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Ch2 Sectors of Indian Economy
Ch2 Sectors of Indian Economy
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Unemployment
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Unemployment
Unemployment is the condition when people who are able and seeking work cannot find work.
Underemployment
• Underemployment occurs when people work part-time or irregularly, or in occupations that do not fully use their training nor satisfy their economic
needs.
• In this situation, it is clear that everyone is working; no one is idle; yet, they are not fully productive nor earn enough.
• In contrast to someone who does not have a job and is recognised as unemployed, underemployment is hidden.
• It is also known as disguised unemployment.
• The agriculture sector in rural India suffers from disguised unemployment.
• More than half of the country's workforce are employed in the primary sector, mainly in agricultural activities, but the sector accounts for just a quarter of
the country's GDP.
• In cities, labourers such as painters, plumbers, repairmen and cart drivers may work all day but earn relatively little. They work at low pay because they
have no options.
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Division of Sectors
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Organised sector
• The organised sector includes all businesses or places of employment where the working conditions are formally determined and employees can count on
regular salaries.
• Such businesses are registered with the government and must follow the norms and rules given in numerous laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum
Wage Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act.
• Advantages of employment in the organised sector for workers are:
(i) job security
(ii) fixed hours of work
(iii) overtime benefits
(iv) paid leave, travel allowances, medical benefits, safe working conditions and retirement pensions
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Unorganised sector
• The unorganised sector is characterised by small and dispersed units that are mostly not subject to government regulation.
• There are laws and regulations in place, but they are not followed.
• Jobs are often low-paying and irregular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, or sick leave and other benefits.
• Employment is not assured. People can be asked to leave without giving reason.
• Employees may be retrenched when there is less work, such as during certain seasons or during economic downturn.
• Employment conditions may depend on the employer's whims rather than the worker’s performance or business needs.
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Private sector
• Ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private persons or companies in the private sector.
• Profit is the driving force behind private-sector activities.
• To obtain goods or services, one must pay the owners.
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Public sector
• The government owns the majority of the assets and provides all services in the public sector.
• Governments raise funds through taxes and other means to cover the costs of the services they provide.
• The public sector's goal is to provide welfare to the people rather than to earn profits.
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