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Hert electronic coniguration ‘ery sab, le gas elecronc coniguraton can be achieved by Trane ‘Types of Bond 1. Ionic bond or elsctrovalent Bond Hydrogen Bonding Some important Defations Quick RecapBoard & Compettive Exams (Love) configuration oF to have 8 valence electrons, This is known as iaw of duplet. + Some elements in 3 period _ rave 12 and 10 valence eects Tespeanel, fe Lew oct = fue. Ainough t does not expiain the ‘adopted to write Lewis dot stuctiejad & Competitive Exams (Levelt) Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Formal Charge ‘The molecule is neutral and its constituent atom do not carry any charge, similarly in case of polyatomic rons, the net charge is possessed by the ion as a whole and not by a particular atom. Yet for some purposes, itis very useful to assign formal charges to the individual atoms constituting molecules or even polyatomic Formal charge on an atom is the difference between the number of valence electrons is an isolated atom (ie. tree atom) and the number of electrons assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure. Its expressed as. ‘otal number of Total number of non lence electrons in} — | bonding (lone) Formal charge (F.C.) Y ing conan atom ina Lewis | = | | the free aton ere ‘Structure <2 | Total number of bonding (shared) electrons or Formal charge = V -L. ‘The counting is based on the assumption, that the atom in the molecule possess one electron of each shared pair and both the electrons of a lone pair. Let us consider HPO, molecule, in this molecule formal charge on P can be calculated as per the formula ‘ven above: Valence electrons in the free P atom = 5 Total number of shared/bonding electron: Total number of non bonding electrons = 0 10 Therefore, as per the formula, the formal charge on P = 5 — }110)-0=0 IONIC BOND ‘An ionic bond is formed by complete transference of one or more electrons from the valence shell of one atom to the valence shell of another atom. In this way both the atoms acquire stable electronic configurations of noble gases. The atom which loses electron becomes a positive ion and the atom which gains electron becomes negative ion. ‘The electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions result inthe formation of anionic bond ie. Na —+ Na® +e" Cl+e + cr > Na +Cl—+ Na" +cl® Na —> 2iNay’ [8 KF — [K') CET ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Ragd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-{10005 Ph.011-4762345644> Chemical Bonding and Moecar Sore a ‘The formation of an ionic bond is vanity accompanied ty decrenua erry ‘eg. Formation of NaCl ‘The essential process which occur the fom of a BORN HABER CYCLE {Na (g), AH (Sublimation) = sin the formation of NaC! (8) from Nats) ard Clq) car to sacresten Now) 108 5 kulmole 1 es 21.5 bse @ }Cyi) +O 5 SH (Bond Energy of Oly) = > * 243= 9121 5 tire AH (ionization Energy) = * 495.2 kimole (ii) Na (g) > Nat (g) + AB 3 timole +r (gh AH (Electron Affinity) = (™ clg)re | NaCi(s), 4H (Lattice Energy) = ~ 7587 Kimile (Nat ig) + Cl (a) Net Reaction Na (s) + ; Cl, (g) —+ NaCl (s) The net enthalpy change = 1085 + 1215 + 495.2 + (- 3483) + (- 758.7) = - 381.8 kilmole Factors Influencing the Formation of lonic Bond The folowing factors influence the formation of onic Bond 4. lenization Energy: tis defined as the energy required to remove the most cosely tow Seer an isolated gaseous atom of an element, The lesser is the lonizaton energy, greater s Te ease 7 formation of a cation 2. Electron Affinity : tis defined as the amount of energy gaseous atom of an element ‘The formation of a non-metal anion occurs with the addition of one or more atom, The higher the energy released during this process, the easier will be T= affinity of @ nonmetal 8 released when an electron added to an Sate ‘Note : Thus, Jow ionization energy of a metal atom and high electron {facilitates the formation of an ionic bond between them. canons and ors 3. Lattice Energy : It is defined as the amount of energy released when gaseous anigne ree brought from infinity to their equilibrium sites in the crystal latboe to form one mole ‘s latice energy 1 an ionic force, s0 according to Coulomb's law of atvacton Fe g.a/ari gt Where 4, and gy are the respective charges of the ions and fis the distance DetWee” the permit factor Fr Fo tis, dear thal. gher te charges onthe fons and smaller e pater the force of atraction between ions pen te * » jearce Dane sos ree ‘Aakash Educational Services| Umited - Regd. Offco: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New O°"‘oard & Competitive Exams (Level!) Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure § @g.. when you move down the group of alkali metals the L. E. oftheir chiorides decreases cl Nach KCI RBG Latice energy in klimol_ 8026 «7587 «6814-6506 «6187 Characteristics of lonic Compounds 1. They are hard, brittle and crystaline, ‘They have high melting and boiling points ‘They are polar in nature. 4 The linkage between oppositely charged ions is non rigid and non directional They are soluble in polar solvents such as water and insoluble in non polar solvents such as CCl, Benzene, ether etc (a) Water has a high dielectric constant (80), therefore, ionic solids when kept in water, the forces of attraction among ions are reduced to 1/80 and ions are free to pass in solution (b) Water is polar, therefore, dipole ion attraction leads to separation of ions and makes them pass into solution (c) fons have a tendency to get hydrated and the energy released is known as hydration energy. If hydration energy is greater than lattice energy then ions will fall apart in solution, i.e., ionic compound becomes soluble, They are good conductors of electricity in fused state and in solution due to mobilly of the ions. They are bad conductors of electricity in solid state because ions are unable to move. Since they form ions in solution hence they exhibit ionic reactions which are quite faster and instantaneous. COVALENT BOND _ The gain of loss of electrons cannot take place between similar atoms. In such cases the bond formed by ‘mutual sharing of electrons. A force which binds atoms of same or different elements by mutual sharing of electrons is called a covalent bond. Each chlorine atom, Cl (2, 8, 7 oF [Ne]3s? 3p) has seven electrons in its valence-shell and needs one more electron to acquire octet or to attain the electronic configuration of Argon. Both the chlorine atoms contribute ‘one electron each fo share two electrons (shared pair). The bond can be represented by putting a line (-) between the atoms or with electron dot symbols also = G33 wala 80"| 86 ‘Shared pair Covalent bond between two Cl atoms ‘The dots in above picture represent electrons. Such structure are referred to as Lewis dot structures, The valence electrons not involved in sharing are known as non-bonding electrons or lone pairs or unshared pairs. Each chlorine atom has 3 lone pairs. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-10005 Ph.011-47623456rd & Competti Fane Molecules containing identical or dierent atom can also be rep led with the Lewis there are some important condition: ot there ar ig 6 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Stucture 1. Bond should be formed by the sharing of an electron pair between the atoms, 2 There should be a contrbution of a least one electron by each combining atom ot The sharing of electrons should be in such a way that he combining atoms tan the oe {gas configurations, Ot at, EXERCISE 4.1 | \Wnich ofthe folowing contain both ionic and covalent bond” (1) NaOH (@) KON (3) NaS, (4) Allof these In which compound, expanded octet of central atom is present? 0) BF. Q H @) Pol, @ cay, 3. The numberof electron represented in Lewis dot sructure for NH,* is ) 10 @ 8 @7 @ 1 4 The latioe energy NaF, NaCl, NaBr, Nal folow the order (1) NaF > NaCl > NaBr > Nal (2) Nal > NaBr > NaCl > NaF (3) NaF > NaCl > Nal > NaBr (4). Nal > NaBr > NaF > NaCl Formal charge on oxygen atoms marked as 0', 0? and 0? in O, as per following diagram is 2 a () O41 @ 4,041 @) -1,+1,0 @) -1,-1,0 ‘Which of the following statement is incomect? (1) Greater the lattice enthalpy, more the stability of the ionic compound 1) Latice enthalpy is greater forthe small and highly charged ions containing compour> (9) Lattice enthalpy affect the solubilities of the ionic compounds (4) Greate te latice enthalpy, lesser the stability compound VALENCE BOND THEORY (VBT) This approach was devel ea improved Inderstanding Ve loped by Heitler and London in 1927 and further 4 Cazsard VET involves te knowdedge of aoc rials, bacon conse ‘tome orbitals and the principles of variation and superposition ‘Aakash Educa Services Limited - Regd, Ofc : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road. New ! oy Pau«8 Compoiive Exams (Lovol Chanel Bonding and Molocular Stuctucs {14s woll known fact that all the machanical systems in this univarne tond to lower their potantial enaray 56 that they can attain the greator stability Same is the situation involved with the formaion of bonds batwenn the atoms, bonding occurs with decrease in enorgy In order to understand this concepts lot un study the formation of H, molecule on the basis of electrostatic inlaractions which land to dacrnase of energy Attentive forces tend to bring the two atoms close fo each othar wharaaK ropulnive forces land to push thaen apart Attractive, Hlodtron cloud Ropuisive Nucion Me Me The magnitude of new attractive forces is more than the new repulsive forcen. As a resull, wo atoms approach each other and potential energy decroases. Utimately, a stato is reached where altractiva forces, junt blanc the repulsive forces, This state is reached when the atoms are at critical distance r,, At a distance greater than fy, the attractive forces are dominant whereas al a distance smaller than r,, the repulsive foros dominate ‘over the attractive forces which leads to increase of potential energy. Maximum lowering of energy takes place at critical distance fr, The lowering of PE. as a function of inter nuclear distance has been shown in figure below. Variation of potential energy It is clear from the curve that the energy of two H atoms when they are held at a distance r, is smaller than the energy of individual H atoms. Therefore, the H atoms constitute a stable grouping called hydrogen molecule ‘The ential distance r, corresponding to minimum energy is called bond length. Experiments have shown that the value of r, i6 74 pm. Orbital overlap concept It we refer to the minimum energy state in the formation of hydrogen molecule the two H-atom are enough near so as to allow their atomic orbitals to undergo partial interpenetration. This partial interpenetration of atom orbitals is called overlapping of atomic orbitals. The overlap between the atomic orbitals can be positive, negative or zero depending upon the charactonstics of the orbitals participating to overlap Positive overtap involves the overtap of the lobes of same signs. It leads to attractive interactons, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph.011-47623456.8 stnuctute — mica! Bonding and Molecular Structur - eg wtp rinse ovata of eh of Ye tes 806 epee tpg Negative overlap 19v0lW eity of any kind of interactions. The varie en fin ture bow coveriap impies in postive, negat and zero overlap are ‘epic Positive overlap Negative over ss ad 7 p D <<. - o (oO e- 0 tH np. (d) (h) Zero overlap e “Vy w a Positive, negative and zero overlaps of s and p atomic orbitals Types of overlapping and nature of covalent bonds : se Mate aay discussed that he formation of a covalent bond invoWves the overlapping otha Set crtita's. The covalent bonds can ‘be classified into two different categories depending upon t= race, These ae Sra (0) bond and 1 (bones Sigma (i) bond : This type of covalent bond is formed by the axial overtapping of nait aah There ca bee tas vetap along the nlemucier ax and inte end io endo P25 V8 canbe tes type of anal overtap among 8 and pporbtls ae diecuseed below ; eemce? " — In this case, there is overiap of two half filed s-oritals along te i /o—@ S-orbital S-8 overlapping ‘Nay been discussed with formation of H, molecule S-onbital his stuation has1 compettve Exams (Level Chemrcal tense aed Mderaten Brxane tw sp overlapping: It nvives the averapping of hal ed ral of ane atm tn he rat Se elas otra other atc The bond tus torre scaled ap sigma bond Q oo Qe ree et cee For example, the formation of HE molecule Involves the avertacaing AS artmal of H-atern wth re half filed Zp, orbtal of fluorine ator (ii) ppp overtapping : It involves the co-anial cverlapging between hall fled pertaals A cre arn wt naif fled p-orbtals of the other ator The tond as formed «called pp (a) sigma bond Se 82 - Ope portal pottital pep vertoggen For example. the formation of F, molecule in which 2p, orutal of one F-atum terags trary wth the 2p, orbital of the other F-atom 2. pi (R) bond : This type of covalent bond is formed when the atomic orttals verag in such a way that ‘her ans remain paralie! to each other and perpendicular to the internuclear axis, The crttals formers to sidewise cveriapping consists of two saucer type charged duds above and telow the plane ‘he partopatng atoms. The electrons involved in the = bond formation are called pielectrons {-:-—3-s @ =D port pera pp overiapping — Inter nuclear axis Strength of sigma and pi bonds : Zescally tne strength of a bond depends upon the extent of overiapping ‘Signe bond 1s stronger than pi bond, itis because of the fact that overtagging of atomic orbitals can take Dace 0 2 greater ene dunng the formation of sigma bond whereas cveragping of orbtals cours to 2 srr enert durng the formation of pi bord The snace of rclecile 's controlled by the sigma frame work (orientations of sigma bonds) eround the central zor 0 verds ore super imposed on sigma bonds nence they simply modiy the dimensions of re molece HYBRIDISATION norte tb expan tne characteristic geometrical shapes of polyatomic molecules like CH, NH, ang H,0 etc 2 concert calles hybridisation was introduced by Linus Pauling, According to him the atomc orotais carbine to form new set of equivalent orbitals known as hybrid orbitals or hybridised orbitals and the wrecesecin heres to 2s hybridisation Hybridisation is the process of intermixing of the orbitals of sightly different energies so as to recistroute eee ererges, resuiten in the termation of new set of crtials of equivalent energies and shape Salient Features of Hybridisation nypraadien 4 2 mental CnLeE Wich has been introduced to explain some structural ropertes such 2s shapes of resesases OF enurralency Of UGNGS, els. which cannot be explained by simple treones of vanes Si8Te aint Neattes A fcsabin ate +The numer of nyo oronals 1 equal Io the number of the atomic orbitals that get hybrdsed 2 The npansen tals are aways equnvaent in energy and shage Aakash Eéucational Services Limited - Rogd. Office - Aakash Tower 8, Pusa Road, New Debi 110005 Ph 011-47623456jing and Molecular Structure na : 40% Chemical Bonding and a Sar (Levey “The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming stable bonds than the pure atomic orbitals These hybrid orbitals are directed in space in some preferred direction to have minimum r, between electron pairs and thus @ stable arrangement. Therefore, the type of hybridisation ing geometry of the molecules, Pion cates te Important conditions for hybridisation 0 Ww Ww) ™ The orbitals present in the valence shell of the atom are hybridised, ‘The orbitals taking part in hybridisation must have only a small difference of energies. Promotion of electron is not essential condition prior to hybridisation, Itis not necessary that only haif filed orbitals participate in hybridisation. In some cases, even fed orbitals of valence shell or vacant orbital can take part in hybridisation. Types of hybridisation There are many different types of hybridisation depending upon the type of orbitals involved in mixing such as sp*, sp, sp, sp%d, sp'd? etc. Let us discuss various types of hybridisation along with some examples: o ‘sp-hybridisation : In this hybridisation one s and one p orbitals hybridise (or intermix) to produce two equivalent hybrid orbitals, known as sp hybrid orbitals. The suitable orbitals for sp hybridisation are s and p,, if the hybrid orbitals are to lie along the z-axis. The two sp-hybrid orbitals are oriented in a straight line making an angle of 180° and therefore the molecule possesses linear geometry. Each of hybrid orbitals has 50% ‘-character and 50% p-character. This type of hybridisation is also known as diagonal hybridisation. Example of molecules having sp-hybridisation are Bef, BeCl,, BeH,, H In BeCl,, Beryllium is the central atom. Its electronic configuration is 1s? 2s? in the ground state. In the ‘exited state one of the 2s-electrons is promoted to the vacant 2p-orbital. 