BENHA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering
4th Year Manufacture & Mechatronics

COMPUTER AIDED
MANUFACTURING (CAM)

Dr. Ashraf HASSAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Contents of course and an
introduction to CNC
 CONTENTS

n Introduction to CNC Systems

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) of Machine Tools – Importance

of CNC – Components of CNC system – Coordinate Systems – Types
of CNC Motion Control: point-to-point, straight cut & contouring –
Number of Controlled Axes in CNC Milling Machine – Quiz 1

n Classification of CNC Systems

Absolute and Incremental Positioning – Binary Code and Punched

Tape – Advantages of CNC – Disadvantages of CNC – Denford
Starmill Vertical Milling Machine – Industrial applications of CNC
Technology – Quiz 2.

n Position Control in CNC

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n CNC Manual Part Programming I

Part Program Documents – NC words – G Codes – M Codes –

Denford Starmill Vertical Milling Machine Programming – PTP
Programming – Straight Cut Programming – Quiz 3.

n CNC Manual Part Programming II

Contouring Programming – Quiz 4 – Work Holding – Machining a
New Part: check lists – Program Upgrading – Quiz 5.

n Part Programming Calculations

n CNC Advanced Manual Part Programming I

CYCLES: Drilling cycle, Peck Drilling cycle, Rectangular Pocket

Milling cycle, Circular Pocket Milling cycle, Face milling cycle, Slot
Milling cycle, Bolt Hole Circle cycle – Quiz 7

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n CNC Advanced Manual Part Programming II

Nesting (Loops) - Mirror Image – Quiz 8 – Rotation and Translation – Datum

Shift – Scaling – Quiz 9 – Block Delete – Program stops.

n CNC Advanced Manual Part Programming III

Subroutines – Quiz 10 – Quiz 11 – Parametric Programming – Tool Offsets –

Tool Radius Compensation – Tool Length Offset

n Computer-Aided Part Programming I – APT

n Computer-Aided Part Programming II - APT

n Advanced Topics in CNC

CAD/CAM Programming – Tool Breakage Detection – Inprocess

Measurement.

n Machining Centers

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 REFERENCES

n David Gibbs, An Introduction to CNC Machining.

n David Gibbs, CNC Part Programming.
n M.P. Groover, Automation, Production Systems and
Computer Integrated Systems.
n Y. Koren, Computer Control of Manufacturing
Systems.

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 Computer Numerical Control (CNC) of
Machine Tools
n A prime objective of M/C tool designers has been the
replacement of manual labor by devices providing for
increased speed, accuracy and efficiency of production.

n Numerical Control (NC) uses a program of instructions

that is electronically transmitted to the production
equipment to regulate its functions and operations.

n Today CNC is used in all branches of manufacturing

systems e.g. lathes, milling M/Cs, drilling M/Cs, grinding
M/Cs, press working, molding M/Cs, laser cutting and
welding machines
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 Importance of CNC

People began demanding a variety of

products from which to choose. This
requires more versatile production
equipments & smaller production runs.
These conditions placed a great deal of
responsibility on CNC and the promise it
held for maximizing profits and in
increasing productivity.
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To appreciate the versatility of CNC, let’s consider
the production of a simple component such as the
one shown below:

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This component may be produced in 24 steps.
All these functions may be automatically and
repeatedly controlled

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 CNC Milling

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COMPONENTS OF CNC
SYSTEM
Components of a CNC system

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n CNC systems replace as much of the conventional
NC hardware with software as possible.
n The remaining hardware must contain at least the
servo amplifiers, the transducer circuits, and
interface components as shown.
n CNC software consists of 3 major programs: a part
program, a service program which is used to check,
edit and correct the part program, and the control
program which performs interpolation, feed rate
control and produces signals to drive machine axes.
n The main routine in the control program is the
interpolator, which coordinate the motion along the
machine axes.
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COORDINATE SYSTEMS
 ISO CLASSIFICATION OF RIGHT
HAND RULE COORDINATE SYSTEM

n Z AXIS: // to the axis of M/C spindle (primary motion). If

M/C has no spindle, Z is ┴ to the work-holding surface.
n X AXIS: horizontal where possible & // to the work-holding
surface. If M/C has no spindle, X is // & + ve in the primary
motion direction.
n If w.p. is rotating, X is radial & // to cross slide. +ve X away
from the axis of w.p. rotation.
n For M/Cs with rotating tools: if Z is horizontal, +ve X to the
right from the main spindle toward the w.p. If Z is vertical,
+ve X to the right from the main spindle toward the M/C
column.

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MILLING
Linear slide movements are in 3 perpendicular directions:
X, Y, Z as shown in Figure. + dir determined by Right
Hand Rule.

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There are 3 additional rotary movements around the
previous 3 directions. + dir determined by RH rule.

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TURNING
 CNC Turning
The Fig shows 2 axis slant bed CNC lathe

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The Fig shows CNC lathe with 2 turrets

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 The Fig shows vertical CNC lathe

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TYPES OF NC MOTION
CONTROL
Types of NC motion control
(1) point-to-point (PTP)

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(2) Straight cut (Line motion)

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For complex slide movements, e.g. 45 angle
as shown, the slide movements are
synchronized in 2 axes

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 (3) Contouring

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The curve shown would require constantly changing
feed rates in 2 axes. It could be approximated by a
series of coordinate dimensions as shown

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NUMBER OF CONTROLLED
AXES IN CNC MACHINE
Number of axes controlled in CNC
2 axes; X & Z controlled

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3 axes X, Y & Z are simultaneously controlled

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VIDEO
3 axis
Five-axis M/C tool and workpiece

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 VIDEO
Five-axis M/C tool
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH