Sir Salman Hashmi - CIE TUTORS - 03350133663

SALMAN HASHMI | 03350133663
Q Did Shah Waliullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the subcontinent
before 1850? Explain your answer. [14] (M-16)
Ans: [Shah Wali Ullah] Shah Wali Ullah was a great scholar and reformer. He was educated at Madras-i-
Rahimiya that was founded by his father. He pointed out that the lack of knowledge about Islam was the
main reason of decline of Mughal rule in India.
[Translation of Quran] Only few Muslims were able to understand (know/speak) Arabic language so he
translated the Holy Quran in Persian which was common language of Muslims in India to increase
understanding (knowledge) of Islam. [Shia-Sunni differences] Muslims of India were divided in Shia and
Sunni sects (religious groups). He wrote an account (life history/biography) on first four caliphs of Islam
to reduce (decrease) differences between Shia and Sunni Muslims and increase unity in them.
[Reform Society] He wrote 51 books to spread Islamic teachings to whole India. Hujjatullah-ul-Baligha
was his famous work. He also tried to improve Muslim society. He advised Muslims to respect workers
and adopt principles of equality and social justice. He struggled to purify Muslim society from Hindu
customs.
[Invitation to Ahmad Shah] Shah Wali Ullah was worried from growing power of Marathas in India. He
invited Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali for help, who defeated Marathas in the third battle of Panipat
in 1761. SWU was partly successful because Mughal rulers failed to improve themselves.
[Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi] He was upset due to decline of Mughal rule and growing strength
(control) of non-Muslim forces. He was influenced by the teachings of Shah Wali Ullah. He considered
India as Dar-ul-Harab. He decided to start Jihad movement to set up an Islamic state so that Muslims
could lead their life according to Islam. He wanted to free the Muslims of Punjab from cruel Sikh ruler
Raja Ranjit Singh. Muslims of Punjab were not allowed to offer cow sacrifice and Azan. Mosques were
used to keep horses (stables). Syed Ahmad learned military skills from the army of Amir Khan. He visited
whole India and gathered (collected) a group of People ready for Jihad and moved them to North-
Western India (NWFP). In a letter he asked Ranjit Singh to improve treatment (dealing/behavior) with
Muslims but he showed disrespect (hate) for Islam. In 1826 Syed Ahmad defeated strong Sikh army at
Okara and Hazrothe. Syed Ahmad was defeated at Attock due to disloyalty (deception/cheating) of
Pathan Chief Yar Muhammad. Syed Ahmad moved from Peshawar to Ballakot to free Kashmir from Sikh
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rule. Syed Ahmad forces (army) were suddenly (surprisingly) attacked by a strong Sikh army. Syed
Ahmad was killed with his 600 followers. His remaining followers continued Jihad against Sikhs and
British. Jihad movement provided confidence to the Muslim of India to struggle for freedom from
British.
[Haji Shariat Ullah Faraizi movement] He was a reformer from East Bengal. He thought that the poor
condition (positions/situation) of the Muslims of Bengal was due to ignorance (lack of knowledge) of the
basic Islamic duties. He asked them to offer Prayer, fasting, Zakat and Hajj known as Faraiz that’s why his
movement was named as Faraizi movement. He also advised Muslims of Bengal to pray for past sins and
adopt (carry out) right way of life. He considered (believed) Bengal to be Dar-Ul-Harab so Muslims
should not offer Friday and Eid prayers. [Jihad against Zamindars] He was worried due to poor treatment
of Muslims by Hindu landlords known as Zamindars. Muslim farm worker (peasants) were paid less and
unfair taxes like beard tax was collected from them. He united (organized) Muslims and forced
Zamindars to improve treatment (dealing) with Muslims. British forced Hajji Shariat Ullah to move to
Dhaka district where he died in 1840. [Dudhu Mian] His movement was continued by his son Mohsin-ud-
Din (Dudhu Mian). He divided areas of Bengal in circles and appointed (placed) his followers as Khalifas
for welfare of Muslims. After his death Faraizi movement declined.
The work of SWU was the most important because his mission was not limited to selected parts of India.
Also he left behind him a living legacy in the form of his books and followers. Above all, he is the leading
figure of the noble tradition of translation of the Holy Quran.
Topic: Shah Wali Ullah
Q Why did Shah Wali Ullah wish to revive Islam in the sub-continent? [7]
1) [Purifying Islam] During Shah Wali Ullah’s time, Islam had lost its purity in the subcontinent. Hindu
customs, practices (way of life) and beliefs were followed by Muslims. It had become very important to
tell the Muslims that what was Islamic and what were Hindu traditions or customs.
2) [Cause of Downfall] He believed that the real cause of Muslims’ decline was their lack of knowledge
about the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. He wanted the Muslims to carry out Islamic teachings in all
areas of their lives – social, political, economic and religious. This would allow them to bring back their
pride and improve their living conditions.
3) [Reforming the Society] (a) A number of social evils had become part of the Islamic society. Shah Wali
Ullah wanted to change the society in the light of Islamic teachings. He wanted the rulers to introduce
Islamic laws e.g. Islam rejects social injustice and protects the rights of workers. (b) He advised the rich
Muslims to lead (adopt) simple life and stay away from luxury and waste of wealth. (c) He also advised
the traders to follow Islamic laws in their dealings. (d) He wanted to remove the Shia-Sunni differences
that were the main cause of lack of unity among Muslim society.
Topic: Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi.
Q Why did Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi start his Jehad movement? [7]
Ans: [Islamic state] Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi believed that subcontinent had changed into Dar-Ul-
Harab a place to become a ruler; he wanted to set up an Islamic state to follow Islamic beliefs (values)
and where Muslim were living under non-Muslim rule, so Jihad was necessary (compulsory) for every
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Muslim to oppose growing strength (power/control) of non-Muslims. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi had
no wish teachings. He also wanted to free Muslim society from social evils and Hindu customs (way of
life).
[Growing strength of non-Muslim] Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi was upset due to growing strength
(power) of non-Muslim forces like British, Marathas and Sikhs. Punjab was under cruel Sikh rule of Raja
Ranjit Singh where Muslims were not allowed carry out Islamic duties. Azan and cow sacrifice
(slaughtering) was banned and Mosques were used to keep horses (as stables) by Sikhs. Muslim culture,
values and religion was in danger. Therefore, he started Jihad movement to free Muslims of Punjab from
cruel Sikh rulers.
Topic: Faraizi movement:
Q How successful was Hajji Shariat Ullah in revival of Islam in Bengal? [7]
Ans: 1) [Faraizi movement] (a) Hajji Shariat Ullah was the founder of Farazi movement in Bengal. (b) Hajji
Shariat Ullah believed that Muslim of Bengal had moved away from Islam. He wanted that Muslims
should offer Islamic duties known as Faraiz. He advised Muslims to offer Prayer, fasting, Zakat and Hajj.
Due to which his movement was known as Faraizi movement and his followers were called ‘Faraizis’. (c)
He believed (thought) Bengal as Dar-ul-Hareb because Muslims of Bengal were ruled by non-Muslim. In
such area Friday and Eid prayers should not be offered.
2) [Reform society] (a) He wanted that Muslims should not follow Hindu customs like singing, dancing at
the time of wedding and Hindu caste system. He advised his followers to pray for their past sins and lead
right path in future. (b) The Faraizi movement supported the idea of Jihad.
3) [Muslim peasants] (a) He united Muslim farm workers (peasants) against Hindu and British landlords
(zamindars). (b) Muslim farm workers were paid less by Hindu land lords and they were collecting many
unfair taxes from Muslim workers like beard tax. Hindu landlords were collecting funds from Muslim by
force to set up Hindu temples. Haji Shariat Ullah forced Hindu landlords to improve treatment (dealing)
with Muslim farm workers.
4) [Dudhu Mian] (a) Hindus Landlords were upset by the unity of the Muslim farm workers. Hajji Shariat
Ullah was arrested (jailed) so his son Dudhu Mian became leader of the Faraizi movement. (b) He
divided East Bengal in circles and appointed (placed) Khalifas in Bengal to help poor and for prayers. (c)
After death of Dudhu Mian movement declined (ended) in Bengal. It can be said that some seeds of
Pakistan Movement were sown by Faraizi movement.
Topic: Haji Shariat Ullah.
Q Why did Haji Shariat Ullah start his Faraizi movement? [7]
Ans: [To reform Bengali Muslims] Haji Shariat Ullah wanted Muslims to follow Islamic duties. He
believed that due to growing non-Muslim rule in different parts of India, Muslim’s had moved away
from the teachings of Islam. Therefore, he wanted them to return to the Islamic teachings. For this, he
advised the Bengali Muslims to fulfill Islamic duties or Faraiz to purify Islam from Hindu customs (way of
life).
[Cruel Hindu Landlords] Muslims of Bengal were living under cruel rule of Hindu and British landlords
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known as Zimindars. Muslim farm workers (peasants) were paid less. Unjust (unfair) tax was collected
from Muslims even on keeping beard. Hindu landlords were collecting funds (money) by force from
Muslims to set up Hindu temples. Haji Shariat Ullah wanted to unite Muslims to force Hindu landlords to
improve their dealing with Muslims that’s why he started Faraizi movement.
Topic: Causes of Mughal decline.
Q The policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the decline of Mughal rule; Do you agree give
reasons. (14)
Ans: 1) [Aurangzeb policies] (a) Aurangzeb wasted 25 years while fighting with Marathas in south India
due to which Mughal army and economy became weak. (b) He collected religious tax Jizya from non-
Muslim. (c) Aurangzeb destroyed Hindu temples and banned Hindu from singing, dancing, gambling,
drinking wine and Suttee. He forced Hindus and Sikhs to obey Islamic laws, due these reasons Mughals
had lost the loyalty of Hindus and Sikhs. (d) Aurangzeb had expanded the Mughal Empire so much that it
was difficult to defend such huge Empire. Cost of keeping large army was very high.
2) [Pleasure seeking] The Mughal Emperors after Aurangzeb were pleasure-loving and did not take
serious interests in the affairs of the empire. Mughal Emperor wasted wealth on fine buildings, jewellery
and dresses. Mughal Emperor Akbar was used to order 300 dishes in a single meal. The economy of
Mughal Empire was destroyed due to waste of wealth.
3) [Unable rulers] (a) Mughal rulers after the death of Aurangzeb were weak and lazy unable to run the
affairs (business) of Mughal Empire. (b) They had left the affairs of Empire in the hands of ministers who
were corrupt and selfish. (c) Due to weak Mughal rulers many provinces like Bengal, Deccan and Oudh
became independent so Mughal Empire became weaker.
4) [Mansabdari system] Mughal officers known as Mansabdars were not appointed on ability. They had
become corrupt so collection of taxes was reduced. Mansabdars were also responsible to organize
Mughal army but due to their mismanagement (lack of care) Mughal army became weak.
5) [Foreign invaders] Mughal army was defeated by Persian king Nadir shah in 1739. The Persians under
Nadir Shah captured (took over) much of the Empire’s wealth and returned home with gold, jewels and
the Peacock throne from Delhi. Mughals were never able to recover from this loss. (b) Again Mughal
Empire was attacked by Afghan King Ahmed shah Abdali who captured important province Punjab which
was food basket of Mughal Empire and source of fresh soldiers for Mughal army so Mughal army
became weaker.
6) [No rule to choose next King] After the death of Mughal King his sons began to fight with each other
to become next king, experienced soldiers were killed and disorder was created due to these wars.
These wars seriously damaged the army and economy of the Mughal Empire. Mughal Empire was
destroyed due to these wars.
7) [Rise of Marathas] Marathas had become so strong that they had taken large part of Mughal Empire
under the leadership of Shivaji and they were able to set up Maratha Empire within Mughal Empire. In
1737 they defeated Mughal army. In 1760 they occupied Delhi. The rise of Marathas was the major
reason of Mughal decline.
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8) [Arrival of British] Mughal failed to modernize them self so British who got better weapons, more
trained army slowly captured (took-over) the whole Mughal Empire. In 1764 in the Battle of Buxar,
British captured Bengal, Orissa and Behar and in 1803 British army entered in Delhi.
Topic: Reasons of Mughal decline.
Q Why were the Marathas defeated after the decline of the Mughal Empire? [7] (N-2017)
[Vast empire] Under the leadership of Shivaji Marathas were able to capture large areas of Mughal
Empire and setup Maratha Empire till 1737. It was very difficult to control and govern such a large
empire. Marathas found it difficult to protect such a large empire from attacks by neighboring states.
[Lack of unity] Marathas were divided in many powerful families ruling small states. There was lot of
differences among local Maratha rulers. The control of central Maratha leadership at capital city Pune
was weak. The lack of unity was a major reason of decline of Maratha Empire.
[Attack of Ahmad Shah Abdali] Maratha Empire was attacked by Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Maratha were defeated by Afghan king in the third war of Panipat. Major Maratha leaders and thousand
of experienced Maratha soldiers were killed. Marathas were never able to recover from this loss.
Topic: East India Company.
Q Explain why the East India Company involved in the Indian subcontinent during the seventeenth
century? [7] Or How Indians appealed E.I.C? [7] (N-2017)
Ans: 1) [Failure to setup trade with Indonesia] E.I.C was a British trading company. E.I.C was given
permission to trade by British Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 to trade with areas located in the East of Africa.
E.I.C was hoping to setup spice trade in the East Indies (Indonesia) but Dutch had already won the
control of spice trade and would not allow any other to trade with East Indies.
2) [Permission of trade with India] After failure to setup trade with East Indies E.I.C turned to India. First
ship of E.I.C landed on Indian seaport Surat in 1608 but permission of trade with India was given in 1612
by Governor of Gujrat. E.I.C started trade of cotton, spices and silk from India to Europe and earned
huge profits.
3) [Location of India] Location of India was very important. E.I.C wanted to setup seaport along the coast
of India to spread trade of E.I.C to neighboring countries of India and control over sea routes of Indian
Ocean. In this way E.I.C wanted to push other European nations like French and Portuguese out of India.
British also wanted to spread their culture and religion in other parts of the world.
Topic: East India Company.
Q Why was Robert Clive appointed the first Governor of Bengal? [7] (M-17)
Ans: [Success in battle of Plassey 1757] Lord Clive was the commander of British army in the battle of
Plassey against the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daula. Lord Clive was successful in bribing the commander
of Siraj-ud-Daula army Mir Jaffar. British were able to gain huge wealth and trade rights from the next
ruler of Bengal Nawab Mir Jaffar. Success in the battle of Plassey increased Clive’s importance to the
East India Company (EIC) so he was chosen as Governor of Bengal.
[Success in the battle of Buxar 1764] Lord Clive also defeated the combine army of the Nawab of Bengal
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Mir Qasim, the Mughal Emperor and the Nawab of Oudh in the battle of Buxar in 1764. British was able
to capture Bengal, Bihar and Orissa provinces. The success in the battle of Buxar changed E.I.C from a
trading company into ruler. Due to this service he was appointed as first Governor of Bengal.
Topic: Expansion of British rule.
Q Explain why Britain was so successful in extending its control of the sub-continent between 1750 and
1850. [7] (N-2016)
Ans: [Superior military] British had a strong army with better weapons to which Indian army was no
match. British were able to increase their influence due to victories (success) in the battle of Plassey
(1757) and Buxar (1764) in northern India and the Mysore wars in southern India. These victories gave
them huge and rich areas to rule and to use local resources to strengthen their position.
[Good government] in occupied areas of India E.I.C had setup a system of courts, police and 1000
trained administrators (officers). British had appointed Governors and Governor General to take care of
occupied areas. This helped the E.I.C to run the state affairs along British lines. The E.I.C also introduced
trade laws that favoured its imports and as well as local trade.
[Indian weakness] Mughal Empire was already in decline. India was divided in many states with different
culture and religion, fighting with each other. Indian rulers had failed to adopt modern technology.
British took advantage (benefit) of their differences and slowly defeated them by using superior
weapons and political skills.
Q why did the British government take control of the affairs of E.I.C in the nineteenth century? [7]
Ans: [Importance of India] India was a source of food grain, raw material for British industries and a
huge marked for British made goods. 10% of British income was coming from taxes on Indian trade of
E.I.C. British were looking after its interests in Middle East and Far East countries from India due to its
important location. The volume of trade was so huge that India was too valuable to be left in hands of a
private company.
[Danger of Russia] British wanted to place a regular army on Afghanistan border to protect India from
any attack by Russia. Russia had been looking for a way to reach Indian Ocean. By way of Afghanistan, it
could attack India to reach the ports of Indian Ocean. Therefore in order to keep Russia from any such
action the British government had to take control from E.I.C.
[Corruption of E.I.C officers] There were reports of mismanagement and corruption by the E.I.C officers
in Bengal and other officers. The company officers forced the new Nawab of Bengal to give heavy bribe
to them in the form of gifts. Company officers were also involved in corruption in collection of taxes.
Millions of people in Bengal were killed due to food shortage. This was damaging for the good name of
British government. So British government finally decided to abolish E.I.C.
Q Why did the British build railways in India during the nineteenth century? [7] (M-17)
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Ans: [Transport of raw material and goods] India was a source of raw material for British. After industrial
revolution the demand of raw material for British industry was increasing. Railway was setup in India by
British to transport raw material in large quantity to seaports. Railway was cheapest mean of
transportation. Railway was also used to transport British goods to Indian markets to earn profit.
Railway was also used to transport food to areas hit by famine (food shortage).
[Increase British control] There was danger of attack by Russia on India. Railway was setup to transport
British army to Afghanistan border quickly. After the war of independence railway was setup to increase
the control of British over India. British also used railway to spread British culture and ideas to different
parts of India. Railway was setup to win support of Indians because it made easy for Indians to travel in
different parts of India.
Chapter: 03 (Topic: War of Independence 1857)

Q The war of independence of 1857 was caused by the greased cartridge incidence; Give reasons why
you might agree or disagree with the statement. [14]
Ans: 1) [Military Causes] a) Pays of local Indian soldiers in E.I.C army were less and there was no chance
of promotion for them. (b) Hindu soldiers in E.I.C army were forced to travel by sea which was not
allowed in Hindu religion. (c) British introduced cartridge greased with cow or pig fats, which was not
allowed in Hindu and Muslim religion, Indian soldiers had to chew the cartridge before use so they
revolted against British. (d) Teaching of Bible was included in the training of soldiers, Indian soldiers
were afraid that British would change them into Christians. (e) Muslim soldiers of E.I.C army were angry
because British forced them to fight in Sindh and Afghanistan against their Muslim brothers. Due to
these reasons local soldiers of E.I.C army revolted.
2) [Religious causes] (a) British tried to spread Christian religion in India. (b) Hindu custom Suttee and
child marriage was banned. (c) Hindu widows were allowed to re-marry angered Hindus. (d) British tried
to change Indians to Christians. These reforms were not welcomed by Hindu and they revolted against
British.
3) [Educational reasons] (a) Persian and Sanskrit languages were replaced by English language as
medium of education. (b) Bible was taught in school and co-education was introduced. (c) Parda (veil)
was banned in schools. These reforms deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus.
4) [Economic causes] (a) British collected heavy taxes from Indians. (b) British forced farmers to grow
only cash crops so millions of people in Bengal were killed due to shortage of food. (c) Indian industry
was destroyed due to cheap British goods. (d) Large numbers of Indians were unemployed.
5) [Cultural reasons] (a) British considered their culture as superior (better). (b) British adopted insulting
behavior with Indians. (c) Indian thought that British wanted to spread western culture through railway
and telegraph wire.
6) [Political reasons] (a) Mughal king Bahadur Shah Zafar was moved from Red fort to a less important
building Qutab Shah, Muslims of Indian considered it as an insult. (b) British introduced doctrine of
lapse. Local states were captured (taken-over) by British after death of ruler if they got no son. British
captured Jhansi, Nagpur, Sitara and Oudh states under doctrine of Lapse. Nobles and royal families of
these states were ready to take revenge from British so they revolted.
Topic: The War of Independence. SALMAN HASHMI

Q Lack of unity was the main reason of the failure of the revolt of 1857; Do you agree? Give reasons [14]
or Q Why the revolt of 1857 failed? [7] (M-14)
Ans: (1) [Lack of leadership] (a) There was lack of unity and spirit in Indians to gain independence from
British. (b) There was no general plan of revolt and no attempt to work together. (c) The leaders of
revolt were fighting for personal reasons like to get back their states from British. (d) The last Mughal
King Bahadur shah ii was too old and weak and was not fit to be the leader of freedom fighters. British
were able to capture Delhi in few months; it was a great setback for freedom fighters.
2) [Punjab and Sindh] The Punjab and Sindh was conquered by British with the help of Soldiers from
Bengal and central India. When the same soldiers from Bengal and central India had revolted against
British few years later the people and Punjab and Sindh were not interested to help them.
3) [Local rulers] Many local rulers provided help to British like ruler of Nepal, Hyderabad and Kashmir.
Raja of Kashmir provided 2000 soldiers to British. Due to these loyal rulers of British were able to keep
control of large part of India.
4) [Unity of Muslim] Muslim were more united against British but Muslim were in minority (less
number), Hindus were less interested to help freedom fighters because they do not wanted to establish
Mughal Empire again.
5) [British strength] British Navy provided supply of fresh weapons and soldiers to British in India. British
had more wealth and could fight long wars. British got better weapons and modern methods of fighting;
British army was more trained and disciplined so they were able to defeat freedom fighters.
Topic: The War of Independence.
Q The war of Independence achieved nothing. Do you agree? Explain [14]
Ans: (1) [Reaction towards Muslims] Muslims were considered as responsible for revolt. Muslims were
refused from jobs and their madrassas (schools) were closed. Last Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah ii was
taken to Burma and all his sons were killed. Property of Muslims was taken and distributed (given) to
non-Muslims. Freedom fighters were hanged.
2) [Queens Proclamation] (a) E.I.C and doctrine of lapse were abolished (ended). (b) British would not
interfere in religion of local people. (c) British crown took direct control of India. (d) Governor General
was renamed as viceroy. (e) Secretary of Indian affairs was appointed to take care of affairs of India. (f)
The number British soldiers in Indian army were increased. Bengali soldiers were replaced by Punjabi. (g)
Roads, school, hospitals were setup for welfare of Indians.
3) [Changes in British Indian army] British became careful in matters of army. Bengali soldiers were
replaced by Punjabi and Gorkha soldiers. The number of British soldiers was increased in army. Cannons
were kept under control of British soldiers. Posts of junior commission officers were created for Indian
soldiers.
4) [Political struggle] Indians had learned the lesson they could not defeat British army. Political struggle
was started by Indians to get independence. Indians began to develop political awareness and setup
political parties like Congress and Muslim League. New Indian leadership and reformers appeared in
India society. SALMAN HASHMI
Chapter: 04 (Topic: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan)
Q Why did Sir Syed found the Aligarh movement? [7] (June-11)
Ans: [Muslim relations with British] The British had put all responsibility of the war of independence on
the Muslims and adopted revengeful (cruel/harsh) policy towards Muslim so Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
started a lifelong movement to remove bad feelings between British and Muslims. Sir Syed also tried to
convince Muslims to remain loyal to British because British were in full control. It was useless to fight
with British at that time.
[Convince Muslims to learn Western education] Hindus were quick to learn western education in this
way they had gained lot of influence. It was necessary to improve the social and economic position of
Muslims by encouraging (convincing) them to receive Western education and take up posts in the civil
services and army.
[Political awareness] Hindus were trying to take advantage of poor relations between Muslims and the
British. Sir Syed tried to increase political awareness of the Muslim community in order to make them
aware of the threat to their position from the Hindu policy of co-operation with the British.
Topic: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
Q Why did Sir Syed Ahmed khan try to improve relation between Muslim and British? [7] (N-2014)
Ans: [to soften British policy towards Muslims] at the end of the revolt of 1857 British put the
responsibility of revolt on Muslim shoulders and adopted revengeful policy towards them. Muslims were
denied from jobs and their property was taken by British. Sir Syed realized the serious situation of Indian
Muslim and tried to remove British bad feeling towards them. Sir Syed started a lifelong movement to
make British understand the Muslim better.
[To improve social status of Muslims] Muslims were backward in education due to their hatred towards
western ideas and British. Sir Syed believed that the Muslims had to accept British as rulers and remain
loyal to them. Sir Syed tried to convince Muslim to learn English and modern education to get proper
share in government services. Sir Syed tried to improve social status of Muslims in India through
western education and good relations with British rulers.
Q What were the Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's most significant contributions to the improvement of
education among Muslims? [7]
Ans: (1) [Modern education] (a) Muslims were backward in education. Sir Syed advised Muslims to learn
English and modern education to get government jobs and increases their social status. (b) Muslim were
worried due to teaching of Bible in government school so Sir Syed had setup schools at Muradabad and
Ghazipur to provide education to Muslim children.
2) [Scientific society] Scientific society was setup by Sir Syed in 1863 at Ghazipore to translate books of
natural and social science from English, Persian and Arabic to Urdu to provide scientific knowledge to
large number of Muslims.
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3) [M.A.O College] (a) He visited Britain in 1869 to observe their system of education. He was impressed
by Cambridge University so Sir Syed set up M.A.O school at Aligarh in 1875 to provide education to
Muslim. Later School was upgraded (promoted) to college then in University. (b) Many important
Muslim leaders were educated from Aligarh who took part in Pakistan movement like Liaquat Ali Khan.
4) [Muhammadan Educational conference] He set up Muhammadan educational conference in 1886 to

solve educational problem of Muslims of India and to spread new teaching methods of Aligarh. Its aim
was to increase educational standard of Muslims.
Topic: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.
Q In what way did Sir Syed Ahmed khan seek to improve relation between the Muslim of Subcontinent
and British? [7]
Ans: (1) [The Causes of revolt] British considered Muslims as responsible of the revolt of 1857. British
adopted revengeful policy towards Muslim. Sir Syed tried to improve Muslim relation with British by
writing a pamphlet “The Causes of revolt" in it he pointed out wrong policies of E.I.C. He pointed out
that poor management of E.I.C army and forceful change of Muslim to Christianity was the main causes
of revolt.
2) [Loyal Muhammadan of India] in this work he wrote services of various Muslims for E.I.C to show that
all Muslim of India were not against British rule. At the same time he called on the British to end bad
feeling towards Muslims.
3) [Commentary on Bible] Sir Syed believed that British and Muslim knew very little about each other so
he wrote an explanation of Bible (Tabyin-ul-Kalam). Sir Syed stated that Islam allowed Muslim to eat and
marry with Christian. He also pointed out similarities between both religions.
4) [Nadarath word] Muslim called British 'Nadarath'. British consider it as an abusive word. Sir Syed
explained that Nadarath word came from Arabic word Nasir means helper, in order to remove
misunderstandings.
Q How important was the political services of Sir Syed for Indian Muslims? [7]
Ans: (1) [Two-Nation theory] Urdu was developed in Muslim rule over India and was symbol of Muslim
culture but Sir Syed was disappointed by Hindus when they tried to replace Urdu by Hindi as second
official language of India so Sir Syed presented Two-Nation theory in which he declared Muslim and
Hindu as two separate nations of India.
2) [Congress] Sir Syed advised Muslim not to join Congress because it was a Hindu party and only
working for the rights of Hindu community. Sir Syed setup Muhammadan Patriotic Alliance to protect
Muslim rights, Muslim were not allowed to perform Azan and cow slaughtering in many areas.
3) [Separate elections] Sir Syed was also worried by new system of election introduced by British in India
in which members of councils were chosen by election. Muslim were in minority so Sir Syed demanded
separate electorate for Muslims, Sir Syed also demanded reserved seats for Muslim in government jobs
because educational standard of Muslim was lower than Hindus.