2p 4s 2s 2p, 2p, 2p, ew [it] (t] ft Excited state ‘sp hybridisation Now one 2s and one 2p, orbital undergo hybridisation to give two sp half filed hybrid orbitals oriented at an angie of 180°. These sp-hybrid orbitals overlap with the half filled 2p-orbitals of two chlorine atoms 10 Give two ‘Be -Ci bonds’. The BeC, molecular is linear ee po. eae ‘5p hybridisation in BeCl, Linear molecule Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Pr.011-4762450mnpttive Exams (Level Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (Ww) sp*-nybridisation a hybrid orbitals are larger in size than sp-hybrid orbitals but slightly smaller than that of sp? hybrid corbitals. Each sp? hybrid orbitals has 113 (or 33.33%) s-charactor and 2/3 (or 66.7%) p-character. Example, of sp? hybndsation are compounds of boron (2... BF, BCly, BH, et), Aluminium (@.., AIC) and SO,, $0}, CO} ete In BF,, boron is the central atom. Its electronic configuration in the ground stata and excted state are 1s 2s 2p 1 [ty Lt round stata TY Lt] ALT J estos ‘one hat filed 2s orbital and two half filed 2p orbital undergo hybridisation and produce three equivalent hal filed sp? hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are trigonal planar and are oriented at an angle of 120° to each other. These three sp* hybrid orbitals overtap with half filed 2p orbitals of three fluorine atoms to form three B-F sigma bonds, The resultant geometry of BF, molecule is trigonal planar. AC RX Trigonal planar geometry of BF, (ill) sp? hybridisation : In this hybridisation one s and three p-orbitalsintermix to form sp? hybrid orbitals of equivalent energy ‘and identical shape. These four sp? hybrid orbitals are directed towards the four comers of a tetrahedron separated by an angle of 109° 28°. sp® hybrid orbitals have 1/4 (or 25%) s-character and 3/4 (or 75%) p-character. sp° hybridisation is observed in akane (CH,, CyH etc), NH, NH, H,O, H,0°, SOF For example, In CH,. the electronic configuration of carbon in the ground and excited states are #1) [tL Joma i TILT] T | exci ste ‘3 hybridisation Services Limited - Rag. fice : Aakash Tower, 8, usa Rosd, New Dahi-110008 PROTEST TNA.12 ee One 2s and three half filed 2p orbitals undergo hybridisation to form four identical sp? which are directed atthe four comers ofa tetrahedron having an angle of 109° 28° or 1og er" ty other. These four hybrid orbitals overlap with half filed 1s orbitals of four hydrogen atoms toy bonds. The shape of CH, molecule is tetrahedral with the help of sp hybridisation, the sinwet™ ay land H,O molecules can be explained rea 1s 1s Orbital picture of methane | In NH,, the valence shell electronic configuration of nitrogen in the ground state is 2s* 2p! 26 4 ee gs ea naan cree fourth one, ‘These three hybrid orbitals overlap with 1s orbitals of hydrogen atoms fo form three N-H sigma bang ‘As we are aware of the fact that the force of repulsion between a lone pair and a bond pair is mere tr the force of repulsion between two bond pairs of electrons, therefore relatively larger Ip-bp interac ‘causes HNH angle to decrease from 109° 28’ or 109.5° to 107°. The geometry of such a moleale wt be pyramidal. H H a 407 H H Orbital overtap Pyramidal shape in NH, Other examples of sp*, sp? and sp hybridisation Formation of ethane (CH,-CH,) : Hq pm a te 109° 28; pm ee we NSH 4 H Orbital picture of ethane pt Each C-H bond in ethane is sp?-s sigma bond with bond length 109 pm. The C-C bond © = bond with bond length 154 pm oar ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office Aakash Tower, 8 Pisa Road, New Dein110008 Pv 'Pe 18 competitive Exams Level!) : soars & Compe hemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 19) Formation of ethene (C,H,) \em / oe “ © © Orbital diagram of ethene Thus, in ethene, the six atoms (bonded by sigma bonds) lie in one plane while the x-bond is projected perpendicular to the plane of six atoms (two C atoms and four H atoms) figure above (c). Inethene molecule, the C = C bond consists of one 134 pm. C-H bond is sp?. H-C-C angle is 121° psp? sigma bond and one x-bond. Its bond length is “8 sigma bond with bond length 108 pm. The H-C-H angle is 116.6° whi Formation of ethyne (CH=CH) : ‘The overlapping of orbitals has been shown in figure below Sidewise overlap o-bond \ bonds Orbital diagram of ethyne Thus, in ethyne molecule, C = C bond consists of one sp-sp a-bond alongwith two r-bonds. The C = C bond length is 120 pm. C-H bond is sp-s sigma bond. The H-C-C angle is 180°, ie, the molecule is linear. Hybridisation of elements involving d-orbitals SDAP, t+ Oy ‘Trigonal bipyramidal dp+s+p.+P,+P, ‘nner S++ Pt Pt d+ doy Trigonal bipyramidal Octahedral ‘ouler e+ dap tS*P,42,*D, Octahedral art tt BER ‘Square planar S+ P+ P+ Pet, 1 +dyy+d,.] Pentagonal bipyramidal ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Ofce: Aakash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.011-47623456[URRUREETAE Chemical Bonding and. Molecular Structure Board & Competitive Exams noted that here, wwe shall restrict our discussion to the hybrid schemes involving outer shot eal nybeiieaton Invoiig innerfevelortals Is general ‘adopted by complex entities, ora, : mixing of one s, three p and one d-orbitals \d-tybridisation : This type of hybridisation Involves. : Feo nyended ota whic agopt tional biyreridel fom, of PCI, «The ground state electronic configuration of phosphorus is 18! 2s 2ef 36 3p, Fen PSs pl ua! in te ro 8 em wag 30, orbital ‘The ground state and excited state configurations of phosphorus are shown below ground state) [f |] | T | t a Ground state and excited state configuration of phosphorus and one (3d,,) which are half-filled, hybridise to yield a sat Now the five orbitals, one (3s), three (3) the five comers of a trigonal bipyramidal of fve spd hybrid orbitals, which point towards a Trigonal bipyramidal geometry of PCI, molecule inne fomation of PC}, each ofthe five sp'd hybrid ortals overt axially with half fled Sp-sbias of ° aoe tom ive P-Ci sigma bonds: Three of the five P-CI bonds lie in one plane at an angle of 127 8 ‘one another. These are called equatorial bonds. “The other two P-Cl bonds are at right angle of 90° 1 Pe plane of equatorial bond, i.e., one above and other below the plane. ‘These are called axial bonds. AS axial Sea cuter more repulsive interaction fom the equatorial bond pars, therefore axial P-Cl Dom cecome slightly longer (219 pm) than the equatorial bonds (204 pm). The unequal length of axial and atonal P-Ci bonds in PCI, has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction technique This causes axial bond zecome signty weaker than the equatorial bonds; which makes PCI, molecule more reactive undergo interes © of an octaneor™? \sp'-Hybridisation : In this type of hybridisation one s, three p and two dorbitals form six entical so°oF hybrid orbitals. These six orbitals are directed towards the comers ard be in space at an angle of 90° to one another, Formation of SF, : The ground state outer configuration of ,»S is 35 3p* In the excited state ne oe vars 13s and p, otal get unpaired and one out of each pair is promoted to vacant 3d, and Me’ creas The ground state and excited state configuration of ,,S are given as follows ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office ita, Pin ne, vw Don ine aEsoar 8. Compete Exams (Level) Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 155 SS (ground state) 3d 'S (2 excited state) ‘Now, si orbitals; one (3s), three (3p) and two (3d) orbitals which are half filed hybridise to form six new sp? hybrid orbitals which are projected towards the six comers of a regular octahedron as shown in figure below ‘Octahedral geometry of SF, Inthe formation of SF, these six sp? hybrid orbitals overtap with halffiled orbitals of fluorine atoms to form sx S-F sigma bonds. Because of sp*e? hybridisation of sulphur, SF, has regular octahedral geometry. All the six S-F bonds in SF, have same bond length. ‘sp'¢!-Hybridisation : This type of hybridisation involves the mixing of one s three p and three d orbitals to form seven sp%¢° hybrid orbitals which adopt pentagonal bipyramidal arrangement. Formation of IF, : The ground state configuration of x is 5s? 5p. In the excited state one electron from 5s and two electron from Sp-orbitals are promoted to Sdorbitals, The seven orbitals now hybridise to give seven 50° hybrid orbitals each of these hybrid orbitals overiap with half filed 2p-orbital of fluorine atoms to form IF, molecule which adopts the pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. vgoundstate) [4] [TL]T Yt 5p 1 (3" excited state) = pop ES FOF FER ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited ~ Regd. Offic : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 F“\ Board 8 Competitive Exams (Lovey Chomical Bonding and Molecular Structure F — e \ F Pentagonal bipyramidal geometry of IF, PREDICTION OF STATE OF HYBRIDISATION eee ee Vanous methods are available to determine state of hybridisation. However most appropriate one is electron. pair (EP) method, that is described as under: Count electron pairs as. ep-,8P + LP (r-bonds are not counted in electron-pairs.) |e Type of Orbitals used Orientation of Bond ie Hybridization Hybrid Orbitals: Orbitals: angle lee so one s and one p Linear 180" | 3 oe fone s and two p Trigonal planar 120° 4 oe? one s and three p Tetrahedral 109"28" 5 od cone 5, three p and one Trigonal bipyramidal 90°, 120" Jo | we ‘one s, three p and two d Cctahedral oo 7 oe one 5, three p and three d | Pentagonal bipyramidal | 72°, 90° Example 1 Identify which types of bond are present in given compound. oN, 0, (wc, Solution: N, /NeN (One § and 2n bond 30, Fy Two 0, one pm- dh and one pm- pr ‘0 a, -cl-e Onw 0 bona ‘Aakash Educational Services Limied - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Deii-110005 Phot" 4762345"and Medecasiat SANS NG & Competition, chemical Bondi se Exar ie, ve paanvon Nin NO,NO, and MH, are i (1) 9p. 99? and 97 (2) 10 1 ard sp" | (2) a spard oo” (4) 997. 99° and sp Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (Developed by Gillespie and Nyholm) + recording to this theory. shape of the compound depends on the numtar ar toes of around the central atom in compound ee 20 tan (a) Bond par + Par of electrons under the influence of two atoms (o) Lone pair -+ Pair of electrons localised on one atom > These electron pars repel each other and stay as far as possible Sequence cf repusir 12) Lone par-one par > Lone pair-bond pair > Bond pair-tond pair 4 Double bond gives more repulsion than single bond Hybridisation and Shapes of Some Simple Molecules ‘Number Number of Hybridisation Molecular ‘of oBonds Lone Pairs Geometry Shape a | 2 : ” 0-0-0 Lireor oreo [> 0 ° rs ° goes - planar aa OC) ae VW ‘ o Tetrahedral te | Qo pyramdal | 0° “ F Z ‘ of 3p Bent (faeaen Eovcato es ined - Rog ce aka Tow 0, Pune Road Now Do-11005 PretChemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 19 Geometry ‘Shape Examples a 7 Tega onl 5 ° o' bipyramidal a a F 4 1 ' See-saw Fe [Distorted Fe . tetrahedron or F spd folded square] i 3 2 8 ‘T-shaped 5] F 1 z 3 G69 um Eo L 4 L 4 | | 5 ol 888 Octahedral 5 1 wd e yremial FOE ° we ery Square . y/ planar Fv LE : o ad ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams BOND PARAMETERS Bond Angle 1s defnes as te angle between the oral containing bonding slacton par around canta atom 0 ‘molecule’complex on Example 3. Compare the bond angle in H,O and OF, 9°, . Aa, ane Aa, ‘oxygen is sp” hybridised but angle is diferent becauas eos s more electronegative So, electon ptr resides away fom the oxygen atom in OF, So. bone-par ~ bond parr repusion is less and hence angle in OF, is smaller than Ho, 1. Compare the bond angle in given pairs © NAANF, ® Not Not 2 Arrange the folowing compounds in the increasing order of bond angle. | BF, H,0. CH, Not 3 Draw the structure of PCL, [4 _Why CIF, is T shaped? Bond Length ) Ear eg 's defined as the equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule nH 74 Fr, 144 Gio, 193 © Ber, mae “4 wer 109 121 HF ine, % HO (Ho) 127 Hr (Br 141 HEH) 10 Bene ‘erat essai wih We wctease I the size Of We atoms Bene enn cerzeates with the muliphoty of bonds Siege tine > Deut tones > Tephe ton 7624 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd Office : Aakash Tower 8, Pusa Road, New Deit-110005 Pro!"