -
/
li; ", of rhefouo$i?B
anunyper(e
A. k-olrrr
.y i,i!:,."s,=d&*a)!ij' -
iL u_lE-
11lri.h
agenrsrs ritos(
srrc
sinrihf in cheniicalsrn.c.
r ! r ' ,
;:
rLrrcro htdfochloforhiaziclc:1 p:Li[,) : l ) ' u j ' r )
11 rr. f)!!luj
A. hydfatazinc. lj, ox. i( icjd
T B. nterhylCopa /
( 3 8 r Ul 1 l , ( j ! ! )
C. . guanerhi(iinc (J r ; t u n . , 1 , , , r ,,rci ,h, . n , { r j , 1 , , , ,
. D,,,.diazoxi,le ij ,,c: ,.r
0er'rpvirr trc|nj(cd J,rwcr. ,rct:di:t, Ir
E. rcsarpiie
l" ( 1 1 7 8 7 ' 9 lii6 : 8 0 2 - o g il ? r t 0 5 ;
/ . 38:5.10) A. localancsrheiic at.:il,
) (9 II:JiLLron (lrl1odernU B. irntibiouc C lci
.l- Jtrs nrrrr,c(cci,,r C. adrcrer!i< bcral,tr,.jrrr
Jr' cr)cn)i(rrr)
i::1:,:i;:Haal#Surisqe - p " " r , ; . ^ ;*i . y . , . { . , , t , . 1 7 -I p - J ,
' r0trrr'r t
Y
L. rce(ylchotrne-(rcrlr!e
. i, . r A ;;.;; ;;;" #/oL - inhiDrro.

t B pyrethrin
C., hexrcLlorocyctol,.*^n" -( t
. rtr organuttrosphr,. ,
,t tl
- 1 . ,1l
'
I
/-\
(3:Secr.t2)
t ( 6 j U p o n e x l ! r , u r ei i r J , r . : r r r r r r o p l , y . t r*,-r c
.]1 tutrons
ruuonsnray
nrry develop
cjeveto,

t
.,
L . c h l o r o p h e n . I h a n te) ) l ' r ' - 41 crysuls.ofrheophtltine
i t : t I 8 6 _ 8 9 i 3 : S e c r1. 0 ;3 C : 8 t 8 8, 2 i _ J r )
D. a gar ,,,.r
' C . : p r e c r l , . r : r r r j, :. rr r n r r , h ! J t j n r
]'
IJerrzatkonit:ur

t
<lrtoride is a gernl,rjtrl
s r r r t r c r a nr r; h i , h i s l e r r d e r e di r z . r r l e J p r c ( i p i r , , , . , ,ct, j , . t L , . , J i, :, , : , , , .
..tJ -,-i, , l' .)
i5rr.r\. /lor t.8t _Lt. t8 j,/l
,,\. orgilnir rai(ts ,\r),l';#i;m;;Hj,,",,,,i,i,,,"1,11'..
,t /:\ . :-

t .
bt^ -'?./ sotPs
Ir. grrnr.rc5:rLrive
u. canonicsurtactant5
orgarrrrrru

L . r n o r g r n r cs r t r s r 6 : 9 ; 8 : 3 3 : l{ l _ J l j

L
t
I
 'Il (
|li t.t 1 i,t,4na
t.1,,..,,./ .h.s!,., ,
.i I r . q L i n i , , (L i \ u t l 1 e t

1,n ;,
I;",":*-"4"''/' ili'ii;;
l*ii',i,
I " *:".]*{iil{{{:*[,ii*:,*i{/ ;
"z**iri*-'riHi;}1il,
q ,ull: ,:t:it;,;i:r,.Jll,,:;:,:Rl,fofl t:.;t'
:tiil::fiiix::fi:r.lit,l:l,ri
li, l-';i1ri;,t:ir;ii.;ll';:jul,ffif*i!';r1),*:
. :fl"i;li,l.fflll'lli
jlll,,,;],,r,,;;;i,-'j''""'"';";';";,:f
+ r*
ii ;i'f$$ffiri:;::;l;:[{'t:',
:*:::"tltt."l,*'*i
? +nt',6ir1q*ffiiiilqiir*-.-r:''o
i'
i'ffiiri":,:'':'":'l':
i lill*lii" i. ft,;ji*"
:T:;:::
r *o ii.#Hi[ ""! ;,Tll;*.,',1#i*i*c
,',"
i;i1;l:i,::1,1",- |c ;(:;:::Jr:;:
. .,.
ijL ". illiiii,".,,r.'., ,. r'irir r'I
I *'.?:a;i[Ti:iiildf,.r*
rcrtJ,*r,*ji"'i1:'d;:;:!lliil
/u
'L ''.i]"'Ir, ,
'"'j: ."-,.,,:]:;""
lfi,,tli"i,i,i,i,ii;,,ij::
'f':t,:i:.;i,i'i

I -P t fr;flffi,**.;H1,1l*t5'*i
o
: "''";m""""*jliil"'
ffi:,.i{*:,r.,l;.;*,Ug,3.
A srrrcose
is oxicrizcd
ro co1,*hich .. i,i:Tf:l,j:iji:fiiil,l;;:.1,,,, .^,+"
;
., _ (,.,re"
I li,,
'n -a.';,,\r,,,,|-t,
c,..
i.! t I'
J :
 JBv L
-
_ ,-,1r"ilY l -r r , ,
IA / Ph0ntu6 Relietu
,
. Dy'- i( is
miscibiervirh arcohor. I
E. irs specificgravilr- is less!ha| 'D/ equatorial
t.0 E pe'it,heral
(l:7,1tj;38:S1$) ris:2irJ9:7zr
' ,u,
1 8 . A - . h c t . r rrcr r r r s r . r t n .ci rorisr e i n .[- ., utercr(i.t cxr.rsin .t,,..rs .t.hr.
a/i||r rnrrn. nrr s
r e,J,,*"T-V 'nurri,rlelr
rn.L,r _y
A . r | ( f c r , l : , , . \ r . , : r r r , 1 , r i : ..,:t, , r r : u -
1,
-.J,.t '"- rmincgrvup \' ' olelc acrd
;!
I' \r.J-
I
\, l|Ptr bund . , . ' y e ^ , ' t " r r o r r r s r r c , p , r j : rrr,.,\, J
[ . t, D (t]t)lLr(hilrirc J ', " / J r r ) r 1 . r, r r rl o f ..t.t.
L . , . l s , . L I ri r r t r o
Lrrlrut)
.
, \) " . r - L t \ , r .u \ l c , ) . l c n c( i r : r i r . ( . j \ t j - . 1 . t , i , r . . r ) ut r, , r r I 1 , .s , . , c j j u c . . t r l r cr r , , -
ccul!:
r! . 19 lvhichofrhefollo\ri,rgLa chetJLine
crcn,i C u m.,rr,,,.
imagc o[ rhe olcicacid irol,

,,".r"?'f il:;;",!;lij,,;,,1.rr:,,,i,,B,.i -
p ljiJJIi,::;,,,,,.,,,i,,,rerrro,ccu
#::il"^
jr# F|;ifli{1"',;.. :irlf;ji:tf'::ir$fl:[i
f7;,'ititifffi|lt.Tlfj1
u/;n:t).#;r*;":,"1;,-#:ffiffi
tJ
cH,'.f;aK n,
*,''V
;/:iilr*i{1rT'Ji,".11"*,' \'1 =",' )
",-\1 \f'Q"or
:.! if i{;lJ*""ill',esooance(NIIR)X)*.
D. biotu,,jcrl
D. biolosical
assai " .' (-/fi
.,h oH
as5r).
1. r'rr-..pcctrophur.,nrerl) -..\-\
CH,. CH, OH
r l i 5 9 l * : ' 5 :3 ! ' : ; l - ; i g-ru-
x X). l'
) 21.,,c1),,1i)',r..
rio,)i,l
is(n.cris.,
is.lcscril)cd
"'"'"i,s .'
u/ f*Qi-ou
H 'oH
a- , tu,,,'
ti
2";',,) i
<"*,9'.,,1, "r't,pric,ii;;;;"
-, ?q'. .:
;:":,":',,;t::?':;lilt,"";,,";,,,.,,,,"
(hat the (+) a il (_)
iori
,rvo ' i .ili,ll:,i:,,,
i,sv,,,n,c!,ic g: :;l;;l;lnt;." )'i "-" :'i,#:
oppositeruirh
cc.(c* i:,:'i:f:ilii
lil a rcs-ut'r-arr, .nr,..,,r,,on lj. cis"a.irrs,",lll"l..,",,,,t"'t. \*i.-.\
- 9/;i.:lii:'lJ"T::1:iffi:5 iz'iss;rs,rr-:g;sg,o+-os
'
h " in'*i*;"*insareas'Io"po.rcia'tc'r
;{i,,t*,t$i*hi'Y',Hn ,l1s
-E. areioncept
rut tr,e i,,
B. illji].l,".
"f
"in,;ru,;r,.,
,,*,u,"\i;3,i{,;*:,,:}*:i::i[::l$ix,,,/;J:r.- tb]
(6:668-6e; 33:667-70;
3e:580-8:r)
, rid,izrt;l ;;;4::'r':;;1".) /
"" .'il'i',:'iil.::i'ii:1",1.;::'*:f,.ii:,t;il:i'''u
ill,1ltiiiiililiii$**Utri^
L
ljliti;::ir+H*iilrllxT,T.x
areappfo\,,,raretl.
J'e relrnFc
ffi6,1tlLr;*:i]ffi1ffi7
i,r rh. pt"u.i,f ,i" rii*..
t- \r it.,,t,.t J' !'
A. a\iat 1) Iri)oslia-..rlic

3.;"";lu:r'''' ! i:ljxi:il",,.
r. ncl|rr,JcptrL tJ:5FUrL
. c:C3b_.Jr,

41r

rii

i r::
 i.,;

''ii("(risr.,,(ir'
,, ii*1,: ,,,,
,- ";;';ii..ii;'lJl;i::ii',1,1.r;,il:'ll"',"
" ill.i',li,l':'.1iijji,5l:ll;;:l:',,'.,r.',
, r
i J1;iJ;l;rrurrrriii,::,, y.j:r;
- / 'o','r.1"i " ,,,,,.:,-i:,,,,i."r,-,lri
i). l,:l;:il;l;:;, . r. r\c\n\
i;ti',i::!::ir'"t"q"'"Itu{ht'I'|rutt'It'i" f, ;i;it;,ill;:liu" o_:ttfolJherto')c (3:sec(613ti37i)
Tdble or pI(. vrrucs ibr acids ,
-1,
pK, , F;') .lllJ,l,ix,l;),).,;i1il;i.ili:iiili
].f,.,,.
ri A"nt :ii:i;i*v*
.j.;i r r j , r ( , \ oc r \ r n ,L r J q r tL
, n c ( 1 ,r, s , r t r Lt )r L
ii ili.iii",".r,'. i.
r.,le : y) , / rc(tL,r.
r c ( l L r r . i,r,,,sc
i r t r u s col
o i . pc,,1i,z,(,,(j
D { . r1 1 , , ? , , "
l" il:il ,, rr '"arraiq,:sic,:rii,ci,,,r,c,,
srlic)'lic
l3J i:il:li:
* 2.L)1 C. (l€.crelsc.
- . . . - ,respir.:rr,,
! ! r , , q s , I ..icDfcssji.r
r c r _ r r c s s t riirL:
.L -
l:l ;r--
r c c r so l p c l ) ( a r o c t n (
\ h i c h , r j r ! o f r t r . l ) L o L . i r ),i Li t . \ . . . , t ( l
-L18 .
bir. r l , d . r , . , , , . . , ' - .. . . . ; :

D. li'cl'L I . )L t ) r , r ( , r j | i r | o N a v r r l t ; rI| l r r r 0 l Lr j o
* LI ic|Lrr
L. s,,rrL)t,r , i t t . . l r J i i .t l l j l $ t j ) , r r ) s i ) l . cr i ' l ) sr t ( : s l.r i ( ( , r ) r p i r f t s o\ . t r l j
l|i).
',
,/
, L\rr(r, ,rrc or r.r,c ri,r,,,,,i ...,.u,., *.",u t' li;,ll:)j;:;:t"'""
r r cc o r r s r d e r cLdh c\ c r f e . r ( \ . . , r l . r lc:,,r I lJ .(
I i : . r . . r L Jl | . . , . r r t . . . ( . , . c
an,ounrof ionizrrrion)
i,i watcr? .
U u ",iJ., j .",.r:oratbio,rlail,rr,itiLy
A. ,'.cric , 9 , * . l o .' ;[*1
) 7 n,(,rc
' D . , r c e r \l .-l -l. .t .r-c. r, ,t -r " 1 r . .t ) n , r i J c ,
7./ i ./ I ", |( sro|rlr| riLtircf
V Dtr't< L L ] ' . Ir r r r \ c i r . r c s L r r : ,
- D lncric
D- tr'ri' I ,,
I t' ( 3 : s c ul ; 6 : 7 4 1'iii5 : : 1 1 )
r' saricvlic i r 2 : 2 0 s j r 2 r : r r ij67), ( ! ) . . , u , . , . , , . , , " , . r , h e [ ) [ . , n ,
,, ^
'L'xc,eJjs,Ais{!1rn,c'"':ll,i;;i'liiillii
,l"9I:tliri::";3:jl:::l'5';,'*',,,tt.",
l u"."
, ,,."iJ,iu*i"r,,.i
l,li,ijl,,i',,lil;,,llli
i i, [.r:,Xii]i,,lifjit,,iliiljl:1.,,,,,

, i"' {: ' #"1'. 5$.", ,, -ud'*,,t"1;!f6J.#,

, ' 1&4,. tlv
1-&'t Nv \ ^nh^c^ r ^!'",*,,A' ul^.1"*J)
1 i. r.,njz,,l, i,, r,"'z , ,
, i '' *
' no-!^^ tal...1',fu ""1"n".J) , ;-
";'n,l**-r{ ut,- 'i tf
i."i:'"1
-i:.i;-:-
:-l u',"' 3u:'
 (ngo"

t2
l*r;'i"^"<"PT
7 *
\)
'2",o
.F .i€at
l). I {lic! lid . ; y ' , , , a ; , , u ' , , , " , r , ; ,(Srl;,i,cillir:;
,ilin
1.. a bulling agr:nr 11. sodiitur orrr illin (iir.i{oc;li,
iJ:Scct..t:j stiri)irliir
)
C. p , r t r s s i un r i n . r i i . i i l i | !
-li 6f
3 t-. .\ I Uscrlriug s)srcrrr /r,t ioLrrrti in arrI oLtrcr
n i r r L r r i cr lo r i r l x ) Lr d i s c l : l r e c L c l i s r iocf
l). r , r t , i c i l l i l (l O , , , , r i i n ( r 1 l i , . . i , )
'l ll. t l r r ( J : { i . i l l ii ,, r, \ , , r i , r i lL, ; , , i , r i l j
perriciliins. his Iing s|stemis tl,c ( : l : S c r Ll j. { ' : l i - r l ; : l t j : 2 1
A. is,)razolrli(li,,c .
?
\' i"lliiisit;hir*r;,1-r',
r;:iY,;-
r V h i c h o l ! l ) r i{ ; r l l o N i ! r !I a ) c r i r i l J i l {i 5 L r . l
l r l l i ) r r f Q { i r i ! l r l i f , 1 n , , rrs: r r r : r t rLi, ys r r r
) , . l o c l t I : cfic i i s t . r i r t t a I r i u i c i i l i n C : .
E. penicilli ic (38:223-34,!17-rtj) --iirrpicilliIl
A. ( l ' c n b f , r i n , l , ( , l fc i l l i n )
tr' 'l.h( l l . < l i s o d i r r rc)rrr b c n i L i l l i n( ( t c o r : c r r )
/i3.,3,) r . , f i o u 5p e | l n i l l i , rr\t \ r ' l r c r y a i t r L t e ( 1 . f , c t r c i l l i ,(, V t r r , L r e r t ^ r : - t l i ( ' ,
differ chcrrically 'ti-:,^;t
'r/ sodiurl u-t.,"'tti"
/ Lr q r'r
i n t h e n a r u r eo t r h e a c ) l s i d ec h a i n - <rjiirt l) ru-rJ
irr iubsrituenrs ort rhe Iusedrins nu- L penicillirr "V4 ' (v-Cill;D,i'el,Vcc)
clcus ( 3 r s e c t . 36; : l I 3 9 , I l 4 l - . i 3 j i 7 : 4 6 9 , 4 9 1 - 1
C ir spiilial nrrangeorcntsof atr..rnrs
:rrounoar) as]mrt]e rc carbon
/os. lVhich of rbc f,tlo\firrij.is-
clirssille(i
iLr
D . u,.tlre narul.eut rhe origiDal(naru- D I O a ( l - S p C C ni l r n ; i l r t l D I ) u c /
r.rry occurr rgi nLrcteus . Arl rmpiciliirr
_L only by being diflereut salts
( 6 r l 1 2 8 ,I i 3 4 ;3 3 : 2 2 8 - 3 0 )
B:
C. '
penicillin
sodiunL
C
nrethiciliiIl
l). sodiurnclox:rciliirr
/ L -l lrc USl, dcl ls :r urriLol pcnicitlinrs l'i. p o r : r s s i r ) l l , l t( i )f r i ) i ci l l j l
A. rhesnrlllcsrnruor.rrrt ol peuicillirrthal ( : j : S c ( r . 4 : 4 : ) : i J ! l - i l-l !i1 j ; i j . )
\\'illinhilrit,ill \irro. rhe {ro\\rh oii, t. ..
sttitirrol surphlLrcotcLr,i (1{. I \vLich ,)f rhc fuI,j\,t,,gf.rii.iiit rs j3 , ,, ,l
irndcr'riIcc-
(ondt ons ri' t1r'.iil r , . . , . r - . r. l r , . ' , rr , . , f .
, , llrc
B . / r l r cn ' , r i l . i , r .r Ll (u \ ; r ! , , t 1 r . r i! i ) t L i 5t '
|'
/ ll,,i.,ll,,, c NcrricriecSt,,r,. ( . \ . l i r c r ' ( 1 | r. :. 1 . . t. " . . . . . r u r /r, . . :
:,xli,',rr ' nyll(ri I )l
( 1 . r r t r r i v r l c rrr, rr I n r r u t r ) u f ( i ) c r r i c i t i r r l B lerricillirrV itci"\rcc, V Ciltio)
ll D . t h e : r r r : , , u rIr l1, ,c r r r c r l rl Lt ,irrr i r r ipt Jr , , . . 11/ pcnictl.i.", r<ugr m ..^i ,r. .
rd ll -
iuce a clc;tr'r'ing ol l c r dia crdf i lrrpcn)
tire.disl :rs.sa1 urerhodundcr speci, D. ampicillin rfihydfr!e (/^rr)ciil,;,ol
'r' ',,l ' lreo coudlLl()|ls ciiiin)
[. the rvcighrol pcnicillirrrharsill prc- lt. l,cI,rcillin(Vcr.;lpcn)
vent the developnrenr of (Lrrbidii),irl (lrliai;38::17
. a spcciUe.L flui(l nrediunrafrer rtre
inLroduction ol l x l0'org-anisrns 4u \\rtrich ol' the fo1lorviDgpcnicililaiicri\
L a nonreslsraotsrrrrn ol slapt)l-
of
{r\,es rs DoLnilara!-slnlrle
lococcus (6rl l!8; 3Ljr229; 39:76t) penicilliraseii O

x _l
he potassium
iciuin G is -
con!€ll(of poriusiurn
per rnillionunirs.
pei-
A. rnerlicil]in Q)
B. disociiunrcarl:Jenicillin
C. arirpicillirU
8)

A. CimEq D. ,)xlcillj,r 1- 1-
B. C.6n)lir lj. ,{:ni.illir \'(!r (5 ! l3 ii :jS::14
,,,,
O . r . r) r r L i j U h i c J r , 1 tr l l ( l i r l L u \ r l | li L
s il w l r ) l 1 7 , r . i 1 r
E. 5.7r)rCq :rrl)rc'rrr (.Lri11'Il lrrs{)l
gasuointesrin;rl Li'act?
o1P (6:87t-72 B,J 41, 1 3 71,i 5 0 lj 7 : 4 8 74,9 2 )
whicl) of dre lbllo\!ing Pcnicillil,s
is ,losr
rcrdily dcco,rp,rscdi,r rD rcid llrcdiu'n:
A. amoxiciliin
B. cvclaciilin
C. tn:zrciilirr:
 r&
t
-{-
Phannccuticel Chl)!i1!t\ / r)
x* ,
6 D. baclnrpicillin.
E. nrerloLillin (J:s( L J .1,;:id_J.lJ a r j . : r , r , , . r , r c usu, \) t u ( i oout ( t , (s o d , , , ,r,:), t ., , :
. ij 1 r r r j i ' l | r b n r r c rsr u
. rltt b , r r t l , i , i c
r . , . r , Ji ,. t(
I ? / S u l f o r r i , m r d edsi t t c r . l , c r , 1 " . t ! l , , u t .\. irturrat
,,r.
I tuoo j rha( r'fc rIldc ('n a Iirrr(l; llc tll - s',u,Irtrt,.,rir
_ 1 s j r u c r L r l cc o o r n o | l r o ; r l t . I t r L s t | u c t L r r c
,21
. r.. $c, it) irerrtrr
lr. $.eJklI blsic
,r! t - . s r r o r r g l ya c i d i c ( 3 8 : 1 9 1t,t ) 7 )
-{
o 1 5 0 . ItltL:jr.Luis u'c,t r0 rfc.,r |,, Jlriir.
I li ,t,r,.
s-o- (, i,'s !!!llir{!r!]lrc J,rd
;t;;il i1,.,,,, i,,.
I \\hich uf rJrcroIo$i,rll i;it,;i;,;:;;:
o orrruuunro rhc rhL,rrperricvrhr;
rlra
{ cornornarron prcduct? "l
B. A. sul{idoxine pr.erenrsder,elopnrcnt
D-o r csrstrncero pyrimeLh:rmrne
ol
il
D. ie^rNodjjc_rrrs ure .ifcLrjvL,Je.,jDsr
"'${-.u,on
o
o r l t c l s L . , g er rsl r J , c
i , l : r s r r , , ,rtItj, i c
U. t)Ir;rrrrLh.,rrriIle lr;rs,r I rprd olls,.r.Lncl
-r{ s l ) o r rd u f . , t i o n, r t a c L r : r ,r,v h r l c
C. rrrl_
lrtdo\Ilreha\ dela),cdousctli)l loJlq
o
o
/:-\ | ,, , /otlfatlD
H,N*{r Fo-S-_ii_ D.y'sL,Jt.,d,)i.inc
btvcrsan e.rr.lv sr,r!::ol
rr,rs)n,bc(isur r(,tarc
.,)ti,,ji,,^iir iJ,c
\//l /
t l ) r c r u r i g p . , f . , s r L cr t r i t e p ) r 1 r n r t , .-
o ,-
l ) n r D L L ) cs l, r i i r r e r 5 i a r c
L. p\ flnlc0lll tnc pfc!fDrs (ic\(,/r)t)-
(.D rlc:rr ot rcsilancc r()s!rlla(lr)\ilc
( : i : S e c r .b ; ( ; : I 0 . { S _ i . ; { ) I, l ) j / - - - n f :
o jI.. . : , l l r ll ) ? - i r i i : ] 1 r : 7 t : J - l 7 it 0 r i , r ) l
Iin
'. S-N_ (lr.' Sr,llon,,riJrs rru rrcrirb,,lire.itr! tl| rn.],rs
" t'"i I PfrnrrP..ir\l))
d JrP
o /l""ii,',,r,
.E.
(:. oxidrrion
o D. conjuj,{rliou
I N--.r
H,N S_N-< N { l S : I l l r - l ' 1 ,| . l l )
rll\ 'fhe
\52. genet.alluucLure ol reu.lcyclj!rcs is
o r n o c L r t )d). o i n J t o g u ed f r ) l p h L t j ! c c ru1rcl
:, LJ
\l '/ lli,':l' " ',,,*' of subsriLucna
rre 1:,s
--\i\ d\1, (38:190)
To hrve use[ularrubuctrrial ;Lctivrty, a iul- , l" '--,'
"i
Ionan .lc indtrLLtcllrusrpossess or bc r:r-
pableofcorrvcfsior) io !he bodyilro \!trictr
cf rhe'follorviltg) OH
A. an alkylaredrrornaricllnjno qfour) coflH,
B. an alkoxygloulr o
C. a chlofidesrouD o o H
* Orl a nunsubsirrurcolru,rrruc urrirr_ n H
. grouP
, t 3. a flee sultLnicrcid {r1)rrl IioDr insl)ccrionoi rbis srrrcrLrrc.
| , -1. .. t .r r i :' . ,rJr' . 1r ,. ,,'=' ' : ' , 0 )
", ",, sh()uldc.\l)cctrcrr!!clclir)cs
r(,.t)c
L'
o I rood F1k'rT- A g *
n[o ,'9tg r'd"'"l
I *a '.,
t,t'
t\ 1
 flr
:_
-d ' 14 / Plwnoq R?riett

,y2 anrptroteric L polypeprirlcs

I 6. t,rs;c
t C. acidic
C. coripourrds,,f.giI.er,,t, frrr), !, i,
p n o s f n o f r cr L r d ,r d L t ) r l i n c
D.-
Ii.
ncun.al
inefr (3:l
u. i'",,,i,
r,",,,i",,,.,,,-,,,,,,,:'i"a.
-I /
L.
tjrouPs
j,.{ (5q]l Discrrd;rSourdrredClrimr c s r rr s o l I r v i u \ $ i r h I
", SL_n...ic
\'r , ( e t r r - r . l i r r ei r\ e s p ci,r l l r u i r r - \ e r g l r t2 l c r ) h u l '
\ ,I c i u s , U ' ( ) n t r )
J,
'\-'g/
(l:u90-94;3B:?83-BZ t 9; : 6 j 5 - I
r3 -
A.
l].
iosc:,ll porc|c).
I ) e c o n r cr n o r e I i k c l y r
l l a r i . i ( l i r lo i I a r sr r : L vi r cd r r c r o
A. rxl{rcdon Lorlcohol$
, prg renulron
-i3 C. be.on:e insolublcanc ," _- 7 oxid.lrior!ar duut,telJunds
rr. saFnni:rclrrun
intomoreroxc l,r L. lrydrogenatbllat <toubjcbr.rnds
",,
an unplcas:rrtodor (20:4-l
an<l
:t . (6:I 187;g8:2n9) ''
60. Surlactanrs;rlt characrerized
by rhe plr, r,
.!\ 54" Srrcpronrycin
and orheranlinogl),cosiile
-li A. r!irrer,s,)tul)itizinr.r -!rouDs
.J\.1'j' 'g/ ' 13. rrql.rtivc,tr.rr.guj'
a,,otoxic
\,. l)oslrrvcc rrggs
)'{l
C. hlpergl)ce'nic D. _ laL-sulubrlrzrrg 3rrups
I . v:lrer-lrtcbit.zinq :,nd Ia,_suturj
li ,,/
,
t7r-Zl]) (6:i lng Src.'pi ln rle s,,n)en)olecule
v;.. ,I.\\'hi(hioitelogenic
ol rlic liJ!lD\!rnq
i5 r!/.ctosct)t.c:
t t 5 : 2 ' : . - 2 2 tj l : j 2 ? - : . 1 : 3 3 : - i 4 _ L5 ,t J : , _

-Ii r:rtecr In \rrucrufcr.j :rlcpromlein?a-oJ ,l4r'^l olr a( .t .\ pollsitcclILri,ic

potlsrcclrLriric r)ri(.trirtls
r,.,)tic]Lirrs becn Decnfrju,,d i(
" .*./, r,, bc
bc r)f Lrse
Lrse
iis e
a l)iir;rrn expirndcr
expandcr is
rs
A. . InltarLrycin (l(anLf.x) '-1.t.
!\.r/-to l.riasrrra
u. r1c,)r)I(i ,(NIcilr.rrlr . Ne Lriurict .or: - *,u",r, h o + L \ . t " l i J l i l - 1 . 1
C . . \ i
i o
o n
n ,,rrcci (
L
n v
n
V i n r c r
r i
i n
n e
e ,,
v i ,, /, (u| ,) , ) & l'
I]. ,tlcxtllsr:
!..,",
9.
..d' s",,,:,';,"ri j
ti ti;ii;'",rr, ,\er. r.j. u):rrn; .1: -;'::1"'-
! l)rfo'rn)nrycinlt.lurnrfio) _,.",3i ;,:lillli,,'l'il;ri
.v{,
( 3 8 : 1 6 9 , 9 j Ugr9 : 7i t ]. -5 . 1 )
7:,,:'Jillli, l:Jlsrci. 1; o:liiiiil
Ij so: Dipileflirr..hydrrrchlori(le
(fropine) is tj
:,r' i.actutosu
f rc,(trrrrutrrc)
iCePlrut ts r
.: , ,t/ synrl)ericdisacchalide
Pfourugor
A. t)ilocarpine. B. relinerllactose
rr./ Prlsosogrrlrue O. rrrilksrrgrl
D. polysa.(lrxridc
n*o,a . 9t ePrneprrnne
'D. isoprorerenol lj. ccllul0scdc.ivarive
E. phenllephrille (:l:!iecrs.7,l2; 6:870, tl)09_,j
( 1 1 4 2 43;: S e c (t .0 i t 9 : i 2 l l )
/6^ Niclosrmidchasbeenr€leasedfor use in
)ltq,t \{lrich olr rh,,:i'ollol\,iniris (tt Lr\e aie,
PIrr'ri ,.\\1,rr:r
the UniredS|arcsfor rrearmcrrof A. ir I s :lnribyrc-ric i1c(i!ir!
J.: il.' ir js vefl iiilubic in war;r
. l\. d,iici'i<;il;i,,ftshlions
'li. t,. ||r llrc Incscrtr:col troisLrrrc,ir lq
. l e v a t c d s e r u n ) t r i g l y c e r i c i el c v i : l s
d'oitrcr ro Iirr.rrrsatir:7iic ;1(:idalr"ct
C. nicLclpoisoning