SALMAN HASHMI
Q Why Sir Syed presented two nations theory? [7]
Ans: 1) [Urdu-Hindi controversy] Urdu was second official language during British rule over India. In 1867
Hindus from Banaras city tried to replace Urdu by Hindi language. Sir Syed considered Urdu as symbol of
Muslim culture in India, earlier Sir Syed believed in Hindu-Muslim unity but he was so disappointed by
Hindus that he declared Muslim and Hindu living in India as separate nations.
2) [Congress attitude] Congress was demanding to hold Civil Services exams in India. Sir Syed knew that
Muslims were backward in education so there was little chance for Muslims to get seats in Civil Services.
He demanded that government jobs should be reserved for Muslims according to their population
because Muslims of India were a separate nation.
Chapter: 05 (Topic: Languages)
Q Why Urdu was chosen as national language of Pakistan at the time of independence? [7] (M-15)
Ans: (1) [Historical reasons] (a) Urdu was developed in 300 years of Muslim rule over India and was
symbol of Muslim culture. (b) During freedom movement Muslim leaders made speeches in Urdu.
Muslim league defended Urdu during British rule.
2) [Increase unity in Pakistan] Urdu was widely spoken in the most of areas of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam
was keen to adopt Urdu as national language of Pakistan. Quaid thought that Urdu would increase unity
in Pakistan because most of the people could understand it.
3) [Developed Language] Urdu was used as medium of education in areas included in Pakistan before
independence. (b) Quran was already translated in Urdu. (c) Urdu grammar, dictionary and literature
were developed. (d) Terms of office work were already in Urdu so it was suitable language to be
adopted as official language. (e) Urdu books and newspaper were published before independence.
Topic: Languages.
Q Urdu was promoted more than any other language; Do you agree? Give reasons. [14]
Ans: [Sindhi language] (a) Sindhi was written in Marwari and ArzNigari ways which were changed into
Arabic script (writing). (b) Sindhi is used as of official language in Sindh province. (c) Sindhi is used as
medium of education in Sindh. (d) Sindhi literary board was setup in 1948 to print books and magazines
in Sindhi language. (e) Sindhiology department in Jamshoro University offers master degree in Sindhi
language. (f) Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Maula and Sarmast academy were founded to promote Sindhi language.
These organizations have published books in Sindhi and also carry out research work on Sindhi language.
(g) Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi, Faqir Nabi Bux and G. Allana are important authors working to promote
Sindhi language. (h) Sindhi international conference is held every year to promote Sindhi.
2) [Punjabi language] (a) Punjabi is the largest regional (local) language used in Punjab. (b) Punjabi is
taught as optional subject in colleges. The provincial government of Punjab supports every organization
that promotes Punjabi language. (c) Master degree in Punjabi is offered by Punjab University Lahore. (e)
M.Ali Faiq has translated the Holy Quran in Punjabi. (f) Punjabi films, music, theatre and channels are
very popular. (g) Baba Farid, Sultan Bahu were famous Punjabi poets, their Sufi poetry is translated in
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many languages. (h) Punjabi folk romantic stories like Heer Ranjha, Sussi-Punnu are translated in many
languages. (i) Munir Niazi and Ahmad Rahi are famous Punjabi writers of 20th century.
3) [Pushto language] (a) Pushto language is regional language of K.P.K. (b) Pushto academy was setup in
1954 to promote Pushto literature. (c) Pushto academy has prepared Pushto dictionary and published
many books in Pushto. Master degree classes in Pashto literature is offered (available) at University level
in K.P.K. (d) Pushto remained attached (linked) with freedom movement. Rehman Baba is famous poet
and Khushal khan khattak is known famous Pashto writer.
4) [Balochi language] (a) before partition Balochi language was declining. (b) The Balochi literary
association was setup to promote Balochi language. (c) Nan kessam and Olassis are popular Balochi
magazines which have been published after 1947. (d) Many poets like Attashad and writers like Jamal
din are working to promote Balochi language. (e) PTV Quetta and Radio station Karachi broad-cast
(telecast/put on air) programmes in Balochi language. (f) A weekly magazine known as "Nan Kessan"
was published. A monthly known as "Olassis" was also published.
5) [Urdu Language] (a) Urdu is declared as national language of Pakistan. It is promised in 1973
constitution that Pakistan government will take steps to set up Urdu as official language of Pakistan.
Speeches are made in Urdu in assemblies. Urdu is used as official language in lower courts and offices.
(b) Urdu compulsory subject. All major universities of Pakistan offer master degree and PhD degree in
Urdu. Organizations like Anjuman-e-Taraqq-i-Urdu and national language authority have done good
work for promotion of Urdu language. (c) A large number of magazines and news papers are publisned
in Urdu. Urdu software, dictionary and encyclopedia has been prepared. Work of important Urdu poets
such as Ghalib, Iqbal and Faiz has been translated into other languages. A vast amount of religious
literature has been produced in Urdu. A dictionary of office terms in Urdu has been published. TV and
Radio programmers are put on air in Urdu.
Topic: Languages.
Q Why have regional languages been promoted by Pakistan government since 1947? [7] (M-13)
Ans: [increase unity] Regional languages are important because they are spoken by large number of
people. The government is promoting (helping) regional languages to keep them alive. It will increase
unity in the country. Promotion (help/support) of these languages will protect local cultures and create
(make) a sense of pride (self-respect) among their speakers.
2) [Historical reasons] Pasto literature carries a strong element (part/factor) of resistance (opposition)
against foreign rule, such element of resistance is found in the poetry of Khushal khan and Rehman
Baba. Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and even Balochi have a vast literature and had an important role in
independence movement and making of Pakistan. It was necessary (important) to promote (support)
these Languages.
3) [To avoid provincialism] (a) Urdu was declared as national language of Pakistan. Promotion of regional
(local) languages was needed because people of different provinces may not feel that Urdu was being
forced on them and their language was being ignored. (b) Language issue was the major cause of the
separation of East Pakistan so government has decided to promote regional languages. Balochi language
was declining before 1947. (c) Therefore Balochi was promoted (supported) to bring it at the level of
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Chapter: 06 (Topic: Simla deputation 1906)
Q Why was the Simla deputation of 1906 an important turning point for the Muslims of the sub
continent? [7]
Ans: [Muslim relation with British] (a) Muslim relation with British were improved and it also removed
bad feelings between them. Simla deputation proved that Sir Syed efforts (hard work) to improve
Muslim relation with British were successful. (b) British were ready to work with Muslim.
2) [Promotion of Muslim rights] (a) Simla deputation increased confidence and political awareness
(understanding) in Muslims to struggle for their rights.(a) Muslim demand of separate electorates was
accepted. (b) Due to right of separate electorates fixed number of Muslim members became part of
councils. (c) Weightage for Muslims in all elected bodies was accepted.
3) [Establishment of Muslim League] (a) Simla deputation showed that Muslims had no faith (trust) in
Congress party so they set up Muslim league. Many Muslims left Congress party and joined Muslim
League. (c) Due to Muslim League Muslims of India had become more united and organized. (b) Muslim
belief that they could play separate role in Indian politics increased. (c) Muslim belief in two nation
theory became stronger. Later it had set up the way for separated home land for the Muslims of India.
Topic: Muslim league.
Q Why Muslim league was founded in 1906? [7] (N-14) (Write any three points)
Ans: [Fear of Hindu parties] Muslims were worried due to activities of Hindu militant (extremist) groups
like Tilak and Arya Samaj. Tilak was trying to ban cow slaughtering and Arya Samaj was trying to change
Muslims to Hindu by force. Muslims realized that their religion and culture were in danger so they set up
a Muslim League to protect Muslims rights.
2) [Role of Congress] The Congress was trying to declare (make) Hindi as official language. The partition
of Bengal was in interest of Muslims but Congress was opposing it. Muslims realized the Congress was
only working for Hindu rights. It was necessary to set up a Muslim party to protect Muslim interests
(rights).
3) [Success of Simla deputation] When British government announced to increase role of Indians in
government through election, Muslims were worried because they were in minority. Muslim leaders
decided to take some serious action. At Simla positive reply of Viceroy Minto towards Muslim demand
of separate electorate realized Muslims the importance of joint efforts so they established Muslim
league to protect Muslim rights.
4) [Two Nation theory] Muslim belief in two nation theory was increasing with the passage of time.
Educated Muslim class wanted to play an independent role in Indian politics, they wanted to improve
their relation with British and get better terms for Muslims. Muslim league was setup in 1906.
5) [Hindu view] Some Hindu claimed (say) that British were behind the setting up of the Muslim League
to act as opposition of Congress. But it was the Muslims themselves who had set up Muslim League.
Once Lord Minto had accepted the idea of separate electorates, once Congress had become a Hindu
party and once the Hindu had begun opposition to the partition of Bengal, it was certain (clear) that the
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Muslims would form their own party to pass on their views to British government.
Topic: Partition of Bengal reversed.
Q Why partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911? [7] (J-14)
Ans: (1) [Hindu opposition] (a) Hindus celebrated black day on 16th October, the day on which Bengal
was divided. (b) Congress organized public meetings, gatherings and hunger strikes against the partition
of Bengal. (c) Hindu news papers published articles against partition of Bengal.
2) [Swadeshi movement] Congress started Swadeshi movement in which Hindus refused to buy British
goods. Hindus had started to use Indian made cloth and products to put pressure on British. British
made goods were set on fire. Sale of British goods in Indian markets reduced clearly. So the British had
to reverse (change) the decision of partition of Bengal.
3) [Terrorist activities] Government building was set at fire. Hindus tried to murder Lord Minto twice.
Attacks were made on British officers; many were killed in these attacks. Trains and telegraph lines were
a constant (fixed/set) target of attacks. Hindu-Muslim clashes (fightings/quarrels) were common.
Houses and property of Muslim was set at fire. At last British had to bow down before the Hindu
opposition and thus reversed the partition of Bengal.
4) [Lack of Muslim League influence] Congress was an old party and got lot of influence. Muslim league
was not organized to face the efforts of Congress to reverse the partition of Bengal.
5) [New viceroy] Lord Curzon who had decided partition of Bengal was no more viceroy of India so it was
easy for new Viceroy to reserve (change) partition of Bengal. British wanted to change capital of India
from Calcutta to Delhi so they changed the decision of the partition of Bengal to reduce Hindu
opposition on change of capital city.
Topic: Morley-Minto reforms 1909.
Q Why did the Congress Party oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909? [7] (June-13)
Ans: Congress opposed Morley-Minto reforms in 1909 due to number of reasons.
[Lack of role of Indians] (a) Congress was demanding for self rule but no real role was given to Indians in
government affairs (matters). The role of councils was only advisory. (b) Members of councils were only
given chance to express their opinion without any power to change government policy. (c) Members of
the Councils were not allowed to discuss foreign affairs and government relations with Princely States.
(d) The number of nominated (official) members was in majority in councils. (e) Morley clearly stated
that these reforms should not be seen as a step toward self rule in India.
2) [Separate electorate] Muslims right of separate electorate was disliked by Congress. Congress was in
favour of joint elections. Congress believed that it would increase divide in India and other communities
would also demand for reserved seats. Congress considered separate electorate as old British policy of
“divide and rule” to destroy the national feelings. (b) Congress was also angry due to high position of
Muslim league in councils. Muslim league members were given importance equal to Congress, despite
the Muslims were in minority.
3) [Voting rights] (a) Voting rights were given to small part of population because only the owner of
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large property was allowed to vote. (b) Landlords and members of the chamber of commerce were
given too much importance, only Indians loyal to British from upper classes, could reach the Legislative
Councils. (c) Women were not allowed to vote. Indirect methods of election were against the basic
principles of democracy.
Topic: Lucknow Pact 1916.
Q Explain why the Lucknow pact of 1916 came about? [7] (June-2013)
Ans: Lucknow pact was an agreement on upcoming reforms between Congress and Muslim league in
1916 due to number of reasons.
1) [Change in Muslim league policy] (a) Language issue spoiled Muslim relation with British government
when Hindi was also set as second official language. Moreover reverse of the partition of Bengal realized
(showed) Muslim that they can't depend on British promises. (b) Muslim league added the demand of
self-rule in its policy in 1912 which improved Muslim league relations with Congress so both parties
were ready to sign Lucknow pact.
2) [Cruel British policies] The failure of the British to give more rights to Indian in the period up to 1914,
and cruel policies of British during World War 1 brought Congress and Muslim league closer to each
other. Muslim league believed (thought) that if they wished to protect their political rights, they had to
work with all political parties of India. So Muslim League signed Lucknow pact with Congress.
3) [Jinnah efforts] Mr. Jinnah was a strong supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He believed that joint
demands would put more pressure on the British. With the efforts of Mr. Jinnah Congress and Muslim
league held their annual sessions (meetings) in Bombay in 1915. Congress and Muslim League decided
to improve common understanding on key issues (matters). Both parties signed Lucknow pact in a joint
session in 1916.
4) [Congress view] Congress wanted to solve differences with Muslim league to reduce hurdles
(problems) in the way of upcoming reforms, so it was ready to give some concessions (rights) to
Muslims. In Lucknow pact Congress accepted separate electorate and one third seats for Muslim in
councils. Some Hindu became convinced that Hindu-Muslim problem was so deep-rooted that some sort
of partition would be necessary.
Topic: Rowlatt Act.
Q Why British government had passed Rowlatt Act in 1919? [7]
Ans: [To keep strong grip over India] British had given many concessions to Indians in Montague
Chelmsford reforms. British hoped that they would win the support of Indian people due to these
reforms. Major political parties of India were not satisfied by these reforms. British had wish of taking
strong action against any element in India which opposed British rule. Rowlatt Act was introduced by
British to keep strong grip over India.
[Proposals of Rowlatt Committee] British were worried due to growing opposition of British rule in India.
Indians had setup many secret groups. Many European people were killed in attacks made by these
secret Indians groups. Rowlett Committee under Justice Rowlatt was setup by British government to
check (examine) the situation. Rowlatt Committee advised to increase the powers of police to control
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the situation. Rowlatt Act was introduced by British in the light of proposals of Rowlatt Committee.
Topic: Montague-Chelmsford reforms.
Q Why Montague Chelmsford reforms of 1919 were opposed by Indians? [7] (N-2015)
Ans: [Failed to meet Indian wishes] The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were introduced by British in
1919. British hoped that Indians would welcome these reforms but they were wrong. A large number of
Indians had taken part in First World War from British side. Indian were hoping more share in
government affairs due to their services and sacrifices for British in First World War. Muslim league and
Congress were upset by these reforms because real power was still in the hands of Viceroy.
[Separate electorate] Separate electorate was given to Muslims in Montague Chelmsford reforms. Low
caste Hindus and Sikhs were also demanding for separate electorate. British had granted separate
electorate to them. Congress was opposing Montague Chelmsford reforms because the right of separate
electorate had increased divisions within Indian society.
[Diarchy System] Congress and Muslim League were demanding that full control over provincial
government should be given to Indian. But British had introduced diarchy system in provinces. All
important subjects of provinces like police and justice were kept in control of Governors. While subject
given to Indian ministers were less important like education and health. Indian ministers were appointed
by Viceroy.
Topic: Reforms from 1909 to 1919.
Q Which reform was most successful in resolving the political problems between 1909 to 1919 either by
British, Muslim league or Congress? Comment. [14] (Oct-11)
Ans: [Morley-Minto reforms: 1909] (a) The number of members in Imperial council was increased to 60.
(b) The number of members of provincial legislatures was increased to 30 in small provinces and 50 in
large provinces. (c) The right of separate electorate was given to Muslim. (d) The members of councils
were allowed to discuss government policy and ask questions. (e) Two Indians were nominated to the
Council of the Secretary of State. (f) Congress rejected these reforms because self rule was not given,
and little share was given to Indians in government; real power was in the hands of British. Congress
also opposed separate electorate for Muslims.
[Lucknow Pact: 1916] (a) It was signed between congress and Muslim league in 1916 on future reforms.
(b) Separate electorate for Muslim was agreed. (c) One-third seats were reserved for Muslims in centre.
(d) Self government in Provinces was agreed. (e) Principle of weightage was agreed. (f) The number
elected members in councils should be increased. (g) It was first time when Hindus and Muslims had
made joint demands from British. (i)The pact increased unity and cooperation between Hindu and
Muslim communities.
[Montague-Chelmsford reforms: 1919] (a) Central legislature included two houses, council of state was
upper house and central assembly was lower house with majority of elected members. (b) 108 members
council of Princes was setup with little power. (c) Separate electorate was given to Muslims and Sikhs.
(d) Voting rights were given to 2% of population.
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2) Diarchy system was introduced in provinces; reserved subjects like police and justice were under
control of governor's council, Transferred subjects were less important like health and education were in
the control of Indian ministers. (3) A commission would review (looking over again) the reforms after ten
years.
Lucknow pact was the most important effort to solve the political problems of India.
Topic: Montague-Chelmsform reforms.
Q Why Montague-Chelmsford reforms opposed? [7] (N-2015)
Ans: [Indian expectations] Many Indians had fought as a part of British Indian army in the First World
War and they were hoping much greater rights in Montague-Chelmsford reforms. Congress and the
League had recently signed Lucknow pact, calling for self-rule but they were very upset by the new
reforms. At a special session of Congress, the reforms were not welcomed. (2) It was true that the local
people had more say in how their country was governed but, in truth; the British kept their hold on
power by making sure that the Viceroy had the right to decide how India was governed.
[Separate electorates] Congress opposed the reforms because there was also one other unexpected
outcome of the reforms. The British had unwillingly accepted separate electorates for the Muslims. Soon
the non-Brahmins, Sikhs and Eurasians were calling for separate electorates. As there were granted, the
divisions within Indian society were increasingly emphasized.
Topic: Events from 1919 to 1920
Q Was the introduction of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 the sole cause of violence in India during 1919 and
1920? Explain your answer. [14] (M-16)
Ans: [The Rowlatt Act] caused protest in India because it was against the basic principles of British
justice like trial by jury (board of judges) and safeguards against unlawful arrest. Police was allowed to
arrest anybody without warrant (permission of Judge) and bail was not given to arrested people. These
measures were very cruel. Provincial government could order people to live in a particular (given) place.
Public meetings were also not allowed. Strikes and protest took place against Rowlatt Act. Situation
became worse (very bad) when British banned to print any news or article against British rule.
[The Amritsar massacre] took place in 1919 when 400 Indians were shot dead and 1200 injured,
including women and children, for holding meeting without permission of government. General Dyer
was retired from service for ordering the shooting at peaceful Indian people. General Dyer’s statements
in favour of killing Indians were supported by British media. Indians were insulted (upset) by General
Dyer’s point of view and result was more violence (disorder/unrest).
[The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms in 1919] were introduced by British in 1919 in India, most of the
powers were kept in the hands of central government. Large numbers of Indians were taking part in First
World War from British side. Indians were hoping for greater share in government affairs. These
measures were opposed, in some cases violently, and a deep mistrust of the British government grew.
[Hindu religious groups] In early 1920s many religious groups were spoiling (destroying) relations
between Hindu and Muslim communities of India. Hindu extremist parties like Arya Samaj and Hindu
Mahasabha ware involved in attacks on Muslims. These groups were also trying to change Muslims and
Christians into Hindu.
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Chapter: 07 (Topic: Khilafat Movement: 1919)
Q Why did the Khilafat Movement emerge (started)? [7] (N-2016)
Ans: (1) [To protect Caliph] Turkey was defeated by Britain and France in First World War. Muslims all
over the world were worried about the future of Turkey because Turkish Caliph was believed as religious
and political leader of all Muslims in the world. Indian Muslims were also upset about the future of
Turkish Caliph. So, the Khilafat Movement was started in 1919 by Ali brothers to protect the Caliph.
2) [To protect holy places] Holy places Makkah, Madina and Jerusalem were also located in Turkey. The
Muslims of India feared that after fall (defeat) of Turkey the holy places would be in the control of non-
Muslims. Muslims were worried about safety (respect) of holy places. Therefore, Khilafat movement was
started to protect holy places.
3) [To protect Turkey] British had promised during the First World War that they would not remove
Caliph of Turkey to make sure that Indian Muslim soldiers in British army would remain loyal to them.
But after the war there were news from Europe that British and French were planning to divide Turkey
and remove Caliph. Indian Muslim started Khilafat movement to convince (force) Britain not to divide
Turkey in parts.
4) [Unrest in India] During the First World War British put in jail many Muslim leaders to stop opposition
in India against war with Turkey, later Rowlett act and Amritsar massacre also angered Indians as a
result Khilafat movement was started. Congress also joined khilafat movement to attain self-rule.
Topic: Khilafat Movement failed.
Q Was the migration to Afghanistan (Hijrat) the most important reason why the Khilafat Movement
failed? Explain your answer. [14] or Q Why Khilafat movement failed? [14] (M-17)
Ans: Khilafat movement failed due to number of reasons
1) [Khilafat delegation] A delegation led by Muhammad Ali Jauhar visited Europe and demanded that
Turkey should not be divided and caliph of Turkey should not be removed, British Prime Minister George
Lloyd rejected (refused) these demands can be considered as major cause of the failure the Khilafat
movement.
2) [Migration to Afghanistan] Muslim religious leaders declared India as Dar-ul-hareb. Prominent

Muslims scholars had commanded Muslims of India to migrate to Afghanistan and struggle for freedom
of India from Afghanistan. 18000 Muslims migrated (moved) from India to Afghanistan where they were
not welcomed by Afghan government. On return these Muslim found themselve homeless and jobless.
Khilafat movement became unpopular due to this action.
3) [Arrest of Maulana Muhammad Ali] In 1921 in third Khilafat conference Muslim were advised not to
join British army and police, British were so upset that Ali brothers were jailed. They were the main
leaders after their arrest Khilafat movement slowed down.
4) [Chauri-Chaura incident] In 1922 at Chauri-Chaura a crowd set at fire a police station in which 21
police men were killed. Mr. Gandhi called off Non-cooperation movement due to growing violence
(unrest). It was great setback for Khilafat movement.
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5) [Action of Kamal Pasha] In 1924 new Turkish government under Kamal Pasha abolished Khilafat and
forced Khilafa Muhammad iv to leave Turkey. Khilafat movement was based on saving the Khilafat. The
people to Turkey had themselves finished Khilafat. The Khilafat movement in India also came to an end.
6) [Mopla uprising] in 1922 the Mopla Muslims of Malabar started fighting with Hindu Land lords. The
property and temples of Hindu community was destroyed. Hindu and Muslim clashes also started
Northern India. Hindu-Muslim unity decreased also harmed Khilafat movement.
Topic: Simon Commission.
Q Why was the Simon commission Report rejected? [7] (N-2016)
Ans: [No Indian member] The Simon Commission Report did not satisfy the major political parties of
India. In fact, all the seven members of the commission were British. Congress and Muslim League
therefore rejected the team by declaring it an “all white body”. The Indians wanted their role in the
process of making the future constitution for India. So, all political parties of India took it as an insult and
rejected the Commission.
[Unacceptable proposals] The proposals of the Report failed to satisfy (please) major political parties
Congress and Muslim League. The Congress wanted a federal type of government with most of the
powers in the control of central government, while the Muslim League wanted a central government
with weak control and most of the powers in the hand of provincial government. The Muslim League
was also upset by the Report because one-third seats were not given to Muslims in central assembly.
Q Which of the following was the most important in the development of the Pakistan Movement? (i) the
Nehru Report, 1928 (ii) Jinnah’s 14 Points, 1929 (iii) the Government of India Act, 1935 Explain your
answer with reference to all three of the above. [14] (N-2017)
[Nehru Report] Anti-Muslim policies were adopted in Nehru report even it was set up by all parties of
India. Nehru report demanded that Hindi should be official language of India. Report also asked to
abolish (end) separate electorate and one-third seats for Muslims in central assembly. Rights of Muslims
were ignored in this report. Nehru report was rejected by all major Muslim leaders. Unity (cooperation)
created between Muslims and Congress due to Lucknow pact of 1916 ended due to Nehru report. Jinnah
described this event as “the parting of the ways”. He would not try to bring together Congress with the
Muslim League again.
[Jinnah’s 14 Points 1929] were the answer to the failure of Simon Commission proposals and the Nehru
report. The 14 points had set up the demands of any future discussion of Muslims with Congress or the
British government. These demands were also to form the basis of the Muslim demand of separate
homeland. In fourteen points Jinnah wanted to have (a) a federal type of government with provincial
self-rule (b) 1/3 of seats should be reserved (kept) for Muslim in central assembly (c) right of separate
electorate for Muslim (d) seats in Punjab and Bengal according to Muslim population (e) all basic
freedoms must be given to the minorities (f) no bill should be passed if 3/4 members of any community
reject it (g) any change in borders of provinces must not reduce Muslim majority in Punjab and Bengal.
Fourteen points clearly convinced the British that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations.
[The Government of India Act] It was the last major Act set up by British before independence. Federal
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system of government was set up in the act of 1935 in which less powers were given to provinces.
Federal government would remain in the hands of Congress because Hindu were in majority. Muslims
were made dependent on Congress for their rights. Muslims were convinced that enough protections
were not given to minorities in the act so ideas about the Pakistan Movement began to develop.
Topic: Ch Rehmat Ali and Allama Iqbal.
Q Why was Ch.Rehmat Ali an important influence on the struggle for separate home land Pakistan? [7]
Ans: [Convincing Muslim leaders for separate Muslim state] (a) Ch.Rehmat Ali was student of Cambridge
University. (b) He tried to convince Muslim leaders in Round table conference to demand for separate
state for Muslims of India consist of the north-western Muslim majority provinces of India. (b) Jinnah
refused his idea.
[Now of Never] (a) He published a Pamphlet known as "Now or Never" in 1933. (b) In his pamphlet he
demanded separate Muslim home land Pakistan. (c) In his proposed name PAKISTAN 'P' was for Punjab,
'A' for Afghania (N.W.F.P), 'K' for Kashmir, 'I' for Iran, 'S' for Sindh, 'T' for Turkaristan, 'A' for Afghanistan,
'N' for Balochistan. (d) In 1940 Muslim league adopted the idea of separate Muslim home land named as
Pakistan. (e) He established Pakistan national movement to fight for the idea of Pakistan.
Topic: Allama Iqbal.
Q Why was Allama Iqbal asked to chair the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930? [7] (N-17)
Ans: [Personality of Iqbal] He was suitable, educated and was the best leader as Jinnah was not yet
ready to accept the Two Nation Theory. He was a famous Muslim poet of India. His poetry had
awakened a sense of nationhood among Muslims and he advised them to be active in making progress.
He was so respected by Muslims of India that he was asked to chair the Muslim League at Allahabad.
[Freedom from British rule] He was a well-respected, convincing leader. He had full confidence of the
Muslims of India. He was the first important Muslim leader to advocate (promote) the partition of India
and the making of a separate Muslim state independent from British rule. He was against British rule
over India because conquest (takeover) of weak nations by strong nations was against Muslim beliefs.
Due to his opposition of British rule he was asked to chair Muslim League.
[Organized Muslim League] He convinced many Muslims that the Muslim League should be organized
into an effective political party to challenge the domination (influence) of the Congress party. He views
had inspired (motivated) Muslims of India. He was successful in making Muslim League popular in
Punjab where there was large influence of Unionist party. Due to his struggle for Muslim League he was
asked to chair Muslim League.
Topic: Fourteen points of Jinnah.
Q Why did Jinnah produce his 14 points in 1929? Or Why Nehru Report was rejected? [7] (M-15)
Ans: [Nehru report] Nehru report was presented in 1928 as proposals for new reforms. Many points of
Nehru report were against Muslim interest. Nehru report rejected separate electorate for Muslims and
one-third seats for Muslim in central government. Nehru report also wanted to Hindi as official
language. Jinnah demanded changes in Nehru report like one-third seats for Muslims in central
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government, seats in Punjab and Bengal according to Muslim population and lose federal type of
government. Jinnah demands were rejected by Congress so Jinnah presented his famous 14 points to
protect Muslim rights.
[To promote Muslim rights] Jinnah presented fourteen points to protect Muslim rights. Jinnah stated
Nehru report as parting of ways. It convinced Muslim that Hindu and Muslim were two separate nations.
Jinnah stated that fourteen points would be base of every negotiation of Muslims either with Congress
or British. Fourteen points also formed the basis of future Muslim demand of separate homeland.
Topic: Round table conferences (1930-32).
Q Why were three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932? [7] (J-2014)
[Failure of Simon Commission] Simon Commission came to India in 1927 for discussing next
constitutional reforms with Indian political leaders. The commission was boycotted by Congress and
Muslim League because there was no Indian member included in Simon Commission. It was clear that
commission could not address the Indian concerns. The Indians thought it as a plan to delay self-rule.
When Simon published his report in 1930, it suggested that a Round Table Conference should be
organized in London to discuss the constitutional reforms with Indian political leaders.
[Failure of Nehru Committee] Nehru Committee was set up by the All-Parties Conference in 1928 to
prepare proposals for new reform according to will of all major political parties. But the committee
completely ignored the Muslim views. The two big parties failed to solve their differences on upcoming
reforms so the British arranged a series of three Round Table Conferences in London.
[Failure of RTC] The first Round Table Conference failed due to Congress boycott, Congress was the
largest party of India so it was impossible to set up reforms without their will. Therefore a second R.T.C
was planned. Second RTC failed due to Gandhi’s stand (point of view) on the rights of minorities
therefore third RTC was organized which also failed.
Topic: Round Table Conferences.
Q Second round table conference was the most successful of round tables do you agree? Give reasons.
[14] (M-16)
Ans: [Reasons] (1) To discuss future reforms for India with important parties of India and Princely states.
(2) Simon Commission, Nehru Report and 14 points failed to solve difference in political parties of India.
[First R.T.C 1930] (1) Congress refused to join first R.T.C because self rule was not promised by British.
(2) There was dead lock on Federal system of government. (3) Princely states agreed to join federal
India. (4) British agreed to set up responsible government in Provinces. (5) There were differences on
reserved seats for minorities.
[Irwin-Gandhi Pact] Congress party agreed to join second R.T.C after Gandhi-Irwin pact. Gandhi stopped
non-cooperation movement and took back demand of independence, Congress workers were set free
from jails.
[Second R.T.C 1931] (1) Sindh was given status of province. (2) N.W.F.P was set up as full province. (3)
Congress joined 2nd R.T.C. This Conference failed due rigid behavior of Gandhi, he refused to give
separate electorate to minorities. (4) Gandhi wanted solutions according to Nehru report. (5) Gandhi
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refused to accept minority problem and 14 points of Jinnah. (6) Princely states changed their decision to
join Federal India. (7) British government changed in Britain and new British government was not ready
to give more right to Indians.
[Communal Award] (1) In Communal awards British Prime Minister had announced separate electorates
for minorities. (2) Muslim majority in Punjab and Bengal was reduced due to weightage principle
adopted by Communal awards.
[Third R.T.C 1932] (1) There was little chance of success because Viceroy Irwin was replaced by Viceroy
Wallington who was not ready to give much concession.(2) Jinnah was not invited and Congress party
had boycotted third Round Table Conference. (3) Third round table conference failed to achieve
anything only paper work was completed.
Round table conferences failed to achieve self rule. Muslims were upset because Muslim majority was
reduced in Punjab and Bengal due to weightage principle.
Topic: Round Table Conferences.
Q Why was the second round table conference of 1931 unsuccessful? [7] (M-17)
Ans: [Gandhi behavior] Gandhi joined second R.T.C as only representative of Congress. Gandhi claimed
that Congress represents whole India. Gandhi wanted solutions according to Nehru report. Gandhi
refused to accept minority problem and 14 points of Jinnah. The Muslim league had a strong delegation
with both Allama Iqbal and Jinnah. There was a little chance of an agreement with Congress taking such
a hard line on separate electorates. The situation became more difficult when non-caste Hindu leaders
also demanded separate electorate for themselves. Second round table failed due to rigid (rude)
behavior of Mr Gandhi.
[Labour party lost government in Britain] Labour Party government in Britain was willing to give more
rights to Indians. Labour party lost government in Britain and new government was less keen to give
more rights to India so minority issue was delayed. More over Princely states also refused to join Indian
federation.
Topic: The Act of 1935.
Q Why was the government act of 1935 so important to the future of subcontinent? [7] (J-11)
Ans: [Federal Government] (a) It was very important because Federal system of government was
adopted. Parliament with two houses was set up so it was a step toward self rule. (c) Viceroy was head
of government he could reject any new bill. (d) Diarchy system was set up in central government. (e)
One-third seats were given to Muslim in central assembly. (f) Princely states could decide to join federal
government for first time.
2) [Provincial governments] (a) Failed diarchy system was abolished from provinces. (b) Responsible
government was set up in provinces. All minister of provinces were Indian could control all departments
of province. (c) Governors had emergency powers and were responsible to protect minorities. (d) The
number of provinces was increased to eleven. (e) Two new provinces Sindh and Orissa were set up;
N.W.F.P was setup as full province.
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3) [Voting rights] (a) Voting rights were increased to 25% of population. (b) Women were given the right
to vote for first time in India. (c) Separate electorate was given to Muslims and Sikhs.
Topic: Act of 1935 opposed.
Q Why was there so much opposition to the government of India act of 1935? [7] (N-12)
Ans: [Congress opposition] (a) Congress rejected the Act of 1935 because self rule was not granted. (b)
Congress opposed separate electorate for Muslim and Sikhs. (c) Only British parliament could change
the Act of 1935. (d) Central part of the Act of 1935 was introduced because Princely states refused to
join central government. (e) Nehru declared it as “Charter of Slavery” and “It is like a machine with
strong brakes but no engine”
2) [Powers of Viceroy and Governors] (a) Real power was in the hands of Viceroy and Governors because
he could reject any bill. (b) Viceroy could control reserved subjects like defense and finance. (c)
Governors could rule the province by special powers. (d) Governors could dismiss Indian ministers and
even assembly of Province.
3) [Limited voting rights] (a) Voting rights were limited. Only 25% of Indian population was allowed to
vote. (b) Three-fourth Indians were not given the right to vote because they were not owner of required
property. A large part of Indians were not allowed to decide about their future by vote.
4) [Muslim opposition] (a) Muslim was unhappy because their majority was reduced in Punjab and
Bengal due to weightage principle. (b) According to Jinnah the act of 1935 was thoroughly rotten,
fundamentally bad and totally unacceptable.
Topic: 1937 elections. (Nov-2016)
Q How successful were the provincial elections held in India in 1937? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans: [Success for Congress] Congress won by majority in five provinces and was the largest single party
in four provinces. Congress was able to set up government in 08 provinces. Congress was invites to form
government in United Provinces, the Central provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Madras, Bombay, Assam and
NWFP. Congress saw themselves as the sole (only) party representing (for) Indians.
[Success of Muslim League] (a) It was the first major elections for Muslim League. Muslim League was
divided in two parts after Simon Commission, 1937 election helped to unite (join) Muslim League. (b)
Muslim League learned how to contest (fight) elections. Muslim League realized (learned) that it had to
improve its organization and planning. (c) Muslim League find out (noticed) that its support was more in
Muslim minority provinces than Muslim majority provinces because in Muslim majority provinces there
was no threat (danger) from Hindus. (d) Muslim League also realized that it had a image problem. Its
leader were land lords and princes, they were not popular in poor Muslims.
[Congress failure] After the elections, Congress treated (acted toward) the Muslim League with
disrespect (hate). Congress refused to work together. Actions taken by Congress against Muslims spoiled
its relations with Muslim League. It was a major cause of failure of future discussion. Attitude (behavior)
of Congress and Nehru increased Muslim faith (belief) that Muslims of India were a separate nation.
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[Muslim League failure] Muslim League showed poor result in 1937 elections; out of 489 Muslim seats,
the Muslim League won 109. In the Punjab; out of 86 Muslim seats, Muslim League won 01 and others
seats were won by Punjab Unionist Party. Muslims were disappointed by the British because British
governors of provinces failed to protect rights of Muslims during Congress rule. Congress used its new
powers to upset Muslims during Congress Rule.
Topic: Congress rule 1937--39.
Q Why the Congress rule of 1937-39 so hated by the Muslims of India? [14] (J-13)
Ans: 1) [Bande Matram] Congress adopted anti-Muslim song Bande Matram as national song in which
Hindus were asked to push Muslims out of India. It was compulsory in schools and colleges. This worried
and upset Muslims. (b) The tri color Congress flag was hung over official buildings despite it was not
allowed in rules. (c) Hindi was adopted as official language.
4) [Interference in Islam] Music was played in front of Mosque during prayer. Pig skin was thrown in
Mosques during prayer. (b) Muslim was not allowed to celebrate religious festivals. Azan and cow
slaughtering was banned in many areas.
5) [Wardha educational Scheme] Congress had set up Wardha educational scheme in which (a) Teaching
was in Hindi Language. (b) Muslim children were forced to show respect to Gandhi picture. (c) Spinning
of cotton wheel was part of school activity. (d) Hindu personalities were shown as heroes in school
books. (e) Muslims saw it as an effort to change Muslims children in to Hindus. (f) Congress wanted to
spread Hinduism in Muslim children. (6) In Vidya mander scheme Hindu temples were also used as
schools up to class three.
6) [Economic boycott] Muslims were refused from government jobs, Hindus boycotted (avoided) Muslim
traders. (b) A number of Muslim were ill-treated (abused) and killed by Hindus. Muslim houses and
property was set at fire. If any complaint was made to government decision was always against Muslim.
Chapter: 09 (Topic: Lahore/Pakistan Resolution)
Q Why did Muslim league issue the Lahore resolution in 1940? (7) or Why ML make a demand for
Pakistan in 1940? [7]
Ans: [Nehru Report] Earlier Jinnah believed that right of Muslim could be protected (guarded) by giving
more rights to provincial governments. So he tried to improve Muslim relation with Congress in Lucknow
pact, but in Nehru report of 1928 anti-Muslim policies was proposed by Congress. Jinnah was so upset
that he presented his fourteen points and declared it as parting of ways with Congress.
[Congress rule] Congress rule from 1937 to 1939 was an eye opener event for Muslims in which
Congress had tried to abolish Muslim culture and religion by adopting (declaring) Hindi as official
language, anti Muslim song Band-e-Matram as national anthem. Wardha educational scheme was set up
to promote (spread) Hindu culture and religion in Muslim children. Azan (call for prayer) and cow
slaughtering was banned in many areas. Muslims of India were so upset due to Congress rule that they
demanded separate Muslim country in Lahore resolution.
[Hindu extremist parties] Activities (Actions) of Hindu extremist parties like Shadhi, Arya Samaj and
Hindu Mahasabha created fears in minds of Muslim. Arya Samaj was trying to change Muslims in to
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Hindus. Organized (planned) attacks were made by these Hindu parties on Muslim’s life and property.
Muslims considered (Thought) themselves unsafe in India. Muslim of India realized that after exit of
British from India Muslim culture and religion would be in danger under Hindu majority so Muslim of
India finally demanded separate homeland in Lahore resolution on March 1940.
Topic: Cripps mission 1942
Q Why did the Cripps Mission of 1942 fail? [7] (J-12)
Ans: [Congress view] Cripps offered complete independence at the end of the war. During the war,
Indian political leaders could join the Executive Council and run all government departments except
armed forces. Congress rejected the Cripps offer because it wanted independence at once. Britain was
losing the in Second World War so Gandhi called the proposals as “a post-dated cheque of a bank that
was failing.”
2) [Separation of provinces] According to Cripps proposals, provinces could leave the Indian Union,
which was not acceptable to Congress. They thought it would divide India in many parts, and so rejected
the Cripps Offer.
3) [Quaid-e-Azam view] Cripps stated that the provinces were free to leave Indian Union. Mr. Jinnah was
pleased (happy) because the Muslim provinces could form Pakistan. But Jinnah feared that the Hindu
members would be in majority in new assembly and they would not allow Muslim provinces to leave
India. He wanted solid assurance (promise) for independent Pakistan, so he rejected Cripps Mission of
1942.
4) [Quit India movement] it was clear from Cripps mission that British position in Second World War was
weak. Gandhi considered it as a chance to force the British to give India independence (self-rule). So
Congress rejected Cripps mission and started the Quit India Movement to push British out of India.
Topic: Quit India Movement.
Q why quit India movement formed in 1942? [7]
[Cripps mission] It was clear from Cripps mission that British position in the World War II was weak.
British were facing defeats by Germany and Japan. British were eager for Indian help to win the war.
Cripps mission failed to Convince Congress and Muslim League. Congress rejected the Cripps mission
proposals and demanded independence from British at once. Congress started Quit India movement to
force British to gain freedom.
[Possibility of Japanese attack] Japanese army had captured Singapore, Hong Kong and entered in
Burma which was in neighbor of India. There was a risk of attack by Japanese army on India. In Gandhi
opinion Japan was only enemy of Britain and after British defeat Japan would handover government of
India to Congress. Due to this wishful thinking Gandhi started Quit India movement to push British out of
India.
Topic: Gandhi Jinnah talks 1944.
Q Why Gandhi-Jinnah talks failed? [7] (N-2017)
Ans: Gandhi-Jinnah talks were held to discuss the issue of Pakistan.
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1) [Pakistan after independence] Gandhi proposed to solve Pakistan issue after freedom from British but
Quaid-e-Azam rejected it. Quaid-e-Azam thought it as a trap. Congress would not keep its promise after
departure of British from India.
2) [Rejection of Two-Nation theory] Gandhi rejected two nation-theory because Muslims of India were
converted from Hindu to Muslim. Quaid stated that Hindu and Muslim of India had separate culture,
language and religion they are separate nations.
3) [Partition of Bengal and Punjab] Gandhi wanted division of Punjab and Bengal because they were
partly Muslim provinces but Jinnah refused. Quaid-e-Azam stated that whole Punjab and Bengal should
join Pakistan.
4) [Common defence] Gandhi wanted common defense and foreign policy of Pakistan and India but
Quaid-e-Azam wanted fully independent Pakistan.
5) [Gandhi as spokesman] Gandhi considered (declared) himself to be speaking for all India. Jinnah
reminded him that he was just spokesman of Congress.
Topic: Simla conference 1945.
Q Why Simla conference of 1945 failed? [7]
Ans: [Nomination of Muslim seats] (a) in 1945 at the end of Second World War the viceroy, Lord Wavell,
wanted to give self-government to India. Viceroy Wavell invited all Indian political parties at Simla to set
up an executive council to govern the country. (b) He proposed (suggested) equal number of Hindu and
Muslim Ministers in the executive council. Congress claimed that it had right to appoint one Muslim seat
because Congress represent whole India. (c) Quaid-e-Azam took firm stand and clearly stated that
Muslim league had right to nominate (appoint) all Muslim members because Muslim league had won
every single by-election in last three years on Muslim seats. Conference failed on the issue of
appointment (selection) of Muslim members.
[Lack of trust] (a) The Muslim league was also worried that Sikhs and low caste Hindu members of
council would usually (mostly) vote Congress. In that way Muslims would never be able to share power.
The Government of India would be in the hands of Hindus. (b) Quaid refused to join a government in
which Muslims would always be in a minority. Muslims would not be able to make a single decision
without the support (help) of the Congress members. (c) Quaid-i-Azam rejected the Wavell Plan because
after years of dealing with the Congress, he had no trust in Congress to act fairly with Muslims. Quid-i-
Azam demanded to setup Pakistan.
Topic: 1937 and 1945 elections.
Q Why did Muslim League perform better in the 1945 election? (7)
Ans: [Congress rule 1937-39] Congress had set up anti-Muslim policies during its rule from 1937 to 1939.
Azan and cow slaughtering was banned in many areas. Anti-Muslim song Band-e-Matram was set up as
national song. In Wardha educational scheme Hindi was adopted as medium of education and Hindu
religious personalities were shown as Heroes in syllabus. Muslims of India realized that Congress was
promoting (backing) only Hindu interests. Muslims of India got united and voted Muslim League to
protect their rights.
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[Lahore resolution] In 1937 elections there was no difference in election plans of Muslim League and
Congress. But in 1940 Muslim League passed Lahore resolution in which separate country for Muslims of
India was demanded. Muslim League took part in 1945 elections in the name of Pakistan. Muslims of
India were attracted by Muslim League’s plan of Pakistan so they voted Muslim League.
Topic: Cabinet mission 1946.
Q Why Cabinet mission plan failed? [7]
Ans: Ans: [Cabinet plan] In May 1946, the Cabinet Mission announced their final plan and stated that it
was up to the major parties of India to accept or reject the plan. The Cabinet Mission rejected the idea
of independent Pakistan and suggested that the provinces of India should be divided in three groups,
Group A with Hindu majority provinces, Group B with Muslim majority and Group C with Bengal and
Assam. These groups would have maximum authority and could form their own constitutions. A Central
government would only control defense and foreign affairs.
[Congress attitude] The plan failed due to Congress attitude (way of thinking). The Congress party
believed that Cabinet Missions plan was only proposal and was open to discussion and change. Both the
British and the Muslim League agreed that Congress was only interested in trying to get power as soon
as possible so they could deal with the Muslim League and princely states themselves.
[Nehru statement] Although the Muslim League was unhappy with Cabinet Mission due to rejection of
an independent Pakistan. Jinnah said that he was willing to nominate Muslim League members in the
interim Cabinet. In July 1946, Nehru stated Congress would change the plan after British departure from
India. This statement destroyed Cabinet Plan. Even Azad, a senior Muslim Congress leader, felt that
Nehru's statement had changed the course of history.
Topic: Jinnah from 1929 to 1947.
Q Were the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah the most important achievement of Mr. Jinnah between 1929 and
1947? Do you agree? [14] (Five points are enough) (Oct-12)
Ans: [Fourteen points 1929] Jinnah presented his fourteen points in answer of the Nehru report of 1928.
Muslim League had rejected the Nehru report due to many reasons. Nehru report had rejected separate
electorates and one third seats for Muslims in the central government. Jinnah proposed three changes
in the report but Congress did not accept them. In his fourteen points Jinnah wanted to protect rights of
Muslims. He demanded one third Muslims seats in the centre. These 14 points became the basis of any
future discussion of Muslim League with the Congress or the British. Fourteen points was the first step
to Muslim separate homeland.
[Congress rule] During the Congress rule from 1937-39, Jinnah organized the Muslim League. He visited
different provinces of India to raise the vote bank (support) of Muslim League, As a result of his efforts
(hard work); Muslim League membership increased mainly in the Muslim majority provinces. He was
also able to improve the image of Muslim League. Jinnah asked all Muslims to celebrate day of
deliverance at the end of Congress Rule in December 1939.
[Lahore resolution] The Lahore resolution was passed by Muslim League in March 1940 under leadership
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of Jinnah. In this resolution Muslim League demanded a separate Muslim state in the north-western and
north-eastern Muslim majority provinces of India. It was the start of active struggle for Pakistan. Now,
Jinnah and Muslim League had become the only hope for the Muslims to get separate homeland for
them.
[Cripps mission 1942] Cripps Mission stated that new assembly would be setup after the war and India
would get freedom. The plan allowed any province to leave the India. But Jinnah feared that the Hindu
members would be in majority in new assembly and they would not allow Muslim provinces to leave
India. He wanted solid assurance (promise) for independent Pakistan, so he rejected Cripps Mission of
1942.
[Gandhi-Jinnah talks 1944] Gandhi-Jinnah talks failed but for first time Gandhi discussed the issue of
Pakistan. Congress for the first time discussed the idea of Pakistan with Muslim League on the base of
equality. Mr. Jinnah remained firm and refused to take back the demand of Pakistan. Gandhi’s partly
accepted the idea of Pakistan was the main outcome (result) of these talks. Jinnah rejected Gandhi’s
idea to gain independence first and settle the issue, of Pakistan later.
[1945 elections] The success of the Muslim League in the 1945 election proved to speed up the struggle
for achieving Pakistan. Muslim League had won most of the Muslim seats in the Central and Provincial
Assemblies. The major reason of Muslim League success in 1945 election was the efforts of Jinnah.
Success in elections raised the spirit of Muslims to continue their struggle for Pakistan.
[3rd June plan] Finally, due to the efforts (hard work) of Mr. Jinnah, Lord Mount Batten announced the
future of India in 3rd June plan, 1947. In this plan, British Government declared division of British Indian
in to two Free states India and Pakistan. The Muslim League accepted the plan. Pakistan was finally
accepted by the British. It seems that 14 points were the most important achievement of Jinnah
between 1929 and 1947. Jinnah 14th points had forced the British and Congress to hold a series of talks
with Jinnah in the 1940’s that ended in the form of creation of Pakistan.
Topic: Iqbal and Ch Rahmat Ali.
Q Was the work of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan movement than that of Rehmat Ali?
Explain your answer. [14]
Ans: [Allama Iqbal] Iqbal was national poet and the most important Muslim leader of India. His
Allahabad address of 1930 was the main reason behind starting of Pakistan movement. In this address
he proved Muslims as a separate nation of India in the light of the Two Nation theory. He was against
British control over India. He wanted to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan should be joined
to set up a Muslim state. Iqbal was the first important Muslim leader to advocate the partition of India
to set up a separate Muslim state that's why he is known as founder of ideology of Pakistan. His idea
was seriously considered by many Muslims during the 1930’s. He represented Muslims in the second
and third round table conferences. He convinced Jinnah to return to India and lead the Muslim
community. He played important role in making Muslim League a popular party in Punjab. He was
rightly called the Designer of Pakistan because from March 1940 onwards the ML under Jinnah struggled
to achieve (fulfill) the dream of Iqbal.
[Ch. Rehmat Ali] Ch. Rehmat Ali was a student leader in Cambridge University in the 1930’s. He attended
the RTC’s as observer. During these years he developed the idea of a separate Muslim homeland be
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made of Northwestern Muslim majority provinces of India. He gave the name Pakistan to this new
Muslim in his famous pamphlet “Now or Never”. The word Pakistan means “The Land of Pure” and each
letter in the word represent Muslim majority areas: P for Punjab, A for Afghania (NWFP), K for Kashmir, I
for Iran, S for Sindh, T for Turkaristan, A for Afghanistan and N for Balochistan. He tried to convince
Muslim leaders to launch (start) an active struggle to get Pakistan but most of them were not ready to
accept his views. Even Jinnah rejected his idea at that time. Later Jinnah and Muslim League adopted the
name Pakistan after Lahore Resolution. Ch. Rehmat Ali popularity was reduced when he criticized Quaid-
e-Azam on accepting partition of Bengal in 3rd June plan and leaving important Muslim communities of
Delhi, Agra and Lucknow in India. Ch.Rehmat was considered less important than Iqbal since Jinnah
take-up many ideas of Iqbal where as Jinnah refused to meet Ch.Rehmant Ali.
Chapter: 11 (Topic: The Problems of Partition)
Topic: Division of military assets.

