Polity Notes

gaigodm âVr
TCS/IBPS PATTERN
GENERAL STUDIES BATCH-2023
amÁ¶KQ>Zm
POLITY
coIH$
g§Ho$V ¶¶mVramd Kmoa~m§S> (nmQ>rc)
General Studies 7
1 KQ>Zm{Z{‘©Vr
amÁ¶KQ>Zm åhUOo H$m¶? (What is constitution) :
amÁ¶KQ>Zm åhUOo Agm XñVEodO Á¶m‘Ü¶o emgZmMo ñdê$n, ZmJ[aH$ Am{U emgZ ¶m§À¶mVrc g§~§YmMr {ZpíMVr Am{U
dU©Z H$aÊmmè¶m H$m¶Úm§Mm Am{U {Z¶‘m§Mm g‘mdoe AgVmo.
g§K emgZ ì¶dñWm :
(1) H$m¶Xo‘§S>i : g§gX (cmoH$g^m, amÁ¶g^m, amï´>nVr)
(2) H$m¶©H$mar ‘§S>i : amï´>nVr, Cnamï´>nVr, n§VàYmZ, H|$Ðr¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>i, ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr
(3) Ý¶m¶‘§S>i : gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶, Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶o, H${Zð> Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm.
amÁ¶ emgZ ì¶dñWm :
(1) H$m¶Xo‘§S>i : {dYmZ‘§S>i ({dYmZg^m, {dYmZn[afX, amÁ¶nmc)
(2) H$m¶©H$mar ‘§S>i : amÁ¶nmc, ‘w»¶‘§Ìr, amÁ¶‘§{Ì‘§S>i, ‘hm{Ydº$m.
(3) Ý¶m¶‘§S>i : Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶, H${Zð> Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm.
g§{dYmZ g^m :
amÁ¶KQ>Zoda
MMm© H$ê$Z Vr pñdH$ma H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo cmoH$m§‘m’©$V àË¶j qH$dm AàË¶jnUo {ZdSy>U Amcoë¶m g§ñWocm
g§{dYmZ g^m åhUVmV.
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ gôMm B{Vhmg :
1934 ‘Ü¶o ‘mZdo§Ð am°¶ ¶m§Zr gd©àW‘ ^maVmgmR>r g§{dYmZ gôMr H$ënZm ‘m§S>cr.
{S>g|~a 1934 ‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶ H$m±J«ogÀ¶m nmQ>Um ¶o{Wc A{YdoeZmV g§{dYmZ gôMr ‘mJUr H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
Am°JñQ> 1940 À¶m cm°S>© {cZ{cWJmo ¶m§À¶m "Am°JñQ> Am°’$a' Zwgma ^maVmMr KQ>Zm "‘w»¶V:' ^maVr¶m§Zr V¶ma H$amdr ho
{~«{Q>e gaH$maZo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$co.
1942 À¶m ñQ>°’$S>© {H«$ßg ¶m§À¶m "{H«$ßg ¶moOZoZwgma' ^maVmMr KQ>Zm "nyU©V:' ^maVr¶m§Zr V¶ma H$amdr ho {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo
‘mÝ¶ Ho$co.
‘o 1946 À¶m H°${~ZoQ> {‘eZ ßc°Z ({Ì‘§Ìr ¶moOZm) Zwgma ^maVmMr amÁ¶KQ>Zm ^maVr¶ cmoH$m§Mr {‘iyZ ~Zcoë¶m g§{dYmZ
gô‘m’©$V ~Z{dÊ¶mV ¶mdr hr VaVyX Ho$cr. (H°${~ZoQ> {‘eZ ßc°Z hr ¶moOZm n°{WH$ cm°aoÝg (AÜ¶j) (^maV‘§Ìr), ñQ>°’$S>©
{H«$ßg (~moS>© Am°’$ H§$Q´>mocMo AÜ¶j) d E.ìhr. Eco³Pm§S>a (cm°S>© Am°’$ A°S>{‘aëQ>r) ¶m§Zr V¶ma Ho$cr hmoVr.)
1922 ‘Ü¶o ¶§J B§{S>¶m ‘Ü¶o ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr ¶m§Zr ""^maVmMo g§{dYmZ ho ^maVr¶ OZVoÀ¶m BÀN>oZwgma Agoc'' Ago åhQ>co hmoVo.
g§{dYmZ gôMr aMZm (Structure of the Constituent Assembly) :

g§{dYmZ gôV EHy$U 389 gXñ¶ AgVrc ¶mn¡H$s 292 gXñ¶ {~«{Q>e àm§Vm‘YyZ, Va 4 gXñ¶ Mr’$ H${‘eZa àm§Vm‘YyZ
({X„r, AO‘oa-‘madmS>, Hw$J© Am{U ~cw{MñVmZ) {ZdSy>U {Xco OmVrc (EHy$U 296) Va 93 gXñ¶ ^maVr¶ g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo
à{V{ZYr Zm‘{ZX}{eV Ho$co OmVrc.
{ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r 3 JQ> H$aÊ¶mV Amco hmoVo.
erI : 04, ‘wñcr‘ : 79, gmYmaU : 213, EHy$U : 296
8 General Studies
KQ>Zm{Z{‘©Vr
10 cmI cmoH$g§»¶o‘mJo EH$ g§{dYmZgôMm gXñ¶ Ago à‘mU R>odÊ¶mV Amco hmoVo.
g§{dYmZ gôVrc gXñ¶mÀ¶m {ZdS>UwH$m àË¶j KoUo hr doiImD$ à{H«$¶m Agë¶m‘wio gXñ¶mÀ¶m {ZdS>UwH$m AàË¶jnUo
EH$c g§H«$‘Ur¶ ‘VmÛmao à‘mUera à{V{ZYrËdmÀ¶m nÕVrZo Pmco ho gXñ¶ 1935 À¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma ñWmnZ Pmcoë¶m
àm§{VH$ H$m¶Xo‘§S>imÀ¶m gXñ¶m‘m’©$V {ZdSy>U {Xco Joco.
g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zr g§{dYmZ gôV ^mJ Z KoÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVë¶m‘wio ’$º$ 296 OmJm§gmR>r Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 1946 {ZdS>UwH$m
KoÊ¶mV Amë¶m. 296 n¡H$s 208 OmJm§da H$m±J«ogMm {dO¶ Pmcm. 73 OmJm§da ‘wñcr‘ crJMm {dO¶ Pmcm Va 7 OmJm§‘Ü¶o
àË¶oH$s EH$ OmJm ¶w{Z¶{ZñQ> nmQ>u, ¶w{Z¶{ZñQ> ‘wpñc‘, ¶w{Z¶{ZñQ> eoS>çwc H$mñQ>, eoS>çwc H$mñQ> ’o$S>aoeZ, H¥$fH$ àOm
nmQ>u, H$å¶w{ZñQ>, erI (J¡a H$m±J«og) d 8 Om§Jmda Anjm§Mm {dO¶ Pmcm.
‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr d ‘whå‘X Acr OrZm ho XmoZ VËH$mcrZ à‘wI ZoVo dJiVm gd© à‘wI ì¶º$s g§{dYmZ gôMo gXñ¶ hmoVo.
g§{dYmZgôMo H$m‘H$mO (Working of the Constituent Assembly) :

KQ>Zm g{‘VrMr n{hcr ~¡R>H$ n§{S>V Odmhacmc Zohê§$Zr Am‘§{ÌV Ho$cr hmoVr. KQ>Zm g{‘VrMo n{hco A{YdoeZ 9 {S>g|~a
1946 amoOr {X„r (Central Hall ‘Ü¶o gH$mir 11 dmOVm, dma : gmo‘dma) ¶oWo gwê$ Pmco. ¶m A{YdoeZmV ’«$mÝgÀ¶m
Á¶oð>V‘ nÕVrZwgma Á¶oð> gXñ¶ Agcoë¶m S>m°. g{ƒXmZ§X {gÝhm ¶m§Mr g§{dYmZ gôMo h§Jm‘r (Temporary) AÜ¶j
åhUyZ {ZdS> Oo. ~r. H¥$ncmZr ¶m§À¶m {e’$maerdê$Z> H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. Va g{ƒXmZ§X {gÝhm ¶m§À¶m Amamo½¶mÀ¶m VH«$mar‘wio
XþnmaZ§Va ’«±$H$ A±WZr ¶m§Zm VmËnwaVo CnmÜ¶j åhUyZ Zm‘{ZX}{eV H$aÊ¶mV Amco. n{hë¶m A{YdoeZmV EHy$U 211 gXñ¶
CnpñWV hmoVo.
11 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr g§{dYmZ gôMo H$m¶‘ñdê$nr AÜ¶j åhUyZ S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX ¶m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. S>m°.
amO|ÐàgmX ¶m§À¶m ZmdmMr {e’$mag Oo. ~r. H¥$nZmZr ¶m§Zr Ho$cr Va Ë¶mg AZw‘moXZ gaXma nQ>oc ¶m§Zr {Xco. Va ga ~oZoJc
ZaqgJ amd (~r.EZ.amd) ¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s g§{dYmZ gôMo H$m¶Xoera KQ>ZmË‘H$ g„mJma åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ~r.
EZ. amd ¶m§Mr g§{dYmZ gôda g„mJma åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ cm°S>© doìhoc ¶m§Zr Ho$cr.
13 {S>g§o~a 1946 amoOr g§{dYmZ gôV Odmhacmc Zohê$ ¶m§Zr CÔoe n{ÌH$m (Objective Resolation) ‘m§S>co. Odmhacmc
Zohê$ ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>coë¶m C{Ôï>m§À¶m R>amdmV - gmd©^m¡‘Ëd, ñdmV§Í¶ d JUamÁ¶ Aer aMZm hmoVr nU, ‘yi KQ>ZoV ‘mÌ
gmd©^m¡‘Ëd, cmoH$emhr, JUamÁ¶ Agm ~Xc Ho$cm Jocm.
25 OmZodmar 1947 amoOr g§{dYmZ gôMo CnmÜ¶j åhUyZ ha|Ð Hw$‘ma ‘wIOu (EM.gr. ‘wIOu) ¶m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
KQ>Zm g{‘VrMo g{Md EM. ìhr. Ama. Aæ¶§Jma ho hmoVo. Va Cng{Md OwJc {H$emoa IÞm ¶m§À¶mH$S>o hmoVo.
‘mD§$Q> ~°Q>Z ¶moOZoZwgma ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ hr XmoZ amï´>o {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. Ë¶m‘wio nm{H$ñVmZmV Jocoë¶m joÌmVrc
‘wpñc‘ {cJMo gXñ¶ g§{dYmZ gôVyZ ~mhoa nS>co Ë¶m‘wio g§{dYmZ gôMr gXñ¶ g§»¶m 299 BVH$s Pmcr.
g§{dYmZ gôVrc 299 gXñ¶mn¡H$s 229 gXñ¶ {~«{Q>e àm§Vm§Mo d 70 g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo à{V{ZYr hmoVo. gdm©{YH$ gXñ¶ g§¶wº$
àm§VmMo (55) hmoVo.
g§{dYmZ gôcm H$m¶Xo ‘§S>imMm XOm© XoÊ¶mV Amcm. g§{dYmZ gôMr ~¡R>H$ Ooìhm KQ>Zm {Z{‘©VrgmR>r ~gV Agoc Voìhm
AÜ¶j S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX AgVrc. g§{dYmZ g^m Oa H$m¶Xo‘§S>i åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~¡R>H$ âV Agoc Voìhm AÜ¶j
Or. ìhr. ‘mdiUH$a AgVrc.
g§{dYmZ gôMo BVa H$m‘o :
(1) ‘o 1949 ‘Ü¶o g§{dYmZ gôZo ^maVmÀ¶m amï´>Hw$cmÀ¶m gXñ¶ËdmMm pñdH$ma Ho$cm.
(2) 22 Owc¡ 1947 amoOr g§{dYmZ gôZo ^maVmMm amï´>r¶ ÜdO pñdH$macm Ë¶mMo {S>PmB©Z Am§Y«àXoeÀ¶m qnJcr ì¶§H$æ¶m
¶m§Zr V¶ma Ho$co.
(3) 24 OmZodmar 1950 amoOr g§{dYmZ gôZo ^maVmMo amï´>JrV d amï´>JmZ pñdH$maco.
General Studies 9
KQ>Zm{Z{‘©Vr
g§{dYmZ gôÀ¶m g{‘Ë¶m (Committees of the Constituent Assembly) :
‘gwXm g{‘Vr : (Drafting Committee)
AÜ¶j : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
gXñ¶
1 EZ. Jmonmcñdm‘r Aæ¶§Jma
2 A„mXr H¥$îUñdm‘r Aæ¶a
3 gB©X ‘whå‘X gmXþ„mh
4 S>m°. Ho$.E‘. ‘wÝer
5 EZ.‘mYd amd (~r.Ec. {‘Îma ¶m§Zr amOrZm‘m {Xë¶mZo EZ.‘mYdamd ¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s)
6 Q>r.Q>r. H¥$îU‘mMmar (S>r.nr. IoVmZ ¶m§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va Q>r.Q>r. H¥$îU‘mMmar ¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s)
H$m¶© : ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoMm ‘gwXm V¶ma H$aUo.
g§{dYmZ gôÀ¶m BVa g{‘Ë¶m d Ë¶m§Mo AÜ¶j
H«$. g{‘Vr AÜ¶j
(1) ‘gwXm g{‘Vr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
(2) g§KamÁ¶ A{YH$ma g{‘Vr n§{S>V Odmhacmc Zohê$
(3) àm§{VH$ KQ>Zm g{‘Vr gaXma d„^^mB© nQ>oc
(4) gyH$mUy g{‘Vr S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX
(5) g§ñWm{ZH$m§er MM}gmR>r g{‘Vr Odmhacmc Zohê$
(6) ‘yc^yV h¸$ d Aën§g»¶mH$ {df¶H$ g„mJma g{‘Vr d„^^mB© nQ>oc.
¶m g{‘VrÀ¶m XmoZ Cng{‘Vr hmoË¶m.
(1) ‘wc^yV h¸$ Cng{‘Vr Oo.~r. H¥$ncmZr
(2) Aëng§»¶m§H$ Cn g{‘Vr EM.gr. ‘wIOu
(7) H$m¶©nÕVr {Z¶‘ g{‘Vr S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX
^maVmÀ¶m KQ>ZoMm pñdH$ma d A§‘c~OmdUr :
64 cmI én¶o IM© H$éZ, 2 df© 11 ‘{hZo 18 {Xdg H$m‘ H$éZ KQ>Zm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr KQ>Zm pñdH$maÊ¶mV Amcr Ë¶mV 22 ^mJ, 395 H$c‘o d 8 AZwgyMr ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
KQ>Zm Oar 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr pñdH$maÊ¶mV (Accepted) Amcr Agoc Var KQ>ZM
o r A§‘c~OmdUr (Implementation)
26 OmZodmar 1950 nmgyZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. hm {Xdg {ZdS>Ê¶mMo H$maU åhUOo {S>g|~a 1929 À¶m H$m±J«ogÀ¶m cmhmoa
A{YdoeZmVrc nyU© ñdamÁ¶ R>amdmZwgma 26 OmZodmar 1930 hm ^maVmMm n{hcm ñdmV§Í¶ {XZ åhUyZ gmOam H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
(cmhmoa A{YdoemMo AÜ¶j n§{S>V Odmhacmc Zohê$)
24 OmZodmar 1950 amoOr CnpñWV Agcoë¶m 284 gXñ¶m§Zr KQ>Zoda gøm Ho$ë¶m. (KQ>Zoda gd©àW‘ ghr Odmhacmc
Zohê$ ¶m§Zr Ho$cr. AÜ¶j amO|ÐàgmX ¶m§Zr gdm©V eodQ>r ‘mÌ Zohê§$À¶m ghrÀ¶m da ñdmjar Ho$cr Ë¶m‘wio gdm©V eodQ>Mr
ghr {’$amoO Jm§Yr ¶m§Zr Ho$cr.)
H$c‘ 394 Zwgma KQ>ZoVrc H$mhr H$c‘m§Mr A‘§c~mOdUr 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOrM gwé Pmcr. CXm. ZmJ[aH$Ëd,
{ZdS>UwH$m, VmËnwaVr g§gX, H$c‘ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (ZmJ[aH$Ëdmer g§~§{YV), H$c‘ 60 (amï´>nVr enW), H$c‘ 324
({ZdS>UyH$m), 366, 367 (ì¶m»¶m, AW©~moY), 372, 379 (VmËnwaVr g§gX d {VMo g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr), 380
10 General Studies
KQ>Zm{Z{‘©Vr
(amï´>nVrg§~§YrV VaVyX), 388 (h§Jm‘r g§gX d h§Jm‘r {dYmZ ‘§S>io), 391, 392, 393 (AmH$pñ‘V n[apñWVrV amï´>nVrMo
A{YH$ma, g§{já Zmd).
g§{dYmZ gôMo EHy$U 11 gÌo Pmcr. Ë¶mV ‘gwXm g{‘VrZo 114 {Xdg H$m‘ Ho$co Va g§{dYmZ gôZo 166 {Xdg H$m‘ Ho$co.
‘wi KQ>ZoV EH$ àmñVm{dH$m, 22 ^mJ, 395 H$c‘o Am{U 8 AZwgy{M hmoË¶m.
g§{dYmZ gôVrc ‘{hcm§Mm gh^mJ