6
rcetlc a.rLl
D. rnanic-dcprcssire illness D . i t l r a si r r r L i - i r l h n r n i r o lrc. r i v i t y
I- rrh,etes ii)ot r ' . . ; r ( l u r ' ) u r : j t L , r j , o) iltiss p ; r i r r) , f cn , , o r t
/ ( j 1 r 5 c cSr i. 3 d : 1 3 4 ; 3 ! l : a 0, :1i i( j i 5 0 . 7 i )
rhbl. at-pl I :.i
58- Fatsarc i.\,5: !67; 33164t-?.
v - Ay'*r"* of ;t'..r.in arrdt;Lrq,acids 'l-tre
ar i-inlllmurarcr) agcnr suJind.rc
*-I ,.j / ,51fi+.1 su.t^dur
,t- ' lLLl"^)sn
{') t1ilJ' d;s lz4a,}e )l
i pldl o,o 6vr"1M
2r
i ,i: I
 :.:'.,:i puc.viNh Po\*sclr'- ."1 _it(o".
\--q.o \(3'^i {,,J!^?,\*u^,c- e.^$""\_-
s!- n_l !r<,..il.r €
,i].-1:, G- ,,_ t._,,.
^bln,tt!(rc.1uia:t
Ch.itti;hji / L
'I
i c l i u ! ! i t ) h ; 1 sr h c c l o s r ns u u c t u n
r : sinri-
rariryro C ncchlorcthlurinc l))(lfochlori.lc
.\ ,
\ .1y ir,.l,r,crtra:,,,
rrndocr,,r
. , ,llLl;;l*"'
Zll. aspirnr . cyrdrrbin.{r:)(urrf)
C. co(isone Z
D. ,.t,;/lt;1,-." ruurJrurid,nr t) '| t2it -:t t-: '
, , . , , , . 1, r ' . t ' " ' ' t
'"p'ot'"'n''",i'J.u,r.4J;3!,i7{;r
":t'i];;;;;;;rt1'a;5i;ili'i|:.J:'".'''"'
Jr;,,'
\)6-, \
a. ,, :'
v ( o s ' ) w r ' ' ' r ' o ' | r e o t r h e r b l r o $ i , , u d , u r s.,.
wour(r "" ,i,,i,"p,;"
',/ be l. . ^ *"rrciii"i.i,i,,f
* J ' i , , l i " , , L , r cr,, )r v r ) , ci r sr i v c s
,L -conlc,rcd ir, tne boiy u,"rlresali_ ; ill;.; ii;,]i;",,.. -
c)larefornr? C. prefcrabtygifen ir Ijxcd_dosa8e
A. aspi,i,r ^"" """'n'
;-"t,i,r,i",i,";ir,,,tr".
Il. salsalarc
(salicllsalicyljc
acid, D_isal- , p,/an efltctire,.i"".i ^,,r,g.",.
_ ( . \: \ (
l -u
.lol
-Ra ditr"m'rt,
-ru;6, ,:iJ{C,i.1i
c a r - r u Uc 'J r u r r l ) ' D ( C a l u r i r r
7L. curatiueti,r cysri,ri.prusrarj(;\
,,rcrhnus
,.^-
r3:sccrs
ancl
8, lri r.:ldt 64, ,
,.J .b.-,
L s a l o /i p h F n f ls J l i c y l r r e ) / 1 . ( / c n ( r J uv i o l c ( I. , y r ' r u . r..l' t
( r i r L , ,
F r , , , , " " . ..,r"._
/5.ScLr. Ci 38:u.t0,b42i 39:i6b_69: 61 jltlglj jyrgj'_e. 'hirtrcIlJdr;tc.n)"t c,:;- ".^-

' "60. \ t l I h j r l : c r u l l , \ , r r gr . r p l r e n u r h i i, .r c .!/ rnrh(:tnrrli,.s

J , r i , a r. c : C. anri:cpr,.s
A cl.l<,r prorlrrrcrrel lar;.r: rr, n rc'Lr'i,rti
U . l r : r l o t i c r i d(.l.l r l d , , l ) Ii r r { e df u r a ( l , e r : .,t ' ' : , r , , ! r r r \ cr , o .
il C l r l d | o r y r i n c( A t . r r , r r { ! i s r u j l )
. !,,-rl,ruriJlzire,Ilcll.r'il)
s r " ' t e idr ri l ) c ( l r u i l c sl l ! ) r o '
fl j+' lJ l) l;(-'ti... ,, -)-
,1-. chlorc.c.rr.rrc
. rpcr':rzri, .a
,=
(:*ii,'!_?i,5e,)
.F"l''l'.J,j ,.
}
..,1L, ,ilii'li:,111;ii;
lil;;li:.:..:ililii:;i.,,:
Alprosr.,.l,trs
/'/idi/ ., pftsr.,{lJnJ,,,u, fkcrcd clctlsirrgufirl1,rfcxc,crjo,,\virh. -
-L \ I tot . , . . I V n r r n | r L . r, , , j i . c u. . , , \ , . r { r \ (.r..r
V A u s cr , r , , , , U J i i ; r , , . , " , , , u . o f a l ( l o s e o, t a s . u , b i ,: , c , d
' n7 ."i"i'i'ig ,i*'f,i.,'.y or,r,, n,,.-
.,.. -".- !: ]"Ysodrgor
D_ tV
bj(rrbonrrc
irr.jc(:liorr
.z/ tus arterios"us
i. ;"u,,,iL_ lnrno,rjL,nrcirlo|idcir:jecrion
C lrcatmentol hypertcnsior: ty' Dt)Ln^ 4t1or' (0r56i);59j40)
L /
r,,;r,L\, ir {,,r,.r,ur,,,"r,,',,\,,ui,Jr0,,(nubrci,,o,
i. l:.1,1;i:f,'lfiiiilX'(ioni,,i, (rsi':
, ' ,\r,.or'or
o,ri,6,aij_is,
, ,r:,s..". ioz,qe,:u,
; rr i'".1:i:"1:
$u"r.o u'.,,u. o,u,.,n
*,', - ",-,,
p.tr ' 664\
tli'iiil" " '' .'
-. ^ / ^-,...--
'I ( - vt ' r.. rcnnnl r,/
2/'' enhanteaq iorrct arrrphcurniineso,. Ir ''r'','LJ'rr,
6i J'. ;t n;(,a;p;o; n; r;z..->: ..r;r ;. ,;, ;, ;i l; ui ', i, ,j,',J. , :1;, ii.;r :, ,;,;, ; : ' * "
:;i;r;;'lilll;" .{Y/_l '",,",
.''
j,-' c ,","!.i,ii.,iir","; \3.,:u/
u. enr,rncescr:Jn!toralhypoglycenri,, \ r . h i , hi s r r u c t i r f d t " u j , . r
E. antagonize f it.
.rctionof oicyitrc ar)tr
deDressanrs -l + A. warcrsolLrbiliry rncrcascs ;rsthc rrb,
, . i u : . l : r: r i . ! c 1 . 4 o 3 . 4 , , i , I r l r i r r ' l , r'
' ' 9 /, t
' /+\, 0 i l : 1 i , . '". " ' " '
'Lr o l l o t L h cI i , ' o r i r r ! .: r r c . , r r t i r r c , , r , t . r s L , r . L r , / " * " i , , , t , L r t , r iy, , r : r c r : iw: si L tar r ri r
d\i! asen.'.
\vrricrr
orre'is
,, ,,,, / ,r'.,',]l,l,lt:1
,,1'
og"+*, "rg1o[ _il;l;,_ !, ]::r1
.tit .. c. warer.sotLrbiliri a"..",,."f ,ll r;'
A. chlorarnbLrcil(Leukeran)
B. r;.crophospr.;rrlde
r,.,,,.r,i,,s. ' c'l.r,n chalr oi rhe
,c""_,,1. . ,l
I
:,r.,L,rt "i,i,;
d, J.*
du"'dl'z' L'^ eJ)--t u'
*- o
1.aJ'
o"*"'
J r"-f M
r{
6t/ I I
i t6 | I'hamftq ll!?i(a, 4 6.5 ,.

i D. fof a giren crl.bonchrin, rhe lx.:ilirrs

poinr is decr'easedas rhc nunrberof
hld.o\tls is increasecl
S ; l a i ' r - C e l )L.h . , , , i , i , l l y ,\ i I l ) c , l I c u ! , cj .
cl:rssificdns a/;in

-! L. pol:rrit).dccreascs\rith inclelse irr rtrc

nunrbtl of hydroxyl gloups
Il. surfactant
C. akohol
( 1 2 : 2 9 ! ;I 2 r : 2 7 4 ) D.
,/ , ke(enc
y 15 which ol thc lbllo\irlg is likely to L:L!c , ^ .L / ) i l j ( o n c ( 1 .,:r : .: : . : - i . J , 4 - . t i - 4 . ,

It -I',r tltc gfciLl(!ri(

rvntersrlubilirf? l8:. W h i c h o f 1 h c l i n l ) w i r g l i r o u p si s i D r t r c
' t L h c n r i ( a sl u u c t L r eu l f , r r r l l r l . i u u r r L, :
, y' Leniary
butanol nrerhimrrole an,l , rrl'fillo-li-ail-li-6.-
-! 4-. teluilfl l)euurrol r liev.d to be csscnt.alfur anrirlrr'rcrrd ar-
D. n-butxtlol uulla ,
I-. D-pcnrlnol (l5:3i0-51)
^! "l'4' illethllp:rr4ben is !n ester of @ Rrn$f@ai i/' -
ii.
C/
thia?ole..
thioca-rb'ariride
-r-C-i'

j\;,, A. benzcic acicl ,/:, D. methyl

. ll.:/1>l:yd roxybenzoic acid \:..) )
E. propyl ( 6 : 1 4 0 - a - 1107;: 4 1 3 - 1 4 )
'C. pala-anrinosalicylic acid jo /
o D. propionicacid
-')i. benz'lalcoholl (3$:1.17-.19)
/"\
".82 I T l r e s o l r r l , i l i,rJ\ tI c l ' c n r . c lrlr : r j . r : r .
s r . . r l r ei .nitn l l . r e r r cl he y n r : uI f . r . ( o r s4 . .
'/n. Chloloburan@1Chl<-rletone) is \!ideb' used
o l t h e I o l i o ' + i n gp n y s i . o ( l r ( r n i . a
"ol
stanrsmxv be usefulin preJictingrhe sot-
\. as a bactefiosrxric agcnr ir) pharnritceud, ubiliry ol a chcBkal cicclt
,( cals iutenderl fol ophrhalnric or nasal
adntirristlution.\\rhichof rhc tcllo\ril,r is A.r (liclecoic consran!s
-ti xol ouf of drlorobutanol? 0. pH ol soluti(Jri
C. pK, o'l tlrc chcrrical.
A. iLtlkts sornctinrc t() tlirke iln lqLreous D , s o h r b i l i t ) ,l ) r r r r r i t c r s
rolutrcrl bccruse chl>roburarr0l dis. ii,/ -tialcrrcc ol tirc circrrricrrl
solles sli)$4! /"7w\ (tir4ll-4:J;l!j2llll. ll1)2.:Jl)i)-t,t
Ll. h hydrrnyzisin bu;ling\varcr l l : . : z ; : r . . 1 5 .2{ :. - 0 - i 0 .
u. ll ls Yolnulcal ro(Jntternpeaaturc
D. i! is ir\,rihblcils hrdra(e arrd alsoirr 'ri 83, Lcur|Lc'cru'l' t." ,r,]lsr,:+_,_
\ r 4L i .
7:rrIyrllorrs ti r r.ir
r ( \.1i:i:ra1_{, ,\ , r..clr",cpt,' i',r Qtj ",t_'1r."- " ,
, Ly' i! is chcruicall), classiliedas a Lcrone. . L-rl9fcP"rcPn'rnc: hd1 d/rrAd^
/ (38:1,19) (z, . l s o p r o l e f e n o l
,/- D. L-dopa
TJ s(9, Whirer{Lrxis pfiDr:rril),
A. cerylpallrirute
Ij. L-cpbcdfinc ( 3 : S c c r . 4 i 6 : l 5 l - 5 3 1

B. con:posedot high-rnolecularrveighr "18.1.\\'hich ofrlre folLowing isa cbemicalprop-

h)dtocarbons efr)' of aceuldeh)del
ljl C. 2 stearirr A. r'edlrcesto acelicacid
i]' D " / ^ n r i x r u r eo l e s r c r so i h i g h n r u e L U - B. oxidizesro erhylalcohcl
/ Iar-neighralcoholsaud rcirl" '-/
polymettzesro paralclch)de
Y] t. caruaubarvax, 1D. condcnses\!iih primary arnincs to
( l : l 2 ' 1 t j 'i 2 5 8 ; 3 6 : 8 3 0 - l ] 1 ) iornl atdols
, ,,' L. {i)rnrssodi'r,r srll
{ ?9. Clycerinis classit;ed as a/r,l ( i 5:3i)ii-(i0i20:43?-38i31.1i8"r,90-gll
'l
'l

I tlt
/),'" ;"il'"*-"'"":"'":,'i,i'i*;,r /
" e q 5 . D i r r c r c ;, r o l ( B A L ) h a sr l , c f i , r n r u , . . .
3. _lill, li,\ir.,;|r;411,1q,1s";,'61
", .4/atconor
\,r,
,
E. aldehyde (38:tj3l) cH- cHcH,oH
J-. tl
'if
r 30. -5.nretlric,.rrris r c,,nll,or'er]r
. ',Di.d.l, s. ve|rl SH SH
,t,,,'
f / aurrcid loinrularro"' t'tytaIrt.
U] , l\',
v.'.bs*fido'r I ,\ 1"''
.,.,!
.\
 tu*L"r.=+@ottu\itffi
a' a""t^
Cu * i*2 "oI"L ft
,r.,,,,".,,,,",
/re'1Lli:1il';if,
jix,,,,:
#$,*fffiHfrfi,i!*i#
.dh CH, Pjf. {57 G ?4
- ^. .//-
'/'t/ cH- CHCH,OH )t=o )ir;r
rl CH,
.. _,, ,/ o
r -..
ng climeLbyl sultirns ,',,.

CH; CHCH; OHo

rl
't
!t,
c.
.lrnrerhylsuttidc
d,melhij sutIn'c
d||)rcrh/lsultirc
diurerhylsulloxide
SH SH ' ,/^., ( 3 : S e c rt 2
. ; 3 3 : 6 9 74; 5 , 3 5 )

C.
cH- cH - Ct_[oH
" (1)
.l\r,
\'\:llichis ?rrlrrue lbr caniphorT
A . r u rt l t s : cr L c c l j (r n r x r ucr w
ll rJLrh,,j
rl
SH S*Hg
" ;iti:ffxl::?.ii:i,i:i:l
[,]:i'"
I)/
D,
cH'_cHcH,OH
' 3";;l:,".:'ti,i'11:ii;"'l,i
dissoltesreJdrtyi,r *rLef_

Jl1
il:)lJ;
ng 8!l Ilenotrol:ins(t,crgor l) is rrserl
rrr ri<jar
. j1 intcnilit),
[.
HsS C. niale bill(lncss
D. g;,rBi1,lt
hrpertl1rphv
(:rti:I 7J, l,iS:39:.tJl) L. Pfostarjccltrcer
ji tj:i :jiJ.u
13rSecr. _t Zi 4 3 t5\))
,, -/:
!$r, Ireshlyprcpared
nqrcous solutions
/Jithe
arug reprcsenredbr rhe sr|uctLrr.al T!0: (i.tranabcrrz
acerirtc
is r,rcclar tre8t.r : \ ' ( {
for.-

It l B. diirbcres
rrcllirus e^1''
C. r'inswor.u)

L C-O-Na

'oH
lsJ. ^
pa trlpc enjiou
I,. nranrc,dct)rejsivcitt0cs$
.{; 45;36_3or
(3rSccr.

I r,e nearl),cotorle5s,
bur o shudir,grhey
4t . ' . f l r r r h o f r h e t u , . o r , . r ,i rt ,b" r 1 y q L
nrJrl1eIyu< sutuU,)nUSpt
. A_/ u,nrrr.c ,rcrtranol1,, P " r d 1 -i.,,,1r_.
tric,:.,r
uf F^,_
)^r^
a
,
,,i arrdete,,ruay a.dad rlAluse
.,f:l:l_"|
I -;.r,.;ot ola-*,t*. "nber Addi(ion ts. inisciblcwirb \valcrof alcohol
L o{ 0. l Zoot
s u l r r , e\ . L t p r e \ F r rrl h ( L r \ " o , o r _ !. nas.r pr,ngcnrchr,,act.t.isric,,do,
a 0 o no , r (\ , r | o r p r e \ e j J n o r h e . u r ' . . , \b r , , ' , . , J , , , i ) . , , 1 , . , J
I irr.por. - rr I
tal! ,reco,rpowiun,r rreruicatrch:rree rns.
IL frorrr ,' _ . , , , 1e. ,- '\:p' ,ci r, r i r r t e , , , t , 1
t : r R r nps t r c e .T l : - , r r r t : rr c . r i r i u r r , , . / " . , r t . d . ,J - - , I | . . -
s
r . Lrrr,t r ) . r lrj l . r {
I B. _melhylarion { l : l t l 0 ; t 8 : . ;j r i : j 8 rl : J 2 _ : J . l j
L . C./decaiboxvlarion
D1 deamination aiccft:ir?re
chenrict narDcfor
'sopropll
E. r'educ(ion (33:t65)
I
c \\)1 rd)A

t'
l
cl) u l.l
 g/#ry{ /^ uhtlo u a- <,ttv" p{.. yr'.-^-- .I
il t'
d\. ....-r;:r:,,

j '
tS I t'hatrrtn ltrttr .?,
!)..
,,/
t t e r t r r n c , t r u t . l . : t) 1 . t
1 u 3t*...;,
. C.. 2-pnrp.rnol 'J-
I D. n-proprnol d-X
L.t. iitc'rctbrrr (14:146;iS:3:10,8j2)

._.\, h. propyi..rr|ilol (3S:lll) A n u r r r b cof f d f L r g s! h ; r rh r v c r h c i b l l D i +

I l : \' ,f \ " \ 9 { }/.' ;r1'lbrsicsrfu{:tttr,ilrrrtdilicrinrhcrr;rtult
r (93' \VLiLrl,o r ll, e l u l l o \ i n g d c i L l s i s t h c s u o , r { - ,
c:tl crJ
u t - t t , cR n n d t i , g r o u F sa r . i m a r . ! . c L c r l .

A. rce(ic +l .Z-.._- S -r-\

-fi l). propioric T tl TI I
.3"Liiliill;:LJi'i1""',e \AnAz\o'
f. (15:36:l;
sLea|i,: 39:3.{l, S.lJ) |
! . , /"' , r , , i R i ) i , , - , l t l i . . , ( i . , r1 . .
) ,.-94rlvl';ct,is x,r u ue tor phcnol!?
l'henols
A . h : r ! ea n r r o r : r r i r n u c l c u si n s t r i c h A I l o f l h e s e d r u g s \ o u l J b c c \ p c c t e Jr , l
h)'ilfoi.ien:torrs l"rvc -
-Ll have cer(ain pharmacological t)roperries
bccrrrcplacedby a hydioxll group -
in conrurorr.Which is nrl a lyplcat -- actioD
(Otl) lbr. Lhisgr.oup of dlug-i--l-
lJ. are tefrirrt'alcl)hol, q.1 ,
L. antienretic - cl.\,rp<"-"i _
C. .,lrre ucidic B. anricholiner*rc .lt$Ptdpqz'11
.D1 arepalricularllr'csiirlnrro o\i(hriou
a. -r^i"l-pi"*..,*
_ Ir. gcnciirli)gilc ch.rrrctc risriccolorsrirh ",iiip.;),.;",;:
I). autiiriirarninic -
_p,.*.'*^"r,
/l aqrrc,,LJ uf rLlcoh,'lic lcrric chl<.llitlc - L,. Jn(inra:aria
sLrl!'tiu,rs (.liri55-5tj) ,r' ($1245_50; 3rir5ri2-6s;g9r?15-19)
il ,. J.]
A sonr)can b.i ftr.uredbv a reacliirrbc- ,):60)
95
lJi x \vrrich is,or rr.Lrcrbr.Lhcsurstan(( q,iih
lJ ,' -,,
"'""n "/ thc lbll'r\\,iirgc)rcnricel srrLcLLrlr:)
Lrrr al.t.rlr..l :r.vl .rr ulgr',ric,l.,rl\. ...;,- '
Ir - ,
I t.l.l,i.-
, ' ' Y - - )_,,r
L a | 1 l , r ' r r , , l . , . r r r l , r n i r r ' , r a . . r' ,r..c' ,ric' i , l
ll - rrlL'|luftri ! r
.\_- - "
lJ | |
C arr irulg. rrr- o.,sclrcl ln ur 'ri.,i,.! J ''nt -"r..i,",'.
lJ , q-,\d \-r':"
II r.id 4t\^"\ r.e"drT. *' 'r.,
-
ll D.,' nn irrorgirnicl)a$c urrd.unolg rrrrc.rcitl
r : , r ,, , . 1 , , , , , 1
l , i , ' cr r r r l a u i n , , , . : . r r , r r i:
J
;rci(l (20143$-40)
L A. irrs.lur.rle in *ritcr
/ Oti. lvbi.t,,.,ncol rhe lbll<.rrring is rrota soap? 13. us"cd as.a topiciLl'locll ancslhelic
|
, C. I l)cnzoicacid dcrivarilr:
i I ) . . A/ c(hvl a;crarc
ii' :iil;;, .l::;,.. h"1'111:1 s q,Lcr
P , t::{'lt
t . / ' i *"'-'
"i t'lr: li,
' s r l - o l c i n n r i r r c r a ri c r d s
j "
-
3 i;:':::ill,,i:;" -)r!,.N( (i:ese;
38:5?,-?2)
L , , , e , 1 , i , n o 1 .o, ,r,:i", j,:e: (rui c r , " " , . . , , . rn, .r c , r , \ :lr,,r , , l _ . r _ ( . . r _ d t _
r. I - ",,..,".,.,_.
| u t Ad.[ eJ \".4'.i:'225'iLt . hr(lrox)lll,cr)l -:-'nerl'yhlrni,,c. .r'pd
L.- "l/^ . . , , . , "L , ,: .o . a -." " s t r r r d sl o , d ' L ) c r o \ v p h e n l l a l e n i nW c .L a t
st. ".
lYnrcru c ure ro 01(l!rgrs ail esrer:
I t "r is Lhe r\,ar9f:soLublc for-ur used for rhe
!, | .\- Sl\.r'ri.'r',r',rrc u r r r r l l . r ," l l r ' : [ , ; l z c " q u e - u . i r t - , r o . ]
{ L s o , l i l r ns , r l i , ) l : r t c A. ,rrcrhytdor)r
C. left'p:rnrilh\aLr1)chloljdc . Li. rncrh;,tdoi,r, hy(t,!.hlofidr
D. pollithylenc gllcol .100 C. / suJiunrnrcflryr opa
E. rDeth),I clrlofidc ('l()r 1(l) 'trvdr.ochtor.irte
lJ/ rhr ertr!,l circr of
-\'Iie_$.
.,." / r,c,hvkto,), 6 y. 5.4 -. rLa
'z \\'hicl,oi tr,c li)lld(i,,s is nuta solrclLl(), L,i"iiii,iai,p,, ^.,,.,,.,,
" polyerh),tehc gl)cols? (l:78{ij i9:4ts)
: . r,'n,,,,cf,,1 o,l /

t
LJ. rrlter i 102. ltircthllctrc gifc,)lst'fc pollorcrs rcprc
,,, C. erhll alcohol scrr'tedLy drc iol uia
,
Ii'ct'-t''i

._-.-l..,-::i:li-::al:-:=:H.;-=;-t+;';-.#:--ini.-:::-::.:.-;:t-:;t+-E#ffiF
 \r:1,
:3:,,
a ' ;L"13
, ! r-c**
-rl: i,', t"l phanaaceiricarCt.d)tisq
./ t9
i,: 1 C'l-le+ hId'a \'
A. CH3CJIiCI.rOHCIllOrt rcsrhrs r t r o c r n . ..r)iy
J c s r n t srrirroscn. r ) i v , 4 c ii rr c a t b , , n c o n -
-,r It. cH?ocH:
c. J.t(ocH.ct.t,)"ococHj:(cri,),,i:It.
n r c t i n g t l r c s i d e c h l i#nlto
y
n I ( t o rrt*
'*| e 1 a ' p t ! l r c .,,.r."".
n u e t e u s .,
D. ROCH:Cr-lrocHrcH!OH :;,\ l " " "Ii a - - \ "to'et"-'fit"";t
ry H(OCH,CH!LOr{ R-X-C-C-N<
/(l:1252-53;l8:194+,1246;36:lj.l0-Sl)
_!'.1J\P a- Urt.rl"L-r^-
,N. _ . r 1 0 3 .lvhich is corr:ccrfor rhc "
druii l)icrurerl . l nc rolrDujarcPlcscnrs
Derowi
-t SH o t ' c " ? 1' k ' ; " ' -A.r-anrihisraririrres
li. analgesics
I thic"\L.Lrh.c,,.
w U. tn'hericFc',icillin
N^-N D. sympr!hoDrime(ic :llnines
I ll \)l
L. antipyr-c(i(!
---l/ ' (38:557-92
H,r.rAxlNr
.'H ; 39:477-ij2,4rj8-90)
'107.
The basicsrrucrurc picrur.cct belorr,has
.Il A. it is an a rincor)hsr;.
.i,fr." t . \ c n r i s Er o a n u n r b c ru L $ i d c t vu 5 c dJ . .
rivatires. These are callryl
B. ir is inrrnunbsr:i.:pressive o,,t t..n1o t_1a^io
!, ll rs cytotoxtc t-t a\ I
.iL D. it is ao anrirnetabolite .//\ +Hll Lr
, E.' all of rhe al:orc
, t
8<'\ _ / )-s-i'i-t-
| | 2
i'i-n',
l
-.r;
i 3 3 . 3H : 3 9 . 7 1 7 I- 9 , 8 5 0 -i l )
-1 104. Thc druS Nirh rhe followius clrcuricrl
"!,
t
s r f u . r , r r he r s , v l r i c ho f r h eg r L i l |r c i ; , J n s : A. tbi,rzi.Lis - l' i.
u. sullor)JnrLlcF, u L-\v/ n
trc \:, Il l ."j
,\ D . p b u n )i n ) i r l 0 i r y l u f c J^s ,
aLcJr Lt1Dc"(t<o'-
a*c'.^,'H'
lll
L,'srrlronylLrlcas
( 33 : 5 57 - 5 9 ; j Y J . 6 r ' l ii ii J J
(
'N- ) r- d'!o
*,ru. Lrc srr'rcl.rc Jh('\''r l)c..,\ is
nrtor'r
, Qr',,,H
B.
\,.
anticoagulanr
anuvlunlln
t,
"s.".,
I
"s".. "o g -"\
9H'
'l
is
q-- alltilipemic t \cuo*
D. antihii|atninic (39:5a9,?90-9d)
cH,
105. The srru€lurepicruredbelorvis a/an
A. j'anlinA
1,(,rr-\ 1.1^1.
., . !..tJIJ 11
I \r\1'. CH , B. .ir-rerin.iL
d.,d
.^! ,S4. C. c'-riLaminA
HO l"9tr,-l-"oo=
I
D.
E.
r|r-rerinal
raiu-feliDoic:rcid
NH. ,16:67-69)
(3:Sccls.l. I0; 3,'J:?85;
HO +
I09. Selecrrheapt)roln.;aLc
dcsignariontbf r\c
A. inrernalchelate conrl)olrnoprcrLu.ed.
B. reson)nrto.Dr _ J,"-.....,-
.t"
C. _ iDipossibilirl
' D./ zrvirreriorl. cI, fl ,9
'E. ion pair cHr_c_c_c_ot.l
(14:298;36:39-40,542-43; 3 9 : 4 l S - 1 9 , 6 1 6 )
,, S:"_.Nt.{,
v106. t t r -N)e.\ L, c*.
ln rhe firllowius seneral folmula, X rep- u'u* '
,''^\, t ' u40u J
/-,-,,, -,, tl
 t A. Lrer --lo\i
'tl cH.
r'"i t,'"^.l
<rr ,r- u . r , ,L i , , r r ; r ' ' i s r u ' u
|r s> i'' L. r,",r,Lr"r,ine
, 'l,ii.
A. CNs scdatire--
in,int,n-*i.
V<
'E. hvdralazine
D. hydrocortrsunri

"'",,,,,1,J:o::.j,';i'i
.- - - -. ''
li zr., i,!ii!1,"1*,'.",s::'
q; llii"'l'ii'iru' 'gg'gs:'sg'*do
' ' '/ .,, i !,^\
,Gl
(vrri'u\ b' 'n(ri)
srr.,t.
.,,,' ;,,.::,,,"i",.. ,"',rtr,ertr,,*vinq
1.
.''"' 7t "''"' i:il;,:,lllllluif,ricYrrtc
:';iJlii.lt'J;*,iiJiil;ii'lii:::lli: ?-:-O-i'{a
,.,-)"-;
, rreror'.
nrcnL
t
"
i.
uo4 \)-cH-cH-cooH
ro]:)-ctr:-ll,
cl"-
r'.."-.
,,; ,j-2rr.-..''-oij
U """.*"j (r,il-''\'."-
-.: \r '.-}/ '' -r ; Il l1ee J ,r u
' i.
[ "--;*\'*
^ t,::,fr:ll:;u'i:il;TiJiiii{lir
^ii. *..,,**oisepi,,ephrine.,
\ .:.,
i,r,,ai*,""u,J:?l,i:;;ffi,fi.
gwLr-","* S,J.l,Jili*'",lfir/^i:?r"41
-_.!
'li '3 iiilii,l.,'iilil
,, ;' iiir;ij*;i.!1iitiii,r1ii;;,_,",
: ,,,+lli:.ipillii,lffi
U {,1,-+ 11".;;*,'repicruredberowisrher>:'ic :T;:ni'ii;;1d;..;,.'r,;-
:r "'t" @ i:"
d n*zr---r-\c-n, Y :iii. .,,,,,.." r isltrl,T,ll:l:;
ii"'i'"'1,i,"'"v.'i,;r ;'unuzidrt used
n,*o,r$i{ )i,l';il.'i,,,.,,,ii:,1,:;,,-,,,
f] ' {- '-_ '_'''-rh^'Jr;nrelrc iir)trtle slruLluii: rrL
' i'l .{1,hiazi(lediuiedcs
' y l':.'liilll;li'iir.iJi:i;1,:1":,:111;,Y:
Ill lh'\' t' I - 'rin*|!^

i"ir" bcra
an(r -
.,irrons
iiil'^*i'ir'i'j "tph'rerre.N-";irr'rcs"rr
3. iillli,iiiu",,,. ."0,"".' wiricrr<,ftrrcro'r^v,':i
D . , u r t r n e ' , l l L r s ttihc r o s u r n r n e s

ll, 1l
'I
:A

Pltan@r.ulical ChdrtLD / 2l
E
ifthel{B'oulio drerlpl,r(Jrb<rrlirnrerhrl b.,Irrcrio1pitr.ir, .r.
r a r n e rr l l i l n0 y o r o s c n :
O t M p L b \ | '- . , '
I L'nLhrl .t. pjurcrcas'
-
- B q tif t (38:65d6;7 -;di i ' i'in r; )
'
./-\ i1lq. 1.trc phc,;),tpropi(,Dic
a.i(l dcri\llrilc i,)
\ rCH-?H-Tli .\ , ,/ rhe follo.ivir)s
pictlr.eh conrl;arrurc ro
! A A . t. . ." " _ for i(5rtle,
rLpeuricrn..,1ir,.,n...
....Lr,.v\
^ .lt\^t .e, ep*r '"' -":l)
* epur,"' :l
_"jj) '.-:
.-;,.
b ,, A.
*ts. activnv ibllo\\,iug
i-.::"1:i
increascd pressor
i iLi,'i3lil,!'**''"'""'
C. lcsstoxici(y
oi:rringesrion
y,l:lllltcorrl i.gesriJ,r
acrivrq; r-\ \_1"-^^.
cH3cHcH,<
at crg.u J/
?H,
)-cHcoon
,;-n Y-,

D,
D. lessCNSsrirrrulrtion
L E.
Ii. acrivily
stinrulatior:
adivity afiir
only
afrer parenteral
parer(eralinjection
injec'iorl
(38.407-09r
CH, 7b U^"pl,u,
IA
i

j /rro. T h e f o l l o w l n g s . r ; u c r u r e i s | h c a c r i ! e i n - € . | . 1 i l i , i i ' " ' . i , t -

r gredien(in rio' D. epinephrine -. iil
*4 , ,\ * - C H ,
n (. 3
^ -: sEe. c_t a s p i r i n _ fl
6 i 6 : 7 1 0 - 1 3318 : 6 4 -34 5 i3 9 t 7 7 - 6 0 )

t ,trSt
.- \ N o .
.l '
/a.N.,-.N_q,
|
?)^-
.UCt r' l]g. Atlrgenumberof
Irrcparcd
d e r r v a u r |hs. . r cL r c e r .
s iLhrhegcncrulsr ru_cru. c,n Llc
,
.
:. . .
lt, I o ) \ \ . j , i gp i c r u r e . l fr b e R , . i h r . d | u : c n
_rr i"", and (hc l?: gr.,upsrrc elhtl r,ndpl,e;,I.
L ^,-\62.\5.
gf v
;(-::N\
rhe cor)rpoundis i..
,-< \^ o i;'
h ()
\:-/
:
fat c,)
a
l)/,
B,-li.,1
,l
;\ru'n,
il
iir'
iii
'
t A. V,rriuur
C. Scrax
t^lr'..r.r
- o4ri{-o
rAr
c',i'"'"
J'1v'^i"
\r
;il
jl

Ial il ,""*-:^
'" i:i:Tl. ^ r,hcnl-loi,r (s'^dL\a x ri:,
'lj' vt'\J.]aLtJ' /^11b'v4,:\
_-- (iisec!.6;38:s5.r-52;
39:229-36; l]ii:l:i:i,?'''
46:49,
54,57-58). D. j:henylmatonll.-rr.ea iil
| /-r r. pnennrerrazrne
l-u?. r oc rollowrngsrructurc lsa ho.molle. B\ ili
;il;';i ;.'i;il';;i;;-ffi;:'';;;: (38:34:-44;
3e:167-68'
r7i) rli
- /
r'i
elaboraLed?
( a-. 120. A par! of lhe drug srructurcporLrayed iii
':
t",ttr - 1 , h e l o si s s h a d c d . T \ i s s L - u c r rcrar trL u e i s
. roJ Q ,a bclrr\eJ(u (ontribur.s,anili(:ur']\ ro rhc
' \b_CU,
/"J Lherat)euric acrivi) of tbl d,r-q.
l,i
^rt
L afl, ^
rcli,),crr l;
i:i
i'j
,.^t94.{.-,i-l ' .\-- : -" i,'o\gH--
L
u
i r-r. r;'?"J
i;-*,\"o
lfi
& *yt,-.^ ir.), .cficHicl,), ii
L af],i.i.", ij
It A. corpusrureum \f::a' ai
B. resris u-i-{ cH,so,il ;l
C. posteriorpiruirar.y
!

,il1 rll
 J'^l
,,,, tt, e ,foi)^
.1 fofu*
22 | Pha &.\ l:.fi.n, AUna'Ui't

H'bichol rllc li)llorri'rg

subsr:urccs
irrsrhir D.
are c!pi!lricol cheluir,:.( calciur'l
s(rucrure? i:.
are hish-rxolecularrvcigtrt conr
!
A. rIlerbfor)rjtt (Nlercufo.lrronrc) pour)ds(over :000)
.il. broor<)criptil]c nresrlt're(l)rrlo(l(t) (3:Sec4
r .; I 7 : l l 4 - l L i ; 4 5 : 3 8 - 3 9 ; . { 6 : 6 : , - 6 5 )
C . b r { ) ) t ) l ) c ri l n r i n c l l ) x l c n r r( l ) j r D c -
-I I
bfonrclrirrs(Ana rsc)
DiRctions:E.ch sctoflhc followirgqucsrtuns
c o r s i s t s o f s e l e r a l n u h b . r . d i r c D r sf o i l o $ e d
by n lisr of file lcttercd rvor.ls o. ph.ascs.
c. bro,uls(^'ah,nr (B11,,,,ufl) lvlATCtl elch leucred word or phrr.tkirh irs
-8 t! ( 3 : S c r rl-2 i l 7 : l S : , 2 8 : J - t l - t :
38:59:1, 765-GG;39r24S-49)
m o s t c l o s e l y a s s o c i a l e dr u m b c r c d i t c n . u s "
e a c h l e t t e r o n c c o n l y u d l e s so t h e r w i s . i ' d i - -
'/ trr. 'rlu,s t r u c t l ' f e p ( J r r r n t c c lb e b \ ! is
-s I
cHrcH,CH.EH-cooHd;
lN \e,.ari',r ./zJ r, ,,Jr r'/
j,47clt
n\ ttu lcuen(:tvnna,, ut Lut.L w,a" Ath tttL
rel|ted.nunbcrcdclvuicaLnu a.
cHrcH?cH, a-
-tr A 'rlcr1(:Lcld c\rcsa !!_a I'
1 2 5 . hydrolrorphone
r:6. methylrnorplrirrcl
t 2 7 . diacetylmorphine
IJ. Valiunr : P
1 2 3 . cr.hylurorphine
C Visinc ' I29.
' L
! ,l\i'"
. D
ll.
\Jlploic JCrd
\reronal
c1!\:
(6:462-6{i 38:380-di) )\,, nclorD ,

,r r:2. \Vhen drsp<ns;nS r prcs,riprior. IiJr sL- C. t,wunrorplian

...r\ft' cralfate(CarafAre), rhe lrharnracist
should I). Dilafdkl
1l rcll thc p tienr rhar , \ L. Diorih /li JA/l ci!t. 2,r'n/'o\
A. his sk)olsnraybecorrre discolored 7\
Qu6!ion.\1)tJ b ).14 /
'Li . B. he slrculdnol rakerhedrug \ith loocl
or illrraaids
Lach lturLbord (tjult uf ch( iul 'n1!.ttr:.\ i! Jit.
(i. tlrc cl|ug hlls {) sklccll€crsbcclusc ha,NtLbt a l(tkr l li! oJ Mut!.\. M,\1Ctl !tu luutu
LjitL itt 10\t clopl\ tr]r,ctotkl st/u1|L,t.
it is nor nl)sofbcd
thc dfu!i hasr clisulliraur-liIc (.{rrr, 130.
1 -c?-Q q-rJ,- [2
h

ihc d|ug is likcly ro <:airsc druris'

incss ( l l r s c c r . 7l ;9 r { 2 i ) -.-NHt l
-fr
"+ 123. The FederalFoodand Drug.{.dnrinisu.:r-
tion (FDA) hasestablished a classificatir:n I3l.
ol nervdru{is.Wirhin rhis sysrcma clcs-
i8nariono1 1A sigrrilies
A. that thr clrug is lhe first successlul
h
'l Dro(liicr!io) of an older agenr
lJ. a res,, useluldosag€lormof :r pre- 132.
t; riously released dlug I
C. tha! the drug lalk under the Con- \ t-l
i rrolled subsrrrlLes Acr." I

t- @ r:'" n'olecuhrenriti reprrsclrirr;

"Jr) rrrlp()r'rznt
utel.lt)euc uJrl 133.
E. thrt frsuki of phrs< I oTLireclirrr.rl
i restingprocess havebeenacccprc.l bt ..9.
u/ the agcDCI
' :vw(tu \ "I he calciLrulchannel
_! blockefsavailal)le
ir) l:J.{.
\--
the U.S-
"|"
A. shorvurlrked srrucrulaldiftercllces -"^--o
-o"
D. arc calciunisalts
C. ale calciunrchclatcs
"l
! ajl &?"*
'I ,5.. 1 u,trrlQrj
'-r.i , :-.\" It w @
^",\vt#^
I
l,
u I \r,i'
 phan;areuricat Chentirtry
| 2j
A. aldehyde!"
B. arnkic / Aue ,bcloa.\IATC tttct,|etc,t laanioMt eaout,
u ^ ulc ara.nre,t tuntb","J \pe af .,\,"tul,t.
C. alcohol "
il. amine . J 4 l . q r a r e r n n 'a J r n i n c, D
r. carboxrlv/ (l i366,37{il r r o . . a m l d eN ; . - , , , . c
. 1 . r 7 .i\r n i d e L
'l+3.\cerbanra-ie* D)
-_oH \,' -- A. _OH
. r36. - c H j l]. -COOIj -/ . c.t' '
c6H5cH?- c. llco*7 L-l ,
I 3 B . cH3-CO- D. (CHr_),
139.CHICII'- [. (HCO-Jr (1.:r08_Ee,j70l
. l/
A. nrcrhyl \1. \
B. acctyl \13 Quesiont149 to 158 w )t
Lach nunb.tpd.gToup of p4ix{ ^cd ia chenijtry I
C. cthyl '4
J1,tloupd a kucrcd.tist oJ l,t,o\|s lhar defia; ol
D. benzyl \]1, ,q
natull thp
E. hydroxyl r-.4 (l:376-7i) trel*4. iL4TCH thp/,h,r.."ui ,;1, D.rrt
ct.setJ6t,ot(rckdprefiE.
'-149. /
leyo-/ i
- t-tA. or,:ho-J 1 )-
''i\'r'-
-C=N -' ..1-.1. poly-,/ ?.
/- 152. hetcro-"/' ^
-153. anhydro- .-1 ( t
'/l I 'd\u' n rrtighboring or r 2 po_
- c-o-c_ :lg,:il":
st(ionsou!::
Lte lrcn:enerin[ , -
, I). rncansrrorrll Lhesarnc _.
) ' . ' , . C . r o L i r e sp o t a r i z e d
I r g l l ., , L l . ct e l r
,/.D warer rs re:nored fr.rrn n , u rt ,,Lrr0

-c
I _r. jlr(rrii.rrcs scfcirt idclrirjrl L,tec.rlct
o r . r ) r o l c rt . . r t r : , ; r c . r , .l.r r c
) t,.iIcd
,'', roFcri)cr
( L 1 6 t ,3 ? 4 3
, 8 1 ;3 t j r p d 99,3 0 )
.fi1.t *rr-
- I55. D
desoxy_
.l5ti. nor- ts aa
157. mera- I
l 58 . D- v' a c
A_ denores removal of oxygen 6.on) a
_
/ B. indicaresa compouLldrvhich N re_
iln, lrl(d ro anorhcr comlourrJ,
a l i " b v : r l k Y I al J' r rr r r
' Sen€r_
, C. srructurall), relared to D-glycerarde_
nyoe
'. '' . D. a basicsaL..
F :-
i |:;:r" /
\ql nirrile (cyano)"
[. ,rhe 1,3 posirionson rtre benzene
nng,
t. a m i n oa c i d . (r:3u8_20,.1;?r (l r_,i74. 575.72 j , 826,833; 39:64)
r. .
ill : .. Qu^tioiLt159 lo t62
n'.'-
::;. 1 ' ' t - l , c t . .tt, J u l , . j , r d r " . u ; u t L . : u , t . , \ r 1 L .
Qutttion:l $ to liil r
latl "J"*c nf'^b.,cdotsrLi nihosc qu:.oDtpou,tt\ f',i|, up : 14'ubualJ lut u; .taa:. c:Ju.n,t L. t,tA t.t t
, ,l;. uEJof;nutt u x ute corwp.ad; g nur?.
-'i. bP,'2'':'eIpl
.# : '',:':"",,1:::::':9:.:;:.""l.ti
tota,leua' ai;*a j,"iii,,,,i,,i"
i:::::,: :n:\ :d
a'*r,,,;,,*, 159. aceticacid ta- J { E
:i bdlag.n uith ou ul the Leu,re,L "r
1u,t,rio,,atgroufi 160.I srearicrcid tCf o
:1.
\,1 ;l
 ''
' ol;u -, w1*' "'' ,, l'o ,
l\c (. ,, r0,,,-16111''^lo)
u ) -*+L $U\ 9r-t" g1
24 | PLarna,l Reticu
A161. oleicaciC l!'
J A'
C. ..
i1 R
162. formic acid' f. /ocHl
(A.' cH.(cH')'cH- H(cH,,),cooH : '
rB.i IJCOOH./.
C. CHJ(CHe)rCH(OH)CHTCH:
CH(CIIT.COOH
.:.i:,;t,,
",a
j' C)-
aoa".
D . e H r ( c H 1 ) , ,'p o o H 5 \ : , . " -.
E
= . Cfl,cooH'
t r ' g 6 9 ,1 2 4 81, 2 5 7 ; 3 8 r 1 3 2 , 9i t1s8z,) .,4.

G9 Oucstio: tfi ro)66 r/

ihe ambpredsoup oI qperof chc.aicat.ln.tk's
piu.nLrlowi\ fotbuedb o ktkredtut o! d.Jrnha,Ls
rebcdouM!\TCH eachdelinttoltuttl'
if cheaLical
thecofte$onding t l)eof rcactian.
a
163. saoonificationA
V
tr' iii
l O + i'yi]'iiy"l'""'t , fcD
eiterifltati6n/ /--,
hYorolysls
i),' 165. iY,lli'iHil':'t
j iEl. r' "/
I66. neutralizatiorrilj:r,'",,.,rr
l-\
-B
A rer.riou of fiut or oil sitl{ alRl}i,t<r
( )-9H-
fornr s,.,aps)n,.'|/gl;ce-rol : t-r(!\t i'll{?
B. reaction of acids {ith basestq fglrn
/ salt(s)and rvater-
, ',0. rea.donofsahsbr estersfrth \rater
-\<\ N-.,, to lorrn:rcidsand bases or':rlcolrolc '4 | )
'.t ' . (3:Sec!.8i 3Si229-i'n, 2.37
) "r -4. rear:tion
-D, rea:tionlnin rvliich
lvhlclrrh€ hldroxll or
the nydrot)l ot all
an
-i : .. . ,.rrranic:icidis Iepl.ced bv 3D'lllto\\ r , . ^ .- - . - 1 .r ' /
'$).|;.: - c l'72. P\tct ""\ /"
gri,uprRO) € r 7 3 . oxacllrrrr
i E rcactionin lvhicirl't(irogtnrr''rrr 'fe
a 174.:a;E-niciuin -.v"t'- > 6r'l
added acrossa doublebond a 1 1 5 . C!'-o!4r11n
(l:250-51369'391 '192' arocrllrn

Ouurions167to l?6 t.).t

iath auuberctip,ot'[ af e enc a,.htuial M ts
Aiv,nbeku;' l;ttol';d'lria kueredtxt a[ dntxa,
itrucruesfot ih si,l?d$bs of paftilLinnolccuta ,r--\
MATCH ihp .lkdicdl st'uetu,t u'ith " ol,PtopnatP ( )-9H-
i. Cl,.y-S'i$,"j*,
, Ur. 0.., r, O*,.U,,,ltpeni.ilf
i36fflXiliillil, .r,tPff+--.,'r(i, ^' -N.
t\
ilg.
I / t . if.,itlill-v
c l o x a c l l l r nr - l
i,\'.frilff |;-n-t,"".. Itso
Jrin' A ,-\ V H
'\*"tr7ed ( Ft"-
g.'./
'':g.
Ho{}gu--
Nl-1,
 phamnciuticat
ChenhttJ / 2j
t_/
t A. carionic
c
t NI H
I ..
B. aorltrol)ric
!,. noltronrc
D. I),mpholyric

-:.I cI
I
l:'. anlonlc
. (1:1253;22:14t,

Qu.nitDtst80 to tt2
t 2 4 ; 3 8 j 1 . 1 2r +
, U)

"I
(t r,t1,d.n" rs ,1,, t ,.;"
::.,:.Lttt.i:::t,rt,i :t,t,,.,. ( t.r , r
t h a t .t a v e i n c , a , a o L t \ c , ! . a d t r
I at.a..raJot ttu\uttizet. tjA.CH a(
c, ap pt o! tlart ch.rt i.l { rnrch re
tt,e un. :tu,t tt.t

180-
/n /".rJ.,1:;,r
l\ t,-,ffit,. Z'rs.\.-s, B
'tu*u"J]-"
\ ,}- 9H-. ,.7 ,\A"Jl./
'i]
Y-Y {sl</
F_cH
?;' LlJu1vtJLi't*
'.:
l8l.
,E

*to

(3jsecr.8; 38i2JO,
2{0,242-43i
{5r39_40i
46j78_8{)
)77 ta tZ9
QuertiulLt 182.

:],il::|i""*,,,,,, 6T,
uXl[:Xo'i::l:,:,"i,i:i,:f
ca'1"t''''"t'oso-,Na
n ll] F ta A*p,/sc. 1o .1 fr
.-,a\rc-cH,CH?CH,_R
'u tt
I u!,fuuCot drt'
(l-, cr-.Hro
, !r/ / a. ptrenott,;o
zineuJt e-"fi
.g
bH,{cH,),,cH,cH,r\ B. rhioxanrhpqe
\,. u ut.anr
cr,t/ Pc'ttt D. flurindetide
E. fluroburlropherrone

'c 35.363_?5)
' HO\--.----.----.oH
lt o
\u(,1\r.t
to^f -:n'-oE""n"
OH . \.. \" Bo
.! q g"tJn' i' o"o o4#

.t
 t
d
ild
i
ANSwERSAND co\,IMENTARY
u r \ r i { r ! o t ' / o' r, . r r \ r l n l n r
k .' c lc^,ol .,,,{L- J1 c0 ,, , ,\ r. \. ._ - ---,-g, p1r,..aa,,l r} b t z{ ltl)Pl ei st U
: 1n1' n
\ l,taJl/h' ut lt' (t st tl D
t : t' ' '" J ' l '
;. 1
d, l l ol .; "
P , .,. o. aLrr.ougr(ezprirhirxs
it tu*mr.y.&l' a dosesuucrunr-A i:l.l'-"1':l-,r_.119 gi:gj,:11._":j!.il:.*-.i:i:
;*i;;ii;3.hr=ffi;#;, riil.i.,i,i'"i.] f' ii'"v",..nni"e.iap'drv,regrudlJi,r 'un-sr''
'"
" a i u r " t i - a c t i o t ' .l n n e r d i r J . r u a l l t ( a u f s s i l t ,nd]'uEli'wrori'rr. Iu rerL(Lr]r'"Son-'OIC
'rl8)
tli a n d' r . r r e r . r t b q . n J c o r r r c q r r e n i N c r sqh' Jt i n l ) c d i ( r r l t ' r L l ec so n t i i r r P \ r d l n r ) s r 3 ' J
lI ,c tuJiu|r rrtr ji u'cd in it'e trerrhcrit ol c . T h e F J n ' d ) J I s ' n r , ' ' f I ' ( ' i c l , l , , . c ) " 1'
c h y p e r c n s i v ec r i s i s . . A t r eE r pid inrrare- h c x a n e( L i n ( l a n eU S I ' ) i s r v a i l a b l ea s K w e l l i r
i,rricrron,ir sencra y prodLrics a fall in cre?m or lotion forD for use a5a scabicide - add
-'li ilr""ap',"""ii '.'l;i" n'l rit;nqtc.It*asilr- ^ (l:lls6-ser:i! s25)
pedicu,icide
iI k thcoflicialUSr nanre
nrrltr ihoughrLrurppiJ injcciion\^s man-GhAtpto,/ [. chloroPh€nothanc
d a t o r \ t o s a t u r a t ep r a s m rp r 6 L c r nb i n d i n * i ' r e s " DDT (t ll86;
t o r r h e N c l l ' k n o \ c ni n s e ( r i c i d e
i ;tfi;! iree drue could icrclt and act upon 39:81:-:!/
'
,l a n e n o l r r s n r o o Lnhr u x u l 3 r u r e T h ; s i d e . i t n o
:|. -n.r$ L"ocic"n.olhalc"p(edis'nallerdoscsoldia. it D . I l c r ' T r l l o r i u r r lc h l - ' l c i s . c a t i o n i ct u r t a c t
:--o{'t!i,ivo\1 cn*ufziiiic'r1"n'"
ac,n€aseDrIn,h'pn
\")
;ii;:?:i;;";;;i;f':;:;;;;;-';;;;; ano s'r- inoe
M e t l c c l i v .,,i(n
ertccr,,at) i ( h t e d uincidenc.
l y \ ( feduccd n c c o r 4 [ g ! e s ! e h asleh
c c d i . c i dof€ 3!tg!e r i ' t ] c n z J r | ' \ ' I r!,,-1cn!
s f ! ga\fgtrT'rlcnzrr]\",
iii"ii' iil.i hyporensionllGoie . rhr ot-onrc lginii aic in3.riviL.d bccause or
iiiJ 'nroc..ai"r "'"*.."i""
int"'cti.n.lii ,i,leeffecrs tl.rir- thecomuinatron of lrrceorton' ' tl) lrr(c !r'
t,*-i l"u"i*rl*"'i" l,vpcro:nrolrr rrtrk.' 'iottsofsorlre(olb',r'rtrinncrivcPrlxlucL"(ri:978;
ror,J LUI'i. ,k n"r('hcs, ',cutrul)<nrx tlrruDr_

t- [m;:ii"'.T1i",':i':,lli::i,1,.o],:r { BD,,r,,d,o\},-,ci.:
,i;;i-rii;iiii c,iioz-nr, d6,:ror
ir,ro:' :)iii:'l: ;:,:,"l
,1i."
li:l;ji,l,i3ll":1"1:
6:l)
2 . D . I f a h t l u o n, so r r c. l r l t c r r ' r l v t o s i t o ' q r n i c
rb
!,
. p:"11r1:tit..:
;::t'::i*rl.1li"il:.Ylffffili:i,;i.. lr".t.:i'
i';,;ti:.:;,;:
-.,''m;':',x.lil,,,,.ll|\r':i''bcl'ap,*J,t.. ',:l
L ri,L'"sfi-;ie*io" .l ac€Ltlcholit,e '!r-e:r'ur-,
lhj.r":r't
;::i;"';;,;;;;;;i;;".
",'l'
ri"ii'"is;"pr,"'' ,ii"-a'iitr,i"oq--i"'"' .rrisll',:t. , !1.
inject€d In!o-.1
the
ir,"i.i *! u*i. -'",- ."en on roikarippri- herniarccl orrltc
nucreLrs lumbaf rnrerve ebrrr
i",r,,",
rirLilniso|n,|Llvee | e n b -"'.
e e n . r*""
o n 5 i d e r t.en r l s e d | s k ' toi
e d t oconsiaered n y q rresulcing
u | n i ' S l D r a P | odisk'
r e sirse olys'sollnclro.
in raPidhvdrolvsis
oflhc Pro-
tl ;. .;'"e "*r
<turns are. Malatltioo is a rein-srhat rrairrtxi! thc suldure ot:dre nuclcus
"."s "'a Tr,;sle$ens+rlp e r o $ u r c : n , l r c l i c ! e ! r r r cp t r i . .
;;.r,.fi""il-* i f ; r , i u , " . . r r s, . ( i , i r * i n l n -

' r,Hffi*ffiHff
i."i';i",i'1" *'ii"'i"il. i" (l,e-!eer n,iu6iro.r
;r*lii:iillrfi:x'tiry:;,;
el.'risis ^'lrPhirrxrsot<'is iir abouLl% "r
;ta*hi!.uis.j. I'tio<rernr i5rrrFrte rs-r115% ' hxvc bccn rcP(rled
'
ili':""r'].,1'1-'t',!f
rr:5crr r'l
n , i . n i , , ? b r i B o D r o r n 4l l c o h o l l h e $ ' l \ ( r ' L
rl,,,.,.,rul/:;ll(nfiiiii oirlol en .1.,rr'"
.. r'"i. air... f:,s.". l0i 39:826-!:J) t' A AnririoPhIlli'rcr'LsijisoltlrcoPhvlliDc\hich
l. q;,;1." otrrer rotenoidsrre usetul hnsb"en ,cacrcdlilll Li.q.lA9q',!l9c'
Pro\' 'ts rPfq+l!l!ll):; "l'' \
iels3l!
rnseiii.iaes"h;.t "i'a .rre 'elari!€ly no,,ro\r to .Ponc: Ps
Ina.,,n'Jl.. Hu\e\er. rher rre no, ,.e.un, @lreqd9!rgg!!-!!r!:!!!lrrd'r,r$jryr!Jr-
, , r - , ( 1 . l(:l, r l e ( l ; L u l r ' i ' lbc sc u s e r h c )( t r r r ' y ' i n c\ s l l l r t r l n ln r l i i r ' r r . t l . r ' ' r ' ' r r " r u n \ ' r
,l"l'.r,iibl,. ii-s,,rtu s$tl"";n':L- Nr| 'c'ris\"rvc
trrcse c'vstah
a,eused
ii. i',iii":i," t"re"s'"i,r,srne€isls) rPLr"' AmnroPhvlli'c
3 n;Lelo^iE-trr"''"8r
[ r a 4 w ] i od u j S L ' r p : r t J i , e t t
:d

!rl rr611' .. '

te ov6id :",'rr [;1 iaIP;r
, .rr r,rll.
 i! I
flr
,r
't rl phanMc.
;cut Ctcnli:try / 27 ..:
E I n j c ( r r , n U s t , s r , , r c \.,D , , r , , , r, , k ( t r
., ,r,,)s,.,r,
r,r,c ., i,ii,_i,l'iril::-
,^p,..,,,r . o , r ' d i r ' ( ,rrh . L s j r . ( t r . t , c I
h r n r u ( . ( 1 .. I . - , i.
n o u r s .( o : J l t i ; i 3 . 5 S j ; 3 d : t j 0 ) L
1,. ^. ou,n"*0,,*s3r(l.r;,,,rt,n,k.crLj
h,f- ' """ like'':'
griiifrt*,tlruri:fiii#:
r/*i*fl",#;.ffi} T;!:i
n I . 8 . . S . ] 1 1 1, ..?, ,. ,. , .r . i . ,i rr ,; ., ,. ,;". ,. . , ,. , . , 1 , .
ii I i",,i*r
I
;r;::i;f::l":i
I
-..
;,i:."ii"lt:j*::.,,,.'-
' '-'r-!:-rtt-qlrc
"srir' { rn-
i'drufrnttt*ffi
C . P f u g"'1,.",
u l r t . i L , r u r n . J , . . . \n 1 , , 4 . , ,,(L n , .
n .,,)d
i;
:l'i;:l#ile::;:Li:',il;;lt:ll::1-:'
r. \ o,s,;i5;s
\ hasr,;i;;;j; "' ."',.,,"' ;1"J""'"'
t u - , v s n n c , N h . c hh d . a q u i n o t i n e
1 ,.t,...
.,r u:'i;,T:,;ilix::ffi;;ii:T:T:1ir.,,"
\. r rs

;". "
oon!.hr1.nr(idJland"p.ro,l|oLidar:<.i\,ry.
"
I I'i:ir'lli!:i-'itris:l;.:,til:rff;::
ld 8
f,,"..,;fiffry,flfihrg1
l.gulnjie !,Nrlareis :orubrc
:,
in r0 pa,Ls.or

;:,j,i.iit
i,:i!,i!!:i:ri.?:xr:i
r i:;:,T.it:.i:1,,::,fi
:,:;l ::i"f#,fi#ir!$\fii,J,#
1.t::1,{t,j::":i"",
(c"'q)
;; f i;;:,:il.:ix,:ll;n'aLi' orre''
'.,:,"1':ii,iii
," ::,:.ilil!fi :f,:.;"'i;::.
:t*:::::
: 'mflil[1ffil,,
5 0r x e d ' t r y d r r r e\.l | i , . r r i . \ r : . ! t . . I \ t , ,
n.,,nrrl
icc,,u,coilrc.,
r r,1,,
;:;,liil:'i,*:. ""," "

*g,,,1ffi-_ffi+*x., :,
E w i ! . n e r t . " , Jr u t , S h r . , t , , r n , r , e
)u !rc r.-
,",,,r: ,:r:r\.;u,,
,i..
#;:,rie,-"
r.i 9
.";,
:.1'#ll:
.j;il":',iil?,uiil:
molccui"
;*',::lI; :;t:::
fron:euir'r:c.,,1ij; ;;;;li.
dirTeis
il ffill'-'*t:i1;,,;:, :,:
f;t':'ii";:"1t,:li;t
:';;';j,"..fifr
i ){l: '
rohrcB a r e e q ! , % t e n , l )c h " A i , c , i a " l ; , a t " , .
' a r . o L Jqr u ' n r d r n eh a 5i 6 m a j u r( h c ! a D c t r f i c
ure
. i
ir;.:;ri;H::rirl!::Li*;ru,,
inegularili..
fiJnfiil:lt:i[l; il !11]in ol ,""r",' iHco
:i.,j:,:,,i;::"ilt;,
"*: j.
0.
:ff*.::fi:iil:":"::,[';
f;,;i'.1r9:lti'# H:o+cor--:e H:co.r
|ij
iiliit"1l.f:::i: i i:i:1tri ll:; ;:ll;.:: "
II.(;O.= it(io,: + H,Or
ii:
;lti::'J;;lf I l,.,,l,tl:,,..". j^:'::tlt.:
I
t*
:l;:ll:;,,::l l l;iil;l ltlili; I: llr, ilii,,:il,t;l,t:
.
l;lirsri,i*.r*-:li'1'.,ij;.
c n ' t , e r r r u r ei o r e \ L c c d i r , j j . . l j " C .t.(l
I U s t ,! t r l
r e q u r r e sr h a ri h e r r b e to t a l t ? o n u j r l e r u t n ? v . . i r r t x . ' s h \ s r . r , . r l ' xr , . i t , " r : . rt\. r . . / i r
of orr
b a r d e n y d e r. n c t u d i n gr h o s ed ; s p e n r e ( t v r e a c ha p H o r S . ! . V

t#ti'.'llJilTliTl:,f
b\'rhe
y;iii,
li,jj jl;il:,,.,i1".;,1:,i:b"l,i,l;,;l,.ri
,
:::ll:lli:i:l
ltt:i1ll,1 nrnlll
)
n rir'.r'r.rhtr;'i t"1,n,,1
t, .(.'. t,: ,( '

2'HlcHc(W*rz-ficu
-ltr^; iri
, ' i.'? "
t{

,$
. 'iY^.th-
Ct/,coo! z
 28 / I,hamaq Ilnictu

r 3 t i n 8 o h o l e - b o d ys c r n s r u r . d , i g , r o s , i c
pur.
t r _ o s c , , r uaLsh' u m o . d e l T d o , , . t n ; D , , " o r h i q h
cosr ,c) mrv rept!.e {tT ..""*, , ,,f"t,
u r <m o r c r r a m f l u l\ - r ! v \ t 1 . : ' 1 2 _ ! 5 . \ J . j 4 -" :":r)"

r,. jl"-." ;b,ur s,n8re

bondsin a,),1.c
Iri C . -L . ' , r r r i ( t , . r r t . t f , tL i , , t . , r ( t i , r , , , , , 1 : , , (.ot
o tc n c i .1:-,1i.1
r r r n t c , , r i t , o udr o , tc s h o r c x i s r t , ( L J u 5 c
nr r
o r 8 < i u , er r d r r r \ r . c . i J 5i ' s i r c r ! r u r o ( r d ..,,tu ( r . , ' r \ ( t r , , 1 ri n t e r a . -
Ir o o n so t n o n L ' o r r , c te r n r s . l ' | , e r n L ( 1 " r . i
I r , J n ( r J C c p i r \ (i at :it 2 U t . l 8 : 4 t d it s . d l . j . l r l ro
chorccA 6 o\rtic xcrd. 8:l0i7t r p^Nonr||cmserrr s t i : ,. e w i ( h n o t w o a r o m ,
I Choice U k rlrta c o r r c c u yt a c r n g0 . e . ,e" c, t j p s c d r. .I h c t a v o r c dc o n -
{39:8351,/
C h o i c eD i s . , c c r ; c"cid. r c ; (d3. d . r j 3 . r ) , . r o r m a t r o nr su , u r i j ! r h c n e i n k t r j c h r h e t a r
r4l
IF C h o r e E i s n r r l e i cJ c j d .( r j t : 2 i ) grc!ps are sqparoredfi.o,n onc anorher by"as Eer
r Srerr n drrrnce rs porsilrp /i.F.. .fh(
sraCCaredJ.
I li. D. i\tn'c,rtui,,b<i s.,ioirpotrr,isnrisciblerlrrrr
a c \ o r . r p J ' r ) r r r ,gg r J T 5 i i J u y r " . er t r e s eL U n -
! o r m t n n s r o r e r h r n c/ C l . { , _ C j I , ) .{ 3 8 . 2 3_ 2 7 ;
i'F n r o 5 rr r s J o h r J , r r6 _ r r . t n r i \ c i h t e _ $ i\r"trr, . r ,
'1
IE
. , r J , ) h o Jt r . $ r , . r , , i t _ . . u f \ h i r h ( : \ t - , t r ,
l
o l p . r J r j , L t r e c . , u soct r n c h ) - C o n f o r n r : l r i o no
) f EthaDe
,*F , r r o r y tn d r c a t si n r h e i rs I U { u r c s .( l : ? a 5 l . i
irt ^ . U p r o l 0 t , p n , u t d _rl j p t r r r : r o c o u l e , o i v il f, ,lt\rti'\rt
,",,;.l,,.,,
i;;;,t;"-,ffi".;'ibdr.Ij,l \.r6\ iCl0r
aripr,lric
LonrJn,in,n6
ro I.e.. .. f llH
:ll,:l:",i',,,.q
'ii'
o\roes,!h,frr rnlp:r rn undesiralrtc
(rsre.(5)rBIU).
odo and HYt'YH A
r.rr3r.r tj"a)-
't"
lb. ^. A (t,e..,1i ., (,,ut,,rudLJ r,,,iiu r,, ,.,.
r'
i,l c'r.ri,x,'rr,Jl
,rl .,r_rl.jslr!]rl()M*irt, J ;,crat.
til
'on (o rirn,'x rnS srrucru, e.1.hcnrolec-i-(l
ror'1sIncrilg n(r.(urc \, irh rh?liic-rk-tri-crtrea Staggor€d }jciipsod

F, :ilft5ir,iiiffi ,l';il:,:t.ll ::ll:l;;;:

? { o r s r r { l i , , i , { e du l h . n . c r r i r e t y r o N , O und C A q{rtJ
u r ( l , t , . , 1, \ o i r r : : !
s. (38.r3-{1) ) r,,:,.ovc bL.
(ltjc,,t,,rrc,.,,.,].,,nl,cnsa14rr.
5
a,rr'$o-cu,r'pounJ,,.9, nrclr(;,frrficlcd.

1 9 . C . E d e h t e c l l d L r ndra o l i , m r Y c , s c n a r e t c, sy o
paremerj ) (Senc,: y i,,r,inr,::.ulirlfl tJ,c_
d!,ccltiod'cvts lDJ dcporsrores.t lero u,
a c u r ea n d c l , r o n r ct e a dp o i s o n i n ar n d l e l d e n -
c e p h a l o p r r l . v t. h e c t , e l a r ef o r m a dN i ( t r t e r r $
s t a ba , , w a r e r . $ t u b rhl d r e a d j l ! . x c r e ( e db ) r h e .
r ' d n e y s .( 3 : 5 e c r t 2 i 3 8 : 8 t , 1 _ 2 r j )
22. D. (usi23;3!:72)
A . T h e o ^ r n csr , x h \ J f l ; c n s . , r c p d r r r . r . L { r h .
r r a x ' r o r t h e f l n gr h r e e b e i r , 6 a b o \ e L u e D . a n e ,
t n e m o l e c u l er n d t h , e e b e t o w .I h c a . ! o m .
p a n ) r n gd i a g r d m , r I J 5 u d r e r t , c : e c o n f o r r n a -
t i o n s .( i i 9 r 7 2 )

! 0 . A . T h e n r 3 g ' r n u docr , , ' . - , * " " n

a p r i ) t o n ( l ' \ . 1 , o 1 , . ,. , , r ' . . r i,s i t c t , r n",-t"c,n. r"o,n. ,i r i
' r g " e t ' f e n v ' r u I n ' e r t t , i . €, u n r l r c , , , , , s u , -
r o u r d n ) g i r i ! r l i c ' r o t e c u t e )A . D N\rR,pec-
rrum is a display oi energy3bsorption piak
v " , i u s , r r c l e r i c l t ( t d s r r e n . { t r . t ufrk , , , L i p , o {
r o ' r s i r d i l l c ' c l h : r S r r . r i c c r t r i r o , r u , c. j t . , , " F
p r e r a r i o no i a p l o ro l r c s q n a DI lr r q u c I c j e 5 , . c r ,
r u sa n I b i r H , ) n u e n 5 i rjrc r r el . r e t d i r r r t ,nrr r o o r
a D . r u r h es p a u r ta r r a n S e , n € no rf t h e h . d r o i ( n .
a(ons and d,e erbons.to $hich rheyarehon(kdr
..NtvlR imagingsystenNtlau. b;cu i.,"1,,p"d lr.

I
r"la,/,tr<.ef I
 r a u 1 1 r u - t x n t c ,a h t a t ^ h ) 1 29
,r. O,",. O
". ".'O t l o \ . i , s c u d o e p h e d r i i eh a s t o w d v a s o p r c s s o r
i n d C h \ S s L i n ) u l a nu( c r i c r rr l - r . o , - s r : , , c . r
cHr(cl_ir),gH f l x e . ( 2 : l 3 E i 3 8 : 2 7 ;5 9 : 6 j )
tl
HOOC(CH,),CH
tll
t#E+s--}:a^-\
ll
\\---
andhas'ihe n .I
l'ii',; i;li,:,:* s''-nrer fol-
H Oa c - H H_ic _oFl
I
cHj-NH
I
CH,(CH,),CH H:C-NIJ_CHr
i'. : "'ll I
!;. CH,
t' HC(CH,)7COOH cH,
rti
O r h f l g e o m e r r inc o m e rs o l I n , sr ) p e o re m a l e h .
l7 r L F rn n d l u m r ( ( r r d r , sa) .r d s .r t U . : 2 . 7 8 i )
i
i
ir 2 4 . C . T h e - s l r u c r u r c s h o w na r e ( + ) - e p i n e p h -
I ' n e a n d r - , e t , i n e p t , r i n eL. , c r i , c o p { L a l
n ('t
i s o m e r . i:. e . .r h e , d i t i . r r r rr h e r rr b r . i r yr o r o t a r e H_!C_OH
i
r h e p l l n e o t p o l J r j ? e dt i g h ( T h e , + ) o r o e \ _
HO:C_H
i:i, i ,' I I
r r o r o ( a r o r {) d i r s o m e r o ( j r c sp o t rr i z c dI i 8 h , r o CHr-HNrC--H H_:C_NH_CHJ
i,f' t h c . i 6 h r i n d r h e ( - r o r J L r o r o r r r o r,' t . i . o m e r
r o r a r e ts a n e q u a la m o u n rt o r h el e f t _T h e ! o G
p o u n d sr r e k n o , r n i s o t r i c l l e n r n ( , s m o l p L s
CH, CH,
(opri.ar anopooe5.enanaio;;;i-I6l;;c
.r I n . ' rr n r \ r r e o t r | c r l E o n r c r u
ans
i n , n r i c i ,r l , cr p , , . J r
( r, (-i

! r r i n s e n l c nor f r ( u n . s. , s r , . t , . . : , r , , i , , , , , - Pss!docphsdrrnc
c r c t ' t cr e n ( c I j \ r ' c | t t , J rr t , cr \ . , r , , l c cr t - .
d i l T c fo n l r i $ d o r h r r i g h (n ! j ( ll L t ( l r r r ( t s . l . I e r!klic (r cc (cr ,)l rrtr!)j,
iv.
p r c r ! r c o s r r u c r u . e sn r c n o s u p e r i t n o o s l b t c
m i r r o ' i m a S e Js . r t e r . rs i r , t t r er r r r n r " m e n r o f
H a n dO l l r r t l , ca l r l : c r r l , o no f ( t , " ; i d .c h r i . 2 5 . D. 'Ihe.prosraglaodins (PCs)ak ;, group of
Opri(rl e,)ln(io,,r,,rptu , .r u r l t r t , : , , . . ! t c u r i ( r l
c h e t r r i c ) l l l r Idh l s i e u lp r o r ) € r r i c s ( N c eI ri ,nf r e r l
r l , . l i t yr o r " ( c t , o t l r j z . dl , S h , .H , . . . r c , e rt,h c )
o f r e ns h o sd i l f e r e n c crsd L i o l u c . r , t r c r r r , r rF. o r
c x a m p l c ,( - ) - c p i n e p h r i n ch l : ' o l i i i m e s J r ^ , ;r;ilt,I"ffi
#i"ji i;di:1iii!{
more acovcas a vaseconsti€torrhan f+) _ ep_
;nephrine. The diffcrcnce in biotoqicatacoqry
_Lj.,l ffi**#l*#ij,+hi;,mm
l h e ( i c r lc o m p o u n dt r o s r a n o t cu . i a . e r t " " i i r +
[ , u s r b € d u e r o r h c d i t f c r e n c ci n " s p r ( i a l r ; , prosraghndinh s a l e b c c n i s o t a r c dI.' h c 3 c v c r ,
r a n g e m . a r o r s r c r e o L l , . m i . r \ , . J d . 2 3 .- 9 i
r'
,I 39:6+-69)
B. DirsL.reorsonrcrrI'c opgqli.qse!'
I
th,,
n,r,n.bi:es A. I, C. D.l, I unI '_a,F (:r
r i r . g ' . ,h r , l b ) i h e r ) p e a n d r p a r i . i a r r a D ! € -
arenorm'rro' image)oteachorhcr:,helhrfe :::lN: :*gslg9{s!-urq'r6'i,'
Jnq L-, rrr ri'e clclop.nBnt flns..A fur*r,
t p o r m o r e z s y m m e i r i c. . n r c r s . T h e v n a v su bd i\ir-rcd-sae.idrnj-ft
rf n a v er g n I r c a n r o l r r e n c e sI n p h l s . c r l p r o p _
ertres such as parrtion cocfncicnl and solu
b i l i r l . n d I r i v u n u e , d od i l t e r . , , r r . . . " , . , . n
F n um bl r o I d ou btF
b o n d .i n ' h e s i d ec h a i n si s i r . . t r ,r r c dL r r h e s , r b - .
. s c r i p rl . 2 o r 3 . E c f i v . r i l c s , ) f r u , J , n i o ! i c a c i d
I r . ' r ' l x . l , - r i t )!.. I 1 , , l r i i , c . . , , t - i , , r ' 5j r - . /
rl . a r e . . O i r \ ' e ' c o i { o r n c ,c. a n . t ( u d i t f F , i n
b i o l o g i ( r l- c r i $ r y . .E p h c d r i ' , ej s
!!!r,Js}e-
l , ) . , . . \ y l 6 r u u l a , r r .C - ) . , r , , {t . . t i r t , r v . , <
design:Ied as Ircl:, \,han rt)c/OH ar C-9 i5 -

a
m e t n r . c r ' r e ' l r n d , o u r r \ o n r a r , .l s o o l t l r e
F o m e r st h i r r r e o t r . J t e n a r i o . r ' - r ? t . ,
r o r r n a g c t a r e d c s i s ' d r c de p h e d r i n ca, r d" .ttr::,c-
o t h e r s e r r s c l e s i g r r : r e dp s " u d o e p h e d r i r i e .
E p l , e d r i n ea n d p s . u d o e p h e d r t naer e d i . , -
stereo6on)ers;ti'eir srruciuresire stro(D bc-
. b e l o , r, n r l r h e r e f , , r <o n L h cs , , , n c, , . t e r ( , , , o .
, l ' . c ,i l c t , c . r : r r rcr ' S r s I l ' <L , t . I c - . L f . ; . I
( l , eO H i L rC - 1 i)s r i b o \ cr l r i n ( , i k , , : r o r D o u o n
is callcd a Pcr'?!. t,ct? po$.sies r turriir rinr,.
n a c d r o r h . a r d ( , p e f r : u r .' , n r , . , , s c q , e , r r t y ,
I r r sr r c , l c n t l l r c , r r r ( d r ( ' r s p * \ k l y c l ; n . i
 ,1 30/ Phannaq Revieu

Tlie slrucrur€stor p.ostaooic acid and tor ace(icacid mry bc crlcdhtcd rs:

il PGF!. are sho$n b€loN. The Sroups indicnt€d

by .. '..'.'..... l i e b e l o ' vt h e p l a n eo t t h e q ' pK,=-logK,
- i .sT h c n n s s r r u c t u r ef o r P C I r
d o p e r r a n cn n F
= - (og l.?5x t0-J
rprosrJgclin) drosn also. (6.668 69r

in 33:667-70:39:580-83)
=-\'osL./Jf

=-(0.2.1-ll
log I x I0-")

,ili
= 4.i6

( 1 2 : 1 9 2 1i 2 a : 1 9 6 )
lil'
2 6 . c. Hydrochloric acid is classified as a stron8l
hcid. Srrong acids;onizealmost completely into
l orH
h l d r o t r i u m i o n ! a n d r h e c o r r e s p o n d i . ga n i o n s .
Odref stronrj acidsare sulfuric andaitn< Tbe,c
dcids do no! havq pK, v4lues listed sinc€' thc
:r, values.wouldbc cl.jai ro.0'The fact that all ol
'1 t h e o ( h e ; a c i d sl i 5 r e di r r r h e q u < s t i o rhr a v e p K . s
{\\\l \\('
'lL r.l
(ri inAicare that (hey are weaker acids'(\virh lers
j o n i z a t i o n )t h a n h y d r o c h l o r i c a c j d ( 1 2 : 1 0 3 :
12arl88)
t.
29. C . S t r r n ! c r a c i d sl r . c l " r a " r i o t ' : : d t' .on-
vcolH s u n r sr n e i rt c : , l c r r : 4 t r I n c t l i ' rhcna;i-
' o c a l o t ( l , e i o n i z 3 t i o nn '^u , n . , s o s . . o n a ( r , a 4 \
haeelo,ver pK,s than 1!c:rkeraci(ls of il€ acids
l" , o r ' i ca c i d h x $r h c b i g h c s !P I ( , a n d i s t h e
l i s r e db
w c r l t c sor f r l ) c r cr i l ' s , l h : ) i , : r i t l . \ . l , i c ll .
rhc krN(st t)l(, o! il)! lisr, is thc sttr)rrScsr'
. Lt . . HO
( 1 2 r 2 0 8li2 u t l 8 $ )

30. D. A bufier sysremconshls of a weak acid or

.l
' (P6r,)
trl
I ;cid oi bise with r pl(ivaluc closerc tbedesired
il 2 6 . A . A l l t h e s ed r u E sl o \ r e rl e v e l so t l i p i d si r t h e
b l o o d . I o r U r o n - o ft h c m , ( h c n t e c h r n ; s n o tf
tt a c r i o ni s n o t d e f i n i ( i v e l [yn o w n l n e a r l v 1 9 8 4
!he resultsofase!en'v.aratudv by (he Nalional
H e r r r , B l o ' d a n d L u n g I n s d t u r cs \ o N e d r h a l
l o \ v e n n ss { u m ( h o l e s ( e r olle v e l s\ { i t h c h o l e -
s t v r a n r i n ed e c r e c s c b dI D 'o 49% the rirr ol
d e a r hc a u s e db y c o r o r t z r yh e a r rd i s e . s e( A I ' h A
a p h a r m a c yw e i l c l yJ, a n . 2 0 4 1 9 8 4 ) .( 3 : S e c t . 4 ;
6,838-a6)
b a s er l r d i t s c o r r e s p o n d i t rsgu l ) n g s a l t . I n P r c _
p a n n A a b u f f e r s y r ( e m :. D c " l . u - l l c l l o ^ e r '
D H i F o r c x a m D I e , l a c rai cc i da n d s o d l u n rl a c r a t c
clanbe conbincd tt, obrain a PH dicxiclly 4 0.
T h e n e c d e dm o l r r c o n c c i r r r u t i o on f e a c b m a v
be calcula(edby using tfc Hcnderson-Hasscl-
b a l c he q u a t i o n .( 1 : 2 3 8 - 3 9 i 1 2 : 2 4 9 i1 2 a : 2 3 3 )
3 1 . B . F o r a w e a ka c i da n d i L is a l t ,t b c l - I e n d c r s o D '
Harselq.rlchequatiori can be slatcd as
Idtrsocratedl
DH=DK.+los-
lun.lrssuc'ateol

l f t h e v a l u e si o r p H a n d p K , l v h i c h l f e s u P P l i c d
a.e used in !hi; equitign-, i! can be sccn rh:tl
2 7 . E . l l i s r { ) c i I i < ncr o n s t r n ( sd r e a l r r a v sl e s sr l r r n t h e r a r i o a f ! l t e d i s $ c i t , l c aI a r m o l L h c c l r u gr c
od" r,d e.t,R\r.o .s (\lron<'rrirl rs'(rtions L I i cu n d i s s o c i i r c dI i J r n ,w i l l b c t h c r r t t r l o go l z ,
T o n r o r i . l e s h o l e r r n b e t sl o r r l s e u f ( o n r - r v h i c hi s € q u t r l t o 1 0 0 .( l : 2 3 8 - 1 0 ; L 7 : 2 )
lo8 oi
' /ar \r i s o na n d c , l c u l a ( i o n t h c r e c i P r e a l
p
3:. C . L " i r P i n e : u . c i r r d r c . L or \1 n " ' i s r r i ) ' l
rhe Ji$ociation (onsrrn' L -;^ / I or (- lo8 K') d i l r . n z o x ! z e l ) i : rceo m P o u r , dt h a ' i s i n d i ' a r r d r n
\rog
'rcrffis ?ffiiJ'l" en; ^lrl,ousl, iL5 5i'le.cf
i s u s e dr D e : ( p r e $i c i , l s r r € n q t l I F o r e t r d t p l e
rne K, of aciic acid ir L?3 x l0 '. Th€ pK, ot f e c ( sa n d a d { c r o ec l l a , r \ . r t q u d l t r a u v c l $ yrr
 Phannaced;cat
ChntutD / )t
t
ilar Io thosc produced by rhc phenortriazines, .stone,formationrin prrienLswirh
l o \ l p , n e s u . c r n a r cn r a y b e o t v a l u . i n r h o s e absorptiveh),-r
. p € r @ l c i u r i ar ) , p cI h i r h r . c u r r e n rc a t ; i u m o x . .
p a r c n t sw h o d o n o t . : s p o n d r o o r h c r a n r ; D s v _ a k r c o r . ' e l c i u l n p h o s p h a r en e p h r o i , r h i a s i r
c h o t i .d r u g s .( 3 : S e c r i. ; 3 8 : 3 7 3 )

uo ( r ' a h v i n )w a s . i n i r i ny b L . t , e r r .rhe
ifl, 1
ro. ,navc
t : l , l l :trnrrred
Sj,,:
or no porenrial fof addiction.
t l o w e v e r ,i o r h e t i r c t 9 ? 0 s r h e d r u s i l l
3;. c. r h i a z o i i d i n eo S a p p c a r sj , o r r , . f n ! ! .
ural conpounds, but th"e,iour-membired jlr_
i,l".,
""*iii.i.ipii.",*i;.'i;,ili;i ;::l :iilil%fii1,'.T:J,$ll',ji'jT#i;:;Hi,J.:
rli ll;:ltl';:il:trtl;:
i:il:):.i;tY:l ::l;:ji 'n'r"riu.-'n-,,.
ill:jtlti:1,,1#g:',"i'.."
underrne'lutc lV ol rtr" Fcderrl Cunnued
subs(rncc ^(r. ln le8z,Srertina idJed n:toy_ _S. _ q
o n c r o r l , e T , h v i n r a b r e r r n a n a r r i 6 p q 1 6 , . s u-. C
. .H - H C - ' C < _CH_CH-".Ca
.
l1 ,bus. Nlloxonc, purc.narcorrcirt*i: '
noarurg*k.ri;;,'a;i " ;:;.;;;:
^..aduf_l
Fp";H, ;'
|
c o-lt - 6t1-
r?
| i
c o- N\ ^7i -
d.pre$ron Indu.ed u) n"(ural an,l synrherrc
opioids and .e,cBes ri,e p,y.r....,",!ii. I
-,o
]|j d I : p h o r i c c { f c c ( so i r i \ e r m i x e dr a o r i n - i
Fr'danthhzoridh' cridamdihvd'Iorliazine
p"'i,.1.;... rj,i";l;.;. ir", i;,;ti'59,
"i';i,r.
4 5135) cL(t'41">Y-/l ,ti
/).,,(rl;nr
E . T a l N i n C o m p o u n dC i r p i e r sc n n r . , r na s p i r i n (38;22$-34,247-48)
tor an added ,'nfitrrc('c ind j,,rri-,nllrl
r o r y e f f e c t .( 3 : S c c r - 6 i " - 38 A ? e r r i l i l l i n sd i f t r j n t h c n r N f c o r r h e . t a t l
varics
ir trresrriic-
34. c. Absorprion
of digoxin'
fo|orving
orara.r. :lt:f'r:llit;i,';;:1": ilJ.:p
m r n , n r a u o nd e p e n d s s r ' o r g t v c n , h c ( f p c
;>_
o r r h e J ^ s a A cr o r n l u r c d . I ( y
a nu r l r r o r r . r u r o r o ; , , , : i i i " r , i J i ; . " * . , |
so.rri,.n rr, -iii ,., ,,",,*,**. r," . R-C-NH CH -CH. .;'crcH,).
s
I r i l n ) i , , r ' b l " , . i i o m c r r r c r c n l ' n 1 , t . f a c"li,'li
rurs,
' li li I
a m e s f t o o , d i l l e r e n c c si r ) r h e r . r € a n d e x \ ( n r CO-N * C|ICOOH
o l ! i 5 ! l u r i , , r ' r L t r 6t r J rc l u r c L t\ i s L I c J n L c l i n - a i .
k a l p f o b l e n ' s' t n c F t A h a s e j i r o l i s l r c ob n , . . .
IJ a v r i l a b i L r rr e q u i r c ' ; c n l s f o r d , g o x r n r u b l c ( 5 .
F , o k c v e rp, a r r e n rssh o u l dn o t b e
I , e n i c i l l i nm
s a y / a l s od i f t e r . i n I ! ! o . c s t e . f o r -
m a l i o n . . ( 6 : 1 1 2 SI ,l 3 4 i 3 8 r 2 2 8 - 3 0 ) - - .
4 r a n g c df r o n r
o n e p f o d u c rr o a D o r h . ru n t c s sc a r e f u y r n ! n .

u ( o , r d , s i n c er l l e t | c r a p e u r i cr a r i o{ b r r h i s d i r s .
$ lo1'. Digi(oxitr, n,hich is mofc lipid-sotobl;
than digoxin,.does nor pr€scn( bioavait,bilny,
39. B.Thenvl'ihl)iliry(rlp!rccfys llln<rfo!i.iIin
'14kesit possiblero de rernrinc dnu t,,uricico viry
byconrparisoDof rhe s:rmplerr'irh(he rcfcrencc
P r o b l e r n s( 3 . : S e c t . 46; : 7 4 6 ;4 5 : 3 4 ) 5 u d J r d . T h e \ v e i g h r u n i (r c l a r i o n s h ilpv i l tl a r y

35.
'
c. rv'osralkaroidsha,epK.sabovcz;,rrcrgro:c
:ll:ililH'.:fti:fi:i:l:',1'*i**T"1
ihey are weak basesthat form lnlts rrirh acids. fines th€ Orford Un;t,.ivhich Nasus.d \{irh rhe
(e.g , pilocarpine h yd rochlu rid e. m o rphtr'esul-. im pure extracts originally alailable.
tar"'. , , .r.tn,d.: ,j r (1, irt,t!
lr D . S t e , e o i s o n ) e r i sin ,. o . " " u . i " , , l i , r o , a , r
skL.ruresi large J,ft:r"Dces in rherrpeu.,c
reni.illitr unirrme
S o d .p e n . c rril
ac0vrtycan be expi((ed .''otg isomers. .por.pen.C. tsgi: I^".
(l:393-a00il5:375-7rj)
u l'6- B. \yhen given orafly \virh meals.scp (ealci-
procaine.pen,.G
I'ot pen v
1009
1530
b n d , b i n d sl , o r hd i . r r r ] . a r r d s e ( r c r c dc a t c i u n r . ,n.irv.r. .,,,c r..,,, '
a n d r c d u . e su u n a N ( a t c i u n r : L ya b b u r5 0 n r q
5 g o f S C P .I r b i n d s d r h c r d i e ! l e d (c a r i o n s - 1 0 . C _ l \ t o s t p e n i c ;i n s a r e d i s p e n s e d a s r t r e s o d r u D r
s . L h n m i g r , : , . u n \ i h , r n r l r r r c t l u ! t o n i\n orpor"s,.r,,r,rt,i,.tr.:er.,J ^.ro,,.r .h.
u ' r n J D - l e r . l sU. r n r u r yp h o s p l k ) r u!si J . r I J c - . t , . r r . , \ i r . f, .r )t I r r , . t r { i . r . . i u , r r { l r i . r l tr c i r
Liup or ,r'r pircplrrre aL$rbed Irorn5Cp; .ulurJjnrritrrt"crr,ritni.,u.".iurgcdosesor ,
-
L. b T J - u y o t - r n c r e a s €adb .
s o r p u o nI n r n c r b ) e n c eo t l i i c d r c a l e hcr r i o n s
r l , i 5p r c p a r : i o n . $ i I l r r u v i J cq u a r f i j h e so f n o _
€siun\rt)ainrybeofrherapcur:c$rrilt-irr.c.
t h a n o r n u f l vc o n r p t e xq i r h i r i r r l r . i n r * r i n e . lriaionor2unri io,,u0i,i,,r p."..irri,Cpo_
L a r r o r n r w r s r b < ( i n r r r u )r.e d u c cn c \ Lk i d h e y . , a s r u m , w h j c h c o n r a i n s3 a n r E qo f p u r ! s , i j m ,
I
':i

I
.R
E
I J2 | l'hot,nq lt(titu
/"'t
')\!

n r a r h a , l t u s e v c a u r c v c n t a t a lh t p c r l a l . m i a : .12. D. Rcsistanccro pcn;cillin G is dcnored by rhe

I td!li.,rii,l\ i n p a r i c n t s
Severelyele.ra'edl[tasriurn lefel5h!erfere rLith ' ,
, L i ( h r . n r l d ) ! f u n L r i o n . requirement for unrcali5ticallyhigh conccnrra-
tions of the drug to .orfol iniaciions c.rsed

-t neuromuscular tunction to produce e<aliess.

a n d p x | a b s i s .A b d o n i i ' r i l d i s r e n r i oann d d i a f -
, h , r n , r ) 1 b ) , r . ' : r . A t I ' r r s ) i , ' r lne \ c l ,! A c
the ECG (clcctfocxrdiog rn) rcllec(r impaired
c o ' l d u c { i o dr,v h i c hn r x t l ) r r g r c s st o i c n t n c u r a r :
f i b r i l l a r i , , !r , i ( l c . f t l i i c i r r e n . { 0 : 3 7l - 7 ! , 1 i 7 4 ,
by certain straids of .sratlg?o.dc.izr. Reacnr .e-
t . r t . i , , d ; a r cu l , r o U - i o t S . a r , ' , o r F t r n i s m .
i \ o l , , r " df r o A ru u p . : L in, r ' . , c l . r l ) r . s i s n r r u
I - n n i l l . n C i n . l r l l , r . p l , c " n x ) , 1 / ) lJ F . r .
r n c sr . . g , p c , r i c t i l ,\ ,' ' . i , . . ( h . , .) n ' . r ' , 9 0 t
r , , , i " ! - , ' i u .o , , r i h 1 ( r J i , ' 5r , c r . ' ( : ' l l \r ' s ; r r n , . R o i \ r -

l I 1 3 7 ,I l 5 0 r l 7 : 4 8 7 , 4 9 : l )

4 1 . . 4 . .S o d i u n rm c r l i c i l l i ni s s t a b l ci n t l ) c d r y f o r n r ,
a D lo r g a r ' r r ' nesl a l r o Jr r ( l l c u l J L u m a s ca n i y m e 5
(p.nicillinasc).aapableof opening.he beta-l&-
!an nng through.hydrollti.,sro foftn rherapeu-
b u L I i l c n ' , ^ ( I ' c ! c i l l i r s i ' i s r c r l r e n s i t N er " r i c a l l yi n a c r i v c ' p e D i c i l l ori.ci d s . , P l a s m i d sr ,h a r
nroistureaod pll. I'enicil.Ljlrs geDeralllare n$st
li s ( a b l ea ! p f l s b c $ r e c np . 0 a r d 6 . 6 a n d a r e
rhcretore susceprible(o Ec;d hydrolysis in rhd
c o n o d b c r r l a c ( r D r a spcr o d ( i c r n , D r r c I J e i n gd i 5 .
r i b u t c d a m o n g . ( l i l l c r c n tg c n e f a o r ' n i c r o o r -
gansms.
' stomach.Oral forms of pericillin G a.e'buff-^ S t r t r i no . i p e n i c i l l i n " s "p , o J ' , . i D g g o n o c o . . I
cred ii ordei to,riise ihi gasrricpE-ro lcvck. t h a r a f e t o t a l l yr e s ; s t a nrto p e n i c i l l i nG c a u s e d
ar which rhe drug is nrore st.ble. Merhicill;n is d ; t f i c u l t i e si n t r e a d r g n r a n yc a r c si n W e s LA i -
s ou n s t a b l e a t a c i dp H ( ; . e . i,r i j a c i d J a b i l er)l r a r rica and in the Philippines. Local cndcnric foci
-l,i ; ! c n n o t b e t a k e n o m l l r a h dm u s rb c s i v c no n h ,
b y i n i e c ( i o n..\ l l n f r h . o r h e r u - n i r i l . i n sr n r l r i ' '
Iiale becn foLrnd in !h- couitry-lr
g e l c sf,o r e x a n r p l el.r s h o r k l b e , ) o t c dr l r a tg o n -
Los An-

ri;ii,is-;ichssified as acidlreskunr; rrhich o . o . c I ' t . r cg r . ' d u r l l ' c c . . m cn ) , , e r e : i s u n r( o

n r e r n . t h : t r 1 , ,n r c o f h y d r o l y s i i . r g r a s ( r i cp H s
is sufficicntly iolv.thatanacc.ptablc amounr of

t; d r u g c s . a p e ti n a c r i \ a r i o ni n { h e n o n r a c h S " c
T r b l e I l i r r u r h e rr c i d - r $ ; s r r ( p e n i c i l l i n S s .o . r .
J U r h o , .n r e ' . , i ! l c , , . . i d . ," r . . , r . r p . , ' i ( i l l i , , .. . r
f l i s ) n r h c ( i cp c n i c , l l : r s\ o r a c i l l i na n d o t h - ,
, ers-sccTrble l) rh.r ,rc pcnicilliriasc.rcsisranr
h ! v e r o r l ! e h l ) e u t i ca d ! r r r r g c f o r c o n ( f o lo f h a v ca n i m k l e s i d e c h r i n , ( \ ) r i s r i . g u J a n a D
o r g r n i s n ) sr q u a l l ) s u s c e p r i b lreo l a f g ed o s c so i o r D a d rci n g s t r u c r u r es L , i ) r L i ( u t a r dt o r e o r b o t h
t h e l e s sc r p e n i i ! e o . a l f o . n r so l b u f f c r e dp c | l - o r t h op o s i ( i o nN s i ! h g r o u p r t h r r s r c r i c r l l vb l c . k
i c i l l i nC . ( 3 : S e . ! t. j i 6 : I l f . l i 3 8 r 2 3 7 ) t l ) e a u n c ko n t h e r i n { , S i r a i n s ' c t" D r c l l t i € i l l i nl .r P '
r $ i $ i r n r " s r N t ) | y l o c o c . i . , rrn1 , 1 , c r r r i , ,i 1 r ;Io"-
r f c r c s i s r x , ,k{ ) t t r ) i c i l l i ' i ( 1 ,a l i o l l
L TABLEI
l)i(rls l_l!(s0
r h c p c n i c ; l l i n r s c " r e s i s t apncrn i c i l l i n sa, , ) d u s ! -
u i i l l ( ) r h e c e t ) l u r l o s p o t i n s . i l ' hoi rsr y 1 , .d u e r o
a,ilr|ll.it in ccll s\,rlifc cl,:,r|\crcfis!i$ (tir( blr)c!s
;(cessol thescan!ibioticst(' fecepro.si(er \/an-
( c o n r v c i ns, o D c i i n r e sc o n c u r r c n r l y\ L i t h r i f r m .
p i n , 1 sl s e d t o o e a r i n f c c t b n sc a u s c db y t h € s c
1 -" xx 0 b r L c L e f(i3r .r s . c t . 8 6j : 1 1 3 9 ,I l . l l - 4 3 t l ? : 4 S ! ,
.19t-!,!)
l,
L
, *Sodiu Cloxacillin -x 1 3 . A. Becauseit is more lctive than other Deni-
; *SodnimDi.loxacillin N cillin$ againsi
cillnrs somegram-ne
g,'nr some granl-!!g!!Ie.b4!L!rl!'lj'nd
-1.
Li !oduqry3ttjll,i(F\uo1"r,1,.-x,-x'
' Ampkillin \ rarns acuv(y agatnst g gra,n-postr've
ra,n-pos'r've organBms
o rsan6ms,
- HcGcil]n, X (rhoush
(rhough less €neciive than penicillnr G), rQr
less €neciiv
DisodiunC2rbc.icillin 0 ; D r . i u r nh a s b e e nc a l l e JJ b r o r d . o ! e r t e o d e d
L, CarbcnicillinlndrnllSodiud
A m o r r c r l l n" !t , \ r r .a. -
\
\
0 ' t I r , u r a n ' ' D r o r. .'. e r n : l ' I - e a r p n Ja r n ' n o / /
gr. rp in thc "id( .hain ."nf. .,. ,Lilir/ ro
bacanrpr.rlhn (.ot \ t r o s c e l l r v a l l b a r r i e rrsl , a ra r e i m p c n e t a b l c r o
C)clftillnr I o l,p, tcn, :'r,i". Herrcillil ".":'nl.i.illin,._
-t : rnruxrall'n,1 ' .y.li rll'rr
a r r I c i l l i n c l ; , : so l p . n r : i l L i n sb . r : r u r e o t s i m i
1.,i,.- ' r,,..u'r.i,. 1..t" r,uh crllJri:rl.r
l i ' l | \ I i | l , h r r r s , , c . 1 , . '. t r l p l r r * r r l x J r y l I ' o , , n ; _ '
U X=fcr,0=no
hJs aivr:l€r sprctru h_nr.!rje-dr-e ampic.l!n).
I lre a rrrrty olrlrc:rrcrl!'n
*A.id rcsntancc
B.crrer rlrrn th,t of pcnicillh C and lcss carberlicillin.,{'efhutsrhe nrosrextended spec-'
-ti than drat of penicillinv or phcn.th'.illir. (l:5d.8:6:I l:J.l;
38:23?)
t r u m . - l a n u r : ' i . ,b, r . r Jl . t r ' r t )i t d ! ^ r n I y r h c '
nrore recendy available accylurcido penicil.

tl

I
 I'hu ktc?itical Cho nt1) JJ

Lrs -n'c/lu' illir p,pcrn.illin r,.,1 xll' ilLi,,. 5ul D. suli.,d

Aooronrirre siclel:lrrin nrodilicr(i;;- h:,r
,"1'i"io,t,et nj!.,sl,rioJl Ie^,',)l,rj h-
r i n g e o f p e n i c i l l i . e f l e c t i r e n e ! s (. 3 : s e c t . I
, 1 5 : 3 9 - . 1 0 ; ' { 6 : ?i3i ' j )
._\
4 1 . C . P e I i l . l i . G r c ' , / , , 1 , , ' P l r l l . . :,1t , r , , ' , ' . .
t p n ) r , " s r I r r r r ' J 1 . - _ 9 .1 . . r . ' , ' ( . \ . r \ - ( r l
L e , , / y l . r l . ) l . n e J i J , r . IIct . t l ' . , ( l ' , e
' i n i t u b l c ( l r i , , r l ) ( , u r i l ) 0 1 ) n , l ( ) l t tL l(lr,cIri )r -
-lrrsoi,,r.,irL+r!L1l-l+.r!+r!! r!+r.L_ r)r'.
l o I g e d r 1 ' I : r r r , r 'i ' l f r r c ,
'
r - ee,a lo r u l l )- i t u , , ' b t l c r . . U p . t ' i t t r r t t t t , s
cular injecrion, pcDi.illin is felensed !lo y.
susrainedbut lorv blood levelscxn be derron.
l n u e d f a r a , l o n g 1 5 t D r r rl v e c f s P r o l u n q e d
. l u . a r i o nB a l s o! b ( r r n c d f r o r n ' D r o e x i n e e i i .
c i l l i nc G o l u b l eI s : n : J r r I n I o l i i i i ; j : i ; ; i l
s"spen5run g c l l c d \ r t l r' l / , : r L u I r l u ! ' r l r B t .
r l e J r i r ! 6 u s c ctLo r u d r , r ' l ) r t t L u r rt si , c ( ' ! r r n t ) r '
o T r c r i o n , , f " r o c . r r n et , c , , ' c i l l i nC , n j e o n s .
R e p o s i t o rp) e n i c i l l i nd o s r g ef o r n r sr e d u c ec o s t ,
l o c a lr r r u n l a ,r h d ( h c n c c d f o r r e p e r r c di n j e c -
( r o n sL. l l l { L : 3 5 : : ,
45. D . ( s e eT a b l e I )
A , B , C E . A m p ; c i l l i na n d p c n i c i l l i nv a r e r c ( l -
l't ( a b l e b u r a r e n o ( r e s i s u n r( i p c n i c i l L i n a s c .
N l e r l r i c r l l iirn d c J r r e r L i c i l L ri !\ a \ , \ r \ i-l'he
<,:,it !,
ncqicilin\I lrt' ric n,'t rc,J-strl,lc. in'
a a n r l s o d i u n rs l t o l c a . b e n i c i l l i(nC ; c o r : i L l i ,s, )
iL a c i d - s ( ^ b l (e6, : l l 3 l i 3 $ : 2 a 3 )( 4 , ! . l , ^ ' \ : l
o . h c J , r , p ; . ; l L ' r (r 5 P c ( r s n , i ( l ), , ' r c 5 i r 5 r , r r i '
b , o u ci c i , r r t yt o r t sc o n v e r n o n! o s m p , c r r L rD n c'
caur i(,s mqrjlolll{elcl} n!s,I bed-!I!Il-a '
D , c r l t i di .r r r i d i ) , n i " . c r . d i n l n w e rJ t . r r rc o s e r
; r d m - a i r h i , s . f t c ( i " c s $ u n r l $ c h ' " 1 , c ,r, l i \ c n
e v c r y M o u r s . ^ l l t h c o t l , e . t ) c , t i c i i l i l ilsi r t c d
i n r h i sq l r c s t n nr r e l l s o c h s s i l l e dl s e \ r c n d t d -
s p e c l r u mp c n i c i l l i | s (. 3 : S e c Lu.i ' 4 6 : 7 8 - 3 1 )
D . T h e f u n d a m e n ( anl d i c a l i s d e s i i j l a t e da sa
s u l f a o i l a n i d og r o , , p .( 3 8 :1 9 0 )
48. D. The b..t"norrric,crivny ot ,l,e r-llor
r m i d e t l D er s' h o , L no , ' l v u v n r u l e l L, c i L l u r I . J r
a l r c c a r n n o I ' o u P o n l n a r o n E r r cl n g I n I n '
Jome
P3:It9u4!qgnisus!-?la!s!+rorrp
s r o u p s( o c ) l J m r d on.r t r o ,a
io a free anino group tn rhe bod'/- Sulfon
i m i d e s\ v r h . u - t , L ' n , { \ i l l b e r . r n < ' n v r v ' ,.
b u r n o t i n v i r r o .( 6 : 1 1 0 7 : 5 8 : 1 9 5! ,t ) 0 )
rl -\f 4e. B lu_ll:orrn;g_:1!r{4=-!! rl'h irri r . ft" 'r
- I ' c r \ r e ( nb . . r ' . r
4 7 7 r d l 0 r { t . r n , 4 .r r e ff
t- .nr.l" kirr sqJ:urllh\r++:d.. r i',,ns br'S
\ o u l d b ee r p { c ' c r ( u I ' y d | o r y l i ' r V P ' r o P r r r _
;l 1 r' d u c e \ r r g o g i " l l l l l l ; n e . " l u l g a s l h " . l , i t s l |p. H
o f \ o d i u t nr u l l o , , r r t ' d e < o l r t r t r F n r i r e s ( n ' r \
danragiogto t;ssuesrnd linrits tbeir us.fulne$
( 3 8 : 1 9 11, 9 7 )
(PA1]A)and ali
.*J'l,i;jiti;iiirin$;frffi fr;il";..' -.i.
c r ( r l f z e sr h e f e . l u c i i o no f b o ( i l I o l a t e d n ( l ( l i -
h \ ( i . o L r l a r ct o t c t r r h ) , d r o l o l r t c r. l l o c k i r s t h c
b i o s y n { h e s i s . o{ it) l r r c c o l i c ( r s r t m o r e t h r n
, , ' i cl x ) i , , ri ! ( l , c l ) i , r s I , , t l , . rt i)(i :, r , w ' , o/ { r l ) c
, D r h r i x l ) r f i s i r c r v i l l I , u l u c c a s y r c f g i s r i ca n '
r i l ) r o ' o z o r lc t l t c t . A l s , t l , c o r g r r i s r ) w i l l n . l
d c . : c b p r c s i s t r n c er s q , , i c l i y a s w i L l ) , s i n g j c
p l | l h N r v b l o c k c r .S ! l l l d r ) x i n c h r s n k { , 9 h r l f .
life Ge!cn t,' nine ddyt. rhicl, !Dnrtlcn'cnrs
r 1 , . ,or l p y r i n r c r l L , n r i o(<I ' u r d r t s l i t r r t { f i e ? . a n L
p f o d u c ti s u s e dr c r r e x lx c l r ! cx r t r . k s r r w c l l a s
1' L .
v d. r r sc l l c r . ,c r c : , i f l . n
u f r D l N l , c r . c d al l D
. P . i . l 1 r s u \ c d r n l a . ! l 3 ! - D J q r e r , r l . r h \e,'rar P
r ry] . '
c o h l ) i n r r n l r o l r u l l : r u r e r h o x a z .rt ,c) d t r i m c d ) '
, 4 r i r ' ' l l . ' .r - . r r r . s c t ) t r r . . ( J . u i r ! ' r , ? u l ( ' .
\ 3 S c c (S . . ,:.1'),5-: , l"i:-:1. :o.19:l-9
39:713-t7i.l0:50)
,tr,?rh
aL{. 5 ! l l . ) x r n r i d c s : r ' t n r c r N b o L i zri o d N -ace1)l
c' t ,-,l dL rel n r u r drsn d i , ' g c n c , r Lr ir . r i i c f u r c .r i s q . r r
c l : r e u to i t | , : t . c r ) ' b r i , , t \ r r i 3 s n r i k c ( y
i r h t i r e j u l l o n a o r i d eu s e c l r. \ ( ) , l l L e r cr r ) t J c ! )
"
r ) l ) ( g ( n t t i c i L l l y ( l ( t e t f t i 1 r € ( l ' 1 1 ' p i . l r c crl loi r s ' '
r r!l i'sn,rvlccrllnlor i. llg!}ji!4-!.U, i, l r l,(l
rcc'r'lt11,ij(l,llriqlt_i(is::lc <s! !q[|+i[,! tl'.
u rrL<lllatcrlra,i Ir!' | \!! !trd t, yr,.,llLrLr it, rc.
: i p i n L i o no f o ) s u l t i n t h c u r i r { i D t l r t r e n a l
r u b ! l c s )n , a l o c c f , f . - l i )d c c r s c ' h e p o s r i i l ) i l i r y
-' ol !,tsrrllu,ir,
t J ai , : , r t ss h o ! l { 11 , ( a i l v i s ( , 1( )
. o f n k l r r " e o r . u r ( r . c < , \: . . , r ( , i. " , , u r nh c r f -
Lu)i,re . rlk 'r - 'l
l i ) l r r i r i ( l c s 1 ! u l l r r l ) i ! z o L c )i o . t l k L t l i n i r et h t
' u r i D e!,l r u si n c f c l s ; n (r h cv t u b i | l l r o l t h e w e a k l , ! ^
r c k l i c ! r e l i i b o l i t e s(.! l J : l l 0 - l ! , I e l )
j {. Trflj]llliI< : c .t-Ilr,ar!!- 'n: ' .r
( , . r1 t ' t ci . t . r D r j n j
.br;es.'Acid srhsl'nrli s Lhc d),i,,!,n-lt-i.ni'
rtf r)!rc!rUr!:i . c. | ' rLrrudrhi'r"-
l o d r o n o f r l , e' ld' 1i n. ., .c-r l r l l ' r " i I r r j ' o u n ' n . 4 . :
I Jn nu Lcr 4. '.:b]ljcl-!!r in B ,ra" a i , 1 \ " ) ;
d n , l f u r n , r c i d s ( r u ' r o , ^ r l ' r r ' t u i rl v ! r ) '
' l D D r r c l r r e m lL) r ( x l u c ! s 1 { c ] ri,L, L) ,r n a c i { l( s r d l
r . . , . " r , r r ' ' : r . r , " , ' , t ' r ' ' ' " i , i " i , , ' , / .{r pfi,/q
, D r c c i p i u r i o r o l i i . c L c r m c , v c l i n c' vr h i ichno,-
'(s ^
r o r r < p H 1 . L . ,{ - . . \ _
|,..1,1
",,curl
l J . U p ' n r F . r r i ., r I L l " , . . , 1 i . \| l l
, , , . ' . c u r r ' l i' t r , i , i , i ' , , , 1 i' , { i ( \ i
' ( . r t , e J l r e ' , , " , . r 1 1 i , , , ^ , l c g n , .t l, <' r t r r n -
berlo-b'olvr serlisolid whiclrrci)r!irslwo toxic '
n , l ^ r r , , . | s : ( D r x " h r 1 1 ' , i ( r r ' c y c l ' Dac. , l a n l , y -
d r o r c ( r x r y c l u r e .| -l . r e i , ' u . . o r u s c r , 4 u m t r ' t r b

1i:: i
:ti t'..
 -fl,cfc

t rtrd ;enal dnnnge Nirlr symprons ol rcduced

k i d n e y t u n c r i o n .a c i d o s i sp, r o r e i n u r i ag, h c o s -
u r i . ,r , , J ! : r , . . , . i J u , i . .l h s F . r n c o n' ri n
d , u , r r . , r c f c $ i L l e .c , u i r . . . i .t . , , t i ? ; ; i i , , r - , 1
- rion of epinepIrnre.
r
5 i d ec f f e c t s h 2 n ( i r h
r D t ) c a rk ) b c l e r v L r -
c o D r e n t i o n ael p i n c p h i n e
r h e E p y .( l : . 1 2 43i : S e c tl .0 ; l 9 r I 2 l i )

.T : n ; ? ( r j u , r , , ( l . , r b s , , i , r i o r r*, r s l b u r r r r o c o ,
' r . U , r ( r ' r ' ' c l , g , i . ( 1 . ,,r.
I,,.rr.: r,).lti1: i?. A . s { i c k ^ x , t 1 i ( l (cN i c l , c j ( l e , ( l e s t o d e )i r I d i
3ll:26!) L l ' 1 , , r ' ' n . n. , I i ). . ' r ' i | I. i i. ' .. ,f,'( ., ni.
c i d e r h i , rc r u s c s , r r p i d ( l i i i . l e g f a r ' o n o f r n p c -
,;i \'5 1-. \ L o r n rs c ( n u r t r sa n d i l r c s c o l e x{ | e a d ) o ! c o D -
d A . i j a r u E e r u , l , p . . o d r l e J r : , rI 'r e \ r i U u . r ,p o f .
o o n s o r r J r cs r s r n
( , ' c ! .l ! i ; r v cIl ' ! oIer arc i l t " , ' n " , ' " . ' s " , i u u . . ' ,
o l a p p e r i ' c )a n d r h ( , c / i ! l j ( l e / o r n o s y s r e m i . '

-il a d l e r s er e d c l o n r c ( l ' c a n ' i n o q l r c o s i d eTsi.n -

r i r L , r ,d i z z i n c s sv,e i s o , n M r i i l n o tos c
\ v , , . p I , , , ,,rv l r n hI r r y u c ( . , rl o l l o \ r i n g
p-,,,,-
u b s o r p L i o n iN ' " ; c l o s r n ' i d c . i s < o wr h e d r u g : o r
^ L r o i c al b f h u m r n i , ) l c s ! l r i o , sb y b i e f , f i s h , ; n d -
t l r + a I l t a p c r i r r l ' r s . l 1 i s r v r i l i r b l ( :r s . : l , c w t r D r c
I r b k r s . ( i J i S c c rJ.i 3 U :l 8 1 ; 3 9 : 8 0 5 ;4 6 r 5 L r7, l )
t e r a l r d n r i n i s a r i o n o r e v e na f r c r o r a l u s e o f
t h c s cd r u s s . C o n c o m i | a nut 5 d ! i r h o t h e r o r o .
roxic diugs should be aloided. tsecalse rhcse
ll crugs are excreted lhrough rlre kidnev; rhe
d a n s e .o t o r o r o \ i c i t yi s s r € a r l yc n h a n c . d! h e n
A. Thcse esreru arc, knorvn as gl;cerides.
(1r31)0-92)

-u ( h e f ei s s e v e r eo r e v . n m o d c r a r cr e n a li m p a i r
L c r ( l n r h , 5c o , ' r c c r . o , ,i (. h s u ' ( h r r o r r n g( l ' . r r
a f i i n u ! l l c u r , d e s r d i r l f n r s e l v e s c a u ssee , ; u u s
l i d n € y d a t n a g e(.6 :l 1 7 2 - 7 3 )
lJ. /l'oll pcpri(l'csI r( clrtrins o I ntIritro .$iclsj(,;red
i r t n r j d e l i n k r g c s .( ; N , , , i . n l i r ) ,b a c i r r r c i n , . n . (J1) (
it)ol)riixir); a[e !ll'polipeplidc
( 3 8 : 2 8 3 - S 73t9 : 6 1 5 - l ( i )
autibb(ics.,cl

C . C o n l p o L r n d lss r c d i n c l r o i c cC a r e p h o *
t bl,olipidslor, mo.e spccilically,rlecithin!.(I :390,
l{ 55. c. yiqqrlln Lr l.polypepride5'ruc,ure.Lqrile
Li
s (r ep ( o n y c i n. ,n d ' h e o r h e rd n r i b ; o rs; .l , s r c aa r e D . , / S r e r o i ddse s ; b c d i n c l r o i c eD ( a n dl a c k i r i g
a ' n i r o g l y c o s i d eVs b . n r l c i n , a l r h o u g h5 ( fu c r u r i e r b o n y l o r c a r b o r y l g r o u p s y i , f cs r c f d t C h o "
a l l r d i l f e r e n t ,d o e ss h a r es o ' n ep r o D e r d €tsi r l ) , l l e s r c r o l ' ius| l c x r r n p l c .( l r l l , 2 - 9 3 )
srrep(omycrn. l or.errirrPlcFioiE-lai;d;fr - [. fhi5 isa det-rni(ion o f \ v r : e s .( ] : 3 9 U 3 9 2 i
b c ( o l d s i H E d t i t I . w , r h u s e l k l n e $l i n r i , el l i \
r r p i ( l ( 1 . \ ' e l o t ) n r col tl r c s i s l r r rsr t r r i i s . A l l r l r c
r n t i ' r o g l l C o r i ( l e s( x n d r l s o ! r t r c o n r ) ' c i n )n f c 5 l r . C . l ( . ' . . 1 ; r .), 1r . , . ,. " . , r I c ' . . . r " J ; r . ! r ' ' \ -
:l elt€y or nor at rll6ffilrnrell gi\crt orrll)'.
T l , c n r i u a f i d v c t + c f c r t l i , ) | l si r e d u n r x s cr , ,
( l n ( i rc u r . L c \ (\ , , r ! , u r ' l \ . I ' r , l Lr , l ,r c r r r , , e c ' i i
u r r L r , L\ er l r r ' ( r \ r c sc o l ! r \ r u r . r u r r rn r ( i r r t
( h e . ' c h l e J r . , , t r\r' e r r i b J l . ,pro ,r i o n so f ( l r c! u c l ; n ) u " , ) 1 , . i, . s r d , , , r c r ' . . : , l o . l I ) . D 4 . n r / , 1 1
t o r y o c r r e , r ' i n ( l c l r l d o n t ' g c . ( 3 S : 1 6 0 !, r s r ,.\i,irr.!. .,f ,r{_tur1r!:i,,, ! | I.s j.!_.. '
"l' 39r?53-51) sltur( ( ] l j ! - u @ 1 . r r l ( 1 , / d c - r ' J , r dr c r , , ' L j N l t l
L ,t: ' r t t r s t e s! n u o ' | ) r s 1 e P r o d u c c dL. r g h (
"l rncPr rr.c,Jr s, i { ' , r c ,
t r r c ' , - o f n c t J l s .d n d c r t r o -
. u c r ' r , : r f l . r r r : c "l ' . f , , - ( r n J e ; r c u .
5 6 . C. A prodrug is an ijrnctivc torm ot a drug
- h i . h i , c o D \ e r t e dr o r h e i c r i v e f o r m ' o t l , c r a r ' d . r r r r c J r . t U , . A , r t i 0 x i r l r n t rI ! I ' r ( D r o -
rr:'\ L^ roo o (o t)r.
Lod/. This concept ol .[nry ldkntiatioi i en' (:u,a+I )
p l o y e dt o n r o d i { yd u r a t i o no f a c t i o . , t o i n n u -
;;;;-.,retJy;;il-,tli;
encer'ansporrationand distributionof re drug
L in (he hody, to reduceioricn),and to ove.comc
f o r m u h ' i u n o r d u s J s e{ o , , i p r o b l c , n sU . A 6U. t . \ .ur.rcLrnt l,rs both hydrothilic (*areF
v c f r i n h y d r o . h l o r i d e( f t o p i n e ) .$ l , i c h i s u s . d !olubilizing)and.lipophilic (fat-solubilizing)
r ; l r e a ' s l a u c o m ai.s a D r o d r u so f e p i n e D hi rn e ' D r o o e r r i e rsn a p r o r ' r e rb a l a n c e - : . e . ,r o t c o r '
IL formed-br rhe t|esrerificto ri or e-iGiiti n n-c
rnJ 1,i*..i r'. l. l liiiiiiii .rr:rirruieth:,r
i , h : l * i r e , r . ; d . i e . r r o - . l - h eH L B t h v o , o .
-,
r l ' , 1 . -' p o p h r l eb " l a n . : y r t e n i . " . e f ' q u . n
.:s more lipophilictlur epnr.plirine rrd th.re r i u , I f - c l l \ ' . 1 ! . , , i u' rr . . l : . , . n " . \ l < : : l - l - ,
Ibrerbe(er able to peneriatd rhe Qrnaa: tt r 2 2 : 2 2 3 2 . 1 i3 8 : 5 0 - 5 1 , 8 3 8 - 4 0 )
tl b ! e n z fn r eh i d l o l r s i s
c o n ! e r t r d| o . r ) i n c p h r i t r e
\(i(l'ir rltc cy.. l Lc l;l'enrcd cpirtcphriro(ru5cs
r red(rcriunrrrrnrruuitrhr r'
t)ressurc-:rtl'. I E . i J c x ( f r , , i s r l ) f n , L . h c dl , o l y s r c c l , a . i dcc: ) r !
eniryrrr.dElg+!Ds+gg!!!e1:1jg!sq{-o!r' ra;di;f';6;ur 200,000 sl,,c;se urirs wirl, a ft.'
ir i l e c u l a rv c ; u h ! o f a b o u !4 0 d i l l n J n .B v D r f l i a l l v
i L-)
il: r u l r o no r d r o r v e l n nr e d u c e rsn ( m d u r r rp r e j s u r c l , y . l , , ' l I 7 i n { L l ' i ( h L , H en r r l e L , , l c ,p i , l ) s J . c l , i ,
to about the san:ede$ee as a l9t'ro-2% solLf r n l c s\ i ( 1 r, ! i ( k r n , , ! r o l ! r , l c c ! h f l v c i g | r sc r n

:
ti

'r i
Tri
 (,9 . . ( r y d l c L t tf*i fur dJ0\
k:s c I
:;^,Q,^i,rhr i[orJict
lL€ ?A
\} ( rri ku.l
Yir l ( i'al r , , L " c . Q . Gc " u.fra,t
lit,t,,c.,.,J.,
A , i L v e c ^ r lt.i,.rc r ea,.1", , r1".
r f i h 0 r J r ,P\L
r elrt't' I'hu nccutial Ch."tisuJ / j5

b. produLcLD l . F x , , r n 5l , a r i r ' q a , ,J r e , J r p n . ! - , { ( r . y ' [ , ei n i r c r r v n€ s s u c h . I : + : , r . p , o

l e . u l J r e i s l , ro f 4 0 . ( . 0 0i ' r d ; : 7 0 0 0 0 - j 5 . 0 0 ,1!trr"d
o r : u s r ( q u r r r n gr D e r J uLu c u d . . r r ^ r , . , , ,
h a v eb e c n u s e d e f l e . . u f e l y' u e r p a n r t r r t a r m "
'volumelemporarity rJc(n,c tbrm (rhc sulfidc). Thjnacdviir:of
-accou"r rbe ,, :,//,
r n p r r i e n r s, i n o h i v e c r srlindlc srrlcrure per se ; a$innFa ro
p e . i e n c e da l o s s o f b l o . r d a n dp h i n r : D c N r u r r f u r i r s c , , u , i , , J l c s s g a s u d , r ( e s t i n a l i r r i r ar Ll ,,Jnn, .,
ghief defcct is amigeniciry.(3-Secr.2;6:rj60-61) 'docs
i n d o m e r h l c i n .( 3 t i C 1 _ t - . 1 4 I : 15!? b l
A . L r L t u l o s pi s a s y n ( h e u cd . . i c c l r r r k l e r r . '
r .L r . l i y f r r , o r r . u - l r ! c r , r l u f r n , r s c ) . \ \ ' l . e r , r - 1 " . . cH?cooH
or..llv ir is nur t'lrpae.l )r{-IljdLqrrlaej', ,tr- (rIl]il
t| r r r r l l I n c s , . n . : ' , . Ji j n J r . ' b $ r L e r ls 1 5 ( c r n . ( . , t , f .
s J c . h r r u l y t i L J . r e ,i : .: [ ( l r e( u l J I r , r - x f i r , t o . ,I \ \N\fYrt: \-l 'ti' irrclitil c,,(-r,\
into aceticandIacrica.ids,\vlrichs!l ut.!a t!wej
D ' o v e r r e n r s . a nedx e i t a l o c a l o s m o r i e c { T € cirr ,
a\ 0qi;l-a r/r <-'.'
the colon. lr .lD be Lr:9!!2_!'cJ( (hFn,i( .on- \ cHl -1 (--i !il'
f. s ' t r ' i , , ' . / \ n r r r e , , , , , u c r : ' n, ,rs . . i t < r r ( d u ( . O;t',it ilr,;io" f! *Fq -\ (
"iG
r y0'.r,rl JdqL-&110\ '
tron ci LluoJ i,n',ro{iJ cuncc,,,rrrio;-i-t,.. trvl \ - 1.- i-l-i
I r . , r n r f , r o t p , r ' r : G r 1 : i r o , r icc, , .l , l r r 1 o ' : . 1 , ' . '- (r o{tur I nr Cr'tr I ":
u, T l , e f . , r L y . , ( i Jr r. , , , I I t , i " , t . j r u , o , r i , , , t , .
f o r n ro { n o D r b s ob' r b l e h " H : ' x , ' d c f e r r cd c u , r -
c e n t r a t i o nB r a d : e n rl . ' ' u r i n g d i l l u . i u l u l \ H
\ 'l
N
a ,)f .',.t)\' 1

cH,s-o d *. r- '<t't1 q
_U f i o m r h e b l o o d i n r o ( h e c o l o n .T h e l a : \ n r i 1 e '
a c t i o nh e l p sr or € m o r er h cN H , " . ( 3 : S e c r s7., l 2
-.ctrl/ilitl
- \ *. ( 1(-\ (r.
6:870,1009-10)

cHroH
!iL
-1,
rit
tl,lt.l't"r"r''
_1. cHroH
t"l cH?oH

CH,COOH
'oH
Lactul6se
CH,

5l 63. B . A s p i r i n i 5o n l y s l i 3 h ' l i s ' o l u b l ien w a r e i( t e

i n 3 0 0 m l a t 2 5 ' C ) ,b u r k q u n cs o l u b l c i na t a o h o t
.(l g in 5 rll at 25"C). (15:367i 38:6,1l-€F-

64. A . C o n p a r i s o n o f r h e i r s r r u c r u r e s( s c e n e x r
coiuon) sho'vs the alrer,'tions nri.ie in rhe ib.
domethacinmoledrle (o produce suhldac. R.- cHrs
-Li placing ihe N-acylnldole nroiery (circled) 1(irh
.,biiri;;;;s!iiide M.raboriri.
benzylidene;ndene lcircled) rias expecred ro
r e d u c e dr h e C N S e f c c r s ( h a ( o ( u r N i r h i ; , - .
.rTri-n
doDrethacin. r..rlt.r y gro,rp r.ris rephceLl 6i. (. l)irlr,'ril,.\U l.,url, \ :-t't,4.,1.{1u,,,.!
b),lluoridc tu enlrr',ce pdrenci: ryurer sulub,! p l ' e d r l ) u l i c l i i , a c i d , I h , " N 5 . \ , 1 r ., " t ' r s c J I n
U i r y w a ai r c r e t s e d b I r e p l r r i n S d i l o r i n e ; i ' h . l ' I ' i c o u n r y i n l r 3 : . i " I o ( L o , r 1 f, l e c i
ro ,!ti.
i nrethylsulnnyl {ronp. Tlre sulir rc srrucrure (he bodr 1,.,r z,r'e' b Ir<,,uuti/rlt I
/crlI'e in
i
ri !-r]-(_r . tl
.
trrl[r( -, ' \ :.1 ,\ r/1.9r"
'Ll'.

b I
 )6 | l'lnlnkk\ tuui.t!

..1'r9'_9!d !ll$l!I!j9i!!:]. lts !,elhrnitm of alovcFiioat'tiirlusio' A\!o5tadil is,rircn bv

acllon aqd ulcrrpeuoc uscsare 5rtrurif ro rhose conti'ruoG N ir Ins;('! l)ciru sen is upirtly ntl-
ot Lhe 5rr,r)l.Le;l-sllicrbn';dl is' a,:Jrheis:il!::r : tabolized. l! is iupplied io I'ntl ln\i-ules co ,
.ilic acid J;ri'in--?'ttiiil;;A meri,'u,li/ed !o:' rrn,irg 50{) rrs ol cfuli i,' a sar'cnr {;f al){1,i,(
.I I - l a l g l L e j ( i S c . ( .u , S s . t j l U :5 ! : J { i } j - l j l ' 1 6 i 9 .
51,a)86 , 0) 1
l c ' t t o l . ( : l : s ( c r L6 , l : ? i 6 : ( i 7 : r - 7 t l ? { ) 7 ;' l l i : i ) ,
i)
l l . S r l s a l r r c( l < J c ns o r ( l 6 s c n r ci ' g r s r r i . a c ; I . A.C,D,l;.rl'rc,$rgl,ndins(li,: dliJruirr,
U D o i r l ) * ) t r ) r i ( ) ni I t l , ( s n r i l l i r r r c n i t r ec. r . i , , k e t c ( ll o r u s e a s x l x ) r ' { i l i t i c r , r sS. t ! , f r l o 1 t l ) u
fi c s i r f r r r ( , 1 ( \ r l co l s r l \ r l i , t c ; h f ( l r o l v z ( { i, r r o t ) , r \ , . ' s l . ' , " 1 i , ''\' , . t ! ' r , : , ' r v r s r l i l , r r ( ) r sl,) ! , , , ,
lt r \ v os r l i i c t l a r e
D.
'Ihis
r r o i c l i e s( l J d : { i l ! )
i s r c o t r ) p l ( xo f c a l c i u mr s p t i r ! n d
I ' n ' l u ' . ( l L r . h ( r 1 , , : , ,c: L ( i l t ( , t l . r r 1 , I t ) o r c , ! -
i i o n . l ' ! o s t x g h n d i D sh r ! c [ a c r l i $ ] r l n j a t c . li , r
u r c a , w l r i c hi s n r o r es o l u b l c( h a n ! i p i r i n . l r i i r i r ci o l l a , n D ) a t o rpvf o c e s r n d n o n * e r o i d r l , r l i l -
ll s l k l r o g i v c n n r c r x p i d s r l i c ) h ( e b l o o dl c l c l s i r l l a N r n t l ( ( ) r l r g e r t s ( N S A i D r ) - o r t et l , e i r c i -
g r ( l L ob e l c s si r r i t r t i r s r h r r $ p i r i n . { 3 : S c , r {t i. i
lq C42r
l c . r i ! ( ' r ( : s st o i r l r i l r i r i , , I o l t , , , , . r x g l x ' , , 1 i\'),
I ! r h a i s . i l , C : I r ?("o r r ' . i ] s . , n , 1 ' l ' C L "d i h L i i :
L . 5 , 1 " ; i , " , ' l L b l e i h g l . r r ij ' , ( e L , ' r J ' , . \ l : L r o n c | i lt l . u " r j \ p r * i l ' i c r l . r r . r . r r r J J ' L
I h)d,ol)zedi,,rupl,e,rulrndsrli.)licJLiJin{be. o l t h e s e p r o s h s l r n r l i l sc o n ( f i b u r e rso L h c
L n ( c . u n eA. r q n e r i m ei r \ J " c o n r m o n l , u s c d a s h i g h b f o D c l r i a l t d , e i i , r s t | r n r . ( r : S c c r .l ? i
! J ! e n r i , k , . r . n s , u r t J D r c r rsn o c . , P J L r c :
{3r 6l0l \t'Jrrt
! , t , ' J r -. t 5 . A r l , i I ? i . i c s r f ' " 1 . ' c ! r r l " r l i n c u f ; n e ( . 1i l r
_,u Lt. L'. Lrr.3r.' \
. i . C l . l , , , r . f i r ' l ' . s c(,Itx f r c , r r t ) i . : . , r i ! . i L , c
I r i('v'' rj 'nir-;tTnT-ffiirr=T ' Trl-Fllr:,"
r ' r ' n c , r r r , : r c ur l r c r ' - : t ) l r c r ' t n i ' r e ( r \ c r L .cl
u ' ( l r l ' r t ' r : c m r z i u ier N r r i c l , u : c n i r r , g c r i i f i l i ' t'f: : l" "ill L<I:ifiti;;;n;--r:(l Iu|r]r'\1 I
I o h e " o r l i i a i i n e
r u . l c u s i sr c p h c e c l r inerlr-' ; r r ' e r u r , , ' r h . L tc e r r b c l c I G i i l : e d l f u n r r n e
'it".c "liiir
group. rrhis dri{r!!i!Nrq3s4$!!!'jr retlttl tubuirr llLri{l itrto tile bldod Tht blo.d
LI . 1 . . $ ' l l ; ( l r l r n r u i o r L n r q u i h z e r - i r l , r ! . s :q lc.clsol rrtl,hc(;inl'r1< " l . b c f i ; h ( - r-.irld. n o r c
uc,,n.-lbGi---mfi-;;fie-!ff T:l;,,'(:. : l,,.rc :L' r):cr 'rr iiecrt:*.l r'
i.,$:ij7:l--7aD l n i c r ) l o f i i ( r r c ! n ) ' , s"o l r l , f x r r l ) i r t r 1 r ' , r r , rr i i L
l.l l{abpeIiclol (llxl(lol) iT a iltro|oLurjro. t l r c l c l i , r t i r , : { r ) J u n i : c r l\ i r e n i i " c ' r r " r r
D h c n o n e(: 3 3 ; 5 7 3 - 7 . 1 ) r t r r ( l ) - \ i t l ! N r i ) i J z n l ( : ( l i u | u t i1r 3 1 ) ; 4 5 3 - s '!i a ! ,
l. l. svdrorvzinc ( A ( r n s v i s ( a f i l ) u r ( t 1tj3'4ljil)
'
r n l , r r < x l i ; n e( r ' < , : . r , :1..f c d i l ) h ( n \ l , , k r r ' f' ' , ll lhc( l'tl!) :iri'ri ":'i'r'r 't Ll'iri'l* "r'
J ( , , i . r i n s . ! . r ' r l c r r r t r r r i s t i r icr :pr r p c r ' l , x r ) ' a r
i l ' : r i
r l Ir,Jrr'Frr:r'c { ' j ! ' : ' ' '
i4 r i e sc t l c c r i l c I o | r l t e . c l i e { o f c e a i n . l l l ; s i c
. o r d i ( i o D s .( i l B r l l ; : : . , $ 5 )
C lhirzi(lci lerrsc ltrl)'rk'rle'nii \1iric| 3n--

(5!ra0i)
n vr rR l t, (cl .i rr(' . ;rc( )r r,: j.l,u- ! r { .- , - D . ' l 'lhl 'cahh} \Ppeef ir;'ir7i cv c. c( ,i (, ci il,l :clcnr:ocfrt ,l i' !.''ih , r l A e l.r, .
*lri; {j7. a A . - \llpDr 'ousjtrl Jddi l i(l r' rl o, rsor m
u r .r ,l l l! ) Juic. c u fnlii,|,qg p
Drroosshhgallaanncdliinn[ 1 , rl rr;uddi -i -i li l' u 1 ' rrs"'r;stici,rr-l].':'l:!e n ciie,.t) ri5 4Di
1 . i f nDlc
f i [ . Llor i k eu3? r m ln:rtrtrmtmmng I | ' cprtency
I n l c ( j ' | x ; | l c . 'Lne l l ; c ) t | iol c J ('re
ntc.. rr. LlKe amPrrc(?rrr
]-,o' r' ; n v i :
i ducrus.J r(riosus.
ducrus rreriout. ii!1-[€n!!es reona(es h-irhco,scn:':l_
cor5ten:r:l- p.csanr, i,ei \'.,k
prc'<i'nts
., 't
":itn ". ,1.,1q'5'
,i h . , r r .deleFrs
heJrt 1.1..< u n r l s u a l e r r ccln-l:ier
ururLlrri,rc!: r f l : e o e rrojtl:r:lorrd"(I. a,/arud
.r/,r,x'4 bv
D v Lltivitlc
t i ) r i / r dilr. ic r
"
'-
rhi I : o l l , ^ ' i , r Al r i , r l , ,$ 1 , ( r ' ( l , c l u n 8 se \ p 1 , , d \ i , r ' r . r c i l ' : . ,\ . . t . r 1 1 r r ,
i' '!I" i air and rcsklr'l)ceto blood {low acrosslhe llng
;;;'.;r*i-r;ih;;i; p"i^-"'+ de. r. clLr'rLinc. : :',.("- r 't-!" ':d' i(L "
l il"'I";h;;;h ii"r'ncsl.,,.:aaort'c;ni't,unr.,r. ",,.";i inl:"irir" Driep"lLr're-'v ltr''rL:iu ciul
lrl ;:;; ii;;;;.i.?,"' arrcriosui-rn ! re" n.'3 it' tcute r.\tlct'ir' ' nnc ' " ':n nc I
,, I ch'il''rrrrp N'i ' lrc a ( its :F !l i '
'-r,",i,ii""..;"f i, scarldLt "ndorl:rl;:'l
$ ""Ji
pr"LlcrrL.!Q i . i r i t ec 6 n r n r o n Il ir,,r " . ' e r r' l ' ' rn :" r
t s u i r tr 'e ri ' \ ' l l c ( L l " l r r J r ' i r r:' '' D ]-\
,t ;';;-;;i-;.;,;i; p;;,',.,Lur'in,rrP ' . !r .u r . ! il,''' 1 " : r " . ' : i ' i r ' i L ' - - r r : ' '
t-.I
,,i
.' r,* r,..'i"rpl'c 'te.l in 'naina,n;n; pr';Li:l' 'r r' i I
rr'd!i i'n"l i'L' | : " r 'r' '-
i: rr'- J | - '
i"i'^,1
t* o t ( h c d i l u s r t t c r i o n r 'l D d o -
" r - r . i pi*,"gr""d;. srn$e@se .ssenrirtrofceudi!is!)rr^.brs.lbucrurrror
..;
i .i.,ri,.i",
hr, b<n uwi orcirie"eptirrnrcologFlo'ur+
lltribiror."
rl'c rll' l irri :1 :' i
ir intIrLJ ,. ,.nxlt€.na'i\'. (o !,rq1crllisdrionr
r! AdnrirLisu4n)i
AdnrirLisu *it,r\ ol' indor D";lhltnr rc prcflnrnr./
irida,Dithlanr prcflnu\l
i \ L d I r c r t , J sl , , l r u p r c r ! t , I r c c l , ' s i , t ;o i t l ) ( r c r x {t
sonrcuhrilcdLoprcnurtLrrcck'si,tsottlxrcrx{ - ,CH. (iii. Cl
, ducr* r |rqri,r u".rsi''nr i'fiAr! a'i h,,r.
rrnl: ; ) tr R -N'
fasiirced puln'onrqbloodllor{culedDr.on \al: _r-rl_al
c(r,L,,ldel!,rsaoddcpc\d-on a PrEnrducit'r/
Jrrern"usror adcquare blcxt oxltlrtrzti(ntntrd'

i
'. o
qnta0,0l,i)r'
i .,I
, ", tt\
oii
r,g
 phannceuticat
Chc"ti,try / ;7
I
I l r . a , ( ! . c " l r . n r r r r t rr o r r r , . r , r o , , t t-- , r
x e n ' l a st,l m p l ' o _ r , , M d r u ) , e l o l ? aLs3.: < c a .| . . r j u L j o l L : , r L i r u r , , k c. , , , , , . L
, u , , , , , . L r L\,,tr 1 ,
o:tztv-t2, t26t) r r c r r c d p x r ' c n r s (. L i : 3 6 U 1
[4 hu '
' nuo'tl
I
n to . r , r o"nr :: .
. t e
le,x.clrle:(1e d1I n1u :, r"n,p,d,n,,.i ,h,1,5.r o- p, ,r ")art," n c s rrhaep j.r.)
ric ac_ TABLI Ii
l;:1 ! v , ( v ( a f i ] J r eo r . , r t r v i n g p a i r rr n . , s r i , r.
rrfiUs,.rlllu,e'1 rt|( Hoqe,.r. ir na\ 1 , r ":
no anri-. .CnltuIrtcll\tunt Un;ori:.at t, ttnlot)a)L,idl
ri o a c r c r dkr o n x , , . i s n o rc u r i r , \ c t. r i \ . , , .
o y e { . \ r s . . ' r , r , . r l . , . . , Ir . c u l o r us r i n e r e , t
azo at varir .\ lH \attkl
IT orange. p " r i " , r . ru.
'; rtro: a te wrmea-ro expe.i
r h , , . y h . n z z o f \ | , d i , r ; a . . , r ' . rj te i n f i r . d i o s -
j PH % Unionircd
? g ec o n , o . n J f i o r ,! \i r t , u , . r . r , l i l , ( r c t . r ; \ s
o r U T i r ' . S u t . , d l , , c ) .t { u " . " , 1 , u i A i , l \ ^ . o
( n o , . e ss u g g e j rr t . i r n i ) b c f t c . 2.0 100.0
r o g i r c i r . "cup-j
a r a r e t /a n d r o e t i m i o r r ei r f r o m r h e ; e s i m e n
as
40 99.96
t lz; jo: l oJ_o,r]
.lr
il 6.0 96.17
7 1 . a . A l r h u u S l r U r - . .d r , , l s i , c .rn.i-,
"I
u r e )d c ' r ' r r l r eJ . L . c eo f d . r , r" rn. rr. I, ce.r , n ,(rt , e
L.r.o,,r ! p c L r r 7.0 71.53
o r \ L o , r r sr t , r , n i ; . i n u , . a n s
r u h L n r d n s p ) r a n ( € lp a . r . o a r e
( A m ' m , n 1 . )i s e f f c c r i \ ea g a , n v p . n - o i r r s 6.0 20.t7
and
s u l l , c . c n r l vl a . L i I S i n r u \ . r ; r ) r o o e r e L . n r
m e n d € dD \ r h e . \ d . r s o rRr e \ e w l r n c l o n O T C t00
r t r s c e t l a n cros D r J g p r o ! { u . r st o r c o n . e r s i o n
r r o ' . ,! r c n n t . u r o , , t )r r O T C i r . . . t . t . i s ,- s
r P P , i N e dU t r l , c F l A r l c d h r r \ ' . r ' t?.r) 0.01)
:iir,;z-c,;,,r"q :i. r'i,i,:ir.,:).:",,.;.,].1. l]li
l 9 ! { . ' h e .x ) r I L f r c ( r r c r , t < u c f l g , t,r5 etccrej
. (39 40)
r l , \ rU rn t f c r l . ea r . c r r : . . A r r t r e\ , r 1 e( i . r (
l/r( tL)A rlrl,r.r\((l ([c ! . o J r n s ; r ( ' , ' r \ ' , t . , 1 r , ,. n , l ( . i , , . \ j i r
l , . , r , c l sr c . , , rl | ( 1 o , . . .
p r p e r : ' z . I( Cr . , , c . . \ r . r , . t , , r r .I , , . , . r ! r ' . u . ' | . r 6 r r i c i , r I _ r . . { , r . . .c. r , .. . r r r r -
t e n n r n v i o l c r' l C r r ( S o r r t j r s u n s r f ; f u r L . r c . tir's. (3S:llj0)
r v r \ r r ) . r u n I' / a r n u n c t \ a . , l l , . " u s r t u l
trrin.r-
pu v r-,r p,,'\(irur,. rr rn(l 5 . , _ l _ hhe) J ! . , x ) t( I r [ t o i L ; ji ; . , . : i . p . r , , . r ,
r . c , , r . : . r, o i c , . , r (
D o ( nd ) c . D u n . t S ( r c , n . " r , , \ i r j , I , u \ . , r t r c n ) u r o g e nD o D d r n tksi r I , w r r : r n . , . ( ( , , t c ah. , , , r c f
t c ( e s\ v r l tb c a r x r o e bd r i g h (r c d , u I e l ( t i i . - b r u . \ . $ , r u o r 1 , Lr yD c r e a s e sr h. ( , c r b r . . , . h c n u r n b c .
I h e D h r , U c i r rr h , u t t r r J rn ' t , e u l h ) d r o \ y l g r o L p si ( i n c .c J , ( L t"r \r , J l : . . . r Lr r .
: l r r ( i e n ro f , h i s ,
a( verr ,s '< 'r,E,t,. p1rip,.r !/ ro 4,1y rtrc c o n r o n r' s t r c l dL r n ( r d n r .O n t h ( ! r t . c r L r n d , * .
r . ' b l . r .J n d ( n J r J i d r . i n i , , S . t o u , , r . !T. h i . r l ) - r . - , r l r ec a r u o nc o D r c n ri n c r e a s e lr r . en l o t c . u l eb e _ -
dalul< ,t\t.nr(/otl i. ,hc rc.( ILse,{aLer
:ulub,.
' l n i e a d . ! g ! m !j n d
i o r ( U r r n e o u "sl rt r' .rtr; nn-rrrdr , " n ,
:....,1:,"Ll:l:,J8"Ltlr."...'.d
i!' ' ' l.'4J. i-r.2.'': /l]

( . r e r p r n Be r u p r i ^ n t l r a n d m e b e d l z o t e J \ 1 , r - !-..
: B . w a r e r s o l u b _ i l id ( ye c r e a s ew" ! t r i n c , e r \ e ri n
n o x l i , e c o n . . d e r ^ Ju , c f u l b r o r d + p e ( r u r r r
,rl' a n r h e t n n n r i c( ls:.S . ( . 6 i l E : I ; D _ b 5 ,J g . i J U J _ 0 ; ) r n e n u - m D e r _ ocr a r b o n si n a ; , i l k a n e ( h a i n .
r n r r e r o r e . . l l ) e b u ( , n o t s . q . i Ib e i n o r e s o t u b t - ,
i ? 2 . E . . l v s o d i u m b i c a r b o n a rN e i u , i t r a r i n i z .r r r e
than tb€ panranols. sin"c sidJ chrins ,e;d i;
i,lnro\erirrersorubitjr!,
u r i n e ' o r p H o f ? 8 r o S 0 . p h e n o b r ! b i r a$r a r.;i?v U,"".i i
w e a lr L i d1 t K , - : . a , l t . . p e r , p n r ! g F o t d r u g uc dorc elL,blerhan.n-buranut I t 3! !)
e x ' s i " g n r e ' o n r / e dl i p i d - i n s o t u b fl e
^. Tle ibremeof hFr",yr s,,.i,p,; r,i,...
orm ,,r.l \rouJoInri'cate,poor
rvrltr sotubitiry.
b . , t u r e a . a di n a t tr t i . e f l d i d ,a 5s h o L n , n I d b t f ft 5::lr0J
,,n! c : n n o r p : s r r r r o u g hr h e r i d n e y .:u.
:r lu: u u r ec ci ?
l t^, n' . n ) t r r . r . i b
e r\ , k i r u ur t , eb t u o d .i t r L
n o r n r : ' i ' c r b s o r p r o l , o t -t [ ( b r ub i ( r f x r c t r o r t l
u f l n e N d e c r c d r c de, x (r r ( . o r u f r : r e, 1 ,J s r si n -
c , a r d . l t t a n n i r o ti n i e ( j o n a r . r , a n o i m o r i c .
o r u r e r r c c , o n t , - - r L n o t d i u r e s . ra , r a ; r _
, taliniadou has been shown ro reduce rhe pe-

R
,p, ol) flrn,,6;1.66.:,t
Clh,.., .
 ryr
'{
t'-
Q/..v
jj
i,l8 , J8 | l'tn n.r lte"iu
c?t
t - l r e ya r e o t r r n u s e di n t o n t b i d a r i o nr i ( l r e l c h '

I 77
o r t r c ' .( : ] 8 : 1 . 1 t4 9 )

t c l , , o L , ' , r n i s .r, , ri . . . .r , ir t ,t , , . , , . , . , , . t . .
s::. n-. vut.u.,,, ot. oms{to not rel,c.r Urc

A, D. aoth d_releckic.on5,,,,. ;"b

p a r a m e r e rorr s o l , , ' ptsn , t s o t , . ."r.si r c n " c r
$r!r_
L i l , r vc h , , r d e , . : r i , su l J c t , c F . i . a , , i , J r r _ ! 1 ,
i,"
. u ,r o L , rl ' . . L t J . r f' !, ,i . s . . r U.t. . r - , .t.t , . . l rei.
L;,.,.

,E . r J h l r , r , ,r c . r _ . e 1 . . , , f ,, ,. . rI
r r . o 1 , . , r, , , , ( t u . t , t, , n c s r t . e ,,:, c r i i , r r . . r . r , ,
7 3 . D . \ 4 1 , . . r\er " i , ) < f l o s ,1."."",,
'|,u.,
.
a r r r e p o t d r , r , e st.. L , c t u ) c , r h c r o t J r c r n d

( I 2 . : 9 f r , 3 U ?l:2 r 2 7 r , : 5 4 i
8 , . C . _ _ T h pc K . o f a ! v c ! k . c j d o r b a s ea n d
sot-
r e D rv l t u c , . r t r es f c c r r l . D . . . n ( j a l s o , u b . t i , \ .

Lhc
F \ n r n U r - , L o r h r . 1 , . _ n"b. .t ,- r c n c i .t ) y d " i , , , : . d,.,",,,,,.rrr.sf..
- i tri r o n w j x e s r e e " , . r r o fh : S h . m o l e l u l\ae,i r h r r c 5"1Jl:1ltt,l
iJll o r c r r c r l c dtylj,-" t r l r J r wr,;il
i t Jt , - I . r c s c n rr r . I i t . L
a r c o n o t s a r ' d J ( Ii n d ,b - f r n a \ .r h eJ t .o t , o t r ; d c o , . c s l r u , v r , j , (d . - , r . e , I e x , . j I r T . L t
( i i l 0 _ { j . r : : 3 u v t 1 . I 2 t . z ' J v- J v r ) L,i,j,y.
a , , l , r o n1 1 t . t r c l t n i b o n i , o m . I 8 8 3 0 . 3 1 r

It
^ . L c r ) ' f . ! , , , . " r r .r \ r e t , r ' r . i r yi l I r r . rr ( | (
ur)pcrnrcer'he\!\) sur..rn,"oLr!ir(.u.ronr U . . U . . L ( v x , r c r ( r . u t sJ p o w e r f u !t J \ o c o n s r o c r o .
( h e I k a d o f { h e s p e r n r . N t r a t(et . t 2 4 t ) w r r n a j e l l . a d r c n i r q i c a rr i v i F u n 6 " 1 1 , . , . , ; , ,
L Carnaubi wa\ har highcr,hotecut"F,reigh! a n d \ r n L U , _ b e d sI L a l . , i ( a p o r e n ri D o t r o D i c .
e s r e r sr h r n b e e s w a xT. h c s e c o n t e r c h a r a c r c r _ s r , m u r a r o r . o( th € h e a r r( b e r a . c r i v i r y )J r i .
u;e.l
r o - r e s r o r cbjt o o dp r e $ u r c r n a c u r eh y p o r e n s i v e
1l i.rr. of h,,dhes .nd h,ghBjo$.vtrnh n)dte
r r p h r r n ' i c ( u i i c a l t yu s e i u l i n p o t i \ t . i n gm i \ - t , \ \ '
( u r e sr o r c o i l r c dr r b t c r 5t.l . t 2 5 8 )
. I r sares ,',d a(
. , r , u .- ,
r n : \ - t J U r , -r rn t ' ] ; - r r e h c n r o t
, c a r o r a c . r r r e s rL.c a , r e . e n o l i s n o r e l t e c r i v cu r _
a ' 1 ya n u , \ E , v e nb f l y i n f u 5 i o , i _ p r c fteuu l ) : n r o
?9. !..Clvccrin{(rih)d,o\ybropancr:,arrrot.in , .rc\ \, a Erge vern
L o D r i n r , n i zrc, e c r u s i L sI.rhe over..
-j f.l 1, t . r . \ .T_' \ t r i n a s k i n . f r u h
e 1 . r , r , o l e c i , t ch r 5 r t r r e e r j c o n o l n h r d r o \ y l t)rotuljcd va\o.or"rrjcuon.
g . o u t , s C l l c o l s a r e r e p r e s c n r a t i v e - 6pi h a i _ l 3 : S e c r . 4b; t 5 J _ i 3 l
'i n r a c e u r i c . tut ls e f uat l c o A o k1 ! h i c ha r cc t a s ; i fcid
8 4 C . A c e r a l d c h / d ei n r t r c p r c s c t r c eo f a s m a l l
- ,ir.. ai diok. (3Sr33t).,
a n o u n r o i c o n c c n r f a r e sdu t f u i i c a c i d 1 ! i l t o o l _
I 8 0 . E , S i l i c o i . r a ' e p ( , l r n r c r sc , ) n j i n i D so t 1 : h n s rrnenze (o rhc liouid rr;rner
1,, Darrldeh.yde
o r , a u e n r a r , n oSx ) . g e nr n d s i t j c o na r o n r s\ r i r h ( cH,_cHO),. (lj,j5r)
-l,h-
! u o s U t L . , ,r(S! L . . g r o J F ,t .g c c r i m c ( _\.. L I , c r . i n o J . : . c . . . t , ,)f t. . . . , . . - e n c
f .r.. i
I"t
p r . c n \ l ) u r t u l ' c d r o r h e s i t , c u na t u r , r sC r ( r c , r s : r r / H r l r fo i n . r t . , c r j . n , - t 1 . ,l 7 : j t . ) s /
. iain
i c r F r h ,n r l rsr,. ( t f l ( r r c c c f ( , . , : s . t , r . t . . r i . i e r , , . 1 l ,..jr. . o . e r h )| L . -
" , , 1 L C n r
I n g' / c ( \ f c " c t , . ' x c . , r b c o r t r , r r . , r r ( r l J c t . i r r rcir,rr il ':t.1,.. :{r.ii.._,rl
' c rrri(d r, )ictd,,..idc r (
r . r n g co r ' ) , o p c r U C lsr.. c I L , Es . u r c r t . i c . n.(. . . r , D . A l . t ( . t ir , c f . , , , , , , , , c , , , , t J n . . , r i , . n
u t h L rJ k l e l r r ( i c (s) \ ' : t t J l t2 t t r ) J t ",U
e r c c l l e n 's L r l i d r n r . i r r ( a b t a r o . t i s r u D ( U r c
.! l i q u i d f i I n s o f g r s b ? b b t c si n r h c t r o r h - h i c t ,
m a ) d c v e l u i i, n r l ' < s ( ! r n l c h I ( r so i . " n n . - : - 6 5 . } 1 . .n t c i c I r y ( t . l g )a x d o r h e r h c r ! y n c ! a b p o t -
p o r a r i d( i r h a n n c i d si r r l d r n r u l a r i o r i),sr ( ( n o c o . o , r I , r \ i r ' ; u p _ ) H g h r t , r . n , . s s , 6 .L ! . . .
' o . , r h c \ c6 3 , c o u s d i { o h f o rar s* e a . i . , " , - e n . : v n r ed r c u p , . t , : r, d e p e n , i
, c i d i r y(. l : 3 1 6 ,7 5 6 i2 : 2 9 ,4 2 ,a i , t 6 ) 1rl(' r1r .rde :h. j.o5t c. H s r o ! t r r u r r . . r rr c u ! i . vs. ) n .
o n r t r o u n drsc n r o v ^t h e h c r " l t )
81. c. l . , I ' , ' r t . ' i i n g c o f r p o u n J ( a , f e t a r c / . . . . , rr .
,Pforltrhiou-rlcir. nrsr!4tgl. r'r",.., ,c. r a r | | k x n . , n r o x r . r . . dr r p r d t )e r ( r e r . d .r : \ . l j ,
a n o . a r o r m r z oa lree . t r ( , r t F ad r r l | i o . r J m i J c r
dnJ .onrd,,)dre r[iocarbamide - l 7 3 j 3 9 : 4 5t )
sro;;iit6i
low).\hich i\ betiai;-.Eeiiiar ror air;rhvro;a
b . e . . D e c a r b o x l l a r i o n " f s " d i , mp " , a - a - i " o - , , 1 - 0
3gi,t) rh, nrjor i, r" p.""eiiifi.iiia. r y r a r p . o - t u d r n r n o p h e n owt i l t ( . k e p L " . . T h c
hoi6t,.e-J$_rlrasis' ".'ion
bf t toctini'l;tor p;,;r oj|. s o o r u m! u j , r ( ep r e v e n r sr l , e t l p i c r t . o x i d i l i o no f
ol iod'nein o ryrosfliroups of rhlro'rtot,uinlf p n e n o b r o c o t o r e dq u i n o n e . r r u c r u r e s .T h e
in a,ldirion,rliionrniiie,'broci iou;l:ns or .
iodo(yros)ls ro form iodorhyroninei.,Oirser.
ofac(ion is tlow siocesroresofT, musrbe dc . b u t , t r eU c p m o n o g r J p h
' l o F \I ' d v .a L 4 u r^ 1 r ^
plp,ed belo,ejFedrusetre.,""fir1,e".", *. f . . p ) r , . o l u r i o n \si r t i i n
: , 4 i ' u u r o I a d , nn r . , r " r i , , a; ,n J r h r r u n d e rn o
hormone be.amesapFren( (rj.tr0,. lu, ('r,,,rn5rrn r r, , t , u u t dr . L t r . r o nb c u : " d i f i , .
I / : 4 I 3 -l - 1 ) rut rr..lJrrec tra t.: ... fr hj!Dr"p,."J
- n u r i . , , '\.1 . - : r , . /

I)l:{_*: r, l,\t-.r; | ,,r.:..1.

fi.
, , f j . i , o s c o p r c\ d c u u \ t r q u r , j r j L . l {i s : : . / s { i b t . 1 f ! ! !
ll lv-arer-and atcohot ard mcsr o.ar;c iir,.,*
-l c-R our nor h,,thm'ncrat
sit. l r i s a h rghly
s h l v polar
bta.
. ubsr"-'n"
-;ffiGtt._*; ;:il,,;*;
solvenL,lD "; re.crGa?;i;
rhcc,,rD terbsDMso
.t :_l- \
3ctJ
1-\\
i

jii1'*'rrru;l.*;;;;,.;
i:lili:rIll{iirt;il;i",i:ii#r,ij;'
illfllriffif#]difi1
rdlr*#,friffiil#
"
fi';#i;gfiffiffi $ilii;*]i:1lffi,l,"l
Hft"
$;ttl',r-;iffiW
*ifirr'ffiffifln*
;#+#;,rj;i-ffi; i:,;l;HEi,t;,i;ll;i,;";j1''.",.
l,iil,:::ll:;;H:..1:*;,1 _,- i:::,1*:::*:1'lr:l;:,;,',;i"1j,i,iii,'iti
i;;;-"";;,;;:'lli:,:ii:;;i:i:1:l::s^l"i!
_yT ii;:,Ii::,;ll;:t,,i:,i:,:;:::,llll,i";;,;";
t;',
l,l}llJ;.;;";j,.il::''+-;i""'j,'*a 'p.";, ^,i;i,'"ii,."ii',.,'rr,.,",
,...
dia,by.
en(reprcneum ." ,
\rhopro,i.j€d;"j,T; ro. ., rl ;:;,:i**'i.;r@.*
crE1r-@.
i'{in'lr'i,Ld ....' ,r- ir.;,.1",i'lvi,rj,;::J'l*llll,'l,i*;'"'l:
i:lt.li:iJ:Ti!:i!,t,;:),1drrso
I

l!1F:tfr5.:dx1iffill.*U;,, ^l'*rl+"i' i::rl,.rui$

t, ;";,;,,",,,,",o,d,o.(k,c,c..La;
r',';,'..a.,",,.i"1,":
:ft:i5ii#*r-Iij:+fu:;:;;,1";;;'
*
;;1",'.r,'. """r
o,1
r,cu,e,,n.,,Jsk,,,o.,,,.,,
.,i1,:: i:;,1##;llij;'ii#l
'i..: ittrl,,;,i:.'"
:i.
CH,
'o
s2. c. .r-he
!!*iill:i,ii'ff
2_in rhen!n,ckrco.r,cs
rr,chxrforvl
"6,
),1:;. . ./_ , r f i e r h r e . c J r b u n( p r u p ) L )r ! d i . a t . ( 3 3 r 1 :
:r r ' r r l p ' o l )
88 D . C e n r P h orrs s o . u L l e
i n a l c o h oc: , o , r " " - JnuJ hcn),j'o',t'-in .
""
f,;:ti:ll;;lf,i.,iilil;-,.;s"i";b"o;;:i,i.jr,lt:;i.::ri:,;lli;,',1d.,i1.,,,,i:",
''
'" l;,,1f":'fii'&'.,i;:,"ti;;li;t;::i::i,:fl; ;;; ;1
irli'::j'i::iii,i,";tiii:;l;:1';.;
jll;Jq:g'
fl'f"'j"ffitrtri,t#i1:1 j.':
r;';';;'l::ir'::i;i"i:ii:1;;1",',f I
,'i,.rrsH]""Jr,,,";",,,";1;,,,:,'"'j,i;',',li ,1t,,,::,'".i
:,i:,li::,:jlllll,l:filllt:
rii il,j:,rj.'M.,!r!
::litl:'J:j,|,1i::'i'"'::1,i:,1"tiji'::tlj,::;;;ir:1;.1l,ix1;;;i

*,t'ffi t
#r;ijr:ii:.f,i.:#ii'i;ll'ir;:;'";rirt
Jffi
f ld'm*i',:*,,:ffinnn'*l* :'
aLaa::tt,,:/s!6cdt)\
" , . , r r , , ) ' r t rfc..r.'.*',
v; p :uit
r t L c r l t p , ,rirr
r r llr!r,c.ir,rJr,i,',i
t ! l , Ci .l ,r J r irr ,r i j
ir \ / , " 5 c J . , , L
./,ira,rc"l.,,v';]
a^-..
""'"
[d"\
_:]
o,/ lr, ,,
t04- "rr1"',-
Jt.! rr,r
:.c!- F:)lv
I
' ' t , 0 . . . .1
:{
L L ! " : , : c t o . J i 1o ',
 \,r
'r p\
40 | l'lnlmac\ R?r\(n'

I , , - ' l { 1 . A l r n 4 u g l rt h e L ) ( l n , \ t l g r u u p r sa) : j
r , ! 1 . c dr u ( 1 , (a r o r r - u cr , u , l e u "g I e . a t h c r r r o l -
-u.e. rl,e gencnl naryre of rirriaw alcoh6l3-'
,'eDrirc nloleiulc l,ccot).s poltLrizcd-\tealty so,
i b u r c n o u g hr oJ ; l ' i I o i \ " r 1 ,l ). : r <t l v l . r u . , d r
\virhit. (14:l{6i 38:832)

I i , n ' rr r ' ec r t r u , l r ) o l
i c a lr e r c t i o n sc h q r r ( r e r i s t iocl a l . o h o l sp. l ' c , , o l "
are ac(ually acidic and able to forn1 sal6 rrnh'
b a s e sP. h e n o (l n r o n o h t d r o x l b e n z c n ies)\ ( e r k l )
9 9 . E . T l , c \ r \ i c . L r u r, u r cr 5r l i r p l ' e n, r h r T i n cn L .
. l e u s . ' l I . " n " r L r e d n J r - e 1 , .l i i ; f i 1 - f i d
r r i ( u e r , r s ( r o n g l "i n f l ! " , , r F r . ' , v i r y . i r d g i r e n
uL

d F , i \ a U t co, n e ' , ' r ! ' r " " l t h c r ' ^ r ' b l . r . r j n n .

I r.ili. (llK, = l0). t rouluctioni I elattioi!_a1:

r.h ri,,! tF^rr^ ,rr Ihc ',,,(l(',\,rilli'(1crs( t'Ic , , , n yp r ( , 1 , r , , i , ' , .r , h l ' r , \ l ' x l , ' w i ' r l ( $ l ' ,
r d , l i r . ' nr,u r l , ( , y r ' ! . , r1t r ' ' r ' , l\ i , r ,. l i n . l , c , t, . 5 -
t r ! I t l ( r . . l ' . . r ' u t ' r ' e U r r P L c r cr c r q r i r o f c ) . ' -
a n r p l e i, s a b o u ta s s t r o n ga s t h e m i n e r 3 l a c i d s
(15:355-58)
,'$,.;' L ' o ' , .i n d s i J u i ' l I ' l , c r a ( l i r / i h , \ a l \ L n ' i ) l u v .
e i f e c l \ r h a r c a n r i a d r e n e r g i ca, n
cird,ovlscul.r, r€tiTJrDii. and tnuv le relix
' tim(6n;n,'

al . , n r .I ' h c I ( r l , i , 7 i r . r ,h N' lC r I r , J y L c n r p c r r t u r ei D '

h u r n a D sa D d a o i n l a h . l , e a b i i i t l o l P b e n o t h i
9 - r . D . I n eu s u a l s o r t s : , r ea m n 1 u n , u nP r .o ' a s s i u m .
a z i o e sr o c n h a n c €o r t o a n t l g o n i z e € l f e c N o f
^ Jr sodiurn rtlrs of ftftrfri&r.diniFingqs+'( t orhFr druEs i. vell Jo(uhPn'ed. '8:245-50i
'o"?']br rse-elrbor3ls'lnl.
,J^"n"'ono Pdrtr$ium olearc and
a ' ' " s o d i u ms r e - f u r ea r ee ^ l n r P l e ' A L u o ( h c rm e t 2 l' 38:362-65;39:215-19)
I' s r l r . ( e . s, z i n c z n d l e i d r a n J a m i n es a l r !( e g ,
'; ---l !;1.1 r e r h r n ; h m i n e ) . r e( l , s s i f i e d r s s o a t, A q u e o u , '
s u . : o' " l r r i o n i r : e s e n e r a l l y L j , ( ea , k a l i n .J ' , J
q 1 0 0 . E . T h e c o n l p o u n ( el d r ) 4a n r i r r o b c n z o d t( eb e n -
l ;,b e r J r ,r h c f r ( e
r r e , . l c c u r r r : o s c d b i : a . i < l s-,l :t 1 . z o c r i n c ) i so o e o l t h c s e ! c r r l b e n ? o i ca c j de s r c r s
I fal,y acids:(20.139-rut - , t n i t p x h r b r (l o i r l r r . e r r l . r te - c t i ! i t ) 4 l l h n i n _
1 : ",d
-"il,.n- - - s o l u b l ei n N l t e r b u t \ r l ' r c r c t w , t h u r n r c r a al i i f i
r
rltLi ' 1 \ " ' r ' , 1< - !\1 ( ' !
riu?fiathiaiiahloric acid) to forn solLrbl€salrs
9 6 . A , E ( i r y l r c e l i r t i' :s a n e n e r f o i i n € d b f r € ! c ( i o n )--, l { , , c ' c r . r q u e o u s" o l u r i o n sc f ( } , e s es a l l sr , (
b . t \ ( e n ^ r ra l c o h o l i r d a n o f g n o i c a S k l. \ s o a P' /l\ . t ooini'rrirrs.>...cbcc?us.nfrheacirlitycrJtcl
t* Y
ii ., s.,lr"i n uI3iM-riillJa;'l IrrJr t '1;i rcidi , r , L r c r r c " s ' " c t r y d r ( ' l y s i r( l 8 t 7 i )
r l r ( , f o , , r t s L c f r \ r i t h u . c o h o l sS i h 5 " f r r " r , - plti . 1 . J . t c n z , ; r . r r ' nc .i .' l l , r L r x ! < r r | J s . l - l , l (
o'.'le'r n! rrlt Fenerj,l) h fc dere'''.nrP'op- .r i n a l c o h o l :v e g e t i b l eo i l s t r d s c v c r a lo r g r u ) r c
- ) | l . 0 . 5 a , . : . 4 f i J:rn1 u " m : t d t y : n i r s e p trinc d 3 r t s l L r l i n c '
: -- i n l o u e o u r s o l J U U t r( 3 3 : 3 ] 3 ' 6 3 7 ) , ; r ' i , , ; . ; , , ,i , , : . . . , , , i r \ , . : " . r f . , r u . r , u r . , . e ! "
---+ e:i'
1 1 . s r , r { l ' c ci , ' i i n o f i R $ i " J j l x ' r r l r i d L r c n t o c a u rrcn
:i -. | r-..,.:'.":(:l'sed
t)/
O. 2i* ,",,"" r s a \ r i r c r - r e p c l l c d rt o \ d ( r
! j a ( r b l e rl u b r r c r n rI' r 5 u s c i r , , l u r r ' r r i
D o \ d e s \ r s d r : c 6 - n n ; u ; 6r r h e n i t \ q , f t - n d
.' ' ' cbnced(frrid)s
ol lto :07. (38:5?j'l
D . H y c l r o l l $ i sy i c l c l ra l c o h o la n d p - a m i n o u e n -
'j <:s"' i u c a " ' " 1 r ' r ' n o " " ' " i r ) n i n t n 1 3 ( r r 'onr , i n i . ' 1 1 z o i c a c i d .( l : i ] 9 9 )
:1
-t
.li

.
L r o n \. i S . b 3 ? )
E. Triet[anolamirr€ oleate' :in rnine salt, is
'he emulsifyin&.agentin Benryl Bervoaie Lo-
(ion (i8:'oj-
usp ','
3;,:'i".'il:".,:ljilix"? il;lill;il:
;q r i d e o l ( h e c a L csf a l t( m e r h v l d o P a they a r o c b l o -
9r-. A An esier is a salr ot an alcohol ard either ri(le' Aldone( l.isrcrHvdrcchloridc) ":iln isused tor
I
'\
'
an orsanic * .o.g-.
of dibitiure mdsi-siaeis "iiaft"
p'""'?t""
are gra{urllj hvdro-
the irjec(ion lt is sutiicierrtlv stable ro bt nul
rered 15 an aqueoussolution (50 mg/ml) bu! is
i l v z e dt o r l e c o r r e s p o n a n ga c l d sa n d t r t c-o t ! o l s . raPidl)-hyarol)zed in virc io nrethyldoPr
(l:?86;59:418)

I
_LI !r A . I l , < t " , l f - , r r \ l < , ,qel . a r n ! r l , L 'l ' r ' r J n
a h i r h F , o r r o r 1 , o ro,l o s ) g ' n r l ' t r " L I r ' . i D lJ:. L . l l \ , ! l , i , , cq \ " 1 r t c r ' ! ' l i b ' c i n r r a r ' '
o. molc ul r '. :"r" .' l\" I lcl- Gl)
'l l((
(

. r ' r e , i . h c r . n i q l r n r o l " , u l J"rc r . i h r 5p ' ) - ( r l

N * Fi s a v i s c o u sc o l o ' l . r s si i q u r d h a r a n a v c r a i '
J , . _ r l ' . , ' 1 , . ' r : s , ' , , r h l et r l " l a r ' o , f ' r r ' ' b u r
ooL i,i ihe u""r"rh' rlil)lrlic Itidroorbods motccutai-ivcii']toilo0,'ir.d n in the sivcl
l , ) ! , ) ( l i r r r t i , , . . r lo i l - i : ! 5 : N : t 0 ) 1'r,r![ u, ic; lionr tr'2 Ll)9.l l'olve!hvlcn'
I lj. Chbrofortli is chsrilled as I retrPohr sol'-
(;lvcol40(JN 0 1 :i s i L! J x t t ( r l i d1 ! i r i ri ! r r ! c f r S
Lr , r d ' b c r ' r F t l ( 1 < ' JL c . l l l l molccuhr wei{l,L ol aiJrit; I v,dc fr'rn 6:r r''
-1 i
, . n t o u t r o r n e t i l . ' Pn
pll.E-"nti;nEEefidl'?ctrEG+ r I'ehishh
. h " t e e d ( h l o n n e a ' o r n sa R ' r c t e r ( c ( r u nP a r r s
- o h ; e t h v l e n e G l y cOoiln t L n e n t ^ ' I i s a 6 0 : l
3 . 1P
"'i{ur;
ofihe a00 a'd 3350 (lSil2'!4, l:1(
a * : i f r o r r t h e h y d r o g e na t o m . l n e f { e c t '! l ) e 33:ti30)

I ' r1 '-'
li:
I. ^ . an s
' tl zz \1'-' \-x
.v
 I
i
I
.tl |ac.ItticaI ChcInsit1
Phft
-
C l u L c . \ r \ ! l \ ' . r i ' r ' ( l s :s l l ) r u ; t E . 1 t ' . \ . | | | ,| ' \ L ' ' ( . ' " , ' r l ' ' I " $ l ) { c r " i r ' ' r (
I , , , 1 r L l L r i i n r i f $ " n I ' J n " - l t l I l s u l i o t r )S nt
L h ) , . - U i . , : r t r ' r , r - ' , , ' , t c .l l . , z l a l 1 - . l rcuP _
a q l t i c hc a Db e p o l v r t r c f t e dr f i r h c r l i t l c n ' g l r c ( ) l .' rr,hcej *l i-iri ,"or is. i t ( , r r ' r r rrdn a l i p h u L rScr o n Pr r r l ' € : l
' \lrr r,ri rcririr' '( curi " lr"n the R'
u , t , r e ut ' e t , , , l r c i l r t l' . 'q l ' ( ' l \ ' I I l : i ' l )
, 1 ,
. , ' , , ' r r". r l r r F ei , s i sc J d n n r s:ir l ' p r r c r " l v
L I : w t r (c , ' r ) u l \ ( r h \ l c r ": - l ' ' " 1 " " v ' t c ' r " t " l',,
r l r n i r r r b , ^ t l t a t t tl c r g r l 'J " r ' r ( ' t r l ' 1 " ( ' l i r : r I C
i r s l . r f i c! . i ( l c s ( e ro l r ) i ) l ! c r I fl L n eg l J ( ) l \ f h i ' h
L , , , r ' , u , , i L r ' , , r " b ' r t . J ' ( ' l r r r t lln' r ( ' r 'r : i o r t
o r * a t c | ' s o l u b l e c r c i s r s , ( ' i d ( n r c r r r s r I ' l rl c r r r s
' l i l D $ i [ i t i l ; L ) . 1 : l $ : r 5 t - 5 1 r3 i 1 r : ( ; 0 (Ii o
-)

'r t'r
( l : 1 2 5 3 l: l l : 1 2 1 ( l ) 10.j. B lJrr;\lrtrirruic iitiid (igLr(r'r!'irr' A( "

d b h o i c eD . e p r c ' e n r sa s e r i c ro i u r d d o e r h e s' l e -
r i v e df f o o r d i e ( h v l e n e g l l c o l l _ i ' e s ea r e m a r '
k e t e da s C r r b i ( o l s ( l : l l l 5 2 )
' r (comErr?iZliAr;a o-nre lr'r'derd'nort
a c n l i r r e t i n o i n ,R . t i r r , \ ) r J ' " i r l ' i d ) l r e r r t r r { n
r,,i,rji+;r:ritit ,. li{ \c\(rll )(xrsfur rul)i(al'
-l' rc'i r5
'iirDli,r i(,n ln tlit iinntinc'! of;iairc
j 1 0 3 . E . N l e f c r P k ) p u r i r r(ch i r i r r c r l x t ) i s r h c 6 i L i o
r i ' i n i r a l r ' x i r r r t r l : n i i ' 'g1 ) i t l e f r r r x( cl r r" r f i x ' v ' l
. . r r , cl : ' u " i r r qr l t c ' I i r r r r i p c e l l s " t r c L ' n o i inr r : \ c
a n : l o s u eo l J J e r r i r r ' dirri In.oil-in
il. t u n , r i n, r l c l . u s \ | r o o n u ' l e"
i,'irt,- ""'r'"'1,,;' "l tlc
q . 1) *r l t r i d . n e c { ' s J ' y l o ' P l n r e r ' rs t n _ r , u l i i < "i r, r' ,r t rc ! P s u r eL ' ,r t
i . i J " (i aD-i,.'A qrrre rcne rhich i\ n'tr r" lrrNv( L (r nfcn'
E r h e s 6a n d L c U J h I F P r o - d ( r . t i u t l' t i ) b " l ' c \ ' cl
r ' "{
".,r'
i n t i ' r F r r b or r e l g P , r ' ' g l L i l l l ' n " t l ' " ' r t ' ' r " r ' r r ( h ( l r r ' H\ t { ( r r ' i ' : I | ' I I |' I i ' '
i , . . , , , . i .r r ' ' . , - . r r ' t ' r r r i 'r l r ! r r ( r c tr'' " d
i n p r * 1 ) s l . r ' l i r r J r o ! r q c l e r cr s ' d I q ' m d ( ' o n i{ ,.r',) l.e rcl.te(l ' "' L h c
, lF'tuurr{l i'rf ibirorv
:i T l e l r - r I ' r l e r e f ' r c c l t o t o x t cr n o u " t u t
€lre 1 , , r s ( b J e , { ' s h r v l t e c r c r t r ' i rI'l ! ' l r r ' i
E ,. ,
rlicss
,"i,, ,,,' !...r.,.( n blo.k\ tl,cbi.-\ n
"'
" . ,of'a-r,rt-b:Uisi.bl scLlsof (he Ictrtukren-
h ! s r l n r \ s i d cc l t e . ( s . I l L ci r i o s rc o r r ' r " ) n( \ ' r ( n
' l , e l . f - c r r . c o l r r . c r i ' r ' c r r c : ' r ' e I r ' " r n d ,:) ,;
( l o r l r c L i rsl l s r e r r it n ' e s P o n s c( o r o ' i l l j n ' c L r r
d n l D s : L ! : , i c u . l ; u n c t r , (ri'sr c ) c
i r h e i n t u n er e s p o n s cn) ) c | c r P $ P u 'r t r c1 ru s ' u ( 1 0 ' . I . e l e ' . ! ( e csl! 9 l r c n r r t l o . r lr r-ir r c s{ 5" 0
r '7' !r' r:"en-
(9 rreventrc,(t,vn ol rer'il xr' l urhcr (r' ns' ' ' r''(
,, .'i . .'' 'ti" p,iaitrv-t:a-f;n
_! o . " i r s .r r t i " ; u g n . r : ; ; | ( 1 . ' i L r ' 1 ' ( c ' '
:. .'.;l--ltJ ,:,.";,i l{," ' r ( l u , i c L r ! , i d l l r ' : i ) ' L < 1 1 ' l c_ l
t . , , ,r . t , . . :i , . , . ' . , . . 1 ' . { . 1 . . tcrel\"-:: r . 1 ' r ' r , r. : . 1 .', 'r' I !^e'
1 s5!-! l ) ( 2 5 1 r ) ;
n a l l s c rx n(l vorr-
blctd) r r x l t)trccrri!c
ti -lhe (lNs
, " r q ' 1 u " . r ' P i c n r ' ' s h o r l d b e c o u n 5 c l c dI n
r ! o : . 1( 1 l i , r \ : L r r r ' n/ \ 5 ' ! c r l : e ' ' r r ' : 1 " -
101 D. i r i c u L i | i ci c n l ( n i r . : i r \ )l n l ! f g e l ) i l i r \ '( , 1 r r ( l d i r i ! c( , ) x i (c l l i x l r . ' l l " ' L ( ( ' r t r -
d o r c s( i J . 0 1 ,(,i 0 8 d a i l y ) r h cr r n 1 i l i P C n rcilcl ' ( t t..t o { t l t c f x l ' f i s l 5 r r )2 0 t r c ! r s
Lj i s o l ) s . r ' e dn r r e r r r t so l l o \ r c r e ds c r u r i tl c ( e r !o l "i \' "h'Ii v r ) x" r, u
i c,,' r" t rsc l i r r h i t r e r n i r r i { ) rIrt f u l l 0
'(rl :'rr'l
c h o l e r ( c r c l! l ' " ' l ' l ' , ' ' i p : L l l r c c l : ' L I 3 0 ! i o n r h r ' ' l h e r c k e o r r s i ( l cb 1 <{ r ) ! i c c i r r l r a (
r r , s l t i € r r l eS i ' l et r l ( a ' I n ( r r ' l c l " s h i ' r Si J s ' r h c d f u s \ t i l l b t e n r p l o l c di n c i s e so { o r d i n a r y
t r i i i t r i r a t k r n ,: r n c lp r u r i r i s ( : J 9 : 3 1 97 9 6 - ! S ) r c n e r * l i e r ci r s r t i s r r r r j u ' r i t l e do f " c c c s s r t f l
,,
,/ ( J : S . e r s l , l 0 i 3 1 , : 7 $ 51i 6 r l i 7 - ( i l l )
,Li i r r " t h ) l d o P J( { U o n ) e t )
105 D. Ih. (o,nPound
D e o e n d r n co n p H ' r \ i l l e \ n t J ' a n i ' n ' o n a
ti < a r i o no, r i ' r z " i t ' e r n , n N i t l r n o n e t c h r r s c
The DH a! Nhiclt the zrvilterbn exists 's dre
CH' ?i, , , 9H,
a
pornrtor rhemtJSglt Al4St{-!:'
isoere.tric
\c./'\4./"s a"-ts
H
I l o \ v r n e F o e l e . ( t ' cp u r r l r h - e ' ? l r i o ] 6
a11}e h,aher pH 'he ;aqinieJojm-'\"
ior,- Dreii5iiii(es.
3f:1ls-19,616)
( l l : l t i l 8 l ! ' - 1
1l o r m c d i

0 5 l :
Jn
llJi
2rCH,
CH,

I 1 0 6 . A . t r l o l t c u l e \s( i t h r h i sS e n e f r l s t r n c N f ec o r n -
b i r c , ! i t h t i r s u er c c e p r ( ns i r e sI o b l o c \ r ' r c l ! cH. cl],
(rrlttr'- CH, H
t- n e t l o f h i s t r D r i r el { i r h . s i r c i r r ' ( L{ l ' u : I l.-
lhorr)fetcrrL p h i r r i u t { ) L ( ) ' i i (r c l i ( ) r r j o l his L-:.,u\:-"\; z COOH
trnirr'e l l i p h e n h r < l r ' r m i n ht ! ( l r o c l r ! r dc :
l ) h r s I L r e o r \ S . I ' . ( n " 1 ( r c r ' rrlP'r'rr' HHH
\llenrd'')
' . ' i , , i r rie; t f r t . i L ' l l ; l it l : c r n r f ( ) ( ( i -r r r r rI r r r r ) r '
t Dheiirrtrine nrrlc!tc (chloril l iirerorr) tl!c
i , A - n c . n n e c r . r . ( : J S : J S 7 - 9 : i l J 9 :{ 7 7 - S :
.1SS-90)
.

I
\
r L.
 !
12 | |'|t""kur litlitt) t

., 1i'J ' srl-c l:l 'oP)/r . b c r c d 3 a n d 6 ( ; h l ( , f o t h i a z i d ei s a n e r a ' r P l '

J !,. lr.,',,
, . h r e u t P " r r i c r l l , t n f f t 'l L r s P r " l r b l ) ( h e 2 ' I
cl,clqre,\vl'ich Posse$eto
v.,!.1,.",,, :irL(r\l (r rulr" rhrr:' h '\ ' F
f r o m r h e b o d l i ' r ' I ' e r r e r ( m c r no Ll v r l r J n i d ' r -
e a s e (. 3 S r ' 1 { - 4 5 )
I ll0. B . I l t e ( n r t p o u n i l I ) i c t ! r e d , ( h e o p h ) U i n e i' s
c l r s s i l i e di r a x r n L l r n ) cr l ( , r s \ f i t h c a t f c i r r ea d
, t h e o l ) r o n r i d cO f L h c s cc o n ' P o u h d st h e o P h ) F
1; . . r . e. s . l e I n o r Ll r e q u : r r r l uv ' e l I " r i r s r ' t r " n
. r r b r o n ( h o d i l x i o ri n t h e r r e a t n e n to t a n h m a '
( 3 3 : 3 S 5lij 9 : 1 6 6 ,S 7 5 )
_[t 1ll. C . I l L ec , , r L r r , u U rlr,''l. r u r c ! l i s l e ' o d u P ' ' ( D ' -
r . . r L r r o t l " t l r 'L t ' o p ' T h i s p r e c u t s uor l d o -
;,"'i')c '. t " , r . a ( P a r r i n " o ns J i s e : r 5 e
L i : o i t r r : n r"ri t. c- . l e p c r e so . o ' e s ' l r t r i J r : ld o P ! - ' '
n , i n c r e ' , , J " p r Q r ' < r o s s( h e b l o o d - b . ! i nb i r
f i c r ( d o D r n i n c . a n ' ] o ( b e c a u s er r c x r s r r l ) r r
nr:| iLi iriits protonared forln at PhysiologicPH)
t . , l n r e ' u m ; b b i r d c i r r b o \ ) l a r e dt o d o P r n ' i n '
; r r t l . t ' . - r l S r i r e l r H i g h d o s e s { u P( o " ' o 6
- , . . 1 . , ; . 'r)r e r ( , u , r c d f c c x ( - c I r r r c t ' r r r
r j : . e l e ' o . l o D r i s d e e 3 r b o x ' 1 r l ( du u r s i : l e , ' h e
t b r . r . nL , ' r r c \ , , 1 ( r v ; f i f u - t c J e s t r r-Lf hc ir\c lr : 1
. . . , r ' . ' r ' - . . , r r r i n "r c : t . l e c J r l b s l l i s c
?,','.,r,,\ri(litsilcrl(r,(' c r r 'r i , d r ^ L ' o
. 'r:. e iiiiii'jfi't I | , S < n l , r n ( e L r ' cl r c r i p l r '
E i a i i r e r . r b o l i : u rl .r . \ e r c r , p ) r i d o s i , ' cc x r r
-\ i e r c n e t h e t l r c r r p e ' , , i ec f t e c ( l r h u s i n G r e o t
1,, v,'rmin shouid be limned on (\e (hci
' . , J n * r i ( 1 .\ i , , e c , n b e l : E i l - t o r e d u c ec c i i n
t.
( o \ r s i d ec l l t d s o f l e g d o P ! T h c r u ' , s t( u r r '
I n o n\ i , l e r l l c c ' s l r c S r s t r o i n [ e ' d n r(l a n o r * u
n JJuus5<<i ,i ,(f oorrlrritruur tqt)li) i r l r e r ec l n b e l e s s e " c o D )
r d n r i r ' i s t r x t i u na i t h e d f u g k i r h l b o d
I.1
l n h r d r o c h i o r o t l t i r z i d e t, h € C r d o u b l e b o n
;' n
|einoved bv hldrogenation (36:5ll L(
:19i4!0-(i:,)
.,tr
fr
I I 3 . l l . T h e € v i d e D ts t r u . t u r a l r e l a r i o n s h i Pt o h i !
t u r i n e ( v , r . l o u ) i s b c l i e v c dt o r c c d r r n ri ' ' r r t
r l r i l i r ) ( ; l c i , , K 1 n l i r r {, rI r H r r r ' 1 1 ) ' ( )a l t r c h k ) i {
r e c c r x o r r , , d ( , b k ) c Ll t i s r i r D i r r cs u r t u l a r ( ) uo
D r f i i l t t l c c l l $ c c r c r i q lo' l g r s r r i cr r c i ' l l r i n b i l ) i
L o t I | , l r r r L r c i r " l r t ' , c r r r r n : 'bl r n r l ! ' s r r r cJ e
. r c r c r i J n 3 r , d ' l , c n. r il l vi r r r l u ' " d( i e c r i f e i r ' (
i n s u l i n ,b e t a z o l ca) c i d s e c r e t i o n O r i S i n a l l vi r
d i c r t e d I o r s h o r r _ t € r ulrr c r m r e n t o i d u o d e n D
u l c e r s n D (l b l r P x t h o l o g i c rhl v P c ' s e c r c ( ' v d ) n
,.n.,',\ \d.h u; Z"llirr*(r-l'uk' r: sTnJronr"'
n r r u . t r n "e, r r , r ' r ' r ' s J ai r r . l r ^ 2 I o r t r r ct r ( r r'
r n e r t tu t a c r ; v eb i r r i g r r g r 5 r r i u i c c r s l h ' { l r
. ' n , r n L e tso L c n c ( d J ' d ] I o r " ' ! r ' c ( v -
b
r : s c s .l t h a s a n r r r r r b e rc ' t a d f c I J e e i f e c i s i s
l ' i r r 65 l t l s: o r "' s i t ' ; c r n t ' ( t u r r P ' | " ' '
r e i c , s r l , , : r. r ' : r ' r ' 1 ' l ^ r : ' l r r r ' i l ' e r : I i
"-l
s c v . f e l vi l l p . r t i e n r Is i ( h f c ! t a li n s u l l c i e r i c y C '
! r . r i d i r r c; r r h i L , i K r n i c ro s o n l a lc ' r z v n e s fs i c n l !
d r c f e b \d c I i n r r o l i r l i r l : r r i c !i n r d c l e \ ' r r i D ]g) l { ) ' 1
1 , , " r l so i a i r , f i ' l : e r , , 1 ' l . u s s . A c l i r r i ' : r l l \s l ' ,
( i i l ' c I u r l , ' t " , , , cj , , , ,' ^ " " s r r i r l Ls a r l i r r i r ' p h o i
\ . , : n .t 1 ' o ( r i r . . . ,. rr r t r L , 4 . l , ) l l : n . ? l?p.c. n rl"f
(t'- Ln, rlri:(l :lli; \'i ric:. rrrcJl\'iOr rnLr,:i.h,
, , i r r k l i r r cs l i , , ti ( l l ) c ! r ( l n L i D i s l c r cl () lc l w c c nr i N
l + u ( l , , s c s1 ) li r r r r , c i (llr ) r v o i r l l ! ^ r i l ) l c i r ' l r i i r i r n rcr r
c i , r r c r i . l i r r cl , s l r f l ) r n ) r IR, r r r i r i ( l i ! r (( h i r t a r r ' u
ii",i,,"1uor ' t " r r v r sr c l e a s c d in Lr'r:!
t b i r r a r : k e r" i' n , ,iq'rui 't"hi 'i 's r r r u n ( t) i s p h a f m n ( o l ( ' ;
i , ! l I r c l : L r c ( l icoi n l . r i d i r r c i l o \ ! c v c ' r t r s t r ! (
1 , , ' . i t t ]J' i t t . , " , , r r i i r r ( 1i t l r ' : l i s r h f i n r i ( h z r J
- , , i c t v c o l r ' , ' , r '1 ' , l r i \ u r r r i r racr r J c i r r ) c t n l i r (
( 3 : S e i l .? i l 7 r l 7 ( l - 7 $ : l l i J : ? 7 '6 0 l j - ( ) 5 i 3 9 : ' l ;
1S5-ll6)

ffi l:-rcH'cH'Nrll
N r'{n
, r . l s r io
order r D plelent o e . i p h e n l de.a
D ' e r e n t PeriPheral decrrbur)urtoa
v.:, , , \ I
/ ' : 7-4 /'
t , r l , , l " r ' r d ' , e . r r o r " n r c r t n e b r r i nT h ' d o s cl<a'
\-/

l
._i ;'
i:f::lrtn:'i:'"':fi:1ffi"'rlli:*;
, . ..-,*Trr*i*rnrr.s!*r,,","
Hromns
l:"ifi,l1: r,4 D
li:l1[fili:[',,rH,,:l6t:;1''11 , heobs*',rio,, 1]r":tf,f,]fl::::l:;l
jb;i,..rr." - t b ) rj. ' q . , ' r a r g 5 ! 1b'rlli-tt
1
j
:;.iyUlili,:yjx::x,':'ii$.1'i.l:,i;:li'il l:ij';:xliiil1"
tl,::I'l;I'i***--+:
li
1 :il,'.'"xlli:1il*}"-,,*';:- i#;*;:l:ltt*.",',":i'i:J"itJ
,,,',,,,1ir,ir,"'i.',ii."ro,r.sor" lllilll,l.:iiil,:;iil,,i'.Hi;::':\}*
li l'':I'I'c'ti"h 'cn"' t't'

"' i;, t"l::i1: :1,:1,',fi1;

t:lr':iiiii lili,:'i::,:l: im:1+d=x+++ni.
h'
jllll##i
'''r
s"{rr""r I 'Jc+{
"i''ii:';ir''';i!;;li;,,;;-.i ir'.'."4-'. !l!l\L I'r({1uc(s
tl "',"''
I
I
r'l
:-i
 f
'', i \'h' i't) | J-
..r.lrc,,dlN
(0
!".:,'.
\i]v!- occ di\iv,

(l: lL5Si It:512;

( l::::il:i'i:illi:,lJliJll il',i;'ll!i'i'i.,1,"?,ill"ji ^Dra''
' '
. ' ' , . , ,' , ' " , 1 * r u t " - ' l t , r o l n r e r i D{ J i u m
' '
3S: ;39:?{.1-1{') l ( . r ' I i ) ( l / r r c l ' i r r ( ' l . r ' r r ' r ^ r . z ^ n' r(J' \
/ , , r r e r , : r . '".h . ' ' r \ ' , ' ' ( c ' l l r r ; " ' l 9 H i l l n l
' :ii'.,';rr,".4sj'
.t *t'- 'r'r':j;.1'r)-
/ , t . T h e p l , " r y l . t l , 1 l ' n ' i " c( l E l L r r \ e ' ' u L h s "'s.:.,"',r
rcJcLions ( l J : s e c t
I
:Hf*#::;i Jr;f:'#dffiff :lfJ:i::: 39.=;;-60)
i,"ii .'.r, ii,""4it,,";,,-e j'i;t-ll(r,'ie "re t|drnr,oru\dvrtt/o-r
' , r , r l l y : L L rdr '.ucH " l r n I r n r ' '-'l :,-l r: e'
I' l' J" . J l . l l " l , r l i r t ' r r r c ' r r c ' ' l - l 'vs $ r ' l l r ' ! r -
B , C . U L ( r j r r , r L l ,L r rL r t r l r r L s ' L l \ r r r " l i ( { " , r r , ' ' , ; , , , t , L J L ' ^ 1 ' J r ( c " r ' rr ' er
r l r c. L l p h Jt J t L " , t " r l ld ( ( r $ r c ! l l ! 1 1 ' r c ( r r r ) .iJ *.v *luble in 'j19r' t he)
i L c r e . s et " x r c i r ' , r , ' d ; r ' L t c6 e r l ' c L } ) r r r n r _ "i'i.l',-'rot
ucidi l lte s,)diun)-t:lts urc "ircr "o lvo'
' arc rLclk
u l a d n sa ; r i o i i n . o m P r r i \ o n N i r l ' t l ' c P r r e r !
. o m p o u r d . ( : i 3 :1 0 7 - 0 1 r )
,"i"U;-f"--""',1'
r:-*irlJ
c\terr:;q l'ydRtrt$s, ru
s i r o n * l y r l l u l i D <s u l u t n r r I ' t t D ' w r \
't llrlr

?'i,tt*t"' lbrrrr rrrJvPre'ili'('te

'i.,',i"r,ri
(J$
: , t ' l - 4 l i 1 J : 1 u ? - 1 d1 7 ll Y),11
D . C l , l u , . l , i / t P^, d c L r \ J r ' r L l r L u r i ( l c, i L i L
r'Jn_
, i u , r , ? - c h l , { o _ :1 ' ic r l ' \ 1 . ' t r r ' r ' r' r' lr) i t e t r \
s r L d( o
l,,1.benzudL,zelitre'1_o\idc l r \ u L u d r r r rroe, - -L r . B . B r o m o c r i p ( i l r rcn e s v l n l(cl ' a r l o ( l e l )i s
l' 2
hJs , l ' e , , , r l c c d l r rn r ! ( r L c s l r ' N n u c r r !xrr_ ,.r a ; * . i a " f ' u ' , ' . l q : ' p ! ' i - ! ''i ! ' n l s ! T \ c
r . c l , i re t l c rr ' i ' - : i e I v L 1 5" r L ( r " n \ r e t .f J r - ,.,,,r '"T: ' "' r"r' 15\l "re'r P.\9':! v--
" . ,
0 c u n .d l ! : 1 , ' r ,L u ! r l ( , e l L . r r r i i " ' , t i , ' t ; , | " p . ' r " c r ' / / l I '' r k 'c) : l l ' - f t l ' t L ' l -
I v n r o L r <d r u t s \ ' r ' r r u t h r r \ e: L \ ' L i l ' l t r "
Ir)c ,'# r " , . i ; " * t . l ' r l , r r r r i r ' c ( ' r r r l " r r r r t i' n
t'
U.!,.i. L ' ,, r l d l r L u n r , t l , e l l \ ( l i r ( c ' l i tlrc Ilues- . ' - , " i . . r r r . " r - t ' . s ' l ' : " ' 1 " - r i l ' Ln c t u ; t n d
j" i , ' , ' " ' r i " , r ' p ' * , 'ct^ i r' Thl Ltot t "e
u u d , L r c . ( l L l u r r r c l Jr r e ( T r . t r ' c n e ) - L o r i / c f r L r i "
l r \ r ( r \ . L r i lI,, r ' / L r ' , I l C r r t r LL \ )
r I rrr:Lliprir
)r r . L : r r i r 'r h e 1 , r o ' i . r o rsr i j n ; r i - J r t l : r q l i " s : t h '
i C l r , , , 1 , ' , 1 .r L p r :c l r r I 1 \ r r i
' \ ) rrrtt Lrivc'
,h
v.i^ .:r.s_.,1-i.rw, nj.ixjl-:., rir\'11 lDr'\n !
, ' L r i L r i I i ! s c ' L { r J n::r'rr-r/ '. . 1 . .r ) . ' r ' r nL r r r l r '' r' l: l _
D , L u r1 1 'lclr
l ' r L ' ' : r r ' '
!tr,::tr-:tri:ttr,.tt,.5.t.ll-ls) c r . ! i ( a r r r r ' cS " "" '
rrr
r . i i c r r r i e si n h i l - ' i r i o on i t h t r t l ( r i ' s co t l ' o l a ()r c r t
l ^ L l ) <r ) i ( r L i r r r ' l l r ' r r i ( x | i l n i r ri r
c i r n i r l L (
? \ . l r r ! q ,s ( e r 'r ' c ' r l t r ( , h ' , t ( l l , t t l ) cr o r l r s
lu' ' r i " t i r r u n l i . r - r l r c r r r t f l r e r rs J ' r ( r r ( ' r r r a cs!!
t i l L n c l sa n t r t r'c 'i,*.ii ' l' r,' p . ' 1 ' " ' t r t ; ' : l v ' !n'l
,.,,n . , - n A, , 1 u ,l r i l t e r , L r E r i : r l "'irDri:
D h c e n ( a .l r h J s n r , r l t L | l cb i n l ! s r t ' l l ' r n c t r ! r ' s
trl . ..,"':"",,,;1i rrirl' lc-'dou ' (" rrc l'Jrl i"-
d c i l \ J r i \ e r ( l h B e s " r ' s ) : i Jc
ilLr l,ody S!,Ltl,ctic
Drn r.,rr,,rLrc
lll''!'iil;,",,,'"','',,"',",, (rrirrrcrrrrc; Ls
c o r L p , , n c r L,r fs t r ' L l . l ' r r L ' r ' ( l { r ' t \ r r n () r i i r L (i :' L l l! g ' ( rl r r r r -
r , , i:L| | 1i I I i r i i i I Ii I I' L r { r l r i!'
1 j ? ? - i l J :l J 9 : , ' l r ) - 1 ; )
r r : i , r , \ .( ' { 1 r : l .
,r,''i,r'""",") ij ., ('rcc',t'r'eol
ij. ii,:,,,ii.'i
L13. t. ^sp,,in 6 ,r'Li L,rrird"s l'"' "l'l:l'.'l:lli ',',,i..,ii:'1. rhe (refircd liotrr l)inc-
( r c , u L , . l rJl n r i _ i ,f il J d t t i L u r v ' r ' u g s -( N J l r v ' i L u r , l ' : r n r n"tl-.tr ' "i s* ' ! r n f t e r e d r s
. , d { b c r v ! 1 " . * d r r L( e r n r ru l c r r e L o r e r r c \ i l " r l r r r i i r r l L r n r ' r i L t ( 'ijcf yl r v r r y
r5o_
r,'il to",cr(r lLupru{in (i\lu(rin)'dl_r'{P "(:lr i i L , , : l a i u r s
tj r7lji'}-lj(j)
r L J s . r P P ' oLeq
b u t ! l o h c , ' v lP ) t o l r o d i cr L i d i i . ' " 8 ; i , " i ' ' i i s 2 $ f o i ! ) i v ^ r r c l Y: l"u' rPer' u strr'
r r L h n t r sa t r o or- e \ ru " r \ '
,n l9i4 for use i n r l t e u r D J L o i d
l r e ru r r n ' r r , , ; . . ' r ' i i "ii.' r ! n ' -rb"r' -| t' 'rr'" ' ^ r . ' -: i '
L(oa,rl,r'ris. I r : ' l ' n r r ' c d t o r r l r
" 'r'l.ii'". r' r.: r'
, " m o d c r a t cD r i n r r r d I u r t h e i!):2{s-49)
anr Prrn I
o r i m r r v d v s n r i l o r r l r c r 'F o r J rr h n ( r s _ r' r .'\r)cf
io 'in i. ,t o,' eq,''JPrrt i n e r r e c t r \ e n e st c t'
" , p , , b b . r u r e s l e r 5 g r s r '' c u P s e I -' i l e r i ca c i d ' I t
- r , , n , nb u r o l -
k rrt\'' s 'I -: l I o vrll'n'|c rud is i]]la |('l'vr vd
, . i o n " a " " t t , r " e r l J r rr s p i r ' " . ' r t , , 1 , d r , ' 'i l. h . , , l : l t ' r ' r ' r ' " r ' " 1 ' ir''r' r"rl
, , . r ' . , i., |, ; t ' ' | ' ' , I | ' " , rr" .\ 51A' !l Dl ,' l llr lr rl J' l
"i1! '(
,' r..., 'i:';q"':r'ir r r ' r r ( i ( \ 'r U l r i 2 - r : l i
uL'
. . ' , ' , 1 , " ,' 1" O t C s r r { u { l)
'(ru (urc'r' 3S::lS0-S Pr" iJ:rl
, , e ( l " ' l \ " ' i L : r r ' l r L r r r ircl 'i i,r-,'.:".;'r.r'"i' 'i' 'u r' r' '"r i i\r"i r ' f r ' 4
.,,r,,, .-,' , . Jr,.\' r ' d 'lieirP't'r \ r " r r r t ' i " r l
" \ e r r ' ' r Lr u " r " ',r' r'l:'l'rr'l
' ' ' ' I l l '
-, ..'i"' p t
"" r"l r'r'r" -" v 'r:r: .,.',',.' "it"';'" , r' l'(rri" I
I0nt : J.r" l ' v \ l I f i l I ;l:i1,:;rr' i''r I rc 'rrr'tu':J
'.r'r
il t"'.;i.i',r*i,t.,",'':''e"r'-J"'i-
"i'';;i",."i''r'"r ( '
-,,., '\"lr!oi)" 1 _ Lr r ' " t r r o \ \ ^ '
- r"t . , i, l. ioi ltr"- "- r ' r : ' ' t c " c ( { r t r ' r d r ' r r r c s c : r ' . i " J " i , , '" ' ( h ' { , / / ' ; F d d l ' r / l l r ' r ) r l
r d..-.,1.r' 'J 'l- rrr(lr'Jr\l''!eu rc|
"d. ,. u
,0 ,
t. Lr,;:rci'r' .: i- i I , y ]Jcolf e.'r it{;if1
olI

i<t ioirrtj,; ,:' (',ro"icrl,r''-l) 1'Gtl rrrifni,,r,

 ,l

t 11 | I)hu,,xq llc'e@

t l 2 i 4 , r h c j u i c eo t t h e l i e s hD o ( N t r s o n . ec l , i n r e d
r o l ) c ! n r n t i c o n v u l s a n ru s e l o l i n e P i l c p s ! .
t 6 4 C : -h l i 3 3 : J S 0 - 3 l l
cirrui-enLryblockers, jlo\r_cha[r cl lnock crs Ind
c r l c i u n a n t , g o n i s t s .A l l s h x l e t h e . o n , n r c n
Dh:rmacoloeic;t]acrioD of inhibition of cal-
i ; u r n - c t , - ' n i t a c t i v i D n , i i o l a t r d v a s c u l a ra n d
' 9! CYor{

I I 2 2 . I r . S u c , a l t t r eb r s u l f N e dd i s l l s c \ r r n t e .O n c e
i , , . o l u r i L , , i.r L c ( " , , . e 5i h i t h l f p o l i r J n i o n r l r ' '
p ! e t e r e n t ; r l l yr d l ' e r e ' r o i , t c e r i r c di i . u e , . ' l
, . ! r r l , ! ( , r , u s rei lsu. u ( I. l , \ . v - r . r l , cr l ' c ' r t ' c L r i .
rnd rdvcrsc .rllc.ts dille| (ttanritr eely--
t , " b r l , l ' d u c r , , r l r " ' r ' u , . 1, , 1 l : " r { r ( g c n c i r ;
;l,ich J r l l i r c , ' t 5 , ' c . ) l i r r ' " , x L t r ' r ,"r, ( r '
brorects it t9d fur!h9rjq9$s: t9iq4, pep-
c r l . i r "l rui xl iat .n' 6r . c l rsl J t ' ^ s i r l c \ " , J r . ' n s i n r ' l -
I ;inandl,ilti

Jrcu'ld be iaken @an @,

j€cause?N-i;i;iGGl-;faci.liiy
is requ;red foracrivation ofsucralfale, !hc drug
stotnach it rersl
d i t i o i l l a c t i o n su D r c h r c d t o c h r n o c l b l o c k a g e .
Familiaritw y n h r h e s p e c i t i cp f o P c f t j e so f d r c s c
rsenls i! cs\ertirl tu rhe P,ot.r rherrlcdic
o n e I r o u r b e l u r e . r t r L on
F i c ; d r s l r o r k l r x ' r b c t a [ e n w i ( h i no n € h a l f ' l n , u r c h o i c eo f d r u g a s ( h e y r r e n o t n e c c s s r r i l )i'n '
r $ c h l r g c x b l c (. 3 r S c c L4,; l 7 r l l 4 - l 6 i 4 5 i 3 8 - 3 9 i
il bcforc or t'licr tnkirB strcrrltutc l"rn)nbly b.-
.16:63-65) I:,r
c a u s co f m i D i n t allL 5 o r P t i o n , . d fe r s er e n c t ' o D s
r o r u o a l f a t e h a v eb e c n m i n o r a n d P t i m a r i l y
n
i.
relat€d (o 8as(rointestinalsymploms sucL as
.otrsripatidn",dinr:rheti,irusea ind gasrric dis'
( ! n l ; n U ( L : ' , , t i r b a r tr l u n r i n u r U ! l ( i t I n ' "
.c-o,._\'i.
H,c cH,
/ (.i. /__(o.cri,
e|-:'
t''"';'"

I
p r e v e n ra b s o r P t i o n o i l e t r l c y c l n r e s(.3 r S c c (7. i ts,c-o1 fq cH,-cr,ciFN-cLr.cr '1 ao-c.
--_-:
:l 19:12L)
1
v c , r p ,.r i . o..... )
l' L : 3 . D . l n ( h e F D A c l a s s i l i c r r i oo f i n v ( s r ; S r t i ( , r r l
a r d n c l vd r u g s ,I s i g ' r i f i e rs n e \ vc h c m i c r l( n r o -
rJ.t,,.(ttll,^', , ,
,J .j "' I n'(Ut'tt.
I e c u l . r r )e n t i ! y a n d
'A" nrerns(hat thc i:D.\ d c ' ti r . ' ^ "ct;'(

*r l ) c l i e v c rsl ) c n e \ vd r u g r c p . e s e n ( a5 n r n r p o f t a n (
( h e r r p c u r i cg a i n . L r n t i l l g o f ' B s i g n i f i e sa
i r o d e s t( h c r r t ) e u t i cI . t r i n\ f h i l c C " n r e a n sl i r r l e
'
o r n o r h e r a p e u r i cg r i n . T h i s c h s s i l n i x r i o ,!rl
i){in1'1"4''r <i\' -
thcrapcurip c o ( e n l i ails u t c d h f ( h c I ; D r \ r c g r r e
p r i , ) f i t )( a" 1 , ' snt r c t ) i I e v t I r n r i r go e \ ' ( l r u $ o
s l)r\r) rlr tIt)c r\ rrr(l ll (lrrrijs
r t ) l ) L i c r ( i ( , r(,N
/ \ ( c ( r t l i r s t , , L l , c$ c ( l l . v A l ' l , r \ r , P l , x f r i r r , r, ), 1 H r C -O * c
I c b r u a f y I , l 9 s : . !o, t r h c : s , r c wr ! ( ) l c c u L acfr r r _
i r r e r p l , ' , ' ' r d I , f , , . r ( r , , ' ! ; , ,L h , )c r r r r ' : r r
1 0 3 2 ,l i v e \ t r c . ! r l u r ( c ( l r s t Y P cA a o c l f d r f H,c
Vorosc,0,c{
. . r' y t i " l l I L \ I f t ( . . , r < l " ( d r s s ' . r e t , , , i t ,.'
rrircdipife r) 1.. > i'r4r,
( r \ c c u ' r n . ) . ^ " i c i o s r L n r i !(lN e i c l o c i ( l c ) c, h \ 1 ! , )
p a u u i u( C h )n r o d i n ( r i n )s,o d i u n rc e l l t ' l o s eP l ' o s - ,i;, tit,,c, :
p h a r e( C r l c i b i r x l r) n d P , , n l u r n r e l( B i l t . i . i d t )
'l"he
I ] L l p e sr r c s l r o N r r! s N c l . l o v i r : ( Z o v t x ) .
. l i l l u n i s i l( D , n o h i d )s, o ! i ( l o f c i i . ( h c r r . l ) , r n d
( e c h n e t i u mT c 9 9 n r d i v r l t n i n . o r h e f s o u r . c s
( r c l t r e n c e s4 5 x r d { 6 ) s h t ; s ' m i n o rd i f l e r e n c e s
i n c l a s s i f i c a r r r nis. cr , P i P e r a c i l l i n s o . l i u n r( P L
p n c i l ) , r t r d r i l e d i t ) i r . ( 1 ' r o c r f d i r )r f c i n ( l u d c d
.l.t'u''
n: typeB. (,15:33,16:39)

l ! , 1 . A . I h e t h r e e c a l c i u d rc h a o n e lb l o c k c r s! t i r l _
able in rhe U.S.*verilP'rmilcJlan lsoph^)
CHr :'lo^i'" f*;,
n i t c d i D i n e( h t ) t r r d i r ) a r x l < l i l t i a z e n(t C r r d i lI r" iIl
2e'n)-shoN no strdcrufil relationshil) to dch
o r r ' e ' \. ' r _ , t ' x r , : :l ' t r i p r \ ' I r r ' c d ' r r f i ( r ' e ' I 4rl rl r, lLn,
"
, \ , ' r ' f , r ' r l v ,c r , , , , r r r l c, r ' r l , j - l d : r r r . ' l r\,* ' CHr
p h i n y l r r r o i t r i $ .N i l c ( l i P i r e i s r l l { l e h r ( l I o
p l r i . l i . . c . . . . i ' .r ' - I J r i t , r r r s ' l l i ' ' sr,.it,1,rl,'
t l r i r 2 e D i n{ - l -.ll e r i \ r t i ' e . T h c
n " n ' ' i l , c l o " h e s ed r u s s b i : : { l t i i - r . - i i i b r a ! r c 125. D. (6:507;33:609)
. u,,. re h.,,r;T-j-l\;Nrt.-rF :r-
"
n r \ v a f di r l t u \ o l . a l c i u r r ti , ' t < )
c ( l l r i i s u c sJ r d 126. B. ({i:49tj;
38:(i09)
t h u s b l ( i c l it l , c c , , ( f t o l r a k i ( l r n .C u t r . { l u e , , r l y
r h c y a r e c r l l c d c : , l c i t mc l u o n e l b l o c l t r i . d l - l2?. A. ({i:tgrii38t01)9)

:
 l t r j i ,n , t , , r , .r . . . .
' ::,
u
.c=.'t
<: /
,'-"i'; ,,
r, "o'
e lrlted,irre I'hantttceuiica! Chttttr-y\ t .t.t

l 2 t E. (6:507;38r609) ttii.
.
. e b e s . . l c p h c < t r i n c ( D c , , x \ ( t j t , e d r i n cn,i e ( h -
r29.C. (6:507;38:609) a r " t h e r a r r i t r ei .)F p t r e ( Iu, r cl e r , ! ! , n .
( t : 3 7 . 1S, 3 3 ) , "r..)\r!en
130 a . ( l : 3 6 3 , 3 7 6 )
liC B . L p , n - p h i ' r p . h r r a r ,N . I r - r ' r " t r r o u p w r r r e r .
1 3 1 .A. (1:368) n o r e p r n e p h r j n tea c \ s .( t : j i . t , 8 2 6 )

132. c. (1r368) 157. E.

^ M e r . - d ; h y d r o r y b o r z e r r ei s a D e x r n r p l c .
O -iror r' ltt374)
1 3 3 .D . ( l : 3 0 8i ,7 6 ) , \,^
I : 8 . c . ' l ' | r . , c n r .Dr - r , r L L . , , , c r , , ,
:.,, ^ lu
t34. E . ( l : 3 6 8 , 3 7 6 ) . i_ey !, @n gura"onor an asymmcrric cenrcr,opricat.
rola on,telror righr,is denored by t_or d- or
135. E. (1r376) by {-) or (+). Ir i. t"a,,btcr,, h:rver D(_)or
I an L{+) isomer:(39:641
t36. A. (l:377)
. I ljg. E. (l:t257)
t37. D . ( l : 3 7 6 )
160. D. (38:837)
138. B, (l:376)
. t:t. A. (l:1248) .
139. c. (l:376)
1 4 0 D . ( l : 3 7 03, 7 r - ) I t i 2 . B . 0 : 3 6 0 i; 8 : 1 3 ! )
C h o i c cC ii s r i c i n o i c i ca c i d .R i c i n o t ci . r h c r r !
c. (i1369) J I \ c c r i d eo I , h r , a c i , l r s U - , . . . : , I c . n . . . . ! ! c ,L
o r c n s r o r o r It .h c h ) d , o \ . l F r o ( p a n d , h c L l o u .
1{2.A. (1r36!) o r eo o n dc o r t i c rj o n r e t ? o t t f l r LL D o h ( h e c a j r . r
o j l n , o l e c . l e .C c , , s sr r ( i - T t - J i l i r ir, unlil,
1 t ! . B. (l r3:0) n u r . r c g { : ' l , l L o. j 1 . . , s _ J l . \ c i t \) .icL hJ L - 1 u . l n J
. w n 6 L , L l c w i r h h ) , 1 ' ( ' c i rr , ' : r n r c D i s - r , : , .
r.t,1.E. ( l r368) n r i n c r a l o i l .( 3 3 r 8 1 8 )

I 15, D, (l:303) ILJ , \ . l r r r l ' cp r o c ( . "r t i . . c , , . : It r . , l i . . ( . . , , iIt r , t

146. C, (l:363) l u ( l S i n Er . s q L a l j r r . l \ c S L i o , : 1 i , i " . , r . t t u o l
r h c s a m p l t I: n \ . b c i j c r . t r d . r ' E dt ) v d r f r r r i n i d i
,'c '.19j!er o{ rrlill:grJ,.,e i r p o r a , s i L r mn y i
1 , 1 ?E. .. ( l r 3 6 ! , 3 7 6 ) o r o N r d er c . i r r r . d r o n j l r j . r t z c r l r f i ; - n - c i j i
. I d s , p o t r i l i r [ c r s r . f r i t , o , , " ] r r r r r jo l - i f i ; ; 1 . "
t48. B . ( l : 3 7 6 ) (l:391)
149. C . l - < p h . d r L n ri s r n e s r n r p t c d - ( t u . u s c r o .
r r r c sI l h ' i r c J t i S h r( u r t r e r ; S h r .( t : l ( i i , J 7 + ) 1 6 4 . C . , T l , e d c c , m p J sL o n u f f . l i c i l t . n i n
r o t u r , o nr s d u c r o , , L ) d f o t ) ! i . c l e i v a ("cqoufe rohues
150. A. r d y l b en z o i c a c i d , l b r e x a r D p l c . U c r x . l : ( r u u ri.nr g . S , ) t v , . t ) ' ) i s ,at r , , . , , ;
^O ' e r I ' l o r h v d r o l y r i s - t i kr.r , c r . , . n . ij.,,:.ar
(l:3 ? 4. r)h o . h f d sl,i.h i.r(,t,c
solvento s i h c r l h a n $ a ! e r .( l : 2 5 0 j i )
l 5 l . E . t o l ) e r h ) l e ' r eg t l c o l s a r e p o t y m e r so f e r h -
y r e n en x r d ei ' r d w a r e rr e p r c s e n r e db v L h ct o r _ 165 D. ,l ',rds.
m u r aH ( o c H l c H l ) . o H . i l : 3 ? 4 i 3 8 : i 3 0 )
-fhc
.!65. B. actl !d1,. ot nn oil is 'tc iumber oI
1 5 2 . B . l n a k r e r o c y c l i co f g 3 n i cc o n p o u n d , o n e n ) r l l , S r i u b u l p , , r J $ ; uh' )nJ f o r i , , <r a u r - o r u
o. n)or€ot dle arornsu) rhe rine is nor c:rbon: I L U { h t r z pu j e l r c e : . c r d sI ' r , . . , r r r . n u l r J . \ ( L t
r h ef i r . , , 8 , , ' L c r e d h c k r o c ) . 1 ; i , o s . u o r e f l I g L ' i l (. t : 3 1 1 , . l l l : )
nrsurrrecrrbnls, one oslgen rnd oIc nrrro- C l \ o i c €| i s h y d r o g e n a r i o na, p r o c e s sr r r i c h i s
g e n .( l : 3 7 . 1 , 3 8 1 ) u s c dr o c o n ! e f r l i q u i d o i t sk ) s o l i dt a r ! . ( t : 3 9 I )

-F l a 3 D . S r i o , , (r c i d s d c [ \ d r e Lcrfr.].tin. ro rt,c
L r a c r r cl r r h y d r o v : n , r c v ( t i r e( .I : 3 7 . 1 3
; E:!691
- !r\:r.!'tr(.r.d -n /r i, i,il
l ( i 7 . A . l l c . z ! l p c , , ; c i L liisr i L , , r L L , ,ti,L! ,t , i . j l L r rnl il c
o r l r c r s r f c s . r r i s f l , L I c L j . \ .( t l : S , . 1 r. j i : r r j : ? 2 ! ,
.
2U7_:it)
151. D. A r!, sah is a brsic satr such as atun)inunr
_!. 5 u b a . € r J rAel.( O l l X C r Hj O . ) _ .r ' l n i \ L . r h u u " l r ( l 6 S . C . l - h i s s i d e c h u i ; ( o i t c h r c s i s h n c cr o h v _
o r 1 5a n r n c o n ' p t e r e n
t rc u r . r t i z d l l ) r s e ,A t ( O H ) l d r " l r \ i s b , p - . 1 i c il i I ; . . ( , ^ 5 . , ' . - : : s . i i 3 ; r ,
I I n L n ce \ J n ' F t eo r e d { l : J 7 5 , 7 : t ) ?3tt-,10)
( L-
. t';: e d A ( - fr ui . \ ,,tr/t^ r,rlu'
Dr,r-|l
I '',
At C.i',,,o" i sr.tl,.r,,il.i,lo 't-:,,

f!'
6'"rtI
 ro t tt@iti h..i.ut ..fJ..t,)
..try.0,1p, ,
'
,* ,..,t,..i.,i1ii,1',iilq!,.11;;,"--y;i:;,;,i1 Sl":;:,l"j,fi,':TiJ;ji;.;iliJr."",
::T;:;i::::::*'ffTi:;:'*':i:;l:'lI''l: . fid;il;;ifinir:
1 . r e r l i l y I t r d r " l v . e d b 'c'nu""-"rffir,r.
I . P " n i c i l l i n r s c
'" l;JL?,1i,i1,.".i1,1#i;i,-,:iiit.p
ii,s".,.i,'id1:s,ili+ri
l;0 ' c a a r n ' a n d t l i e l o n g a l i P h a r i cc a r b o n c h a r n r s
a . P h e n o x ) m < ' h ypl e f t i c , l l ; n ; ,P e n n i l l i ; v " l r ,
r'?'"i"5'i'iil:l
:,H'lffi:;:i*{:=,.1;",*lt*t;;; f.1ipii"i,"f't",,-t**:i
rl ''' *Ji;:i:J|u!:iliil,$:i;,ti:lr;:';i'lT,,, ..;,:"",;j":[::?",,::;:,:'^l1t'l
240) 'pir-r'i/l ir
, ', n'l rsitor.r'treoleicaoctpoii'"t"iir'" ^"i'""t"
li i" :;.i",iil::llll;'""1:fi"(iJ,tf"":i,f,i;ffi:,
ir l;l?:iiili:-."1;Ili::;i,lx'.::':li:'3
tr
xi':*.,',;*::it:*:t:E:i;:;"j3lj'""'5,',,HTi'ii:fii;:%;:'ill'&;i'"-
;;,1:::,;:tfll:":t",1'd:;i;';l,f*."'
c-,^a.\\,!3
, ,,"]hl":lt$Hj,itX*iJ*:tiJlj,,,i
ti :t. - . .D. crrLc,r:(,ll,n
Zf
(lL"'riurrr(d+Pcr" iL4'cn (U't'rrr"rl tlir,.u..,ri;'""" il rr:rcLrnrlnd tltiothixenc
t ' u , , ] - s r . . r r u nprc n k i l l ni.t n o ( i j ' 9 s ( L h ryc (ht:
. . r r ! ( r L N r , Je , . , , e r r . - 1 , . r f l ' 1 , -, 8 c n ( s . u l .
'I
,
It,l,til;ii"ti##',, '
#l-,'#;"i]"'i"'-; ",Lililill
lli;li';ii"'J
l;::11'l:i{,:":i;:
1,1
l,
5 i'r''r'orh:r7;e' is('(s:38'3;2-75)
;tl,i;'lli:ll:*i"'"'{:;::,;ii;'
rdr'
r.r. jn..'.sin,prc,rr:n-,,,..r."'r,,,",,,.'o'i'''t'
i;,3,1,;,:jI:l:i;;"';;lii"rlil::'"".11:i'1
t nrinl ,.h,,re\1€nJedspccrrumormtroro'rc ndR
r . ( i . , ( v k n n o rp e j r : c : l l i r t r c . r c \ i s € nl .rJ' s . L 6
\ h i c h R i s r d , n , r r h i t i n ) i n e. ( . r t . v - ; - S r o u p
, s . t , l , , r i n c .\ : r : S ( , . r . : .i n : t r i : { - ; . r
-].il3'r' : ll)
'&,,r \o- rrz l lll':X:llli!iillili;l;;l';:;::'ll":ji:.i,.
Li'r, ' ', ' " A.Azroc,rin p,pc,ic;,ir
sud;u,n,^.r,n
'':""' lll;:i':1"'"1"',llJi"i'"";
';"""""""""'"-o
luiilii:lil;'-".:'l*';i'r
" .. (,rL,,r!,es,
!,,r,,,',.liii'liiil;'il'i'i
(i:scLL" ll,:;;:il:i,:1";llii;1,';:'J,:"i,:i':illL
t ;::#j;ll;'tJ:j;;"'''("(''rrn5 n'Hj:''ffi' #ffi
t,l
lJr
"' l;;"':,1:.1fHt\i,i':ii,,',:i':"::li.':i.";ir;.
ii,;";";
[l",.ilii;1.}..,'.iliilffii;3,
i;;;';;' "r'i.r'
tr3srhe;urrJ' '1 andrcsrotrar

t"
" 3'.\e t\-,^ \- ri e v*c {\.t .-
..- irC ....\\\ r:r\. l- a\\Lc!-\
il , \
IL " - c \- *\ \<: :,'\e c \."- .:-
& t-r .,-\
T Q..\.*

t
I
lj