Q why was the division of the armed forces and military assets a problem for Pakistan in 1947? (7)
Ans: [Division of British Indian army] (1) at the time of Independence British decided to divide British
Indian army in ratio of 36:64 between Pakistan and India. (2) Army men were allowed to join Pakistan
army or Indian army. (3) 150,000 Muslim soldiers and 2500 Muslim officers joined Pakistan army. No
Muslim officer was at higher rank because British Indian army had favoured Hindu officers. (4) 4000
Military officers were needed to organize Pakistan army so Quaid-e-Azam requested Britain to provide
500 British officers to organize Pakistan army.
[Division of Military assets] (1) India did not want to see Pakistan became a strong army, especially as
they were fighting with Pakistan in Kashmir. (2) All 16 ordinance factories were located in India. India
paid 60 million Rupees to Pakistan instead of transferring machinery of any ordinance factory to
Pakistan. Pakistan used 60 million Rupees to setup ordinance factory at Wah. (3) All military stores were
also located in India. India only transferred old and damaged weapons to Pakistan. India also delayed
the transfer of weapons to Pakistan. (4) Defence of Pakistan was very weak due to Indian actions.
Topic: Refugee problem.
Q Why Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7] (M-2013)
Ans: (1) [Radcliffe Award] the wrong decision of Radcliffe commission in partition of Punjab was the
major reason of refugee problem. Radcliffe Award had given Muslim majority districts Ferozepur,
Gurdaspur and Jullandar to India. Muslim population of these areas was forced to move to Pakistan.
(2) [Role of Sikh states] In East Punjab Sikhs were killing Muslims in large number to take their property.
Police and army of many Non-Muslims princely states were also taking part in killing of Muslims. Large
number of Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan to save their lives.
(3) [Religious tension] Partition was announced on the base of religion. Hindus were killing Muslims in
Delhi, Lucknow and Agra in large number. Hindu extremist parties Hindu Maha Sabha and Arya Samaj
were also involved in attacks on Muslim population. India wanted to harm new born state of Pakistan by
pushing millions of Muslims to Pakistan.
(4) [Role of refugees] Many refugees were so upset by their hardships that they started attacking local
minorities. In Sep 1947 Indian authorities had to declare Martial law in Delhi because non-Muslim
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refugees had started killing local Muslims.
(5) [Migration by will] Muslims also moved from India to Pakistan because they wanted to live in a
Muslim country. But most of Muslim came to Pakistan from India to save their lives. One million men,
women, and children were killed and 10 million people migrated.
Topic: Canal water dispute.
Q What was the origin of Canal water dispute and how it was resolved? [7]
Ans: [wrong decision of Radcliffe commission] (1) Canal water problem was created due to wrong
division Punjab by Radcliff Commission in 1947. Muslim majority districts Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and
Jullander were given to India. Two canal headworks were located in these districts. India had promised
not to disturb canal water supply of canals coming to Pakistan from these headworks. (2) Later India
stopped the supply of canal water supply to Pakistan. India claimed it had right to do so because these
canals were coming from Indian area to Pakistan.
[Temporary solution] (1) Pakistan argued (claimed) that it had a right to the water as its economy
depended upon it. There was danger of water shortage in many Pakistani areas especially due to closing
of Bari doab canal. (2) Pakistan government demanded to settle the matter by the international court of
justice, but India refused. After discussion India started canal water supply. Pakistan agreed to try to find
alternative water supplies. Water dispute was solved in 1959 with the help of World Bank.
Q How successful was the government of Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition during 1947 and
1948? or How successful was Quaid-e-Azam as Governor-General of Pakistan comment. [14] (N-13)
Ans: [Political Problems] (1) Setting up Government of Pakistan was a major challenge; Quaid-e-Azam
became first Governor-General. (2) Liaquat Ali khan was appointed as first prime Minister and six
ministers were chosen, National Assembly was setup, Act of 1935 was adopted to run government. (3)
Karachi was chosen as first capital of Pakistan. (4) There was lack of government buildings, furniture and
stationary so government offices were setup in private building on rent. (5) Muslim officers were moved
from India to Pakistan on special trains and aero planes.
[Economic problems] (1) State bank of Pakistan was setup in Karachi by Quaid-e-Azam to help develop
economy. (2) Industrial policy was made to setup new industries in Pakistan. (3) 750 million Rupees was
the share of Pakistan decided by British, India paid 200 million Rupees but refused to pay remaining
amount due to war over Kashmir broke out between India and Pakistan. Quaid convinced India so it paid
500 million but 50 million were never paid.
[Refugee Problem] (1) Millions of Muslim refugees moved from India to Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam relief
fund and refugee camps were setup to help them. Quaid appealed to the people to help the refugees.
(2) Quaid-e-Azam declared himself ‘Protector- General’ of religious minorities. He took every step to
protect Non-Muslims (minorities) living in Pakistan.
[Canal water dispute] (1) India had stopped supply of canal water to Pakistan. There was danger was of
shortage of water for crops in Pakistan. (2) Quaid-e-Azam was successful in convincing India to supply
canal water supply to Pakistan. (3) Canal Water Dispute was not resolved until 1959 when Indus water
treaty was signed between India and Pakistan.
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[Military assets] (1) All 16 ordinance (weapon manufacturing) factories were located in India. India
refused to transfer machinery of any factory to Pakistan and paid 60 million Rupees to Pakistan in
return. (2) There was lack of Military officers in Pakistan army so Quaid-e-Azam asked Britain to provide
500 British Military officers to organize Pakistan army. (3) Much of the military assets transferred to
Pakistan by India were old damaged or out of order.
[Accession of Princely states] The New government of Pakistan failed solve problem of accession of
princely states. Accession of three princely states Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir spoiled Indo-Pak
relation. Junagarh wanted to join Pakistan, Hyderabad wanted to stay independent. India had captured
Junagarh and Hyderabad by force and also large area of Kashmir despite its Muslim majority wanted to
join Pakistan. Kashmir problem is still unresolved.
Chapter: 12
Q Why it was difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950? [7] (Nov-11)
Ans: [Lack of leadership] early death of Quaid-i-Azam and Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan contributed to
the delay of constitution making process. Authority was gained by Retired civil and military officers like
Ghulam Muhammad and Islander Mirza. The desire of Governor general Malik Ghulam Muhammad to
remain in the position of Governor-General also delayed constitution making process.
[Basic Principles Committee] The proposals of the basic principles committee was opposed by the
politicians of the East Pakistan. Equal numbers of seats were proposed for East Pakistan and West
Pakistan. The population of East Pakistan was 10 million more than West Pakistan.
[Language issue] It was proposed that Urdu would be the official language of whole Pakistan upset the
people of East Pakistan because Urdu was not understood in the East Pakistan. The politicians of small
provinces were also upset because vast powers were given to the central government.
[Religious groups] (1) Religious groups complained that the proposals for new constitution were not
enough Islamic. They demanded that Pakistan should be governed purely by Islamic principles. (2) But
the politicians of East Pakistan were against any role of religion in constitution.
Q Who of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies from 1948 to 1958: (I)
Liaquat Ali Khan/ Khwaja Nazim-ud-Din (ii) Malik Ghulam Muhammad; (iii) Iskander Mirza? (M-13)
Ans: (1) [Liaquat Ali khan] Objective resolution: (1) was presented by first Prime Minister of Pakistan
Liaquat Ali Khan in 1949. Its purpose was to set up aims for first constitution of Pakistan. The objective
resolution got many ideas from Islam to satisfy religious class like supreme power belongs to Allah,
Islamic way of life and Islamic teachings would be promoted in Pakistan. Principles of equality and social
justice were according to Islam. (2) To satisfy secular class pure Islamic system of government was not
adopted Objective resolution proposed federal system of Government, parliament with two houses,
protection of minorities and basic human rights. (3) Drawbacks of resolutions were that Urdu was not
acceptable as only national language by East Pakistan and no dead line for election was given.
PRODA: It was a new Act (Law) passed to stop misuse of power and corruption (dishonesty) by
Government officers and politicians. By this Act Governor-General or Governors, could order inquiry
(investigation) by Judges. But in truth this Act was misused by rulers against opposition.
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Liaquat-Nehru Pact: was signed between Liaquat Ali and Indian Prime Minister in 1951 in which both
states were responsible to protect minorities, border crossing without visa was not allowed.
Rawalpindi Conspiracy/plan: Some army officers were unhappy due to Kashmir policy of Government.
Major General Akbar and few officers of Pakistan army planned to take over government but failed.
Major General Akbar with 14 officers were arrested and jailed. This event is known as Rawalpindi
Conspiracy.
(2) [Malik Ghulam Muhammad] as Governor General a 6 Year Plan was setup by him to improve
agriculture, power, industry, mining and transport sectors. It played an important part in bringing about
economic development in Pakistan. In 1952 a major jute mill was opened at Narayanganj in East
Pakistan and large gas deposit was explored at Sui in Balochistan was his major success.
Food shortage: was faced by Pakistan in 1953 due to drought. Riots broke out in different parts of
Pakistan. Prime Minister Khwaja Nazim-ud-Din failed to control the situation so he was dismissed by
Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad.
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO): agreement was signed by new Prime Minister Muhammad Ali
Bogra; USA provided one million tons wheat to overcome food needs. Western countries provided aid
and experts to develop industry in Pakistan.
Basic Principles Committee: second report was put up in 1952. Equal seats were proposed for East
Pakistan and West Pakistan in assembly, two house parliaments was proposed. A committee of Islamic
scholars would be setup for law making according to Islam. These proposals were opposed so given back
for revision. Malik Ghulam Muhammad resigned in 1955 due to ill health.
(3) [Islander Mira] became Governor-General after the resign of Ghulam Muhammad.
One-unit system: was setup by him in which four provinces and ten princely states of West Pakistan
were joined to form one unit. One Unit system was setup to create equality between East and West
Pakistan. In this way equal seats were given to East Pakistan and West Pakistan in assembly. One Unit
was opposed by the politicians of East Pakistan because their majority was reduced. The politicians of
small provinces Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan were also unhappy with one unit because authority in
west Pakistan was in the hands of the politicians of Punjab.
1956 constitution: was setup in Iskander Mirza rule in which Federal System of Government was
introduced with equal number of seats for East and West Pakistan in assembly. Urdu and Bengali were
national languages, it was necessary for President to be Muslim. Basic human rights were included in the
constitution. Office of Governor-General was replaced by President. However 1956 constitution was
short lived as Iskander Mirza dismissed it in 1958 and declared Martial Law.
Development Projects: Iskander Mirza took number of steps to develop infrastructure of the country.
Railway was modernized and telephone system was expanded. Karachi air port was setup. Health and
education services were increased.
Political instability: Iskander Mirza changed four Prime Minister in two years; he delayed elections in
order to stay in government. He declared Martial law in October 1958 and appointed Chief of Pak army
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General Ayub Khan as Prime Minister; Later Ayub Khan forced Iskander Mirza to resign.
Topic: Iskander Mirza.
Q Why Martial law was imposed in 1958? [7] (N-13)
Ans: [Lack of political stability] (1) Four Prime Ministers were changed by President Iskander Mirza in
just two years. (2) There was unrest in East Pakistan due to food shortage and severe flooding so Prime
Minister Chaudhri Mohammad Ali was replaced by Prime Minister Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy from
East Pakistan; he refused to act as a puppet Prime Minister so he was dismissed. (3) Next Prime Minister
Ibrahim Ishmail Chundrigar government was a collection of politicians which could not even agree on
major issue, such as the One Unit Scheme. (4) Feroze khan Noon was Iskander Mirza next choice for
Prime Minister. His government was even more divided. He was forced to appoint a 26 ministers but
failed to create unity. Iskander Mirza now found himself in a very difficult position. General Ayub felt
that army should take control until stability had been restored (gained).
[Appointment of Ayub Khan] Iskander Mirza rule was becoming increasingly unpopular. Iskander Mirza
had lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was worried by a plan by Hussein Shaheed
Suhrawardy to unite political leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him. Therefore, Iskander Mirza
turned to the military. He asked the Commander-in-Chief of the army, General Ayub khan to take charge
as Chief Martial law administrator. President Iskander Mirza was unable to run the government,
therefore General Ayub Khan and the army decided to take over. Pakistan began its period of military
rule.
Topic: General Ayub Khan.
Q Ayub Khan Agriculture reforms were more successful than any other of his domestic polices from
1958-69; Do you agree? Give reasons. [14] (May-14) (Five reforms are enough)
Ans: [Agricultural reforms] (1) General Ayub had introduced HYV, Fertilizer and agriculture machinery
like tractor in the country. (2) Three major dams were setup to provide water for crops. Tube wells were
also introduced. (3) A new law was passed saying that no farm could be smaller than 12.5 acre and
larger than 500 acre irrigated or 1000 acre unirrigated (barani). Excess land was taken from land lords
and distributed among land less farmers. (4) Ayub khan claimed that he had brought green revolution in
the country. (5) Agricultural reforms were so successful that there was record increase in crop output.
[Industrial reforms] (1) In 1962 an oil refinery was setup in Karachi. (2) Mineral development
Corporation was setup for mining of minerals. (3) RCD agreement was signed between Pakistan, Iran
and Turkey to develop trade and industries. (4) In 1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a
Mineral Development Corporation was set up for the exploration of mineral deposits. (5) An export
Bonus Scheme was setup to increase exports. (6) The growth rate of Pakistani economy was three times
more than India. (7) Wealth was collected in the hands of 22 families; there was little benefit of
industrial reforms for common Pakistanis. Large numbers of Pakistanis were living in poverty.
[Social and Educational reforms] (1) New syllabus for schools was setup. (2) Number of new schools and
colleges was setup. (3) 75000 refugees were settled in new houses near Karachi. (4) Law was passed that
Factory owners had to provide houses to their workers. (5) Family planning program was setup to check
growing population but it was not much successful. Religious people were not ready to adopt family
program.
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[Basic Democracy system] (1) Ayub wanted to combine democracy with discipline so he setup Basic
Democracy system. (2) It was four a stage system in which common people elected 80,000 members of
this system. (3) These Basic Democracy members were responsible to select president and member of
provincial and National assemblies. (4) Due to success of Basic Democracy System, martial law was lifted
in the country.
[1962 constitution] (1) Ayub introduced Presidential form of government in 1962 constitution of
Pakistan. (2) President chooses ministers from national assembly. (3) Governors and Judges were also
appointed by President. (4) National Assembly was allowed to pass any law without the will of President
(5) National Assembly sessions were held in both Islamabad and Dhaka.
[New Capital] (1) Islamabad was set up as new capital of Pakistan in 1967. (2) Karachi was not a suitable
city to be capital of Pakistan because it was located at one corner of the country and it was difficult for
the people of Punjab and K.P.K to travel to Islamabad. More over there was lack of government
buildings. (3) Islamabad is divided in eight zones each with shopping are and parks. (4) 92,900 square
meters secretariat block contain important government buildings.
Q Why was Islamabad chosen as the new capital of Pakistan? [7] (May-2015)
Ans: [Location] (1) Ayub Khan wanted capital to be closer to the army’s command headquarters in the
Rawalpindi which he saw as necessary in times of martial law. Karachi was located on the coast, it was
close to India and considered open to attacks from the Arabian Sea. (2) It was difficult for the people of
Punjab and N.W.F.P to travel to Federal Capital Karachi for their official works. There was public
pressure to move capital city from the industrially and commercially developed south to the
underdeveloped Punjab region in the north.
[Climate and infrastructure] (1) Karachi had a very warm and humid climate. Islamabad was a
mountainous region with a better climate than Karachi. Due to pleasant weather working conditions of
Islamabad were suitable for a capital city. (2) Infrastructure of Karachi was setup for a port city and
trading center. The layout and structure of Karachi was not suitable to fulfill the demands of a modern
capital. Existing buildings were not enough in number or up to the standards required by a capital. (3)
The population of Karachi was high; it was not suitable for a capital city any political protest could stop
the whole government business. The vast arrival of refugees increased the existing problem.
Topic: The Causes of the separation of East Pakistan.
Q The geographical position of East Pakistan was the most important reason for the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971; Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons. [14] (May-2014)
Ans: [Geographical position] (1) Due to distance of 1000 miles and different cultures both wings of
Pakistan failed to unite in a nation. (2) Enemy country India was located between East and West wings
of Pakistan so there was no land route available. (3) Due to long distance it was difficult to run
government of both parts of the Pakistan.
[Language issue] Quaid adopted Urdu as national language of Pakistan. (2) The people of East Pakistan
were unable to understand Urdu, they wanted that Bengali should also be national language of Pakistan.
(3) Language issue created hatred between East and West Pakistan.
[Economic causes] (1) Jute was major crop of East Pakistan. (2) But income of Jute was used to develop
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West Pakistan. (3) Very few people of East Pakistan were given jobs in Civil services and Pakistan army.
(4) In 1951 per person income of West Pakistan was 15% more than East Pakistan but in 1970 it was 60%
more than East Pakistan.
[Six points of Sheikh Mujib] (1) People of East Pakistan thought that due share was not given to them.
(2) So the leader of Awami league sheikh Mujib made demands in his six points to protect rights of
Bengalis. (3) He demanded separate currency, army, tax collection and trade of West and East Pakistan.
(4) Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman Awami league won the 1970 election on the base of six points. (5) President
Yaya khan was not ready to give government to Sheikh Mujib until he changes his six points. (6) As a
result civil war started in East Pakistan.
[Mukti Bahini] (1) India makes use of the situation. (2) India provided training and weapons to Bengali
rebels and organized their armed group known as Mukti Bahni. (3) Mukti Bahni carried out attacks on
Pakistan army. (3) Soon many Towns were in control of Mukti Bahini.
[Operation search light] (1) To control situation Pakistan army started a cruel army action against the
people of East Pakistan. (2) More than three million Bengalis were killed in the action. (3) On 4th Dec
1971 India attacked and Pakistan lost the war. (4) East Pakistan was separated and became Bangladesh.
Chapter: 14 (Topic: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto)
Q Why Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power in 1971? [7]
Ans: [Success in 1970 Elections] (1) Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto had won 81 seats
out of 138 so it was largest party in West Pakistan. (2) After the defeat Pakistan in 1971 war East
Pakistan was separated from Pakistan. (3) President Yayha khan resigned on Pakistan defeat and handed
over government to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto the chairman of PPP.
[Controlling Army] (1) Z.A.Bhutto considered Army as a hurdle in introducing his policies in Pakistan so
he took actions to control army. (2) Bhutto removed 29 senior officers of armed forces and appointed
General Tikka Khan as commander-In-Chief of Pakistan army, he was a professional General so did not
interfere in Government affairs.
[Simla agreement] (1) Bhutto signed Simla agreement in 1972 with India to improve Pakistan-India
relations. (2) India returned 90,000 Pakistani soldiers who had became prisoner in 1971 war. (3) Due to
Simla agreement role of army was reduced due to good Pakistan-India relations.
Q Constitutional reform of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the most important of his reforms; Do you agree?
Give reasons. [14] (Five reforms are enough) (Oct-2011)
Ans: [1973 constitution] (1) Z.A.Bhutto introduced 1973 constitution was passed by will of all political
parties. (2) Power was in the hands of Prime Minister. (3) National assembly was lower house and
Senate was upper house of Parliament. (4) Maximum self-Government was given to Provinces Basic
human rights were included in it. (5) President and Prime Minister should be Muslims. (6) Islamic
Advisory council was setup to change all laws according to Islam.
[Industrial reforms] (1) Wealth was in the hands of 22 families. Bhutto wanted to improve condition of
workers. (2) Bhutto introduced Nationalization. Government took control of 70 major industries and
banks. Ministry of Production was setup to run these industries but Government officers failed to run
these industries. (3) Workers jobs were protected. Worker unions were allowed. (4) Bhutto was partly
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[Land Reforms] (1) Land lords were not allowed to keep land more than 250 acre irrigated and 500 acre
unirrigated. (2) Excess land was given to land less farmers. (3) But cunning land lords had shifted land to
their relatives or loyal servants, later they took back their land.
[Health reforms] (1) Rural Health Centers [RHU] were setup in villages and Basic Health Units [BHU] in
towns to provide healthcare. (2) New medical colleges and nursing schools were setup to train health
staff. (3) For first years doctors had to work in small towns and villages. (4) Drug companies were only
allowed to sale medicines under its medical name which reduced the prices of medicines. Many
International Drug companies closed their business in Pakistan because their profits were reduced. (5)
These reforms improved health services but there was shortage of Doctors and nurses.
[Educational reforms] (1) Bhutto wanted to provide free education to every child and uneducated adult
in Pakistan. (2) Private school and colleges were (Nationalized) taken under government control to
provide same education to every student. (3) Number of new schools and colleges were setup but they
were not enough to provide education to large number of students. There was lack of trained teacher.
(4) Literacy rate increased only 1%, parents were not ready to send their children to schools due to
poverty and child labor.
[Administrative reforms] (1) Bhutto considered civil service of Pakistan (CSP) as corrupt and inefficient.
Bhutto wanted a modern civil service to carry out polices of Government. (2) Bhutto removed needless
rules. Bhutto organized the civil services in small number of levels and unified pay scale. Experienced
and highly educated staff could be hired at any level.
Topic: General Zia-ul-Haq.
Q Why was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto arrested and subsequently executed in 1979? [7] (M-14)
[Martial law] Pakistan national alliance (PNA) a union of opposition parties had started a movement
against Z.A.Bhutto government after 1977 election, because PNA had refused to accept election results.
General Zia-ul-Haq imposed (enforced) martial law (army rule) in country and arrested Z.A.Bhutto on 5th
July 1977.
[Murder case] Bhutto was released from arrest at the end of July, but when Bhutto stated (declared) in
his speeches (address) that he would get back his political authority and trial Zia on imposing martial
law. Bhutto was rearrested on 3rd September. He was blamed of murdering a political opponent by
sending FSF to kill him. After two years trial (case in court) of Bhutto, death punishment was announced.
As President, General Zia had the power to change the death punishment to life imprisonment (term).
But Bhutto refused to appeal to Zia for his life. Bhutto was hanged on 4th April 1979.
Q Why did General Zia-ul-Haq introduced his package of Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? [7]
Ans: [Purpose of Pakistan] (1) According to General Zia Pakistan was setup on the name of Islam. (2) He
introduced Islamic laws to setup a strong government run by people who respect Islamic values. (3) Zia
was worried due to popularity of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. (4) Zia introduced Islamic laws to get support of
Islamic parties for his government.
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[Reform society] (1) Zia also wanted to distribute some wealth to poor and needy by introducing Islamic
taxes like Zakat. (2) He introduced Islamic education in schools to increase Islamic awareness in
students. (3) Strict Islamic laws against drinking, gambling and adultery (zina) would check moral decline
and crime rate in the society. (4) He also wanted to set up laws which punish people for showing
disrespect towards the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
[Afghan Jihad] (1) Soviet Union was a non-believer country. When Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan Zia
wanted to start Jihad against Soviets. (2) Zia introduces Islamisation to get support of common Pakistani
Muslims for Jihad against Soviet Union.
Q ‘Islamic reforms were the most important of Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies between 1977 and 1988.’
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14] (Oct-2014)
(Explains at least two factors including Islamic laws)

Ans: [Purpose of Islamisations] Zia introduced Islamic laws in an attempt to produce a strong and stable
government managed by people keen to Islamic values. He ignored the political process and therefore
the Islamic laws were very strict in order to produce a strong government.
[Federal shariat court] was set up, this court can declare any law unislamic. (2) This court can hear
appeals on cases decided by lower courts under Islamic laws. (3) This court had five judges, three
Ulemas (religious scholars) and a chairman.
[Hudood Ordinance] (1) Islamic punishments were introduced on gambling, drinking, theft and adultery.
(2) Right hand was cut off on theft and 80 stripes of cane on drinking Alcohol. (3) Laws including
effecting women were also included.
[Council of Islamic Ideology] was set up to suggest ways in which legal system of Pakistan could be
brought closer to Islam. (2) It is included in law that on disrespect for the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) death
punishment could be given to such person.
[Zakat and Usher ordinance] Zakat was collected on first Ramadan at the rate of 2.5% on saving accounts
every year. (2) 5% usher was collected on agricultural production known as Usher. (3) Collected Zakat
and usher were given to poor and needy. (3) Shia-Muslims protested because way of collection of Zakat
was different from their sect. Later Zia government spared Shia Muslim from payment of Zakat.
[Respect of Ramadan ordinance] eating and drinking at public places was not allowed in the month of
Ramadan during fasting time. (2) Fine and punishment was given to people on eating and drinking
during fasting time.
[Interest free banking] was introduced. All banks opened profit and loss sharing accounts.
[Education] (1) Islamiat and Pakistan studies were made compulsory in schools and colleges. (2) Extra
marks were given to students at the time of admission who had remembered the Holy Quran by heart.
(3) Learning of Arabic language and recitation (reading) of the Holy Quran was made part of school
studies. (4) Radio Pakistan introduced Arabic courses. (5) Daily NEWS in Arabic was shown on Pakistan
television. (6) Salat committees (teams) were setup to convince people to perform Namaz.
(2nd factor) [Economic policies] (1) The arrival of funds in 1980s allowed Zia to introduce economic
reforms. Funds were coming from western countries and two million Pakistanis working overseas
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(abroad). (2) Zia government denationalized many industries that Bhutto government had nationalized.
Some were returned to former owners, others were sold to new investors. Efforts were also made to
increase the efficiency of government- run industries. The private sector was encouraged to re-invest.
Zia also tried to attract foreign investors. Between 1977 and 1986, the average growth rate was 6.2%,
amongst the highest in the world at that time.
(3rd factor) [Law and government] Military courts were setup to punish criminals according to martial
law. The decisions of these courts could not be challenged in civil courts. Large number of military
officers was appointed in civil departments. In this way Zia was able to reduce opposition of his
government. (2) In 1985 non party elections were conducted by President Zia and new government
under Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo was set up. (3) The new assembly passed the Eighth
Amendment in 1985 gave the President the power to appoint Prime Minister, Governors, and other
officials, President could also dismiss the Prime Minister of the time and National assembly. As a result
of this, martial law was lifted and 1973 constitution was restored, but all actions of the martial law
remained unchallenged.
Q What difficulties did Zia-ul-Haq find in ruling Pakistan during the late 1980s? [7] (May-16)
Ans: [Poor Law and order] General Zia-ul-Haq found it difficult to control poor law and order situation in
Pakistan. The Western countries had freely supplied guns to help the Afghans against U.S.S.R, but those
guns had become common on the streets of Pakistan through smuggling. Unlawful weapon were a
danger for peace in country. Pakistan became a more violent country with killings in cities such as
Karachi.
[Drugs] Drug trade was growing at dangerous level; Pakistan became one of the world's leading
countries of drug trading. Millions of Pakistani had become unproductive and burden on society due to
drug habit. There was an increase in levels of corruption in society due to huge sum of wealth earned by
drug trade.
[Situation in provinces] The provinces except Punjab became more difficult to govern. Sindh had almost
become ungovernable. Armed body guards were needed for safe travel. It was demanding separation
from Pakistan. The NWFP was also becoming more critical of the Zia government. It was facing refugee
problem caused due to Afghan war. Uprising in Balochistan had ended in 1977 but there were still
separatist groups among the people.
[Ojri camp incident] In 1988 an army weapon store at Ojri camp blew up. It was located between
densely populated cities Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Hundreds were killed and thousands were injured.
Prime Minister Junejo wanted to set up an inquiry which seemed to blame top army commanders.
President Gen Zia was not happy with it so he dismissed PM Junejo and dismissed the National
Assembly. This led to a political crisis for Zia.
Chapter: 15 (Topic: Benazir Bhutto)
Q How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years 1988– 90 and 1993–96?
[14] (May-2013)
[Benazir successes, Years 1988– 90] Modernization: (1) She became first woman prime minister of
Muslim world. (2) She improved rights for women, with equal pay for equal work. (3) She ended a ban
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on trade unions and released (set free) political prisoners from jails and renewed student unions. (4) She
also took steps towards spreading of electricity in rural areas of Pakistan.
Health policy: She introduced a wide-range national health policy; Lady Health workers were appointed
to improve health standards of women and children.
Foreign policy: (1) Benazir was more successful in foreign policy. She took Pakistan to Common Wealth
Organization. (2) She was able to conduct fourth summit conference of SAARC in 1988 in Pakistan
improved relation with India and both countries were able to sign three separate peace agreements. (3)
She visited USA in 1989 and was successful to restore (improve) relations between two countries. (4)
She was also able to convince USA to remove ban on supply of weapons to Pakistan, Pakistan had
already paid the price of these weapons.
[Benazir failures, Years 1988– 90] Social problems: The prices of commodities (items of daily use)
remained stable (same) during General Zia Government but during her rule there was sudden increase
in prices. She was unable to control price rises; unemployment was a common feature of her rule.
Benazir Government also failed to deal with the country's growing use of drugs and smuggling in
Pakistan.
2) No confidence motion: Just after 11 months of Benazir government opposition parties organized a
No-Confidence motion against her government failed only with 12 votes.
3) Pucca Qila operation: MQM ended its union with PPP and voted against PPP government in no
confidence motion launched by opposition leader Nawaz Sharif. Benazir response was rude. 40 MQM
women protestors were killed by Sindh Police in the Pucca Qila Hyderabad in the name of operation
against criminal. This cruel action spoiled her image as a champion of democracy and human rights.
4) Constitutional matters: Benazir failed to cancel Hudood and Zina ordinances and was also unable to
pass any new law for welfare of women because Senate was dominated by opposition parties. Benazir
wanted to cancel the Eighth Amendment in order to increase authority of Prime Minister but she failed
to get support of two-third members of parliament.
5) Differences in Benazir and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan: were created on appointments of positions
in armed forces and courts. Ishaq Khan considered such appointment as right of President. Benazir
government was also accused by President of giving bank loans to party supporters. Benazir husband
Asif Zardari and her father-in-law were accused of corruption. President dismissed her government in
1990 on corruption charges.
Q How successful was Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan in the years 1993–96? [14]
[Benazir successes, years 1993–96] Steps for women: she established women police station, appointed
women judges and setup women development bank to provide easy loans to small businesses run by
women.
2) Economy: There was decrease in the nations’ trade deficit and a slight rise in foreign exchange
reserves. A large investment in country's energy sector was made by American, south Korean and Hong
Kong, Chinese investors and businessmen. Pakistan continued to receive loans, funding and aid from
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World Bank, IMF, Asian Development Bank.
3) Foreign policy: In Sep 1995 the United States Senate voted to lift the economic and some of the
military sanctions that had been imposed on the country in 1990. Wife USA president Hillary Clinton and
her daughter also visited the country as guest of the Prime Minister; It was a signal that USA wanted to
improve relations with Pakistan.
4) Peace keeping mission: Pakistan had posted 5000 soldiers in Somalia as a part of UN peace keeping
mission that had been promoted by United States. Pakistani forces also served in UN missions in trouble
spots from Asia to Africa to Caribbean, these services were generally recognized.
[Benazir failures, years 1993–96] Train march: Benazir Government found it difficult to face opposition
from Nawaz Sharif and PML. In 1994 Nawaz Sharif began a train march from Karachi to Peshawar during
which huge crowds listened to his critical speeches. Strikes were organized throughout Pakistan in Sep
and Oct 1994. Benazir arrested several opposition leaders included old aged father of Nawaz Sharif.
2) Family differences: There were differences in Benazir and her mother Nusrat Bhutto over the control
of Pakistan People’s Party (PPP); Nusrat wanted Benazir's brother, Mir Murtaza as leader of PPP.
According to Mir Murtaza Benazir was moving away from their father's principles; Mutaza was also
against of Benazir husband Asif Ali Zardari because he was accused (blamed) of corruption. In 1996
Murtaza was killed by Sindh police near his house in Karachi. According to investigation report Benazir
government was involvement in the killing of Murtaza Bhutto. Murder of Murtaza Bhutto reduced
popularity of Benazir government.
3) End of Government: Finally the government refused to carry out the Supreme Court’s decision to
dismiss 20 judges appointed by the government which caused a political crisis. On 5th Nov 1996
President Leghari dismissed Benazir Government on corruption charges and political murders.
Q How successful was the policies of Nawaz Sharif as prime minister of Pakistan in his first term 1990 to
1993? [14] (May-2016)
Ans: [Operation cleanup] (1) in rural areas of Sindh province kidnapping, murder and robbery were
common. (2) Nawaz Sharif Government started operation cleanup with the help Pakistan army to
improve the situation. (3) Due to army operation crime rate in rural areas of Sindh decreased, operation
earned good name for government.
[Infrastructure] (1) Nawaz Sharif government took number of steps to develop infrastructure in Pakistan.
(2) Optic fiber was setup, construction of Lahore-Islamabad motorway was started. (3) He planned to
extend motor way from Central Asian States to Gawadar to provide access to sea to these land locked
countries. (4) He set up Barotha hydro-electric project and Gawadar Miniport in Balochistan was major
achievements.
[Privatization] He adopted policy of privatization of sick industrial units and banks but process was not
transparent.
[Yellow cab Scheme] (1) In Pakistan unemployment was on large scale. (2) Nawaz Sharif started yellow
Cab Scheme; he provided thousands of yellow cab (Taxis) in young people on cheap loans, only a few
loans were returned.
[Nawaz failures years 1990-1993]
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Cooperative societies Scandal: (1) Sharif earned defame when 700,000 people mostly poor lost their
savings in cooperative societies scandal. (2) It was soon discovered that these societies had granted
billions of rupees in loans to Mr. Sharif family business damaged the name of Nawaz Sharif.
Shariat Bill: (1) Nawaz Sharif tried to pass Shariat bill to make Quran and Sunnah as law of the land. It
was opposed by liberal (open-minded) people. (2) Actually little was done to pass shariat bill from
Parliament. It disappointed religious parties which were supporter of Nawaz Sharif.
Differences with President: (1) Differences were created between Nawaz Sharif and President of
Pakistan Ghulam Ishaq khan on the appointment of new army chief. (2) Nawaz Sharif wanted to remove
eighth amendment because it was a check on prime minister But President Ghulam Ishaq was not ready
for it. (3) President dismissed Nawaz government on charges of corruption.
Q How successful was the policies of Nawaz Sharif as prime minister of Pakistan in his second term 1996
to 1999? [14]
[Nawaz Successes years 1996–99]
13th amendment: In second term Nawaz Sharif took measures to protect his government. Nawaz
government introduced 13th amendment in constitution in which President authority to dismiss
assemblies was cancelled. Three governments were dismissed in 9 years. It was an effort to make
Pakistan more democratic. The president power to appoint judges and the chiefs of three armed forces
was cancelled. President would have to make these appointments on the advice of Prime Minister.
Anti-Defection Bill: Nawaz government introduced Anti-Defection Bill known as fourteenth amendment
in which member of Assemblies were not allowed to move from one party to other. He introduced
fourteenth amendment in order to increase political stability and check the horse trading of Assembly
members.
Nuclear tests: In 1998 Nawaz government conducted a series of nuclear tests at Chaghi, Balochishtan
increased popularity of government on firm stand against Indian tests.
[Nawaz failures, years 1997–99].
Relation with press: In 1997 Nawaz Sharif's secret police attacked the home of a leading press reporter
and critic of the government, Najam Sethi and kidnapped him. He was released after international
protest. Heavy tax notices were given to newspapers that were printing news against Nawaz
government. Relation of Nawaz Sharif was spoiled with press media.
Attack on supreme courts: The Chief Justice of Pakistan Sajjad Ali Shah was hearing corruption cases
against Nawaz Sharif. Supreme Court was attacked by hundreds of Nawaz Sharif workers. Later Chief
justice was forced to resign by Nawaz Sharif government. These action earned defame for Nawaz Sharif.
National Security Council: (1) In second term relation of Nawaz Sharif government was spoiled with
Pakistan army on the issue of national Security Council. Army chief Jehangir Karamat was in favour of
creating national Security Council to make coordination between civil setup and army but Nawaz Sharif
was unwilling to give an active role to army in political affairs. So Janangir Karamat was forced to resign
which created a feeling of displeasure in army. (2) Later Nawaz efforts to improve relations with India
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through Lahore declaration were destroyed by army. New military chief general Musharaf started Kargil
operation against India without informing Nawaz government.
[Martial law] Nawaz Sharif tried to remove General Musharaf as chief of Pakistan army when he was on
a visit to Srilanka. Nawaz Sharif government tried to stop aero plane of Musharaf to land on Karachi
airport and replace Musharaf by General Zia-ud-Din but Nawaz Sharif but failed. General Musharaf
imposed martial law and arrested Nawaz Sharif.
Q How successful was Pakistan in establishing a new constitution between 1947 and 1973? Explain your
answer. [14]
Ans: [Objectives Resolution] was presented in 1949 in national assembly, it was the first step to set up
new constitution of Pakistan. According to resolution Principles of democracy, equality and social justice
were according to Islam. Promotion of Islamic way of life, religious freedom for all groups, protection of
fundamental rights and minority rights were included in resolution. Objective resolution tried to set up a
plan to protect Islamic principles in the constitution. The Objectives Resolution was criticised by East
Pakistan who disliked the fact that instead of Begali, Urdu was chosen as the official language despite
that Begali speaking population was the much larger. Bengali were also against the idea of equal
representation in the National Assembly, again due to the size of its population. The constitution making
process was delayed due to the death of Liaquat Ali Khan until new government settled in.
[B.P.C] (1) In 1952 a revised Basic Principles Committee presented a report which made firm steps to set
up an Islamic constitution by stating that the Head of State should be Muslim and that he would make a
committee of Islamic expert to make sure that all laws would be according to Islam. (2) The Basic
Principles Committee’s report was criticised because the official language issue was still not settled and
East Pakistan was firm to oppose the selection of Urdu. Political changes in the country further delayed
constitution making for few years until 1956
[1956 constitution] (1) Important decisions were taken in 1956 constitution that Pakistan was to be an
Islamic Republic, president should be Muslim, Urdu and Bengali would be the official languages, which
was an attempt to calm the people of East Pakistan. Fundamental rights for all citizens were included.
(2) The 1956 constitution was heavily criticised since it didn’t solve the political problems of Pakistan.
The constitution promised a parliamentary system of government but the President had the power to
interfere or even suspend the Assembly. (3) East Pakistan was very unhappy at not having a majority in
the Assembly because their population was 10 million more than West Pakistan. The constitution was
dismissed just after two years.
[1959 Basic Democracies] In 1959 Basic Democracies were introduced by Ayub Khan which was a 4 tier
structure of government, allowing elections at various levels. The success of these councils which were
set up was such that martial law was lifted in 1962 after a new constitution was introduced.
[The 1962 constitution] (1) Presidential form of government was introduced. President could choose
cabinet; judges, governors and no law could be passed without his will. (2) The 1962 constitution had
increased the powers of the ruling class, because the major landlords dominated the elections to the
Basic Democracies and often used force or bribery to influence the election results. (3) Urdu and Bengali
were national languages; National assembly session was to be held in both Dhaka and Islamabad. If
President was from West Pakistan then the Speaker of assembly was to be from East Pakistan. (4)
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Despite these measures the people of East Pakistan were upset as they felt they were going to have
little part in the governing of Pakistan and that the power was held by the military and civil officials of
West Pakistan.
[1973 constitution] (1) 1973 constitution received total support in the Assembly. The 1973 Constitution
revived the power of the National Assembly and as a result political parties became more important.
The leader of majority party would become Prime Minister and select cabinet, President became a
figurehead, whose orders had to be signed by Prime Minister. (2) Parliament was composed of two
houses National Assembly and Senate; Senate had equal members from all provinces to protect their
rights. (3) The dream of provincial autonomy was destroyed when only one year Provincial governments
of Balochistan and N.W.F.P were dismissed by Central government. Freedom of press was reduces and
F.S.F was allowed to arrest any politician.
Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and 1999? Comment (N-13)
Ans: [Early problems] Partition of India was not accepted by Congress leaders by heart so they tried
everything to harm Pakistan. Unjust ways were adopted by India in division of financial and military
assets. Bitter memories of Muslim killing in East Punjab and Delhi spoiled Indo-Pak relation in coming
years. India forced millions of Muslims to Pakistan to put economic pressure on the new born state.
Canal water dispute and Kashmir issue poisoned Indo-Pak relation. Pakistan has fought three major wars
in 1948, 1965 and 1971 on Kashmir issue with India.
[1965 war] (1) When UNO failed to solve Kashmir problem Pakistan tried to force India to carry out UNO
resolutions through military operation in Kashmir resulted in 1965 Indo-Pak war. Pakistan failed to
capture Kashmir. (2) After 1965 war Pakistan and India signed Tashkent agreement to solve dispute
peacefully but no date was set to begin discussion on Kashmir.
[1971 war] (1) India had recognized weak defence of East Pakistan in 1965 war. During civil war in East
Pakistan India used the situation and established armed group of Bengali separatist known as
Muktibahni to carry on attacks on Pakistan army. Later in 1971 war India separated the East Pakistan.
Relations between Pakistan and India were at lowest level in 1971.
[Simla agreement] In 1972 Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime minister Indra
Gandhi signed Simla agreement, India returned 90,000 Pakistani soldiers who were kept as prisoners of
war. Pakistan also agreed that in future talks on Kashmir would be only between Pakistan and India.
[Sikh movement in Indian Punjab] In early 1980’s Sikh population of Indian Punjab had started
movement for separate home land. In 1984 Prime Minister of India Indra Gandhi was killed by Sikhs.
Indra Gandhi son Rajiv became next Prime Minister; he accused Pakistan of helping Sikh separatist in
Indian Punjab and murder of her mother. In 1987 both countries were close to war. The situation was
cooled down by General Zia the president of Pakistan through visit to India.
[Freedom movement in occupied Kashmir] In 1990's tension between both countries continued due to
freedom struggle in Indian held Kashmir backed by Pakistan. After nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan
in May 1998 restored balance of power between both countries.
[Lahore declaration and Kargil war] In 1998 prime minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif and Indian Prime
minister Vajpayee tried to improve relation through Lahore declaration but whole peace process was
destroyed when Pakistan army had captured Kargil hill of India resulted in war between India and
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Pakistan. USA forced Pakistan to return Kargil hills to India because there was danger of Atomic war
between both countries. Relations were destroyed due to Kargil war.
Q Why Pakistan was unsuccessful in 1965 and 1971 wars? [7] (June-12)
Ans: [1965war] In 1965 Pakistan had entered armed men in Indian occupied Kashmir to encourage
uprising because Pakistan wanted to force India to resolve Kashmir dispute through resolutions of
U.N.O. Kashmir mission was planned by Pakistan in hurry. Support of the people of occupied Kashmir
was limited, when it seemed that plan would fail, Pak army attacked on 1st Sep to cut-off India-Srinagar
road. Pakistan was not expecting full scale war from India but on 6th Sep Indian army attacked on
Lahore border. Pakistan was unprepared for it. Pakistan was able to defend its boundaries (borders) but
failed to free Kashmir from India.
[1971 war] Defence of Pakistan army in East Pakistan was weak. The Indians had set up a much bigger
army by using its huge wealth and man power with the help of U.S.S.R. In 1971 civil war was going on in
East Pakistan, India used it against Pakistan and attacked on 4th December. Pakistan army was defeated
and East Pakistan was separated. Pakistan army was weak due to ban on supply of weapons by western
countries since 1965. No support came for Pakistan from China due to pressure of U.S.S.R. Quick victory
of India confirmed that their army was superior (stronger).
Q How successful have India and Pakistan been in finding a solution to the Kashmir issue between 1947
and 1999? Explain your answer. [14] (Nov-15)
[Origin of Kashmir problem] The most serious disagreement between Pakistan and India is the state of
Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947 majority population of Kashmir were Muslims, but the Hindu ruler
maharaja Hari Sigh, wanted to remain independent so he delayed joining either Pakistan or India. The
maharaja did not treat the Muslim population well. In Sep 1947 he forced 200,000 Muslims out of
Kashmir. Finally the Muslims rose in rebellion. The maharaja was forced to turn to India for help to crush
the Muslims.
[Resolution on Kashmir] Pakistan could not accept this, so sent troops to Kashmir to help Muslims. The
Pakistan government was convinced that the Indians had always planned to capture Kashmir. Neither
side was strong enough for a long war in January 1948 India to the UNO. A ceasefire was arranged and
Kashmir was divided between India and Pakistan. After pressure from Lord Mountbatten, Indian Prime
Minister, Nehru, agreed that a referendum would be held in Kashmir to determine the wishes of the
people, ‘once the situation has normalized. From 1949 there was an agreed ceasefire line through
Kashmir, which was observed by troops from the UN. Negotiation continued through the 1950s, but
little progress was made.
[Role of UNO] This referendum has not been held and the Kashmir issue’ remained a major source of
discontent between the two countries today. Pakistan has made numerous demands that the UNO
resolve the dispute, but, so far, it has been impossible to reach agreement. In 1954 and 1955 India tried
to join Indian occupied Kashmir into India. Pakistan protested and, then appealed to the UN Security
Council. In 1957 the UN security council was so concerned that India might tried to occupy Kashmir
again that it issued a declaration re-confirming that the whole of Kashmir was disputed territory and
that its future could only be settled by a vote by the people of Kashmir under UNO. Still, no such vote
has taken place. SALMAN HASHMI
[Indo-Pak wars] In 1965 Pakistan tried to free Kashmir from Indian occupation by army action but failed,
later in Tashkent agreement both sides agreed to solve the problem through discussion but the date of
discussion was not decided. In 1971 war Pakistan was defeated by India and Simla agreement was
signed between both countries. Due to weak position Pakistan agreed that it would not to take Kashmir
issue to UNO. In 1987 India rigged election in occupied Kashmir to show support of Kashmiri people for
India but in response Kashmiri people had started freedom movement against Indian occupation of
Kashmir, movement is still in progress. In 1999 during Kargil war there was danger of nuclear war
between Pakistan and India.
Q How successful were Pakistan and U.S.A in their relationship from 1947-1999? Comment. [14] (June-
15)
Ans: [Beginning of relations] The long history of Pakistan-U.S.A relation started after visit of Pakistani
Prime Minister Liaquat Ali to U.S.A. In 1955 Pakistan signed S.E.A.T.O and C.E.N.T.O pacts according to
which Pakistan became U.S.A partner against communist countries. Pakistan received economic and
military aid from U.S.A. Despite these agreements USA provided no help to Pakistan in 1965 and 1971
wars so Pakistan left S.E.A.T.O in 1972 and C.E.N.T.O ended in 1979.
[Relations from 1960-70] President of Pakistan general Ayub khan had provided air base to U.S.A in
Peshawar during his rule. Relation with U.S.A from 1960 and 1970 spoiled due to many reasons. In 1962
U.S.A provided heavy military aid to India during Indo-China war. Relation with USA worsened when
Pakistan setup friendly relation with China because China was a major communist state. During 1965
Indo-Pak war U.S.A remained neutral (cut off) and stopped arms supply to Pakistan despite military
agreements.
[Zia Martial law] Pak-USA relation reached lowest point when army under General Zia took control of
Government. USA was not willing to support military Government in Pakistan. In 1979 U.S.A embassy in
Islamabad was burned down. USA cancelled aid for Pakistan.
[U.S.S.R invasion (attack) of Afghanistan] was turning point for Pak-U.S.A relation. In 1981 USA provided
1.6 billion dollar aid package over 5 years to Pakistan to encourage Afghan fighters against U.S.S.R army
in Afghanistan. In 1986 USA aid was increased to 4.6 billion dollars. Pakistan became third largest
receiver of US aid.
[Pressler and Brown amendment] after the withdrawal of U.S.S.R forces from Afghanistan U.S.A blocked
all military help to Pakistan in 1989 under Pressler amendment when U.S.A president George Bush
refused to confirm that Pakistan does not possess nuclear weapons. In 1996 Brown amendment was
passed in U.S.A allowed economic and limited military aid to Pakistan. In 1998 Pakistan conducted test
of Nuclear weapons so U.S.A imposed various trade restrictions against Pakistan.
Q How Successful was Pakistan's relationship with U.S.S.R (Soviet Union) from 1947-1999? [14] (N-17)
Ans: [Bad start] In 1950 both U.S.A and U.S.S.R invited Liaquat Ali Khan the prime minister of Pakistan to
visit them. Liaquat Ali decided to visit U.S.A. this clearly insulted U.S.S.R. Relation with U.S.S.R get worse
when Pakistan joined anti-communist pact C.E.N.T.O and S.E.A.T.O in 1955. U.S.S.R openly supported
India on Kashmir issue. U.S.S.R also supported the idea that NWFP should join Afghanistan to form
Pakhtoonistan. SALMAN HASHMI
[U-2 plane incident] (1) In May 1960 American spy plane U-2 took off from Peshawar was shot down in
U.S.S.R due to which U.S.S.R warned Pakistan. (2) Mean while Pakistan relation with USA declined.
Pakistan improved its relation with U.S.S.R. (3) U.S.S.R. started oil exploration in Pakistan and provided
11 million pounds loan in 1963 Ayub Khan visited USSR which improved relations. (4) U.S.S.R. took back
support on Kashmir for India. (5) In 1968 USA closed air base at Peshawar so U.S.S.R. began to supply
weapons to Pakistan.
[Tashkent agreement] After 1965 Indo-Pak war U.S.S.R Invited governments of Pakistan and India at
Tashkent in U.S.S.R to solve difference. Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in 1966. Both
countries returned prisoners of wars and occupied areas with efforts of U.S.S.R.
[1971 War] Pakistan did a deadly mistake when Pakistan tried to improve U.S.A relation with China.
U.S.S.R was very upset because China was its important friendly country. U.S.S.R signed treaty of
friendship with India and fully supported India in 1971 Indo-Pak war. As a result Pakistan was defeated
in the war and East Pakistan was separated from Pakistan. This was lowest point of relations between
Pakistan and U.S.S.R.
[Z. A. Bhutto government] In 1972 Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited U.S.S.R and began
to build friendly relations. U.S.S.R again took back its support to India on Kashmir issue. U.S.S.R provided
help to Pakistan to establish Steel mills in Karachi.
[Invasion of Afghanistan] Pakistan relations with U.S.S.R were spoiled when U.S.S.R army entered
Afghanistan in 1979. There was danger that U.S.S.R wanted to reach Arabian Sea and Pakistan would be
its next target. Pakistan provided weapons and training to Afghani fighters to carry on attacks on U.S.S.R
army in Afghanistan. U.S.S.R Fighter planes bombed Pakistani areas close to Afghanistan. Unfriendly
relation continued till U.S.S.R forces left Afghanistan in 1988 after Geneva accord. In 1991 U.S.S.R was
broken into 15 independent states, Pakistan was blamed for it.
Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China from 1947 to 1999? [14]
Ans: [At the time of independence] (1) China is a neighboring country of Pakistan. At the time of
independence of Pakistan, China was involved in civil war. In 1949 Pakistan accepted china. During
1950's Pakistan signed anti-Communist treaties S.E.A.T.O and C.E.N.T.O with USA and western countries.
China was also a communist country so Pakistan-China relations were not warm. (2) In 1959 Pakistan
voted against China’s admission to UN and criticised military action of China in Tibet.
[Indo-china war a turning point] In 1962 Indo-China war was a turn point in China (Sino)-Pakistan
relations. China was keen for a friend in south Asia while Pakistan was worried due to huge military aid
(help) of western countries to India during Indo-China war. Military aid of western countries had
disturbed balance of power between Pakistan and India. Improved relations with China were useful for
Pakistan against India.
[Development of Pak-China relation in 1960’s] (1) Pakistan-China successfully decided their border in
1963. (2) Same year China provided 60 million dollar interest free loan to Pakistan and became biggest
importer of Pakistani cotton. (3) Same year P.I.A started air service towards China and became first
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airline which started air service from China to Western world. It increased numbers of visitors from
China to other countries like journalists, engineers, scientists etc. (4) in 1964 China supported Pakistan
on Kashmir issue and in return Pakistan sided China in its entry in U.N.O. (5) During 1965 Indo-Pak war,
China forced India not to attack East Pakistan. China also provided military aid to Pakistan in 1965 war.
(6) China helped Pakistan to establish heavy mechanical complex at Taxila in 1965.
[1971 Pak-India war] (1) China remained neutral (cut off) during 1971 Indo-Pak war due to pressure of
U.S.S.R. As a result Pakistan was defeated. Soon after the war China was able to provide support to
Pakistan. (2) Prime minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited China after 1971 war. It was decided
that many loans from China were changed in to grants. China became major source of arms supply to
Pakistan.
[Zia government] (1) In 1978 Karakoram highway between China-Pakistan was opened. This road was
setup with the help of China. This road increased trade and tourism between both countries. (2) In 1986
General Zia visited China and both countries signed nuclear treaty. Good relations continued during Zia
government.
[1990’s] (1) China wanted to develop relations with other countries, especially India. China hinted during
this time that China might compromise over support for Pakistan on Kashmir. China was also concerned
about interference of some Pakistani Islamic groups in Chinese Muslims living along Pakistan-China
border. (2) In 1990 Pakistan launched a satellite with the help of Chinese. (3) In 1991 Pakistani Prime
Minister Nawaz Sharif visited China. (4) In 1994 first proposal of joint military exercise was made. (5)
Pakistan always supported China on the issue of Taiwan Island.
Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Great Britain and common wealth between 1947
and 1999? Explain your answer. (14)
Ans: Areas included in Pakistan remained as part of British colony so Pakistan continued good relation
after independence. Britain provided 500 military officers to Pakistan army in 1947 and was major
source of arms (weapons) till 1950's. Britain was major trade partner throughout 1940's and 1950's.
From 1947 to 1956 Pakistan remained British dominion. Pakistan chooses to remain member of
Common wealth organization. Common wealth organization provided aid to develop Sui gas project and
Pakistan railway.
In 1954 and 1955 Pakistan signed S.E.A.T.O and Bagdad pact in this way became British ally against
Communist aggression. In 1965 Britain played important role to solve Rann of Kutch border dispute with
India, but remained neutral during 1965 Indo-Pak war. Britain also remained neutral East Pakistan crisis
and later recognized Bangladesh as independent state so Pakistan left Common wealth organization as a
protest.
Common wealth organization has provided substantial aid to complete Warsak dam and Mangla dam
projects.
IN 1973 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto prime minister of Pakistan visited Britain and in 1978 British Prime Minister
James Callaghan visited Pakistan. After Soviet invasion in Afghanistan both countries adopted similar
stand. British fully supported Pakistan in Afghan struggle against Soviet Union and provided aid to help
Afghan refugees in Pakistan.
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In 1989 Pakistan restored its membership in Commonwealth under Benazir Bhutto government.
Pakistan-Britain relations were spoiled on nuclear tests by Pakistan in 1998 and Indo-Pak conflict on
Kargil in 1999. Relation became unfriendly when military imposed martial law in Pakistan under General
Musharaf.
Topic: Relation with Bangladesh.
Q How as Pakistan relation with Bangladesh developed since 1971? (7)
Ans: Separation of East Pakistan: East Pakistan was separated from West Pakistan in Dec 1971 and
became Bangladesh after bloody civil war. Pakistan considered Bangladesh as rebel nation. Pakistan did
not accepted Bangladesh for two years. In 1971 Pakistan had stated that it would break relation with
any country that accepted Bangladesh as an independent state.
O.I.C meeting: Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujib was invited in meeting of organization of
Islamic countries at Lahore in 1974. Pakistan accepted Bangladesh as an independent country. Two
countries agreed to set up friendly relations and try to solve differences.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto government: In June 1974 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Bangladesh and discussed
division of assets. Bangladesh asked for half of assets Pakistan owned before 1971. Bangladesh also
demanded to transfer all non-Bengalis from Bangladesh to Pakistan. Pakistan rejected both demands.
While both states agreed to establish friendly relations. Communication links and air service were
resumed in 1976.
Cyclones: Pakistan provided food and material aid to Bangladesh during floods in 1985 and 1988.
President of Bangladesh H.M.Ershad visited Pakistan in June 1986. Trade between both countries
reached 40 million dollars.
Benazir government: Bangladesh supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue. In 1989 Pakistani Prime Minister
Benazir Bhutto visited Bangladesh. Both countries are member of S.A.A.R.C organization and signed
agreement to promote trade, tourism and exchange of cultural delegations.
Topic: Relations with Afghanistan.
Q How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947 to 1999? (14)
Ans: Pakistan and Afghanistan shared a long border called Durand line. Although there are religious and
ethnic relations between the people of both countries but relation of both states were not so friendly.
Afghanistan was only country voted against membership of Pakistan in U.N.O.
Afghanistan claimed over parts of N.W.F.P although its population voted for Pakistan. Diplomatic
relation broke down twice in 1955 and 1961 when Pakistan embassy in Kabul was ransacked. In 1956
President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza visited Kabul to improve relation with little success.
Afghanistan remained neutral in Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971 despite good relations with India.
President of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Afghan King Zahir Shah exchanged visits improved Pak-
Afghan relation for short time.
Sardar Daud became Afghan Prime minister in 1973 was hostile towards Pakistan but relations improved
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due to efforts of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
In 1979 U.S.S.R forces invaded Afghanistan. Pakistan organized Afghan resistance against U.S.S.R with
western assistance. 3 million Afghan refugees arrived to Pakistan due to cruel actions of Soviet Union
army. Pakistan provided food and shelter to Afghan refugees with the help of donor countries.
Afghan war gave rise to number of destructive development in Pakistan such as spread of drugs,
weapons, terrorism and violence.
After withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan Pakistan encouraged fundamental Islamic party
Taliban to take control of Afghanistan. Taliban entered Kabul in 1996 and Pakistan recognized Taliban
regime improved relation in 1997.
Topic: Relation with Iran.
Q Discuss the relation of Pakistan with Iran since 1947? Comment. (14)
Ans: Ans: Good start: Iran is neighboring country of Pakistan. Iran was first country to accept Pakistan as
independent state. Both countries have strong cultural and religious links. Urdu the national language of
Pakistan is deeply influenced by Persian language. Pakistan's Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and king of
Iran Raza Shah exchanged visits in 1950 strengthen the relation.
C.E.N.T.O/ Bagdad Pact: Both countries remained western allies and signed anti-communist treaty
Bagdad pact in 1955, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and UK were its members. Later Bagdad Pact was
renamed as C.E.N.T.O in 1959 brought both countries closer to each other. Treaty failed to setup
permanent army and Head Quarters. C.E.N.T.O ended when Iran left it in 1979.
1965-71 war: Iran government strongly supported Pakistan during 1965 and 1971 wars. Iran always
supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue. In 1972 President of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Iran.
Military relationship increased between both countries. Iran also provided two loans of 630 million
dollars for industrial projects. Iran provided help to Pakistan to control uprising in Balochistan during
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto government in 1973.
RCD agreement: In 1964 Pakistan, Iran and Turkey signed R.C.D (Regional cooperation for development).
This encouraged the three countries to develop closer trade links, and helped each other to setup a
number of new factories. President of Pakistan General Zia revived (rebuild) RCD and renamed as E.C.O
(Economic cooperation organization) in 1985.
Revolution in Iran: In 1979 after Islamic revolution came to Iran. New government of Iran was Anti-
American; While Pakistan was receiving heavy aid from America. So Pakistan relation with Iran cools
down. Pakistan remained neutral (cut off) during Iran war with Iraq in 1980.
Sectarian violence: Relation with Iran were spoiled in 1990's due to sectarian (Shia-Sunni) violence
(bloodshed) increased in Pakistan. In 1997 Iranian diplomat M.A.Rahimi was murdered in Karachi. More
serious was Pakistan support to Taliban government in Afghanistan who was involved in killing of Shia
Muslim in Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan.
Topic: Relation with Iran.
Q Discuss the relation of Pakistan with Iran since 1947? Comment. (14)
Ans: Ans: Good start: Iran is neighboring country of Pakistan. Iran was first country to accept Pakistan as
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independent state. Both countries have strong cultural and religious links. Urdu the national language of
Pakistan is deeply influenced by Persian language. Pakistan's Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and king of
Iran Raza Shah exchanged visits in 1950 strengthen the relation.
C.E.N.T.O/ Bagdad Pact: Both countries remained western allies and signed anti-communist treaty
Bagdad pact in 1955, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and UK were its members. Later Bagdad Pact was
renamed as C.E.N.T.O in 1959 brought both countries closer to each other. Treaty failed to setup
permanent army and Head Quarters. C.E.N.T.O ended when Iran left it in 1979.
1965-71 war: Iran government strongly supported Pakistan during 1965 and 1971 wars. Iran always
supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue. In 1972 President of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Iran.
Military relationship increased between both countries. Iran also provided two loans of 630 million
dollars for industrial projects. Iran provided help to Pakistan to control uprising in Balochistan during
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto government in 1973.
RCD agreement: In 1964 Pakistan, Iran and Turkey signed R.C.D (Regional cooperation for development).
This encouraged the three countries to develop closer trade links, and helped each other to setup a
number of new factories. President of Pakistan General Zia revived (rebuild) RCD and renamed as E.C.O
(Economic cooperation organization) in 1985.
Revolution in Iran: In 1979 after Islamic revolution came to Iran. New government of Iran was Anti-
American; While Pakistan was receiving heavy aid from America. So Pakistan relation with Iran cools
down. Pakistan remained neutral (cut off) during Iran war with Iraq in 1980.
Sectarian violence: Relation with Iran were spoiled in 1990's due to sectarian (Shia-Sunni) violence
(bloodshed) increased in Pakistan. In 1997 Iranian diplomat M.A.Rahimi was murdered in Karachi. More
serious was Pakistan support to Taliban government in Afghanistan who was involved in killing of Shia
Muslim in Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan.
Q How successful has Pakistan been as a member of world organizations between 1947 and 1999?
Explain your answer. (14)
Ans: In Sep 1947 Pakistan joined U.N.O. Pakistan was against colonialism. Pakistan became the
spokesperson for many Asian states who had not gained independence during the 1950s. Pakistan
contributed a lot in freedom movement of Indonesia and Algeria. Pakistan has always supported the
Palestinian cause on the forum of UN. Pakistan has also contributed to a number of UN peacekeeping
forces throughout the world. Pakistan had posted 5000 soldiers in Somalia as a part of UN peace
keeping mission.
In 1947 the Indian government referred the Kashmir issue to the UN, which organized a ceasefire,
leaving Kashmir divided between India and Pakistan, under pressure from Mountbatten, India agreed
that there should be a plebiscite (election) to determine the wishes of the Kashmiri people. Despite
constant demand by Pakistan in the UN for plebiscite to take place, the UN has been unable to enforce
it.
In 1955 Turkey and Iraq signed Bagdad pact, established anti-communist treaty against the Soviet Union.
Later Pakistan, Iran and Britain joined the treaty. Membership of CENTO was treated enthusiastically
because all members except Britain were Muslim countries. The Pact was renamed as CENTO after Iraq
left it in 1959. Despite regular meetings group never developed a permanent or structure of raising
SALMAN HASHMI
troops for mutual defence. In 1979 the organization was dissolved.
Pakistan ratified S.E.A.T.O in Jan 1955 to secure further aid as member of treaty. SEATO was mainly
designed to prevent communist aggression in South East Asia Pakistan suggestion to establish
permanent military force to protect member countries of S.E.A.T.O was rejected. Pakistan was further
disappointed treaty did not support Pakistan in 1965 Indo-Pak war. During Indo-Pak war of 1971 in
which East Pakistan was separated after defeat of Pakistan. No help came from S.E.A.T.O disclosed the
worth of treaty. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto declared withdrawal of Pakistan from
S.E.A.T.O in 1972.
In the case of Canal Water Dispute the UN played a significant (important) role when with the efforts of
the President of the World Bank water dispute between India and Pakistan was resolved through Indus
Water Treaty 1959. The World Bank also provided finance to help establish hydro-electricity and soil
reclamation programmes which has been vital for the stimulation of Pakistan’s economy and industries.
In 1964 an economic union was formed with Iran and Turkey known as regional cooperation for
development (RCD) in which three countries to develop ties in trade commerce and industry. R.C.D was
revived and renamed as E.C.O (Economic cooperation organization) in 1985.
In 1969 Pakistan with 24 other Muslim nations joined to form the organization of Islamic countries.
Pakistan has always supported Palestinian Muslim in their struggle to get freedom from Israel's
occupation of their land. Membership of OIC has reinforced the image of Pakistan as one of the world’s
leading Muslim nations. Pakistan has also received large sums of aid and interest free loans from Islamic
countries.
SALMAN HASHMI

Sir Salman Hashmi - CIE TUTORS - 03350133663

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Topic: Shah Wali Ullah

Topic: Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi.

Topic: Faraizi movement:

Topic: Haji Shariat Ullah.

Topic: Causes of Mughal decline.

Topic: Reasons of Mughal decline.

Topic: East India Company.

Topic: East India Company.

Topic: Expansion of British rule.

Topic: Expansion of British rule.

Topic: Expansion of British rule.

Chapter: 03 (Topic: War of Independence 1857)

Topic: The War of Independence. SALMAN HASHMI

Topic: The War of Independence.

Q The war of Independence achieved nothing. Do you agree? Explain [14]

Topic: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

Topic: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

4) [Muhammadan Educational conference] He set up Muhammadan educational conference in 1886 to

Topic: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.

Topic: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

Topic: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

Topic: Muslim league.

Topic: Partition of Bengal reversed.

Q Why partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911? [7] (J-14)

Topic: Morley-Minto reforms 1909.

Ans: Congress opposed Morley-Minto reforms in 1909 due to number of reasons.

Topic: Lucknow Pact 1916.

Topic: Rowlatt Act.

Q Why British government had passed Rowlatt Act in 1919? [7]

Topic: Montague-Chelmsford reforms.

Topic: Reforms from 1909 to 1919.

Topic: Montague-Chelmsform reforms.

Q Why Montague-Chelmsford reforms opposed? [7] (N-2015)

Topic: Events from 1919 to 1920

Q Why did the Khilafat Movement emerge (started)? [7] (N-2016)

Topic: Khilafat Movement failed.

Ans: Khilafat movement failed due to number of reasons

2) [Migration to Afghanistan] Muslim religious leaders declared India as Dar-ul-hareb. Prominent

Topic: Simon Commission.

Q Why was the Simon commission Report rejected? [7] (N-2016)

Topic: Ch Rehmat Ali and Allama Iqbal.

Topic: Allama Iqbal.

Topic: Fourteen points of Jinnah.

Topic: Round table conferences (1930-32).

Topic: Round Table Conferences.

Topic: Round Table Conferences.

Topic: The Act of 1935.

Topic: Act of 1935 opposed.

Topic: 1937 elections. (Nov-2016)

Topic: Congress rule 1937--39.

Chapter: 09 (Topic: Lahore/Pakistan Resolution)

Topic: Cripps mission 1942

Q Why did the Cripps Mission of 1942 fail? [7] (J-12)

Topic: Quit India Movement.

Q why quit India movement formed in 1942? [7]

Topic: Gandhi Jinnah talks 1944.

Q Why Gandhi-Jinnah talks failed? [7] (N-2017)

Ans: Gandhi-Jinnah talks were held to discuss the issue of Pakistan.

Topic: Simla conference 1945.

Q Why Simla conference of 1945 failed? [7]

Topic: 1937 and 1945 elections.

Topic: Cabinet mission 1946.

Q Why Cabinet mission plan failed? [7]