Traditional

- From a traditional point of view, curriculum is defined as written documents such

as syllabus, course of study, books and references where knowledge is found and is
used as a means to accomplish the goals and aims of a school.

- Curriculum emphasizes knowledge or factual informations from syllabus, course of

study, books and references to be transmitted by the teachers to the learners and
have them master the contents through memorization, recitation and drill.

- Curriculum is viewed as "permanent studies" which explains why some subjects are
repeated from elementary to college. Robert Hutchins believes that the 3Rs
(Reading, Writing, rithmetic) should be emphasized in basic education while college
education should emphasized liberal education.

- Curriculum is more concerned with the intellectual training for the learners. An
essentialist named Arthur Bestor believes that curriculum should focus on the
fundamental intellectual disciplines of grammar, literature and writing and it
should include mathematics, science, history and foreign language.

- Discipline is the sole source of curriculum. According to Joseph Schwab, it is a

ruling doctrine for curriculum development. And so, the curriculum is viewed as a
field of study that should only consists of knowledge that comes from intellectual
disciplines; for example, grammar, literature and writing. It is divided into
chunks of knowledge called subject areas like

- Phillip Phenix asserts that curriculum should consist entirely of knowledge

which comes from variousdisciplines.

- Curriculum consists of old ways and techniques of teaching, learners sit inside a
classroom and feed off from what the teacher communicates. Lectures, use of
educational materials, recitations, and homework are part of the standard systems.

- Teacher is an authoritative person inside the classroom. Students are tend to be

more passive and they have limitations in discovery learning.

- Linear approach to learning and instills in the learner's mind that school
prepares them for life but learning is bound inside the school grounds only.

MODERN

- In progressive point of view, curriculum is the totality of all the learning

experiences of the learners in which they are given all the opportunities to apply
what they learned under the guidance of the teacher.

- Education is experiencing, according to John Dewey. Reflective thinking through

application unifies curricular elements

- Holin Caswell and Kenn Campbell viewed curriculum as all experiences children
have under theguidance of teachers.

- Othaniel Smith, William Stanley and Harlan Shore likewise defined

curriculum as a sequence of potential experiences, set up in schools for
the purpose of disciplining children and youth ingroup ways of thinking and acting.

- Curriculum is all the experiences in the classroom which are planned and enacted
by the tearcher and also learned by the students according to Colin Marsh and
George Willis.
- Curriculum emphasizes real-world connections, holistic development, active
participation, critical thinking, and diverse perspectives.

- Curriculum is centered on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of

students. They mostly learn through play, experiences, collaboration, and
interactions, making them proactive individuals with the teacher only acting as a
guide rather than an intervening authority. (Student-driven)

- The learners are more exposed to the outside world, hands-on research, and
collaboration as they are given the chance to play, interact, and experience and
deal with real-life things and situations instead of just reading contents from
books.
(Life-centered)

Skills-oriented
Curriculum includes subjects that cater real-world context that would help students
develop essential skills for future purposes. They are enforced to use their skills
to discover and solve problems.

Integrated
teaches learners that school is just another part of their lives and that the
community and their family are parts of the actual "schooling". Learners are
exposed not only in educational institutions but in society as well.

- Education is experiencing, according to John Dewey. Reflective thinking through

application unifies curricular elements.