g§{dYmZ gôV 299 E¡H$s 15 ‘{hcm hmoË¶m.
1 XþJm©~mB© Xoe‘wI 6 gwMoVm H¥$ncmZr 11 amOHw$‘mar A‘¥Vm H$m¡a
2 gamo{OZr Zm¶Sy> 7 Aå‘y ñdm{‘ZmWZ 12 h§gm~oZ ‘ohVm
3 {dO¶mcú‘r n§{S>V 8 EZr ‘mñH°$aoZ 13 nyUu‘m ~°ZOu
4 H$‘cm Mm¡Yar 9 ~oJ‘ agwc 14 crcm am°¶
5 ‘mcVr Mm¡Yar 10 aoUwH$m ao 15 Xj¶mZr docm¶wXZ
^maV gaH$ma H$m¶Xm, 1935 :
(1) H|$ÐmV {ÛXc emgZ amIrd d gmonr d ImVr àUmcrMm àma§^ (nU, àm§VmV 1919 À¶m H$m¶ÚmZo)
(2) àm§VmV àm§{VH$ ñdm¶Îmm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
(3) ¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgmaM ‘{hcm§Zm ‘VXmZmMm A{YH$ma XoÊ¶mV Amcm.
(4) ¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma 1937 cm g§Kr¶ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. (Federal Court)
(5) B§{S>¶m H$m¡pÝgc H$m¶Xm aÔ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
(6) eofm{YH$ma JìhZ©a OZacH$S>o XoÊ¶mV Amcm.
BVa ‘m{hVr :
(1) gw§Xa AjamV ‘yi KQ>Zm {chÊ¶mMo H$m¶© ào‘ {~hmar Zmam¶U am¶OmXm ¶m§Zr Ho$co.
(2) àË¶oH$ nmZmda gOmdQ> Z§Xcmc ~mog ¶m§Zr Ho$cr.
(3) KQ>ZoMr àmñVm{dH$m {chÿZ Vr gOdÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ì¶mohma am‘‘Zmoha {gÝhm ¶m§Zr Ho$co.
^maVmÀ¶m KQ>ZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Feature of Indian Constitution):
(1) ^maVmMr KQ>Zm OmJVrc gdm©V ‘moR>r {c{IV KQ>Zm Amho. ({~«Q>ZMr KQ>Zm A{c{IV Amho.)
(2) {d{dY Xoem§À¶m KQ>Zm§Mm {dMma H$éZ ~Z{dÊ¶mV Amcocr KQ>Zm :
^maVr¶ KQ>ZoMo òmoV nwT>rcà‘mUo
1) {~«{Q>e KQ>Zm g§gXr¶ emgZ ì¶dñWm, {ÛJ¥hr g§gX, EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd, H$m¶Xm H$aÊ¶mMr
nÕV, H$m¶ÚmMo amÁ¶, g§gXr¶ {deof A{YH$ma, H°${~ZoQ> ì¶dñWm, ’$ñQ>© nmñQ>
nmoñQ> {gpñQ>‘.
2) ^maVr¶ emgZ H$m¶Xm 1935 Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm, AmUr~mUrMr VaVyX, amÁ¶nmcmMo nX, cmoH$godm Am¶moJ,
g§KamÁ¶r¶ ¶moOZm, àemgH$s¶ Vnerc.
3) Am¶[ae KQ>Zm amÁ¶ YmoaUmMr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo, amï´>nVtÀ¶m {ZdS>UwH$sMr nÕV, amÁ¶gôda
H$mhr gXñ¶m§Mo Zm‘{ZX}eZ.
4) a{e¶mMr KQ>Zm ‘yc^yV H$V©ì¶o, àñVm{dHo$Vrc gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s¶ Ý¶m¶mMm AmXe©.
General Studies 11
KQ>Zm{Z{‘©Vr
5) H°$ZS>mMr KQ>Zm à^mdr H|$Ð Agcoco g§KamÁ¶, amÁ¶nmcmMr H|$ÐmMm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$, gdm}
ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMo g„mJma A{YH$ma joÌ, eofm{YH$ma H|$ÐmH$S>o AgÊ¶mMr VaVyX.
6) Am°ñQ´>o{c¶mMr KQ>Zm g‘dVu gyMr, g§¶wº$ ~¡R>H$, ì¶mnma d dm{UÁ¶ ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶.
7) ’«$mÝgMr KQ>Zm JUamÁ¶, àñVm{dHo$Vrc ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm d ~§YwVm ho AmXe©.
8) X{jU Am{’«$Ho$Mr KQ>Zm KQ>ZmXþéñVr nÕV, amÁ¶gôÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Mr {ZdS>UyH$.
9) A‘o[aHo$Mr KQ>Zm ‘yc^yV h¸$, Cnamï´>nVr nX, Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWoMo ñdmV§Í¶, Ý¶m{¶H$ nwZ{d©cmoH$Z,
amï´>nVrdarc ‘hm{^¶moJmMr nÕV, gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶ d Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mÀ¶m
Ý¶m¶mYremg nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ¶mMr nÕV.
(3) g§gXr¶ emgZ nÕV (Parliamentary form of Government)
(4) g§KamÁ¶ amÁ¶ì¶dñWm (Federal Policy)
(5) ^maVmMr KQ>Zm hr VmR>aVm d cd{MH$H$Vm ¶m§Mo EH${ÌH$aU Amho. (Combination of Rigidity & Flexibility)
(6) ñdV§Ì d EH$mpË‘H$ Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm (Independent & Integrated Judiciary)
(7) EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd (Single Citizenship)
(8) Y‘©{Zanoj amÁ¶ (A Secular State)
(9) gmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T> ‘VXmZ nÕV (Universal Adult Franchise)

12 General Studies
2 àmñVm{dH$m
àmñVm{dH$m/CÔoen{ÌH$m (Preamble) :
àmñVm{dH$m (gaZm‘m) åhUOo KQ>ZoMm àmU Am{U AmË‘m Amho.
gd©àW‘ A‘o[aHo$À¶m KQ>Zo‘Ü¶o àmñVm{dH$m g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amcr hmoVr.
ZmZr nmcIr dmcm ¶m§Zr àmñVm{dHo$cm KQ>ZoMo AmoiInÌ Ago åhQ>co hmoVo.
^maVr¶ KQ>ZoMm gaZm‘m (àmñVm{dH$m) n§{S>V Odmacmc Zohê$ ¶m§Zr V¶ma Ho$coë¶m CÔoe n{ÌHo$da (Objective Resolution)
AmYm[aV Amho.
n«mñVm{dH$m Ý¶m¶à{dð> Zmhr.
gaZm‘m 4 H$moZm§À¶m ~mOyg Mma àmÊ¶m§Mr aoIm{MÌo AmhoV- hÎmr, KmoS>m, ~¡c d qgh
g§{dYmZmg àñVm{dH$m Agcocm A‘o[aH$m OJmVrc n{hcm Xoe Amho.
’«|$M amÁ¶H«$m§VrVyZ ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm, ~§YyVm hr AmXe© VËdo ^maVmÀ¶m gaZmå¶mV KoVcr AmhoV.
^maVr¶ KQ>ZoÀ¶m gaZmå¶mVrc (àmñVm{dHo$Vrc) KQ>H$ :

(1) ^maVr¶ amÁ¶mMo AmXe©/ñdê$n : ^maVr¶ KQ>ZoMr àmñVm{dH$m ^maVmg gmd©^m¡‘ (Sovereign), g‘mOdmXr
(Socialits), Y‘©{Zanoj (Secular), cmoH$emhr (Democratic) d JUamÁ¶ (Republic) Agë¶mMo Kmo{fV H$aVo. ho
^maVr¶ OZVoZo ñdV:gmR>r pñdH$macoco AmXe© AmhoV.
(2) KQ>ZoMo CÔoe AmH$m§jm : Ý¶m¶ (Justice), ñdmV§Í¶ (Liberty), g‘mZVm (Equality), ~§YwVm (EH$Vm d EH$mË‘Vm)
(Fraternity) (Unity & Integrity) ho KQ>ZoMo CÔoe AmhoV. Vo ^maVr¶ OZVoÀ¶m AmH$m§jm ñnï> H$aVmV.
àmñVm{dHo$‘Ü¶o AmVmn¶ªV ’$º$ EH$Xm ~Xc H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
42 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m¶Xm 1976 Zwgma àmñVm{dHo$V g‘mOdmXr (Socialist), Y‘©{Zanoj (Secular) d EH$mË‘Vm
(Integrity) ho eãX Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amco.
àmñVm{dHo$Vrc eãXm§Mm AW© :

(1) gmd©^m¡‘ (Sovereign) : ^maVmda AmVm H$moUmMohr dM©ñd am{hco Zmhr. ^maV ñdV§Ì AgyZ ñdV:Mo {ZU©¶ ñdV:
KoÊ¶mg gj‘ Amho.
(2) g‘mOdmXr (Socialist) : ^maVmMm g‘mOdmX hm cmoH$emhr g‘mOdmX Amho ¶m ‘Ü¶o gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr joÌmMo
ghApñVËd Agcoë¶m {‘l AW©ì¶dñWoda (Mixed Economy) {dídmg AgVmo.
(3) Y‘©{Zanoj (Secular) : ^maVr¶ amÁ¶ Ym{‘©H$ Zmhr qH$dm AY‘u Zmhr. VgoM EImÚm Y‘m©{damoYr gwÕm Zmhr.
åhUOoM ^maV Y‘©{Zanoj Amho.
(4) cmoH$emhr (Democratic) : cmoH$m§Zr cmoH$m§gmR>r {ZdSy>Z {Xcocr emgZ nÕVr åhUOoM cmoH$emhr. åhUOoM ^maVr¶
OZVoH$S>o XoemMr A§{V‘ gÎmm Amho.
(5) JUamÁ¶ (Republic) : JUamÁ¶ åhUOo amOm Zgcoco amÁ¶. JUamÁ¶ nÕVr‘Ü¶o amï´>mMm à‘wI cmoH$m§ ‘m’©$V àË¶j
qH$dm AàË¶jnUo {ZdSy>U {Xcm OmVmo. ^maVmMm amï´>à‘wI åhUOoM amï´>nVr Xa 5 dfmªZr AàË¶jnUo cmoH$m§‘m’©$V
{ZdSy>Z {Xcm OmVmo.
(6) Ý¶m¶ (Justice) : gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amO{H$¶ Ý¶m¶mMr VrZ ñdéno pñdH$maÊ¶mV Amcr AmhoV.
(7) ñdmV§Í¶ (Liberty) : àË¶oH$ ì¶{º$cm {dMma, Cƒma, lÕm, Y‘© ¶m§Mo ñdmV§Í¶ àXmZ Ho$co Amho.
General Studies 13
àmñVm{dH$m
(8) g‘mZVm (Equality) : gaZmå¶mV gd© ^maVr¶m§Zm XOm© Am{U g‘mZ g§YrMr g‘mZVm {Xcr Amho. Ë¶mV ZmJ[aH$,
amO{H$¶ d Am{W©H$ Aem {VÝhr g‘mZVoMm g‘mode Amho.
(9) ~§YwVm (Fraternity) : (EH$Vm-Unity) (EH$mË‘Vm-Integrity) : ~§YwVm åhUOo ~§Yw^mdmMr ^mdZm hmo¶. ì¶º$sMr
à{Vð>m Am{U amï´>mMr EH$Vm d EH$mË‘Vm amIUmar ~§YwVm {‘idyZ XoUo hoM ^maVr¶ KQ>ZoMo C{Ôï> Amho.
àmñVm{dH$m KQ>ZoMm ^mJ Amho H$s Zmhr?
(1) 1960 ‘Ü¶o gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo ~oê$~mar ¶w{Z¶Z Ho$g‘Ü¶o àmñVm{dH$m KQ>ZoMm ^mJ Zgë¶mMo ñnï> Ho$co.
(2) 1973 ‘Ü¶o gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo Ho$edmZ§X ^maVr {déÕ Ho$ai gaH$ma IQ>ë¶mg d 1995 À¶m LIC of India
IQ>ë¶mV àmñVm{dH$m KQ>ZoMm ^mJ Agë¶mMo ñnï> Ho$co. H$c‘ 368 Zwgma KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$aVm ¶oVo Ago gdm}ƒ
Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo ñnï> Ho$co. ‘mÌ Ë¶mÛmao KQ>ZoÀ¶m ‘wc^yV g§aMZoV (Basic Structure of Constitution) ~Xc H$aVm
¶oUma Zmhr Ago ñnîQ> Ho$co.
(3) Eg. Ama. ~moå‘B© {dê$Õ ^maVr¶ g§K IQ>ë¶mV (1994) gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo gm§{JVco H$s àñVm{dH$m KQ>ZoMm
A{d^mÁ¶ ^mJ Amho.

14 General Studies
General Studies 15
3 ^maVr¶ g§KamÁ¶ d Ë¶m§Mo ñdê$n
g§KamÁ¶ d Ë¶mMo amÁ¶joÌ (Union & it's Territory):
^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoV ^mJ I ‘Yrc H$c‘ 1 Vo H$c‘ 4 ho g§KamÁ¶ d Ë¶mÀ¶m amÁ¶joÌmer g§~§{YV AmhoV.
H$c‘ 1 Zwgma g§KamÁ¶mMo Zmd d Ë¶mMo amÁ¶joÌ.
H$c‘ 1 : India i.e. Bharat shall be a union of state åhUOoM KQ>Zo‘Ü¶o ^maV hm amÁ¶m§À¶m g§K Amho Ago dU©Z Ho$co
Amho.
amÁ¶mMm g§K Agm C„oI H$aÊ¶m‘mJo XmoZ H$maUo AmhoV Or S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gm§{JVco AmhoV.
(1) H$moUË¶mhr amÁ¶mcm ^maVm‘YyZ ’w$Qy>Z ~mhoa nS>Ê¶mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr.
(2) ^maVr¶ amÁ¶ A‘o[aHo$Vrc amÁ¶mà‘mUo H$amamÛmao {Z‘m©U Pmcoco Zmhr.
^maVr¶ g§KamÁ¶ A{d^§OH$ Amho åhUOoM ^maVmVwZ ’w$Qy>Z H$moUVohr amÁ¶ ^maVm~mhoa OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. Va ^maVmVrc
amÁ¶ ^§OH$ AmhoV. åhUOoM ^maVmVrc amÁ¶ EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ doJio hmoD$ eH$VmV qH$dm ’w$Qy> eH$VmV. ‘mÌ ^maVm~mhoa
OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV. åhUyZ ^maVmMo dU©Z ^§OH$ amÁ¶m§À¶m A^§OH$ g§K (An Indestructible Union of Destructible
States) Ago Ho$co OmVo.
H$c‘ 2 : Z{dZ amÁ¶ ^maVmV XmIc H$éZ KoUo (Agm ^mJ Omo H$Yr ^maVmMm ^mJ ZìhVm Vmo ^maVmV XmIc H$éZ KoUo.)
H$c‘ 3 : Z{dZ amÁ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo.
H$c‘ 3 Zwgma Z{dZ amÁ¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo, EImÚm amÁ¶mÀ¶m gr‘oV ~Xc H$aUo, EImÚm amÁ¶mÀ¶m ZmdmV ~Xc H$aUo
qH$dm EImÚm amÁ¶mÀ¶m joÌmV ~Xc H$aUo ho A{YH$ma g§gXocm XoÊ¶mV Amco AmhoV.
g§ñWmZm§Mo ^maVmV {d{cZrH$aU :
{~«Q>re^maVmV EHy$U 562 g§ñWmZo hmoVr. Ë¶mn¡H$s 10 g§ñWmZo nm{H$ñVmZmV {dcrZ Pmcr. Va 552 g§ñWmZo ^maVmV
{dcrZ Pmcr.
552 n¡H$s 549 g§ñWmZo ^maVmV cJoM {dcrZ Pmcr d ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va nwT>rc VrZ g§ñWmZo nwT>rcà‘mUo ^maVmV {dcrZ Pmcr.
(1) H$mpí‘a : nm{H$ñVmZr h„oImoam§À¶m AmH«$‘Um‘wio H$mpí‘aMm amOm h[aqgJ ¶mZo 26 Am°³Q>m|~a 1947 amoOr ^maVmV
{dcrZ hmoÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVcm Am{U Instrument of Accession da gøm Ho$ë¶m.
(2) OwZmJT> : OwZmJT> Mm amOm ‘wñcr‘ hmoVm d àOm qhXþ hmoVr Ë¶m‘wio ’o$~«wdmar 1948 ‘Ü¶o OZ‘V KoD$Z OZVoZo ^maVmV
{dcrZ hmoÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ {Xcm. Ë¶m‘wio amOmZo OwZmJT> ^maVmV {dcrZ H$aÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVcm.
(3) h¡Ðm~mX : h¡Ðm~mX g§ñWmZ {damoYmV ^maV gaH$maZo Am°naoeZ nmocmo (Police Action) 13 gßQ>|~a 1948 amoOr gwé
Ho$co. Vo 17 gßQ>|~a 1948 n¶ªV Mmcco Ë¶mZwgma h¡Ðm~mX g§ñWmZ ^maVmV {dcrZ H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
^mfmda amÁ¶ nwZ©aMZm :
^mfoÀ¶m AmYmamda amÁ¶ {Z‘m©U H$am Aem ‘mJUrMm Omoa ^maVmV dmT>V hmoVm Ë¶m‘wio ^mfoZwgma amÁ¶ {Z‘m©U H$amdo H$m
¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo {d{dY Am¶moJ Zo‘co Vo nwT>rcà‘mUo-
(1) Eg.Ho$.Ya (Xma) Am¶moJ 1948 :
AÜ¶j :
Eg. Ho$. Ya Acmhm~mX Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMo Ý¶m¶mYre.
16 General Studies
^maVr¶ g§KamÁ¶ d Ë¶m§Mo ñdê$n
gXñ¶ :
(1) OJV Zmam¶U cmc
(2) nÞmcmc
¾¾{e’$mag : ^mfoZwgma amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr ZH$mo Va amÁ¶{Z{‘©VrgmR>r àemg{H$¶ gmo¶ hm à‘wI {ZH$f Agmdm. ‘mÌ ¶m
Am¶moJmZo Am§YàXoe amÁ¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr ^mfoÀ¶m AmYmamda H$aÊ¶mg AZwHy$cVm Xe©{dcr.
(2) Oo.ìhr.nr. g{‘Vr 1949 : (Odmhacmc Zohê$, d„^^mB© nQ>oc, nÅ>m^r {gVmam‘æ¶m)
¾¾{e’$mag : ¶m Am¶moJmZo gwÕm ^m{fH$ AmYmamda amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mg ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xcr Zmhr.
¾¾15 {S>g|~a 1952 amoOr Am§Y«àXoemVrc nmoÅ>r lram‘„y ¶m ì¶º$sMm 52 {Xdgm§À¶m CnmofZmZ§Va ‘wË¶y Pmcm Ë¶m‘wio
gaH$maZo VmËH$mi 1953 ‘Ü¶o Am§Y«àXoe amÁ¶mÀ¶m {Z{‘©VrMr KmofUm Ho$cr.
¾¾Am§Y«àXoe : ^m{fH$ AmYmamda {Z‘m©U Pmcoco n{hco amÁ¶.
(3) amÁ¶ nwZa©MZm Am¶moJ 1953 :
¾¾AÜ¶j : ’$Oc Acr
¾¾gXñ¶ : Ho$.E‘. nÞrH$a, öX¶ZmW Hw§$Pé
¾¾{e’$mag : (1955) : ^m{fH$ AmYmamda amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vrg VÎdV: ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xcr. ‘mÌ EH$ amÁ¶ EH$ ^mfm ho VËd
pñdH$maco Zmhr.
¾¾^maVmMo {d^mOZ 16 amÁ¶o d 3 H|$Ðem{gV àXoem‘Ü¶o H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$cr.
¾¾^maV gaH$maZo Am°JñQ> 1956 amÁ¶ nwZ©aMZm H$m¶Xm (1955) g§‘V Ho$cm. 1 Zmoìh|~a 1956 nmgyZ ¶m H$m¶ÚmMr
A§‘c~OmdUr Ho$cr d ¶m H$m¶ÚmÛmao ^maVmV 14 amÁ¶o d 6 H|$Ðem{gV àXoe {Z‘m©U Ho$co.
1956 Z§Va amÁ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr
1960 ~m°å~o àm§VmMo {d^mOZ H$ê$Z ‘hmamï´> d JwOamV (15) 1986 {‘Pmoam‘ (23) d AéUmMc àXoe (24) ¶m amÁ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr
1963 Amgm‘nmgyZ ZmJmc±S> (16) ho amÁ¶ 1987 Jmodm ho 25 do amÁ¶ ApñVËdmV Amco.
1966 n§Om~ àm§VmMo {d^mOZ n§Om~ d h[a¶mUm (17) hr XmoZ 2000 ‘Ü¶àXoe, CÎmaàXoe Am{U {~hma ¶m amÁ¶m§‘YyZ H$mhr àXoe
amÁ¶o d M§XrJS> hm H|$Ðem{gV àXoe. (UT) {d^º$ H$ê$Z AZwH«$‘o N>ÎmrgJS> 26 do, CÎmam§Mc 27 do d
PmaI§S> 28 do hr VrZ amÁ¶o {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
1970 {h‘mMc àXoe (18) ¶m UT cm amÁ¶mMm XOm© XoÊ¶mV 02 OyZ Am§Y« àXoemMo {d^mOZ H$ê$Z Voc§JmUm ho 29 do amÁ¶ {Z‘m©U
Amcm. 2014
1972 ‘{Unya (19), {Ìnwam (20), ‘oKmc¶ (21) ¶m amÁ¶m§Mr 31 Oå‘y-H$mí‘raMo {d^mOZ H$ê$Z Oå‘y H$mí‘ra d cS>mI ho XmoZ
{Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. Am°³Q>mo~a ZdrZ H|$Ðem{gV àXoe {Z‘m©U Ho$co.
2019
1975 {g{¸$‘ ho 22 do amÁ¶ {Z‘m©U 26 Xrd-X‘U d XmXam-ZJa hdocr ¶m H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Mo
OmZodmar {d{cZrH$aU
2020
* gÜ¶m ^maVmV 28 amÁ¶o d 8 H|$Ðem{gV àXoe AmhoV.
1962 : 12 dm KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m¶Xm 1962 Zwgma nmoVw©JrOm§H$Sw>Z nmo{cg A°³eZ Ûmao {‘i{dcoë¶m Jmodm, {Xd, X‘U ¶m
àXoem§Zm H|$Ð em{gV àXoem§Mm XOm© {Xcm Jocm.
1962 : 14 dm KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m¶Xm 1962 Zwgma ’«|$MmH$Sy>Z {‘imcoë¶m nwÔþMoarcm H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMm XOm© {Xcm Jocm.

General Studies 17
5 _yb^yV h¸$
_yb^yV hŠH$ (Fundamental Rights) :
‘yc^yV h¸$ ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m ^mJ-III ‘Yrc H$b_ 12 Vo H$b_ 35 _Üò g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. ‘yb^yV
hŠH$mbm qH$dm ^mJ III bm ^maVmMm _°¾m H$mQ>m© Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
‘yc^yV hŠH$ A_o[aHo$À`m (USA) KQ>ZodéZ KoVbobr AmhoV.
XoemÀ`m KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m hŠH$m§Zm ‘yb^yV hŠH$ åhQ>bo OmVo.
‘yb^yV hŠH$ Ý`m`à{dï> (Justiciable) AgVmV. Oa amÁ`g§ñWoZo ‘yb^yV hŠH$ ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z KoVbo qH$dm Ë`mda
_`m©Xm AmUbr Va Ý`m`mb`m_m\©$V nwÝhm àmá H$éZ KoVm òVmV.
g§gXog ‘yb^yV hŠH$m§_Üò XþéñVr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
‘yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr H$b_o …

H$b_ 12 : amÁ`g§ñWoMr ì`m»`m (Definition of State) : amÁ`g§ñWm åhUOo ^maVmMo emgZ, g§gX, {dYr_§S>i,
ZJanm{bH$m, n§Mm`Vr B.hmo`.
H$b_ 13 : ‘yb^yV hŠH$m§er {dg§JV Agbobo AWdm Ë`m§Mo Ý`wZrH$aU H$aUmao H$m`Xo (Laws Inconsistent with
Fundamental Right).
·· H$b_ 13 _Üò Ý`m{`H$ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmÀ`m VÎdkmZmMr (Doctrine of Judicial Review) VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
Oa g§gXoZo EImXm H$m`Xm Ho$bm Va Vmo H$m`Xm KQ>Zobm YéZ Amho H$s Zmhr ho VnmgÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ý`m`mb`mbm Amho.
Oa Vmo H$m`Xm KQ>Zobm YéZ Agob Va Vmo VgmM am{hb nU Oa Vmo H$m`Xm KQ>ZoÀ`m _yb^yV g§aMZobm YéZ Zgob Va
Ý`m`mb` Vmo H$m`Xm ~mX H$é eH$Vo.
‘yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo JQ> :
(1) g_mZVoMm hŠH$ (Right to Equality) : H$b_ 14 Vo 18
(2) ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Freedom) : H$b_ 19 Vo 22
(3) emofUm{déÕ hŠH$ (Right Against Exploitation) : H$b_ 23 d 24
(4) Y_©ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Freedom of Religion) : H$b_ 25 Vo 28
(5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ hŠH$ (Cultural & Educational Right) : H$b_ 29 d 30
(6) g§nÎmrMm hŠH$ (Right to have a property) : H$b_ 31
(7) KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm`m§Mm hŠH$ (Right to constitutional Remedies) : H$b_ 32
¶m 7 JQ>mn¡H$s Agbobm g§nÎmrMm hŠH$ hm 44 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m`ÚmZo (1978) ‘yb^yV hŠH$mÀ`m `mXrVyZ dJiyZ
Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm. åhUOo g§nÎmrMm hŠH$ hm AmVm ‘yb^yV hŠH$ Zmhr. Va g§nÎmrMm hŠH$ AmVm ^mJ XII _Yrb àH$aU
IV _Yrb H$b_ 300A _Üò Q>mHy$Z Vmo hŠH$ AmVm H$m`Xoera hŠH$ (Legal Right) H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
(1) g_mZVoMm hŠH$ (Right to Equality) :
18 General Studies
_yb^yV h¸$
H$b_ 14 : H$m`Úmg_moa g_mZVm (Equality Before Law)
H$b_ 14 Zwgma H$moUVmhr ì`º$s H$m`ÚmÀ`m da Zmhr. lr‘§V, Jar~, ór, nwéf, CÀM, {ZåZ B.ho gd© ì`º$s H$m`Úmg_moa
g_mZ AmhoV.
àËòH$ H$m`Xm àËòH$ ì`º$sg g_mZ bmJy hmoVmo.
H$b_ 15 : Y_©, d§e, OmV, qbJ qH$dm OÝ_ñWmZ `m H$maUmdéZ ôX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. (Prohibition of
Discrimination on Certain Grounds).
H$c‘ 15(6) : 103 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 2019 Zwgma ho H$c‘ g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amco. Á¶mZwgma Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm Xþ~©c
KQ>H$m§Zm 10% AmajU XoÊ¶mV Amco.
H$b_ 16 : gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ZmoH$ar_Üò gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr (Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment).
gaH$maÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbrb H$moUË`mhr ZmoH$ar_Üò gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr {Xbr OmB©b.
Am§Y«àXoeZo Owc¡ 2019 ‘Ü¶o ñWm{ZH$ ^y{‘nwÌm§Zm ImOJr joÌmV 75% AmajU XoÊ¶mg§~§Yr {dYo¶H$ nm[aV Ho$co. H$c‘
16 ho gaH$mar ZmoH$ar~Ôc AmajU ñnï> H$aVo. ImOJr joÌm~Ôc Zmhr.
H$b_ 17 : Añn¥í`Vm Zï> H$aUo (Abolition of Untouchability)
Añn¥í`VoMo d Ë`mÀ`m emofUmË_H$ A_mZdr àWm Zï> H$aUo. KQ>ZoV "Añn¥í`Vm' `m eãXmMm AW© ñnï> Ho$bobm Zmhr.
H$b_ 18 : nXdr/{H$Vm~ Zï> H$aUo (Abolition of Titles)
nXì`m (amOm{YamO, _hmamOm, am`~hmXÿa,B.) Zï> H$éZ ôX^md {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m nÕVrMo g_yi CÀMmQ>Z H$aUo.
^maVm_Üò amï´>r` nwañH$mamMr ñWmnZm 1954 _Üò Pmbr. Ë`mZwgma nÙlr, nÙ{d^yfU, nÙ^yfU, ^maVaËZ BË`mXr nXì`m
/{H$Vm~ {Xbo OmVmV. nU ho {H$Vm~ Ë`m ì`º$sÀ`m JwUdÎmoMm gÝ_mZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Xbo OmVmV.
(2) ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Freedom) :
H$b_ 19 : H$b_ 19 Zwgma 6 àH$maMo ñdmV§Í` Amho.
(1) ^mfU Am{U {dMma ñdmV§Í` (Freedom of Speech & Expression) :
¾¾àËòH$ ì`º$sg Amnbo {dMma {bImUmVyZ, eãXmVyZ, {MÌmVyZ B._m§S>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
(2) em§VVmnyd©H$ d {Z…eónUo EH$Ì O_Uo d g^m âdÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (Freedom of Assembly).
(3) g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (Freedom of Association) :
¾¾gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g§KQ>Zm, nj, gmogm`Q>r, Šb~, `w{Z`Z ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Amho.
(4) ^maVâ gd©Ì {\$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (Freedom of Movement).
(5) ^maVmV H$moR>ohr amhÊ`mMo d {VWoM H$m`_Mo ñWm{`H$ hmoÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (Freedom of Residence)
(6) H$moUVmhr ì`dgm`, amoOJma, ì`mnma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (Freedom of Profession).
H$b_ 20 : AnamYm§À`m Xmof{gÕr~m~V g§ajU (Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offenses) :
H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sbm H$m`ÚmMm ^§J Ho$bm Agë`mgM {ejm Ho$br OmB©b Am{U OodT>r H$m`ÚmV {ejm Amho VodT>rM {ejm
Ho$br OmB©b. Ë`mnojm OmñV Zmhr. (No ex-Post Facto Law).
ì`º$sbm EH$mM JwÝøm~m~V EH$mnojm A{YH$ doim {ejm XoVm òUma Zmhr. (No Double Jeopardy).
Xmofr ì`º$sbm ñdV…À`m {déÕ gmjrXma hmoÊ`mMr gŠVr Ho$br OmUma Zmhr. (No Self Incrimination).
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_yb^yV h¸$
H$b_ 21 : ì`º$sMo Or{dV d ì`{º$JV ñdmV§Í` `m§Mo g§ajU (Protection of Life & Personal Liberty)
H$m`ÚmZo àñWm{nV Ho$boë`m H$m`©nÕVr {edm` H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sMo Or{dV d ì`{º$JV ñdmV§Í` {hamdyZ KoVbo OmUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 21 (A) : {ejUmMm hŠH$ (Right to Education)
H$b_ 21(A) Zwgma gaH$ma 6 Vo 14 dfmªn`ªVÀ`m ‘ybm§Zm H$m`ÚmZo R>a{dë`mà_mUo _mo\$V d A{Zdm`© {ejU CnbãY
H$éZ XoB©b.
ho H$b_ _yi KQ>ZoV ZìhVo. ho H$b_ 86 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m`Xm 2002 `mZwgma KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
`m hŠH$mMr A§_b~OmdUr 1 E{àb 2010 nmgyZ gê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
H$b_ 22 : AQ>H$ d ñWmZ~ÕVm `mnmgyZ g§ajU (Protection Against Arrest & Detention)
EImÚm ì`º$sbm AQ>H$ Ho$ë`mZ§Va eŠ` {VVŠ`m bdH$a AQ>Ho$Mr H$maUo gm§JUo.
AQ>H$ Ho$boë`m ì`º$sbm 24 Vmgm§À`m AmV (gwÅ>r d àdmgmMm H$mbmdYr dJiyZ) OdiÀ`m X§S>m{YH$mè`mg_moa hOa H$amdo.
EImXm ì`º$s JwÝhm H$aÊ`mÀ`m V`marV Agob Am{U JwÝhm H$aÊ`mÀ`m AJmoXaM Ë`mbm nH$S>bo Va Ë`mbm à{V~§YH$
ñWmZ~ÕVm (Preventive Detention) Ago åhUVmV. à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~ÕVo_Üò ì`º$sMr ñWmZ~ÕVm 3 _{hÝ`mnojm OmñV
H$mi H$aVm òV Zmhr. 44 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m`Xm 1978 Zwgma hm H$mbmdYr 2 _{hZo EdT>m Ho$bm hmoVm. nU Ë`mMr
A§_b~OmdUr AmUIrhr Pmbr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ñWmZ~ÕVoMm H$_mb H$mbmdYr 3 _{hZo BVH$mM Amho.
(3) emofUm{déÕMm hŠH$ (Right Against Exploitation) :
H$b_ 23 : _mUgm§Mm ì`mnma, _mUgmMr doR> {~Jmar (nJmam{dZm gº$sZo H$m_o H$éZ KoUo) gº$sMr ‘Owar ¶m§Zm _ZmB©
Amho.
H$b_ 24 : 14 dfm©Imbrb ~mbH$m§Zm EImÚm H$maImÝ`mV, ImUrV, YmoŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr H$m_mda R>odbo OmD$ eH$V
Zmhr. (Prohibition of Employment of Children in Factories, etc).
(4) Y_©ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Freedom of Religion) :
H$b_ 25 : gd© ì`º$s¨Zm gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÕrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMo, Y_m©À`m _wº$ àH$Q>rH$aUmMo, AmMaUmMo d Ë`mMm àMma
H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion).
H$b_ 26 : Y_©{df`H$ ì`dhmam§Mr ì`dñWm nmhÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs)
Ym{_©H$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$éZ Ë`m ñdV…À`m IMm©Zo Mmb{dUo, Ë`mMo àemgZ nmhUo, {dídñV _§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 25 EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m Ym{_©H$ hŠH$m§Zm g§ajU XoVo Va H$b_ 26 Ym{_©H$ g§àXm`m§À`m (Religious Denominations)
hŠH$m§Zm g§ajU XoVo.
H$b_ 27 : H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sbm H$a XoÊ`mMr gº$s Ho$br OmUma Zmhr Oa Ë`mMo CËnÞ EImÚm {d{eï> Y_m©Mo g§dY©Z
H$aÊ`mgmR>r IM© Ho$bo OmV Agob (Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of a Religion).
H$b_ 28 : gaH$maÀ`m {ZYrVyZ MmbUmè`m {ejU g§ñWoV Ym{_©H$ {ejU XoVm òUma Zmhr. Ym{_©H$ {ejU XoÊ`mÀ`m
hoVyZo {Xboë`m XoUJrVyZ MmbUmè`m g§ñWm Agë`mg VoWo Ym{_©H$ {ejU XoVm òVo. (Freedom from Attending
Religious Instructions)
(5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ hŠH$ (Cultural & Educational Rights) :
20 General Studies
_yb^yV h¸$
H$b_ 29 : ^maVmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV amhUmè`m H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$ JQ>mbm Oa ñdV…Mr {d{eï> ^mfm, {bnr d
g§ñH¥$Vr Agob Va Vr A~m{YV amIÊ`mMm Ë`mbm hŠH$ Amho. (Protection of Interest of Minorities).
H$b_ 30 : Ym{_©H$ d ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm ñdV…Mr {ejUg§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm d Ë`mMo àemgZ H$aÊ`mMm
hŠH$ Amho. (Right of Minorities to Establish & Administer Educational Institutions).
(6) KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZm§Mm hŠH$ (Right to Constitutional Remedies) :
H$b_ 32 : ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo Cëb§KZ Pmë`mg ZmJ[aH$ WoQ> gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJy eH$Vmo d Vmo hŠH$
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ naV {_idy eH$Vmo. (ZmJ[aH$ H$b_ 226 Zwgma ‘yb^yV hŠH$mÀ`m Cëb§KZm~m~V CÀM
Ý`m`mb`mV nU XmX _mJy eH$Vmo. nU H$b_ 226 ho ‘yb^yV hŠH$ Zmhr Va H$b_ 32 ho ‘yb^yV hŠH$ Amho).
KQ>ZoZogdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm ‘yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g§ajH$ ~Z{dbobo Amho.
H$b_ 32 Mo dU©Z S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ago Ho$bo Amho H$s, Ago H$b_ Á`m{dZm hr KQ>Zm ì`W© Amho d ho H$b_
KQ>ZoMm Iam AmË_m d öX` Amho.
àm{YboI (Writs) :
‘yb^yVhŠH$ ~OmdÊ`mgmR>r gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` H$b_ 32 Zwgma Va CÀM Ý`m`mb` H$b_ 226 Zwgma àm{YboI H$mT>VmV.
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` \$º$ ‘yb^yV hŠH$m§g§~§Yr àm{YboI H$mT>Vo Va CÀM Ý`m`mb` ‘yb^yV hŠH$ d BVa hŠH$m§g§~§YrgwÕm
àm{YboI H$mTy> eH$Vo.
àm{YboImMo àH$ma (Types of Writs) :
(1) ~§Xr àË`jrH$aU/XohmonpñWVr (Habeas Corpus) :
·· AW© : eara CnpñWV amhUo (To have the body of).
·· EImÚm ì`º$sbm ~oH$m`XoeranUo AQ>H$ Ho$br Agë`mg qH$dm AQ>H$ H$éZ 24 VmgmÀ`m AmV Ý`m`mb`mg_moa hOa
Ho$bo Zgë`mg Ý`m`mb` hm àm{YboI H$mTy>Z AQ>H$ H$aUmè`m ì`º$sbm AmXoe XoVo H$s AQ>H$ Ho$boë`m ì`º$sbm
Ý`m`mb`mg_moa CnpñWV H$aÊ`mV `mdo. AQ>H$ Oa ~oH$m`Xoera Agob Va Ë`m ì`º$sbm _wº$ Ho$bo OmVo.
·· Ý`m`mb` hm àm{YboI gaH$mar A{YH$mar qH$dm ImOJr ì`º$s¨À`m {déÕ H$mTy> eH$Vo.
(2) na_mXoe (Mandamus) :
·· AW© : Amåhr AmXoe XoVmo. (We Command)
·· Oa EImXm gaH$mar A{YH$mar Ë`mMo H$m_ H$aV Zgob Á`m_wio EImÚm ì`º$sMo ‘yb^yV hŠH$ S>mdbbo OmV AgVrb
Voìhm Ý`m`mb` `m àm{YboIMm dmna H$éZ Ë`m gaH$mar A{YH$mè`mbm Ë`mMo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe XoVmo.
·· hm àm{YboI gaH$mar g§ñWm, Ý`m`mb`, gaH$ma `m§À`m{déÕ H$mT>Vm òVmo.
(3) à{VfoY (Prohibition) :
·· AW© : à{V~§Y H$aUo (To Forbid)
·· d[að> Ý`m`mb` ImbÀ`m Ý`m`mb`m§Zm Ë`m§À`mnwT>o Mmby Agboë`m EImÚm IQ>ë`mMr gwZmdUr Wm§~{dÊ`mgmR>r
{Xbobm AmXoe åhUOoM à{VfoY hmo¶.
(4) CËàojU (Certiorari) :
·· AW© : Ago à_m{UV H$aÊ`mV òVo H$s (To be Certified)
General Studies 21
_yb^yV h¸$
·· H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o Agbobm IQ>bm H$mTy>Z KoUo qH$dm H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mZo A{YH$ma joÌm~mhoarb IQ>ë`mMm {ZH$mb
{Xbm Agob Va Vmo {ZH$mb aÔ H$aUo d Vmo IQ>bm d[að> Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o dJ© H$aUo. ho gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶ CËàofU
àm{YcoImÛmao H$aVmo.
·· à{VfoY (Prohibition) hm \$º$ à{V~§YmË_H$ (Preventive) Amho Va CËàojU (Certiorari) hm à{V~§YmË_H$ Am{U
CnMmamË_H$ (Preventive & Curative) Amho.
(5) A{YH$ma àÀN>m/Šdm{YH$ma (Quo-Warranto) #
·· AW© : H$moUË`m A{YH$mamZo (By what Authority)
·· `mÛmao EImÚm ì`º$sÛmao J«hU Ho$bocr emgH$s` nXmMr KQ>ZmË_H$Vm, H$m`XoeraVm Vnmgbr OmVo. `mZwgma `mo½`
ì`º$sM A{YH$manXr Amho H$m Zmhr `mMr ImÌr Ý`m`mb` H$aV AgVo.
·· hm àm{YboI \$º$ emgH$s` H$_©Mmè`m{déÕ H$mT>Vm òVmo.
H$b_ 33 : bîH$ar goZm, geó Xbo, {Z_bîH$ar Xbo B. Xbm§À`m gXñ`m§Zm àmá Agboë`m ‘yb^yV hŠH$m§da {Z~ªY
bmdÊ`mMm hŠH$ g§gXobm Amho. (Parliament's Right to Modify Fundamental Rights Applicable to Forces,
etc.)
H$b_ 34 : ^maVmÀ`m EImÚm àXoemda Oa bîH$ar H$m`Xm (_me©b bm°) A§_bmV Agob Va Ë`m àXoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§À`m
‘yb^yV hŠH$m§da {Z~ªY òVmV. (Restrictions on Fundamental Rights During Martial Law).
H$b_ 35 ‘yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma \$º$ g§gXobm Amho. amÁ` {dYmZ_§S>imbm
Zmhr. (Legislation for Effecting the Fundamental Rights).
Q>rn : H$b_ 15,16,19,29,30 _Yrb ‘yb^yV hŠH$ \$º$ ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm CnbãY AmhoV Va
BVa ‘yb^yV hŠH$ ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ Am{U naH$s` ZmJ[aH$ `m§Zm CnbãY Amho.
H$c‘ 14, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 ‘Yrc ‘yc^yV h¸$ naH$s¶m§Zmhr
(eÌy amï´>mVrc naH$s¶ dJiVm) CncãY AmhoV.
Q>rn : ~r. EZ. amd ¶m§À¶m gëë¶mZwgma ‘gwXm g{‘VrZo ^mJ -3 ‘Ü¶o Ý¶m¶à{dð> AgUmao ‘yc^yV h¸$
g‘m{dï> Ho$co Va ^mJ-4 ‘Ü¶o J¡a Ý¶m¶à{dð> AgUmar amÁ¶ YmoaUmMr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo g‘m{dð>
Ho$cr.

22 General Studies
6 amÁ` YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo
amÁ` YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo (Directive Principle of State Policy)…
amÁ` YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m ^mJ-IV _Yrb H$b_ 36 Vo H$b_ 51 _Üò g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo Am`[ae KQ>ZodéZ pñdH$mabr AmhoV. (Am`[ae KQ>ZoV Vr ñn°{Ze KQ>ZodéZ KoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.)
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm_Üò gaH$maZo bmoH$m§gmR>r H$amd`mÀ`m H$m_m§Mr `mXr Amho. hr gd© VÎdo gÎmmYmar gaH$mam§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aV
AgVmV.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo gaH$mam§gmR>r gyMZm§Mr gmYZo (Instruments of Instructions to the Government) AmhoV. hr VÎdo XoemV
Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr àñWm{nV H$aVmV.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo "H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`' `m g§H$ënZoda MmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo hr Ý`m`à{dï> ZmhrV åhUOoM ¶m VÎdm§À`m Cëb§KZm{déÕ H$moUË`mhr Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJVm òV Zmhr.
(H$b_ 37).
hr VÎdo Ý`m`à{dï> Z H$aÊ`m_mJMo KQ>ZmH$Ë`mªMo H$maU åhUOo ¶m gd© _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r bmJUmao
{dÎmr` gmYZm§Mr d _mZdr gmYZm§Mr ^maVmV H$_VaVm hmoVr. Zì`mZoM ñdmV§Í` Pmboë`m ^maVmg_moa BVahr _hÎdmÀ`m
~m~r hmoË`m. Ë¶m‘wio hr VÎdo Ý¶m¶à{dð> H$aÊ¶mV Amcr ZmhrV.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mo dJuH$aU ho VrZ JQ>mV Ho$bo OmVmV.
(1) g_mOdmXr ñdénmMr VÎdo, (2) Jm§YrdmXr ñdénmMo VÎdo, (3) CXma_VdmXr ñdénmMr VÎdo.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mo _hÎdmMo H$b_o …
H$b_ 38 : gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` Ý`m`mZo `wº$ Aem g_mOì`dñWoMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo d bmoH$H$ë`mU H$aUo.
H$b_ 39 : amÁ¶mZo AZwgamd¶mÀ¶m YmoaUmMr {dd{jV VÎdo.
H$b_ 39A : g‘mZ Ý¶m¶ d H$m¶Xo{df¶H$ ‘mo’$V gëbm.
H$b_ 40 : J«m_n§Mm`VrMo g§KQ>Z
ñdemgZ åhUyZ amÁ` gaH$maZo J«m_ n§Mm`Vr ñWmnZ H$amì`m d Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ Vo A{YH$ma ~hmb H$amdo.
H$b_ 41 : H$m_mMm, {ejUmMm d ghmæ`mMm hŠH$ {_imdm.
H$b_ 42 : H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Ý`m` d _mZdr dmVmdUmMr h_r `mgmR>r VaVyX.
H$b_ 43 : H$m_Jmam§Zm Mm§Jbo doVZ d OrdZ_mZ `mgmR>r VaVyX.
H$b_ 44 : ^maVmVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g_mZ ZmJar H$m`ÚmMr h_r. (Uniform Civil Code). (Jmodm ho g_mZ ZmJar H$m`Xm
pñdH$maUmao ^maVmVrb EH$_od amÁ` Amho.)
H$b_ 45 : amÁ`, ~mbH$m§Mo d` 6 dfmªMo hmoB©n`ªV g§JmonZ H$aob d Ë`m§À`m {ejUmMr VaVyX H$aob.
86 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m`ÚmZo (2002) H$b_ 45 Mr eãXaMZm ~Xbbr d emgZmda 6 dfm©Imbrb ~mbH$m§Mo g§JmonZ
d {ejUmMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr.
H$b_ 46 : AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVr d BVa Xþ~©b KQ>H$ `m§À`m e¡j{UH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm emgZmV\}$ {deof hmV^ma
bmdUo Am{U Ë`m§Mo gm_m{OH$ AÝ`m` d emofUmnmgyZ g§ajU H$aUo.
H$b_ 47 : _mZdr Amamo½`mbm YmoH$mXm`H$ Agboë`m _mXH$Ðìò Am{U Zerë`m nXmWmªÀ`m godZmg à{V~§Y H$aUo.
H$b_ 48 : AmYw{ZH$ d emór` nÕVrZo H¥$frMm {dH$mg H$aUo d OZmdam§À`m H$Îmbrg ~§YZo KmbUo.
H$b_ 48 (A) : dZo Am{U dÝ` Ordm§À`m g§dY©ZmgmR>r n`m©daUmMo g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$aUo.
General Studies 23
amÁ` YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo
H$b_ 49 : amï´>r` d Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hÎdmMr ñ_maHo$ `m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo.
H$b_ 50 : amÁ`mÀ`m ì`dñWoVrb Ý`m`ì`dñWm H$m`©H$mar ì`dñWonmgyZ AbJ R>odUo.
H$b_ 51 : Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm d gwajm `m§Mo g§dY©Z H$aUo. 
24 General Studies
7 _yb^yV H$V©ìò
_yb^yV H$V©ìò (Fundamental Duties) :
ì`º$s¨gmR>r ‘yb^yV hŠH$ KQ>ZoV {Xbo hmoVo. `m gd© ì`º$s¨gmR>r gaH$maZo H$m` H$m_ Ho$bo nm{hOo `m H$m_mMr `mXr _mJ©Xe©H$
VÎdm§_Üò {Xbr hmoVr. ¶m gd© hŠH$m§Mm Cn`moJ KoV AgVmZm Ë`m ì`º$sZo g_mOmgmR>r H$mhr H$V©ìò nma nmS>Uo Ano{jV AgVo.
¶m ^mdZoVyZ ‘yc^yV H$V©ì¶o KQ>ZoV Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amco. _mÌ _yi KQ>ZoV _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm ZìhVm.
gaH$maZo gaXma ñdU© qgh g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerdéZ, 1976 _Üò 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m`ÚmZo (1976) _yi KQ>ZoV ^mJ
IV(A) g_m{dï> Ho$bm d H$b_ 51(A) g_m{dï> H$éZ 10 _yb^yV H$V©ìò KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> Ho$br. Z§Va 86 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVr
H$m`ÚmZo (2002) {ejUmg§X^m©Vrb 11 do H$V©ì` [H$b_ 51 (A)(k)] KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> Ho$bo.
_yb^yV H$V©ìò KQ>ZoÀ`m ^mJ-IV(A) _Yrb H$b_ 51(A) _Üò g_m{dï> AmhoV.
^maVr` KQ>ZoVrb ‘yb^yV H$V©ìò gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m KQ>ZodéZ pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambr.
‘yb^yV H$V©ìò Ý`m`à{dï> ZmhrV. åhUOo Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMr VaVyX Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m
Cëb§KZm_wio H$moUË`mhr Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJVm òUma Zmhr.
‘yb^yV H$V©ìò Ho$di ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm bmJy hmoVmV. Vr naH$s` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm bmJy hmoV ZmhrV.
‘yb^yV H$V©ìò H$m±J«og gaH$maZo KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> Ho$bo Ë`mdoir ^maVmMo n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr hmoË`m Va ^maVmMo H$m`Xm_§Ìr
EM.Ama.JmoIbo hmoVo. VËH$m{bZ {damoYr njmZogwÕm _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Zm {damoY Ho$bm Zmhr.
‘yb^yV H$V©ìò :
H$b_ 51(A) (a) : g§{dYmZmMo nmbZ H$aUo d Ë`m§Mo AmXe© g§ñWm, amï´>ÜdO d amï´>JrV `m§Mm AmXa H$aUo.
H$b_ 51(A) (b) : amï´>r` ñdmV§Í` bT>çmg ñ\y$Vu {_imbr Ë`m CXmÎm AmXem©Mr OmonmgZm H$éZ AZwgaU H$aUo.
H$b_ 51(A) (c) : ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd, EH$Vm d EH$mË_Vm CÞV R>odUo d Ë`m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo.
H$b_ 51(A) (d) : XoemMo g§ajU d amï´>r` godm H$aÊ`mg V`ma amhUo.
H$b_ 51(A) (e) : Ym{_©H$, ^m{fH$ d àmXo{eH$ qH$dm dJu` ôXm§À`m n{bH$S>o OmD$Z ^maVmVrb gd© OZVo_Üò gm_§Oñ` d
~§Yw^md dmT>rg bmdUo, {ó`m§À`m à{Vð>obm CUonUm AmUUmè`m àWm§Mm Ë`mJ H$aUo.
H$b_ 51(A) (f) : Amnë`m g§{_l g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g_¥Õ dmaem§Mo _mob OmUyZ Vmo OVZ H$aUo.
H$b_ 51(A) (g) : dZo, gamodao, ZÚm d AÝ` Ordg¥ï>r `mgh Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMo ajU H$éZ Ë`mV gwYmaUm H$aUo, gOrd
àmÊ`m§~m~V X`m ~miJUo.
H$b_ 51(A) (h) : {dkmZ{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZ, _mZdVmdmX Am{U emoYH$~wÕr d gwYmaH$d¥Îmr `m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo.
H$b_ 51(A) (i) : gmd©O{ZH$ _mb_ÎmoMo ajU H$aUo d qhgmMmamMm {ZJ«hnyd©H$ Ë`mJ H$aUo.
H$b_ 51(A) (j) : Amnbo amï´> gVV CnH«$_ d {gÕr `m§À`m MT>Ë`m loUr JmR>V OmB©b Aem àH$mao gd© ì`{º$JV d
gm_wXm{`H$ H$m`©joÌmV CÎm_Vm g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r PQ>Uo.
H$b_ 51(A) (k) : Omo OÝ_XmVm Agob qH$dm nmbH$ Agob Ë`mZo Amnë`m AnË`mg Ë`mÀ`m (AnË¶mÀ¶m) d`mÀ`m ghmì`m
dfmªnmgyZ Vo Mm¡Xmì`m dfm©n`ªV {ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY H$éZ XoUo. (ho ‘yb^yV H$V©ì` 86 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m`Xm 2002 Zo
KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo).
darb 10 H$V©ì`m§n¡H$s Ho$di AmR>M H$V©ì`m§Mr {e\$mag ñdU©qgh g{_VrZo Ho$br hmoVr. àËòH$mZo H$a âUo, àËòH$mZo _VXmZ
H$aUo hr H$V©ìò gaXma ñdU©qgh g{_VrZo gm§{JVbr hmoVr. nU gaH$maZo Vr ñdrH$mabr Zmhr. gaXma ñdU© qgh g{_VrZo
‘yb^yV H$V©ìò Ý`m`à{dï> H$am Aer {e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr. nU gaH$maZo hr {e’$mag pñdH$mabr Zmhr.
General Studies 25
_yb^yV H$V©ìò
d_m© g{_VrMo {ZarjUo :
H$mhr ‘yb^yV H$V©ì`m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r ApñVËdmV Agboë`m H$m`Xoera VaVwXr d_m© g{_VrZo 1999 _Üò AYmoao{IV
Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
‘yb^yV hŠH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo ‘yb^yV H$V©ìò
(Fundamental Rights) (DPSP) (Fundament Duties)
1 ^mJ III ^mJ IV ^mJ IV(A)

2 H$b_ 12 Vo H$b_ 35 H$b_ 36 Vo H$b_ 51 H$b_ 51(A)
3 A‘oarHo$À¶m KQ>ZodéZ pñdH$mabo Am¶are KQ>ZodéZ pñdH$maco a{e¶Z KQ>ZodéZ pñdH$maco
4 Ý`m`à{dï> Amho. Ý`m`à{dï> Zmhr. Ý`m`à{dï> Zmhr.
{ejUmg§X^m©Vrb ‘yb^yV hŠH$ {ejUmg§X^m©Vrc ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo : {ejUmg§X^m©Vrc ‘yc^yV H$V©ì¶o :
5
H$b_ 21(A) H$c‘ 45 H$c‘ 51(A)(k)
XoemV amOH$s` bmoH$emhr àñWm{nV
XoemV gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ bmoH$emhr
6 -
H$aVmV. àñWm{nV H$aVmV.
_wi KQ>ZoV g_mdoe ZìhVo. gaXma
ñdU© qgh g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerdéZ
7 _yi KQ>ZoV g_m{dï _yi KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m`ÚmZo
(1976) KQ>ZoV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV
Ambo.
ho ZH$mamË_H$ Amho. H$maU ho ho gH$mamË_H$ AmhoV. H$maU ho
8 gaH$mabm H$mhr Jmoï>r H$aÊ`mg gaH$mabm H$mhr Jmoï>r H$aÊ`mgmR>r -
à{V~§Y H$aVmV. _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV.

26 General Studies
8 KQ>ZmXþéñVr
KQ>ZmXþéñVr (Amendments) :
~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma d JaOm§Zm AZwgéZ KQ>ZoV XþéñVr/gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV ¶mdr `mgmR>r KQ>ZmXþéñVr hr ^maVr` KQ>ZoV
g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
^maVr` KQ>ZoV ^mJ 20 _Yrb H$b_ 368 _Üò g§gXobm KQ>ZmXþéñVrMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
Ho$di g§gXobmM KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
KQ>ZmXþéñVrMo àH$ma …
(1) g§gXoÀ`m gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo (Simple Majority) KQ>ZmXþéñVr …
·· g^mJ¥hmV CnpñWV Agboë`m gXñ` g§»òÀ`m ~hþ_VmZo Vo {dYo`H$ g§_V H$aUo `mbmM gmYo ~hþ_V åhUVmV.
·· g§gXoÀ`m gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo hmoUmar KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$b_ 368 A§VJ©V KQ>ZmXþéñVr _mZbr OmV Zmhr.
g§gXoÀ`m gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo hmoUmè`m KQ>ZmXþéñË`m (H$c‘ 368 À¶m ~mhoaÀ¶m KQ>ZmXþéñË¶m) …
·· ZdrZ amÁ` ñWmnZ H$aUo, {Z_m©U H$aUo qH$dm amÁ`mÀ`m ZmdmV, joÌ\$imV, gr_oV ~Xb H$aUo.
·· amÁ`mV {dYmZn[afX ñWmnZ H$aUo qH$dm Zï> H$aUo.
·· amï´>nVr, amÁ`nmb, g^mnVr, Ý`m`mYre B.Mo doVZ, ^Îmo, {deofm{YH$ma Am{U BVa ~m~r.
·· gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mVrb Ý`m`mYrem§Mr g§»`m.
·· EImÚm ZmJ[aH$mbm ^maVmMo ZmJ[aH$Ëd XoUo qH$dm Ë`mMo ZmJ[aH$Ëd aÔ H$aUo.
·· Xþgao AZwgyMr, nmMdr AZwgyMr, ghmdr AZwgyMr `m_Üò ~Xb.
·· ‘VXma g§KmMo n[a{g‘Z
·· g§gXoÀ¶m d amÁ¶{dYmZ‘§S>imÀ¶m {ZdS>UwH$m.
·· H$m¶m©c¶rZ ^mfoMm dmna.
·· g§gX gXñ¶m§Mo nJma d ^Îmo.
·· gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mg A{YH$Mo A{YH$ma ~hmc H$aUo.
(2) g§gXoÀ`m {deof ~hþ_VmZo KQ>ZmXþéñVr (By Special Majority of Parliament) : H$b_ 368
·· ‘yb^yV hŠH$, amÁ` YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo ¶m_Üò ~Xb g§gXoÀ`m {deof ~hþ_VmZo H$aVm òVo.
·· g§gXoÀ`m {deof ~hþ_VmZo hmoUmè`m KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$b_ 368 A§VJ©V KQ>ZmXþéñVr _mZbr OmVo.
(3) g§gXoÀ`m {deof ~hþ_Vm~amo~a {Zåå`m amÁ`m§À`m gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo KQ>ZmXþéñVr [H$b_ 368(2)]. (By Special
Majority of Parliament and Consent of Half States) :
·· amï´>nVtMr {ZdS>UyH$ Am{U {VMr nÕV
·· g§KamÁò d KQ>H$amÁò `m_Üò H$m`Xo{df`H$ eº$s¨Mr {d^mJUr
·· g§gXo_Yrb amÁ`m§Mo à{V{Z{YËd.
General Studies 27
KQ>ZmXþéñVr
‘hÎdmÀ¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñË¶m
1 cr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1951 : H$maUmgmR>r AnmÌ R>a{dÊ¶mgmR>r VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.

A§‘c~OmdUr : 18 OyZ 1951 56 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1987 :
‘mc‘Îmm Vmã¶mV KoÊ¶mg§~§Yr VaVwXr AgUmao H$m¶Xo. A§‘c~OmdUr : 30 ‘o 1987
^y - gw Y maUm Am{U BVa H$m¶Úm§ M o Ý¶m¶mc¶rZ Jmodm amÁ¶mcm {deof amÁ¶mMm XOm©
XoÊ¶mV Amcm.
nwZ{d©cmoH$ZmnmgyZ g§ajU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r n[a{eï> H«$‘m§H$ 9 Jmodm amÁ¶mÀ¶m {dYmZgôMr gXñ¶
g§»¶m 30 nojm H$‘r
ho Zì¶mZo g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
ZgUma Aer VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
42 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1976 : 61 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1989 :
A§‘c~OmdUr : 01 E{àc 1977
A§‘c~OmdUr : 28 ‘mM© 1989
g§{dYmZmÀ¶m gaZmå¶m‘Ü¶o "g‘mOdmXr', "Y‘©{Zanoj' d H$c‘ 326 ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr H$ê$Z ‘VXmam§Mo d¶ 21 df©
"EH$mË‘Vm' ho VrZ eãX Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amco. dê$Z H$‘r H$ê$Z 18 df© H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
KQ>ZoV ZdrZ ^mJ 4A d ZdrZ H$c‘ 51A g‘m{dï>
H$aÊ¶mV Amco. ¶mÛmao g§{dYmZmV ‘yc^yV H$V©ì¶m§Mm 69 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1991 :
g‘mdoe Ho$cm Jocm. A§‘c~OmdUr : 01 ’o$~«wdmar 1992
cmoH$g^m d {dYmZgôMm H$mcmdYr 5 dfmªdê$Z 6 df} {X„r ¶m H|$Ðem{gV àXoemg {X„rMo amï´>r¶
amOYmZr joÌ
Agm dmT>dÊ¶mV Amcm. Ago g§~moYÊ¶mV Amco Am{U ¶mg {deof XOm© {Xcm Jocm.
H$c‘ 74 ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr Ho$cr H$s, Á¶m‘Ü¶o amï´>nVrZo {X„r H|$Ðem{gV àXoemgmR>r 70 gXñ¶ g§»¶m Agcocr
‘§{Ì‘§S>imÀ¶m gëë¶mZoM H$m¶© H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ¶mV {dYmZg^m d 7 g§»¶m Agcoco ‘§Ìr‘§S>i ¶m§Mr VaVyX
Amco. H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
H$c‘ 356 ‘Ü¶o ~Xc Ho$cm H$s, Á¶m‘Ü¶o amï´>nVr
73 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1992 :
emgZmÀ¶m gcJ H$mcmdYr 6 ‘{hÝ¶mdê$Z dmT>dyZ Vmo 1
df} H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. A§‘c~OmdUr : 24 E{àc 1993
42 ì¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrcm cKw amÁ¶KQ>Zm Ago gwÕm åhQ>co EH$ ZdrZ ^mJ 9 hm g‘m{dï> Ho$cm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o H$c‘ 243
OmVo. Vo 243-0 ¶m H$c‘mMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶m ^mJmMo erf©H$
"n§Mm¶Vr' Ago Amho.
44 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1978 : n§Mm¶VamO g§~{§ YV 11 do n[a{eï> g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
A§‘c~OmdUr : 06 gßQ>|~a 1978 ¶m n[a{eï>mV 29 {df¶ AmhoV.
g§nÎmrMm A{YH$ma hm ‘yc^yV A{YH$mamVyZ dJiyZ Vmo 74 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1992 :
AmVm ’$º$ H$m¶Xoera A{YH$ma Ho$cm Amho.
H$c‘ 352 ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr H$ê$Z ¶m‘Ü¶o "A§VJ©V H$ch' A§‘c~OmdUr : 01 OyZ 1993
¶m eãXmEodOr "geó ~§S>mir' hm eãX Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amcm. "ZJanm{cH$m' ¶m Aem erf©H$mMm Zdm "^mJ-9A' g‘m{dï>
amï´>nVr, amï´>r¶ AmUr~mUrMr KmofUm ‘§Ìr‘§S>imÀ¶m coIr H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. ¶m‘Ü¶o H$c‘ 243P Vo 243ZG hr
{e’$maerdê$ZM H$aVrc. H$c‘o AmhoV.
cmoH$g^m d amÁ¶ {dYmZg^m§Mm H$mcmdYr 6 dfmªdê$Z n[a{eï> 12 ho g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amco. Á¶m‘Ü¶o 18
nwÝhm 5 df} H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. {df¶ AmhoV.
{Z‘ehar ^mJmgmR>r ZJan§Mm¶Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr VaVyX
52 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1985 : H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. VgoM N>moQ>çm ehamgmR>r ZJanm{cH$m d
A§‘c~OmdUr : 01 ‘mM© 1985 ‘moR>çm ehamgmR>r ‘hmZJanm{cH$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr VaVyX
ZdrZ n[a{eï> 10 do g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV
Amco. Á¶m‘Ü¶o H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
g§gX d amÁ¶{dYr‘§S>imÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Zm njm§VamÀ¶m
28 General Studies
KQ>ZmXþéñVr
A§‘c~OmdUr : 12 {S>g|~a 2002 A§‘c~OmdUr : 12 OmZodmar 2012
g§{dYmZmV EH$ ZdrZ H$c‘ 21A g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amco. ¶mÛmao H$c‘ 19 ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr H$ê$Z Ë¶m‘Ü¶o CnH$c‘
ho {ejUmÀ¶m A{YH$mam§g~§ {§ YV Amho. ¶mZwgma amÁ¶ 6-14 19(1C) g‘m{dï> H$ê$Z VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Amcr H$s,
dfmªn¶ªV gd© ~mcH$m§Zm {Z:ewëH$ d A{Zdm¶© {ejU ghH$mar g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aUo hm ‘yc^yV A{YH$ma R>adÊ¶mV
CncãY H$ê$Z XoB©c. ho g§~§{YV amÁ¶mÀ¶m H$m¶Úm§VJ©V Amcm.
Agoc. 98 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 2012 :
¶mÛmao ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm‘Yrc H$c‘ 45 ‘Ü¶o ~Xc H$aÊ¶mV
A§‘c~OmdUr : 02 OmZodmar 2013
Amcm. ¶mZwgma amÁ¶ ho 6 df© nyU© hmoB©n¶ªV gd© ~mcH$m§Mo
g§{dYmZmV H$c‘ 371-J ho H$c‘ g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV
g§JmonZ d {ejUmgmR>r à¶ËZerc amhrc.
Amco. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ¶mVrc h¡Xam~mX ¶m joÌmgmR>r
¶mÛmao g§{dYmZmVrc ‘yc^yV H$V©ì¶ (^mJ 4A) ¶m ^mJmV
H$c‘ 51A ¶m‘Ü¶o EH$m ZdrZ H$V©ì¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ho$cm. {deof VaVwXr H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m.
H$c‘ 51(A)(k) ¶mZwgma Vo 6-14 df© d¶moJQ>mVrc 99 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 2014 :
~mcH$m§À¶m AmB©-dS>rc qH$dm nmcH$m§Zr Amnë¶m A§‘c~OmdUr : 13 E{àc 2015
~mcH$m§Zm {ejUmÀ¶m g§Yr XoUo, ho Ë¶m§Mo H$V©ì¶ Agoc. g§{dYmZmV H$c‘ 124A, 124B Am{U 124C hr
89 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 2003 : ZdrZ H$c‘o g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amco. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gdm}ƒ
A§‘c~OmdUr : 28 gßQ>|~a 2003 Ý¶m¶mc¶mÀ¶m Ý¶m¶mYrem§À¶m {Z¶wº$sgmR>rMr H$m°co{O¶‘
g§{dYmZmVrc H$c‘ 338 ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr H$ê$Z "amï´>r¶ nÕV aÔ H$ê$Z Ë¶mEodOr "amï´>r¶ Ý¶m{¶H$ Am¶moJmMr'
AZwgy{MV OmVr Am¶moJ' (SC Commission) Am{U ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mMr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
H$c‘ 338A Zwgma "amï´>r¶ AZwgy{MV O‘mVr Am¶moJ' gZ 2015 ‘Ü¶o gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo hm KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr
(ST Commission) Ago ñdV§Ì Am¶moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr H$m¶Xm KQ>Zm~mø R>adyZ aÔ Ho$cm.
VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. 100 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 2015 :
91 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 2003 : A§‘c~OmdUr : 01 Am°JñQ> 2015
A§‘c~OmdUr : 01 OmZodmar 2004 ¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZo n[a{eï>-1 ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr H$ê$Z ^maVmVrc
H$c‘ 75 ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr H$ê$Z H$c‘ 75(1A) ho g‘m{dï> H$mhr àXoe ~m§½cmXoemcm {Xcm Am{U ~m§½cmXoemMm H$mhr
Ho$co. Á¶m‘Ü¶o Aer VaVyX Ho$cr, H|$Ðr¶ ‘§Ìr‘§S>imMr àXoe ^maVmV gm‘rc H$ê$Z KoVcm.
g§»¶m n§VàYmZmgh cmoH$gôÀ¶m EHy$U gXñ¶g§»¶oÀ¶m 101 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 2016 :
15% nojm A{YH$ ZgUma.
A§‘c~OmdUr : 01 Owc¡ 2017
H$c‘ 164 (1A) g‘m{dï> H$ê$Z Ë¶m‘Ü¶o VaVyX Ho$cr.
dñVy d godm H$a (GST) cmJy H$aÊ¶mg§~§Yr H$m¶Xo.
amÁ¶ ‘§Ìr‘§S>imMr g§»¶m ‘w»¶‘§Í¶m§gh amÁ¶ {dYmZgôÀ¶m
EHy$U gXñ¶g§»¶oÀ¶m 15% nojm A{YH$ ZgUma Am{U 102 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 2018 :
12 nojm H$‘r Zgmdr. 1
rd
A§‘c~OmdUr : 11 Am°JñQ> 2018
amÁ¶ {dYr‘§S>imVrc njmVrc gXñ¶m§Zr njm§Va ¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZo amï´>r¶ ‘mJmgdJ© Am¶moJmcm
KQ>ZmË‘H$
3
Ho$ë¶mg n[a{eï> 10 Zwgma Ë¶mg g§ajU Ago. Vo g§ajU XOm© XoÊ¶mV Amcm AgyZ Ë¶mgmR>r H$c‘ 338-E Zì¶mZo
AmVm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amco. g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
A§‘c~OmdUr : 12 OyZ 2006 A§‘c~OmdUr : 14 OmZodmar 2019
H$c‘ 164(1) ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr H$ê$Z VaVyX Ho$cr H$s, ¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZo H$c‘ 16(5) Am{U 15(5) ‘Ü¶o
"Am{Xdmgr H$ë¶mU ‘§Ìr' nm{hOoM hr {~hma amÁ¶mVrc "Am{W©H$ ‘mJmg' hm eãX g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
VaVyX aÔ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Am{U Ë¶mEodOr hr VaVyX
¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZo "Am{W©H$ ‘mJmg dJm©cm' 10% AmajU
N>ÎmrgJS> d PmaI§S> amÁ¶mcm cmJy H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
XoÊ¶mV Amco.
General Studies 29
KQ>ZmXþéñVr
104 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 2020 :
A§‘c~OmdUr : 25 OmZodmar 2020
g§gX Am{U amÁ¶ {dYr‘§S>im‘Ü¶o AZwgy{MV OmVr d
AZwgy{MV O‘mVrgmR>r OmJm§À¶m AmajUmMm H$mcmdYr
10 dfmªn¶ªV dmT>dUo. ¶mgmR>r H$c‘ 334 ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. (2030 n¶ªV)
VgoM ¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZo A±½cmo B§{S>¶Z g‘mOmMo g§gX
d amÁ¶{dYr‘§S>imVrc OmJmÀ¶m AmajUmMr VaVyX aÔ
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
105 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 2021 :
‘mJmgdJ© {ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma H$c‘ 15(4),
15(5) d 16(4) A§VJ©V amÁ¶mcm XoÊ¶mV Amcm.

30 General Studies
9 amï´>nVr
amï´>nVr (President) :
H$b_ 52 : ^maVmgmR>r EH$ amï´>nVr Agob.
amï>nVtMr {ZdS>UyH$ nÕV (Procedure of President's Election) :
amï´>nVtMm {ZdS>UyH$ EH$c g§H«$_Ur` _VmÛmao à_mUera à{V{Z{YËd nÕVrZo Jwá _VXmZ nÕVrZo hmoVo. (System of
Proportional Representation by Means of Single Transferable Vote).
amï´>nVr nXmgmR>rÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r C_oXdmamMr nmÌVm (H$b_ 58) :

(1) Vmo ^maVmMm ZmJ[aH$ Agmdm.
(2) Ë`mMo d` {H$_mZ 35 df© Agmdo. (H$_mb d`mo_`m©Xm Zmhr.)
(3) Vmo bmoH$g^m gXñ` åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mg nmÌ Agmdm.
(4) Vmo ^maV gaH$maÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbrb H$moUVohr bm^mMo nX YmaU H$aUmam Zgmdm.
(5) {ZdS>UyH$ AO© gmXa H$aVmZm {H$_mZ 50 _VXmË`m§Zr nmqR>~m (Proposers) Am{U BVa {H$_mZ 50 _VXmË`m§Zr
AZw_moXZ (Seconders) XoUo JaOoMo AgVo. th
1
(6) C_oXdmamZo RBI _Üò 15,000 é.AZm_V (Deposit) aŠH$_ âmdr bmJVo. (EHy$U _VmÀ`m 6 _Vo Z {_imë`mg
hr AZm_V aŠH$_ Oá Ho$br OmVo.)
amï´>nVr§À`m {ZdS>UwH$sV gh^mJ (H$b_ 54) :
{ZdS>UwH$s_Üò bmoH$g^m, amÁ`g^m d {dYmZgôMo {Zdm©{MV gXñ` (Only Elected Members) _VXmZ
amï´>nVr§À`m
H$aVmV. (bmoH$g^m, amÁ`g^m, {dYmZgôMo Zm_{ZX}{eV gXñ`, {dYmZn[afXoMo gXñ` amï´>nVtÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$s_Üò ^mJ
KoV ZmhrV.)
C_oXdma {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mgmR>r EH$ {ZpíMV H$moQ>m (Electoral Quota) àmá H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.
amï´>nVr§Mr enW (Oath by the President) (H$b_ 60) :

Amnbo nX J«hU H$aÊ`mnydu gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m gaÝ`m`mYrem_m\©$V (Chief Justice of India) qH$dm gdm}
amï´>nVr§Zm
ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m Áòð>V_ Ý`m`m{Yem_m\©$V enW ¿`mdr bmJVo.
amï´>nVr§Mm nXmdYr (Term of office) H$b_ 56(1) :
amï´>nVtMm H$mcmdYr 5 df© AgVmo.
H$b_ 57 : amï´>nVr nwZZ}_UwH$sgmR>r nmÌ AgVmo. åhUOo Vmo {H$Vrhr doim amï´>nVr åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z òD$ eH$Vmo. (A‘o[aHo$À¶m
amï´>mÜ¶jmMm H$m¶©H$mc 4 df© AgVmo d EH$ ì¶º$s H$‘mc 2 doim A‘o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ¶j amhÿ eH$Vmo.)
amï´>nVr§À`m {ZdS>UwH$m g§X^m©Vrb dmX \$º$ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mV gmoS>{dbm OmVmo.
Oa gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo amï´>nVr§Mr Pmbobr {ZdS>UyH$ Ad¡Y (Illegal) R>a{dcr Va Ë`m C_oXdmambm amï´>nVr nXmdéZ nm`CVma
ìhmdo bmJob. nU Ë`mZo Ë`mAmYr amï´>nVr åhUyZ Ho$bobr H$m_o aÔ hmoV ZmhrV.
amOrZm_m (Resignation) :
amï´>nVr Amnë`m nXmMm amOrZm_m Cnamï´>nVrg g§~moYyZ XoVmV.
General Studies 31
amï´>nVr
amï´>nVr§Mr OmJm amOrZm_m, _¥Ë`y BVa H$maUm_wio [aº$ hmoD$ eH$Vo.
amï´>nVr§Mr OmJm [aº$ Pmë`mZ§Va H$_mb 6 _{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV ^maVr` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ {ZdS>UyH$ KoD$Z Vr OmJm âVo. Vmo
n`ªV Cnamï´>nVr ho amï´>nVr åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV, Cnamï´>nVr nX [aº$ Agob Va ^maVmMo gaÝ`m`mYre (Chief Justice of
India) ho amï´>nVr åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV, gaÝ`m`m{YemMo nX hr [aº$ Agob Va gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo Áòð>V_ Ý`m`mYre
amï´>nVr åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV.
Ooìhm amï´>nVr/^maVmMo gaÝ`m`mYre/Áòð>V_ Ý`m`mYre amï´>nVr åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Zm gd© amï´>nVr§Mo A{YH$ma
àmá hmoVmV d amï´>nVr§EdT>m nJma d ^Îmo àmá hmoVmV.
nU Cnamï´>nVr/gaÝ`m`mYre/gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm Áòð>V_ Ý`m`mYre H$_mb (Max) 6 _{hZo amï´>nVr åhUyZ H$m`© H$é
eH$VmV.
amï´>nVr§Mm nJma …
^maVmÀ`m _yi KQ>ZoV amï´>nVr§Mm nJma 10,000 BVH$m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVmo. 2018-19 À`m AW©g§H$ënmV
amï´>nVr§Mm nJma dmT>dyZ 5 bmI à{V _mh BVH$m H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
amï´>nVr§darb _hm{^`moJmMr nÕV (Procedure of Impeachment of the President) :
H$b_ 61 Zwgma amï´>nVr§da "KQ>Zm^§J' `m EH$mM H$maUmdéZ _hm{^`moJ bmdyZ Ë`m§Zm nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mMr nÕV {Xbobr
Amho.
_hm{^`moJmMr nÕV …
(1) _hm{^`moJmMr à{H«$`mth g§gXoÀ`m H$moUË`mhr g^mJ¥hmV gwé H$aVm òVo. hm àñVmd _m§S>Ê`mnydu Ë`m g^mJ¥hmVrb EHy$U
gXñ` g§»òÀ`m 14 gXñ`m§Zr ñdmjar Ho$bobr boIr ZmoQ>rg {H$_mZ 14 {Xdg AmYr g^mJ¥hmV _m§S>mdr bmJVo.
rd
(2) Ë`mZ§Va Vmo R>amd Ë`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m EHy$U gXñ`g§»òÀ`m 23 ~hþ_VmZord g§_V H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo _J Vmo R>amd
Xþgè`m g^mJ¥rdhmV OmVmo Ë`m g^mJ¥hmV gwÕm Vmo R>amd Ë`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m 23 ~hþ_VmZo g§_V H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. XmoÝhr
g^mJ¥hmZo 23 ~hþ_VmZo R>amd g§_V Ho$ë`mZ§Va amï´>nVr§Zm nXmdéZ nm`CVma Ho$bo OmVo.
amï´>nVr§Zm nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ò_Üò g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMo (bmoH$g^m+amÁ`g^m) {Zdm©{MV d Zm_{ZX}{eV
(Elected + Nominated) gXñ` ^mJ KoVmV.
({dYmZgôMo {Zdm©{MV gXñ` amï´>nVr§À`m {ZdS>UwH$s_Üò ^mJ KoVmV, nU nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ò_Üò ^mJ KoV
ZmhrV.) (bmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m `m§Mo Zm_{ZX}{eV gXñ` (Nominated) {ZdS>UwH$s_Üò ^mJ KoV ZmhrV nU nXmdéZ Xÿa
H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ò_Üò ^mJ KoVmV.) ({dYmZn[afXoMo gXñ` {ZdS>UwH$s_Üòhr ^mJ KoV ZmhrV Am{U nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mÀ`m
à{H«$ò_Üòhr ^mJ KoV ZmhrV.)
AmVmn`ªV EH$mhr amï´>nVr§da _hm{^`moJ bmdÊ`mV Ambobm Zmhr.
amï´>nVr§Mo A{YH$ma (Powers of the President) :
(1) H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma (Executive Powers) :

·· amï´>nVr ho ^maVmMo à_wI (Head of the State) AgVmV ^maVmMm gd© H$ma^ma Ë`m§À`m ZmdmZo Mmb{dbm OmVmo.
·· amï´>nVr ho n§VàYmZ, H|$Ðr` _§Ìr, ^maVmMm _hmÝ`m`dmXr, ^maVmMo _hmboImnmb, _w»` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$ d BVa
{ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$, g§K bmoH$godm Am`moJmMo AÜ`j, gXñ`, amÁ`mMo amÁ`nmb, {dÎm Am`moJmMo AÜ`j, gXñ`
`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmV.
·· H|$Ð amÁ` d amÁ`-amÁ`m§_Yrb ghH$m`© dmT>rg bmJmdo `mgmR>r amï´>nVr Am§Va-amÁ`r` n[afXoMr (Inter State
32 General Studies
amï´>nVr
Council) {Z`wº$s H$aVmV.
·· amï´>nVr AZwgy{MV OmVr (SCs), AZwgy{MV O_mVr (STs) d BVa _mJmgdJ© (OBC) `m§À`m n[apñWVrMr Mm¡H$er
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aVmV.
·· amï´>nVr EImXm àXoe AZwgy{MV joÌ åhUyZ Kmo{fV H$é eH$VmV.
(2) {dÎmr` A{YH$ma (Financial Powers) :
·· amï´>nVr (Budget) dm{f©H$ {dÎmr` {ddaUnÌH$ (H|$Ð gaH$maMm AW©g§H$ën) g§gXoV _m§S>Ê`mMo KS>dyZ AmUVmV.
·· AW©{dYo`H$ (Money Bill) \$º$ amï´>nVr§À`m nyd©g§_VrZoM bmoH$gôV gmXa Ho$bo OmVo.
(3) Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma (Judicial Powers) :
·· amï´>nVr gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo gaÝ`m`mYre d BVa Ý`m`mYre Am{U CÀM Ý`m`mb`mVrb Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmV.
·· amï´>nVr EImÚm H$m`Xo{df`H$ ~m~tgmR>r gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z _mJdy eH$VmV. _mÌ hm gëbm amï´>nVr§da ~§YZH$maH$
Zmhr.
(4) H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma (Legislative Powers) :
·· g§gXoMo A{YdoeZ ~mob{dUo (Summon) Am{U gÌg_már (Prorogue) H$aUo hm amï´>nVr§Mm A{YH$ma Amho.
·· n§VàYmZmÀ`m gëë`mdéZ amï´>nVr bmoH$g^m {dg{O©V H$é eH$VmV.
·· Oa EImÚm {dYo`H$m~Ôb XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm_Üò _VôX Pmbo Agob Va amï´>nVr g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMr g§`wº$
~¡R>H$ (Joint Sitting) ~mob{dVmV. nU `m g§`wº$ ~¡R>H$sMm AÜ`j hm bmoH$gôMm AÜ`j AgVmo.
·· àËòH$ {ZdS>UwH$sZ§VaÀ`m g§gXoÀ`m n{hë`m A{YdoeZmÀ`m gwédmVrbm d àËòH$ dfm©À`m n{hë`m A{YdoeZmÀ`m
gwédmVrbm amï´>nVr A{^^mfU H$aV AgVmV.
·· amï´>nVr amÁ`gôda gm{hË`, {dkmZ, H$bm d gm_m{OH$ godm `m§Mo {deof kmZ d AZw^d AgUmè`m 12 gXñ`m§Zm
Zm_{ZX}{eV (Nominate) H$aVmV.
·· amï´>nVr bmoH$gôda 2 A±½bmo B§{S>`Z g_mOmÀ`m ZoË`mg Zm_{ZX}{eV (Nominate) H$aV hmoVo. nU ho Nomination
104 (2020)ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m`ÚmZo ~§X H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
·· H$moUVohr {dYo`H$ amï´>nVr§À`m g§_Vr{edm` H$m`ÚmV énm§V[aV hmoV Zmhr. g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zr EImXo {dYo`H$
g§_V Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vo amï´>nVr§H$S>o g§_VrgmR>r gmXa Ho$bo OmVo. amï´>nVr Ë`m {dYo`H$mbm g§_Vr XoVmV qH$dm g§_Vr amoIyZ
R>odVmV qH$dm Vo {dYo`H$ g§gXoÀ`m nwZ{d©MmamW© nmR>{dVmV. _mÌ g§gXoZo ho {dYo`H$ nwZ{d©Mma H$éZ qH$dm Z H$éZ
Oa amï´>nVr§H$S>o naV nmR>{dbo Va Ë`m {dYo`H$mda amï´>nVtZm ghr H$amdrM bmJVo. (amï´>nVr YZ {dYo`H$ g§gXoH$S>o
nwZ{d©MmamW© nmR>dy eH$V Zmhr. amï´>nVr YZ {dYo`H$mbm g§_Vr XoVrb qH$dm Vr amIyZ R>odVrb ghgm amï´>nVr YZ
{dYo`H$mbm g§_Vr XoVmV. H$maU Vo Ë`m§À`m nyd©g§_VrZoM _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo AgVo.)
(5) amï´>nVr§Mo ZH$mam{YH$ma (Veto Power of the President) :
·· g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zr EImXo {dYo`H$ g§_V Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vo amï´>nVr§H$S>o òVo. amï´>nVr {H$Vr àH$mao Ë`m {dYo`H$mMr
g§_Vr amoIyZ R>ody eH$VmV, `m amï´>nVr§À`m A{YH$mambm amï´>nVr§Mo ZH$mam{YH$ma åhUVmV.
(1) nyU© qH$dm ewÕ ZH$mam{YH$ma (Absolute Veto) : g§gXoZo nm[aV Ho$bobo {dYo`H$ nyU©nUo amoIyZ YaUo d Ë`mbm
g§_Vr Z XoUo.
(2) {Zb§~ZmË_H$ ZH$mam{YH$ma (Suspensive Veto) : g§gXoZo nm[aV Ho$bobo {dYo`H$ amï´>nVr§H$S>o g§_VrgmR>r òVo.
Voìhm amï´>nVr ho {dYo`H$ g§gXoH$S>o nwZ{d©MmamW© nmR>{dVmV nU Oa g§gXoZo nwZ{d©Mma H$éZ AWdm Z H$aVm Oa
ho {dYo`H$ amï´>nVr§H$S>o nmR>{dbo Va amï´>nVr§Zm Ë`m {dYo`H$mbm g§_Vr ÚmdrM bmJVo.
(3) JwUmË_H$ ZH$mam{YH$ma (Qualified Veto) : Ooìhm EImXo {dYo`H$ amï´>nVr g§gXoÀ`m nwZ{d©MmamW© nmR>{dVmV
Voìhm g§gXoZo Vo {dYo`H$ nydunojm A{YH$ ~hþ_VmZo nm[aV Ho$ë`mg amï´>nVr§Zm Ë`mg g§_Vr ÚmdrM bmJVo.
General Studies 33
amï´>nVr
(^maVr` amï´>nVr§Zm JwUmË_H$ ZH$mam{YH$ma àmá Zmhr Vmo \$º$ A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jm§Zm àmá Amho.
(4) nm°Ho$Q> ZH$mam{YH$ma (Pocket Veto) : g§gXoZo g§_V Ho$boë`m {dYo`H$mda H$moUVmhr {ZU©` Z KoVm Vo VgoM
nSy>Z R>odUo. Ë`m {dYo`H$mbm hmo hr åhUm`Mo Zmhr Am{U Zmhr nU åhUm`Mo Zmhr. H$maU KQ>ZoZo amï´>nVr§Zr
{H$Vr {XdgmV EImÚm {dYo`H$m~m~V {ZU©` ¿`mdm Aer H$mb_`m©Xm {Xbr Zmhr.
(6) naamï´>{df`H$ A{YH$ma (Diplomatic Powers) :
·· ^maVmMo amOXÿV d amOZ¡{VH$ A{YH$mar `m§À`m Zo_UwH$m amï´>nVr H$aVmV.
·· ^maVmMo gd© Am§Vaamï´>r` H$ama d Vh amï´>nVr§À`m ZmdmZo Ho$bo OmVmV.
(7) bîH$ar A{YH$ma (Military Powers) :
·· amï´>nVr {VÝhr g§ajH$ Xbm§Mo gagoZmnVr (Supreme Commander) åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV.
·· amï´>nVr Zm¡goZm, hdmB©goZm d WbgoZm à_wIm§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmV.
(8) amï´>nVr§Mm AÜ`mXoe H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma (Ordinance-Making Power of the President) : (H$c‘ 123)
·· AÜ¶mXoe Xoe åhUOo VmËnwaVm H$m¶Xm.
·· H$b_ 123 Zwgma Ooìhm g§gXoMo A{YdoeZ Mmby Zgob Ë`mdoir amï´>nVtZm AÜ`mXoe H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
·· amï´>nVr AÜ`mXoe AemM {df`m§~m~V H$mTy> eH$VmV Á`mda H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g§gXobm Amho.
·· Ooìhm g§gX A{YdoeZm_Üò Zgob (g§gXoÀ`m {dam_ H$mimV) Am{U VmËH$mi EImXm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mMr JaO
Agob VoìhmM amï´>nVr AÜ`mXoe H$mT>VmV. (H$maU ^maVmV H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g§gXobm Amho d g§gX hr
A{YdoeZm_Üò ^maVmgmR>r H$m`Xo H$aV AgVo.)
·· AÜ`mXoe hm VmËnwaË`m ñdénmMm H$m`Xm AgVmo. g§gXoÀ`m nwT>rb A{YdoeZmV Oa g§gXoZo Ë`m H$m`Úmbm g§_Vr {Xbr
Va hm H$m`_Mm H$m`Xm hmoD$Z OmVmo. Oa g§gXoZo ¶m H$m¶Úmcm ‘mÝ¶ Ho$co Zmhr Va hm H$m`Xm bJoM ~mX hmoVmo. Oa
g§gXoÀ`m A{YdoeZmV Ë`m AÜ`mXoem~Ôb H$mhrM MMm© Pmbr Zmhr, g§_V nU Ho$bm Zmhr Am{U A_mÝ` nU Ho$bm
Zmhr Va g§gXoMo A{YdoeZ gwé Pmë`mÀ`m VmaIonmgyZ 6 AmR>dS>o g§nVmM hm H$m`Xm g§nwï>mV òVmo. `mdéZ bjmV
òVo, AÜ`mXoemMm _hÎm_ H$mbmdYr 6 _{hZo d 6 AmR>dS>o BVH$m AgVmo. (g§gXoÀ`m XmoZ A{YdoeZmXaå`mZMm _hÎm_
H$mbmdYr 6 _{hZo BVH$m AgVmo.)
·· amï´>nVr AÜ`mXoe Ho$ìhmhr _mJo KoD$ eH$VmV.
·· AÜ`mXoe _mJo KoÊ`mnydu Ë`m AÜ`mXoemZwgma KoVbobo {ZU©` VgoM amhVrb.
·· amï´>nVr§Mm AÜ`mXoe H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma ñdoÀN>m{YZ A{YH$ma ZgyZ Vmo n§VàYmZmÀ`m Imbrb _§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m
gëë`mZoM H$mTy> eH$VmV qH$dm _mJo KoD$ eH$VmV.
·· KQ>ZmXþéñVrgmR>r AÜ`mXoe H$mT>Vm òD$ eH$V Zmhr.
·· AÜ`mXoe nyd©bjr (Retrospective) åhUOo Ë`mMm A§_b _mJrb VmaIonmgyZ Agë`mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo OmD$ eH$Vo.
·· S>r nr dYdm (1987) IQ>ë`mV gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo EH$mM Ame`mMm AÜ`mXoe Zoh_r Zoh_r H$mT>Uo KQ>Zm{damoYr
Agë`mMo gm§{JVbo hmoVo.
(9) amï´>nVr§Mm j_mXmZmMm A{YH$ma (Pardoning Power of the President) : H$b_ 72
·· amï´>nVr§Zm AnamYm§~Ôb Xmofr R>a{dÊ`mV Amboë`m H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sbm {ejo~Ôb - j_mXmZ (Pardon) H$aÊ`mMm
(Xmofr ì`º$sg gd© {ejoVyZ Xmof_wº$ Ho$bo OmVo d gd© {ejm _m\$ Ho$br OmVo.), {ejm VhHw$~r (Reprieve) ({ejoÀ`m
A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r VmËnwaVr ñW{JVr {Xbr OmVo.), {dlm‘ (Respite) (EImXr J^©dVr _{hbm Agob qH$dm EImXm
{Xì`m§J ì`º$s Agob Va Aem {deof n[apñWVr_Üò _yi {ejm H$_r Ho$br OmVo.), {ejoV gyQ> XoUo (Remission)
(`m_Üò {ejm VrM R>odbr OmVo. \$º$ {ejoMm H$mbmdYr H$_r Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm.2 dfm©À`m gº$ _Owar EodOr 1 df©
gº$ _Owar), {ejm gm¡å` H$aUo (Commutation) (`m_Üò EH$m {ejooEodOr Xþgar `mo½` {ejm {Xbr OmVo. CXm.…
\$merEodOr gŠV _OwarMr {ejm) A{YH$ma Amho.
34 General Studies
amï´>nVr
·· amÁ`mÀ`m amÁ`nmbm§Zm gwÕm j_mXmZmMm A{YH$ma Amho. _¥Ë`wX§S>mMr {ejm \$º$ amï´>nVr _m\$ H$é eH$VmV, amÁ`nmb
Zmhr. amÁ`nmb _¥Ë`wX§S>mMr {ejm H$_r H$é eH$VmV qH$dm gm¡å` H$é eH$VmV. nU Vr nyU© _m\$ H$é eH$V ZmhrV.
·· bîH$ar Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobr {ejm _m\$ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma \$º$ amï´>nVr§Zm Amho amÁ`nmbmbm Zmhr.
·· amï´>nVr§Mm hm j_mXmZmMm A{YH$ma ñdoÀN>m{YH$ma ZgyZ Vmo H|$Ðr` H°${~ZoQ> _§Í`mÀ`m gëë`mZo dmnamdm bmJVmo.
·· XòMm AO© H$aUmè`mbm amï´>nVr§g_moa _m¡{IH$ gwZmdUrMm (Oral Hearing) A{YH$ma Zmhr.
^maVmMo amï´>nVr
H«$. amï´>nVrMo Zmd H$m¶©H$mb
n{hbo S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX 26 OmZo 1950 Vo 3 ‘o 1962
Xþgao S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ 13 ‘o 1962 Vo 13 ‘o 1967
{Vgao S>m°. PmH$sa hþgoZ (n{hbo ‘wñbr‘) 13 ‘o 1967 Vo 3 ‘o 1969 (‘¥Ë¶y)
ìhr. ìhr. {Jar (à^mar) 3 ‘o 1969 Vo 20 Owb¡ 1969
Ý¶m. {hXm¶Vw„m (à^mar) (n{hco Ý¶m¶m{Ye) 20 Owb¡ 1969 Vo 24 Am°JñQ> 1969
Mm¡Wo ìhr. ìhr. {Jar (Anj) 24 Am°JñQ> 1969 Vo 24 Am°JñQ> 1974
nmMdo S>m°. ’$IéÔrZ Ambr Ah‘X 24 Am°JñQ> 1974 Vo 11 ’o$~w«dmar 1977 (‘¥Ë¶y)
~r. S>r. OÎmr (à^mar) 11 ’o$~w«dmar 1977 Vo 25 Owb¡ 1977
ghmdo {Zb‘ g§Ord aoÈ>r ({~Z{damoY) 25 Owb¡ 1977 Vo 25 Owb¡ 1982
gmVdo ½¶mZr PobqgJ 25 Owb¡ 1982 Vo 25 Owb¡ 1987
AmR>do Ama. ì¶§H$Q>a‘Z 25 Owb¡ 1987 Vo 25 Owb¡ 1992
Zddo e§H$aX¶mc e‘m© 25 Owb¡ 1992 Vo 25 Owb¡ 1997
Xhmdo Ho$. Ama. Zmam¶U (n{hbo X{bV amï´>nVr) 25 Owb¡ 1997 Vo 25 Owb¡ 2002
AH$amdo S>m°. E.nr.Oo. AãXþb H$bm‘ 25 Owb¡ 2002 Vo 25 Owb¡ 2007
~mamdo à{V^mVmB© nmQ>rb (n{hbr ‘{hbm) 25 Owb¡ 2007 Vo 25 Owb¡ 2012
Voamdo àUd ‘wIOu 25 Owb¡ 2012 Vo 25 Owb¡ 2017
Mm¡Xmdo am‘ZmW H$moqdX 25 Owb¡ 2017 Vo 25 Owc¡ 2022
n§Yamdo Ðm¡nXr ‘y‘y© 25 Owb¡ 2022 nmgyZ AmOn¶ªV
gyMZm … Ðm¡nXr ‘y‘y© øm ^maVmMo ì¶³VrZwgma 15 do amï´>nVr Va H«$‘mZwgma 16 do amï´>nVr AmhoV H$maU amï´>nVr S>m°. amO|Ð
àgmX ho XmoZ doim ^maVmMo amï´>nVr ~Zbo.
S>m°. amO|ÐàgmX ho ^maVmMo n{hco amï´>nVr hmoVo. Vo EH$‘od Ago amï´>nVr AmhoV Á¶m§Zr gcJ XmoZ nXmdYtgmR>r (1952-
1957, 1957-1962) amï´>nVr åhUyZ H$m¶© Ho$co. S>m°. amO|ÐàgmX d gdm©{YH$ ‘Vm{Y³¶mZo [ZdSy>Z ¶oUmao (Ë¶m§À¶m Xþgè¶m
H$mcmdYt‘Ü¶o) amï´>nVr AmhoV.
S>m°. amO|ÐàgmX gdm©{YH$ H$mcdYrgmR>r ^maVmMo amï´>nVr hmoVo.
S>m°. ìhr. ìhr. {Jar ho gdm©V H$‘r ‘Vm{Y³¶mZo {ZdSy>Z Amcoco amï´>nVr AmhoV. S>m°. ìhr. ìhr. {Jar ho Anj åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z
Amcoco EH$‘od amï´>nVr AmhoV.
{Zc‘ g§Ord aoÈ>r ho 1977 ‘Ü¶o {~Z{damoY {ZdSy>Z Amcoco EH$‘od amï´>nVr AmhoV.
General Studies 35
10 Cnamï´>nVr
Cnamï´>nVr (Vice President) :
H$b_ 63 : ^maVmgmR>r EH$ Cnamï´>nVr Agob.
Cnamï´>nVr§Mr {ZdS>UyH$ (Election of Vice President) : H$b_ 66
Cnamï´>nVr§Mr {ZdS>UyH$ AàË`jnUo, EH$b g§H«$_Ur` _VmÛmao à_mUera à{V{Z{YËd nÕVrZwgma d Jwá _VXmZ nÕVrZo
hmoVo. (System of Proportional Representation by Means of Single Transferable Vote).
Cnamï´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMo (bmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m) gd© gXñ` ({Zdm©{MV d Zm_{ZX}{eV)
(Nominated + Elected) _VXmZ H$aVmV. ({dYmZgôÀ`m d {dYmZn[afXoÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm Cnamï´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$s_Üò
_VXmZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr.)
Cnamï´>nVr nXmgmR>r nmÌVm (Qualification) : H$c‘ 66(3), H$c‘ 66(4)
(1) Vmo ^maVmMm ZmJ[aH$ Agmdm.
(2) Ë`mMo d` {H$_mZ 35 df© Agmdo. (H$_mb d`mo_`m©Xm Zmhr.)
(3) Vmo amÁ`gôMm gXñ` åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mg nmÌ Agmdm.
(4) Vmo ^maV gaH$maÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbrb H$moUVohr bm^mMo nX YmaU H$aUmam Zgmdm.
(5) Vmo g§gXoMm qH$dm {dYmZ_§S>imMm (ImgXma/Am_Xma) Zgmdm. Agob Va nX J«hU H$aÊ`mnydu Ë`mZo Am_XmaH$s d
ImgXmaH$sMm amOrZm_m {Xbm nm{hOo.
(6) {ZdS>UyH$ AO© gmXa H$aVmZm {H$_mZ 20 _VXmË`m§Zr nmqR>~m (Proposers) Am{U BVa 20 _VXmË`m§Zr AZw_moXZ
(Seconders) XoUo JaOoMo AgVo.
th
(7) C_oXdmamZo RBI _Üò 15000 én`m§Mr AZm_V aŠH$_ âmdr bmJVo. (EHy$U _VmÀ`m 61 _Vo Z {_imë`mg AZm_V
aŠH$_ Oá Ho$br OmVo.)
Cnamï´>nVr§Mr enW (Oath of the Vice President) : H$b_ 69
Cnamï´>nVr§Zm Amnbo nX J«hU H$aÊ`mnydu amï´>nVrg_moa qH$dm amï´>nVtZr {Z`wº$ Ho$boë`m ì`º$sg_moa enW ¿`mdr bmJVo.
Cnamï´>nVr§Mm nXmdYr (Term of Office) : H$b_ 67
Cnamï´>nVr§Mm nXmdYr/H$mbmdYr 5 df© AgVmo.
Cnamï´>nVr nwZ{Z©dS>UwH$sgmR>r nmÌ AgVmo d Vmo {H$Vrhr doim Cnamï´>nVr åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z òD$ eH$Vmo.
{ZdS>UyH$ {ddmX : H$b_ 71 Cnamï´>nVr nXmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sMm dmX \$º$ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mV gmoS>{dbm OmVmo.
amOrZm_m (Resignation) : Cnamï´>nVr Amnë`m nXmMm ghr H$éZ boIr amOrZm_m amï´>nVr§Zm XoVmV.
Cnamï´>nVtMo nX _¥Ë`y, amOrZm_m, H$mbmdYr nyU©, nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Agë`mg [aº$ amhVo. Vo nX [aº$M AgVo.
H$moUVmhr ì`º$s Vmon`ªV VmËnwaVm Cnamï´>nVr åhUyZ H$m`© H$aV Zmhr d bdH$amV bdH$a Ë`m OmJogmR>r {ZdS>UyH$ KoVbr
OmVo. amÁ`gôMo Cng^mnVr ho amÁ`gôMo g^mnVr åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV nU ^maVmMo Cnamï´>nVr åhUyZ Zmhr.
36 General Studies
Cnamï´>nVr
H$m`© (Functions of Vice President) :
Cnamï´>nVr åhUyZ H$moUVohr H$m_ ZgVo. Vo amÁ`gôMo g^mnVr (Speaker of Rajyasabha) åhUyZ H$m_
Cnamï´>nVr§Zm
H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio H$mhr VÁk Cnamï´>nVr§Mm CëboI (His superfluous Highness) Agm H$aVmV.
nJma (Payments) :
KQ>ZoZo
Cnamï´>nVr§Zm Cnamï´>nVr åhUyZ nJma àXmZ Ho$bobm Zmhrò Va Ë`m§Zm amÁ`gôMm g^mnVr (AÜ`j) `m ZmË`mZo Ë`m§Zm
nJma {_iVmo.
2018-19 À`m AW©g§H$ënmVyZ Cnamï´>nVr§Zm nJma 4 bmI à{V _mh BVH$m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aUo (Removal of the Vice President) :

Cnamï´>nVr§Zm nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hm{^`moJmMr JaO Zmhr d Ë`m§Zm H$moUË`m H$maUmdéZ nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mV `mdo
ho KQ>ZoV gm§{JVbobo Zmhr.
Cnamï´>nVr§Zm nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mMm R>amd àW_ amÁ`gôV à^mdr ~hþ_VmZo (Absolute Majority) g§_V H$amdm bmJVmo.
Z§Va Vmo R>amd bmoH$gôV gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo (Simple Majority) nm[aV Pmë`mZ§Va Cnamï´>nVr§Zm nXmdéZ Xÿa Ho$bo OmVo.
hm R>amd {H$_mZ 14 {Xdgm§Mr nyd©ZmoQ>rg g^mJ¥hmg {Xë`m{edm` _m§S>Vm òV Zmhr.
`m R>amdmg amï´>nVtÀ`m g§_VrMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr.
^maVmMo Cnamï´>nVr
H«$‘m§H$ Cnamï´>VrMo Zmd H$m¶©H$mb
n{hbo S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ ({~Z{damoY) 26 OmZoo 1952 Vo 13 ‘o 1962
Xþgao S>m°. PmH$sa hþgoZ 13 ‘o 1962 Vo 3 ‘o 1967
{Vgao ìhr. ìhr. {Jar 13 ‘o 1967 Vo 3 ‘o 1969
Mm¡Wo Jmonmi ñdén nmR>H$ 31 Am°JñQ> 1969 Vo 30 Am°JñQ> 1974
nmMdo ~r. S>r. OÎmr 31 Am°JñQ> 1974 Vo 30 Am°JñQ> 1979
ghmdo Ý¶m. ‘mohå‘X {hXm¶Vw„m ({~Z{damoY) 31 Am°JñQ> 1979 Vo 30 Am°JñQ> 1984
gmVdo Ama. ì¶§H$Q>a‘Z 31 Am°JñQ> 1984 Vo 24 Owb¡ 1987
AmR>do e§H$aX¶mc e‘m© ({~Z{damoY) 3 gßQ>|~a 1987 Vo 25 Owb¡ 1992
Zddo Ho$. Ama. Zmam¶UZ 21 Am°JñQ> 1992 Vo 24 Owb¡ 1997
Xhmdo Ho$. H¥$îUH$m§V 21 Am°JñQ> 1997 Vo 27 Owb¡ 2002
AH$amdo ^¡amoqgJ eoImdV 19 Am°JñQ> 2002 Vo 21 Owb¡ 2007
~mamdo ‘mohå‘X h‘rX AÝgmar 11 Am°JñQ> 2007 Vo 11 Am°JñQ> 2017
Voamdo d|H$æ¶m Zm¶Sy> 11 Am°JñQ> 2017 Vo 10 Am°JñQ> 2022
Mm¡Xmdo OJXrn YZJS> 11 Am°JñQ> 2022 Vo AmOn¶ªV
S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ ho ^maVmMo n{hco CnamîQ´>nVr hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zr gcJ XmoZ doim ^maVmMo Cnamï´>nVr åhUyZ H$m¶© Ho$co.
XmoÝhr doim Vo {~Z{damoY {ZdSy>Z Amco hmoVo.
S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ d ‘mohå‘X h‘rX AÝgmar ho gcJ XmoZ doim ^maVmMo Cnamï´>nVr hmoVo.
S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ, ‘mohå‘X {hXm¶Vw„mh, e§H$aX¶mc e‘m© ho {~Z{damoY {ZdSy>Z Amcoco Cnamï´>nVr AmhoV.
OJXrn YZJS> ì¶{º$e: åhUyZ 14 do CnamîQ´>nVr AmhoV d Vo XoemMo 16 do Cnamï´>nVr AmhoV.
General Studies 37
11 amÁ¶nmc
amÁ¶nmc (Governor) :
H$c‘ 153 : àË¶oH$ amÁ¶mgmR>r EH$ amÁ¶nmc Agoc.
EH$M ì¶º$s XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ amÁ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶nmc Agy eH$Vmo (7 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m¶Xm, 1956)
amÁ¶nmcmMr Zo‘UyH$ (Appointment of Governor) : H$c‘ 155
amÁ¶nmcmMr Zo‘UyH$ amï´>nVr ‘m’©$V Ho$cr OmVo. (‘w»¶‘§Í¶mMm g„m KoVcm OmVmo. ho amÁ¶KQ>ZoV gm§{JVco Zmhr. ho g§gXr¶
na§naoZwgma MmcV Amcoco Amho.)
amÁ¶nmc nXmgmR>r nmÌVm (Qualification) : H$c‘ 157
Vmo ^maVmMm ZmJ[aH$ Agmdm. (amÁ¶KQ>ZoV hr Ah©Vm gm§{JVcr Amho.)
{H$‘mZ d¶ 35 df© Agmdo. (H$‘mc d¶mMr AQ> Zmhr) (amÁ¶KQ>ZoV hr Ah©Vm gm§{JVcr Amho.)
Vmo amÁ¶m~mhoarc ì¶º$s Agmdm. (ho amÁ¶KQ>ZoV gm§{JVco Zmhr. ho g§gXr¶ na§naoZwgma MmcV Amcoco Amho.)
amÁ¶nmcmMm nXmdYr (Term of Governor's Office) : H$c‘ 156

amï´>nVrMr
‘Ou Agon¶ªV amÁ¶nmc nXmda amhVmV qH$dm 5 df©.
amÁ¶nmc Amnë¶m nXmMm amOrZm‘m amï´>nVtZm g§~moYyZ XoVmV.
nXmdYr g§në¶mZ§Va amÁ¶nmc nwZZ}‘UyH$ gmR>r nmÌ AgVmV.
amÁ¶nmc nXmÀ¶m eVu (Conditions of Office) : H$c‘ 158

amÁ¶nmc g§gXoÀ¶m qH$dm amÁ¶ {dYmZ‘§S>imÀ¶m H$moUË¶mhr g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ¶ AgUma Zmhr.
enW (Oath) : H$c‘ 159
amÁ¶mÀ¶m Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mÀ¶m ‘y»¶ Ý¶m¶mYrem‘m’©$V amÁ¶nmcmcm enW {Xcr OmVo.
amÁ¶nmcmMo A{YH$ma d H$m¶} (Powers & Functions of Governor) :
(1) H$m¶©H$mar A{YH$ma (Executive Power) :
·· amÁ¶mMm gd© H$ma^ma amÁ¶nmcmÀ¶m ZmdmZo MmcVmo.
·· amÁ¶nmc ‘y»¶‘§Í¶mMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmV d ‘y»¶‘§Í¶mÀ¶m gë¶mZo BVa ‘§Í¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmV.
·· amÁ¶nmc N>{ÎmgJT>, PmaI§S>, Amo{S>gm d ‘Ü¶àXoe ¶m amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o EH$m Am{Xdmgr H$ë¶mU ‘§Í¶mMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmV.
·· amÁ¶nmc amÁ¶ {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶wº$mMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmV.
·· amÁ¶nmc amÁ¶mÀ¶m ‘hm{Yd³Ë¶mMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmV.
·· amÁ¶nmc amÁ¶ cmoH$godm Am¶moJmÀ¶m gXñ¶mMr d AÜ¶jmMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmV.
·· amÁ¶nmc amÁ¶mVrc {dÚmnrR>m§Mo Hw$cnVr (Chancellor) åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aVmV.
38 General Studies
amÁ¶nmc
(2) H$m¶Xo{df¶H$ A{YH$ma (Legislative Power) :
·· amÁ¶nmc amÁ¶ {dYmZ‘§S>imMo A{YdoeZ ~moc{dVmV (Summon) Am{U ñW{JV (Prorogue) H$aVmV.
·· àË¶oH$ {ZdS>UwH$sZ§VaÀ¶m d àË¶oH$ dfm©À¶m gwédmVrÀ¶m n{hë¶m A{YdoeZmÀ¶m gwédmVrcm amÁ¶nmc
amÁ¶{dYmZ‘§S>img‘moa A{^^mfU H$aVmV.
·· amÁ¶nmc {dYmZgôda EH$m A±½cmo B§{S>¶Z (Anglo Indian) g‘mOmÀ¶m ZoË¶mg Zm‘{ZX}{eV (Nominate) H$aV hmoVo.
·· amÁ¶nmc {dYmZn[afXo
th
da gm{hË¶, {dkmZ, H$cm, gm‘m{OH$ godm d ghH$ma Midi ¶m§Mo {deof kmZ qH$dm AZw^d
1
AgUmè¶m 6 gXñ¶m§Zm Zm‘{ZX}{eV (Nominate) H$aVmV.
·· amÁ¶ {dYmZ‘§S>imMo H$moUVohr {dYo¶H$ amÁ¶nmcmÀ¶m g§‘Vr{edm¶ H$m¶ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoV Zmhr. amÁ¶nmc EImÚm
{dYo¶H$mcm g§‘Vr XoD$ eH$VmV qH$dm g§‘Vr amIwZ R>oD$ eH$VmV qH$dm amÁ¶ {dYmZ‘§S>imH$S>o nwZ{d©MmamW© nmR>dy
eH$VmV. (YZ {dYo¶H$ gmoSy>Z)
·· amÁ¶nmc amÁ¶ {dYmZ‘§S>imMo A{YdoeZ Mmcy Zgë¶mg d EImXm H$m¶Xm VmVS>rZo H$aÊ¶mMr JaO Agë¶mg AÜ¶mXoe
(Ordinance) (VmËnwaVm H$m¶Xm) H$mT>VmV. (H$c‘ 213)
(3) AW©{df¶H$ A{YH$ma (Financial Power) :

·· H$c‘ 202 AW©{dYo¶H$ (Budget) ho amÁ¶nmcmÀ¶m nyd©g§‘VrZoM amÁ¶ {dYmZ‘§S>imV ‘m§S>co OmVo.
·· amÁ¶nmc amÁ¶mÀ¶m AmH$pñ‘H$Vm IM© {ZYrVyZ (Contingency Fund of State) AMmZH$nUo CX²^dcocm IM© H$aVmV.
·· amÁ¶nmc Xa 5 dfm©Zo n§Mm¶VamO g§ñWm d å¶w{Z{gnm{cQ>tÀ¶m Am{W©H$ pñWVrÀ¶m Mm¡H$ergmR>r amÁ¶ {dÎm Am¶moJmMr
(State Finance Commission) ñWmnZm H$aVmV.
(4) Ý¶m¶{df¶H$ A{YH$ma (Judicial Power) :

·· Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mVrc Ý¶m¶m{Yem§Mr (High Court Judge) Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmZm amï´>nVr amÁ¶nmcm§Mm g„m KoV AgVmV.
·· H$c‘ 161 amÁ¶nmcmg amÁ¶mÀ¶m H$m¶©H$mar A{YH$mam‘Ü¶o ¶oUmè¶m {ejo~Ôc j‘mXmZ H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$ma Amho.
·· amÁ¶nmc ‘¥Ë¶y X§S>mMr {ejm H$‘r H$ê$ eH$VmV nU Vr nyU© ‘m’$ H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV.
·· amÁ¶nmcmg cîH$ar Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo {Xcoë¶m {ejoV j‘mXmZ qH$dm {ejm ‘m’$ H$aUo qH$dm H$‘r H$aUo hm A{YH$ma Zmhr.
(5) BVa A{YH$ma :
·· H$c‘ 164 : amÁ¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>i gm‘wXm{¶H$[aË¶m {dYmZgôcm O~m~Xma AgVo, Va d¡¶{º$H$ ‘§Ìr amÁ¶nmcmg O~m~Xma
AgVmo.
·· {ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va H$moUË¶mhr amOH$s¶ njmg {dYmZgôV ~hþ‘V àmá Zgoc Va amÁ¶nmc H$moUË¶mhr njmÀ¶m ZoË¶mg
‘w»¶‘§Ìr åhUyZ Zo‘VmV d EH$ ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV Ë¶m§Zm {dYmZgôV ~hþ‘V {gÕ H$aÊ¶mg gm§JVmV.
‘hmamï´>mMo amÁ¶nmb
H«$. amÁ¶nmb H$m¶©H$mb
1 lràH$me (‘hmamï´>mMo n{hbo) 10 {S>g|~a 1956 Vo 16 E{àc 1962
2 nr. gwã~mam‘Z 17 E{àc 1962 Vo 06 Am°³Q>mo~a 1962
3 lr‘Vr {dO¶mbú‘r n§{S>V (n{hcr ‘{hcm) 28 Zmoìh|~a 1962 Vo 8 Am°³Q>mo~a 1964
4 nr.ìhr. Mo[a¶Z 14 Zmoìh|~a 1964 Vo 08 Zmoìh|~a 1969
5 Zdm~ O§J~hmXÿa 26 ’o$~«wdmar Vo 11 {S>g|~a 1976
6 gm{XH$ Abr Vm{ha Acr 30 E{àc 1977 Vo 02 Zmoìh|~a 1980
7 Amo‘àH$me ‘oham 03 Zmoìh|~a 1980 Vo 05 ‘mM© 1982
General Studies 39
amÁ¶nmc
8 EAa ‘me©b B{Ðg hgZ bVr’$ 06 ‘mM© 1982 Vo 16 E{àc 1985
9 H$moZm à^mH$a amd 30 E{àc 1985 Vo 02 E{àc 1986
10 e§H$aX¶mc e‘m© 03 E{àc 1986 Vo 02 gßQ>|~a 1987
11 H$mgy ~«÷mZ§X aoÈ>r 20 ’o$~«wdmar 1988 Vo 18 OmZodmar 1990
12 {MX§~a‘ gw~«‘Ê¶‘² 15 ’o$~«wdmar 1990 Vo 07 OmZodmar 1993
13 S>m°. nr.gr. Abo³Pm§S>a (gdm©{YH$ H$mi amÁ¶nmc) 12 OmZodmar 1993 Vo 12 Owc¡ 2002
14 S>m°. ‘mohå‘X ’$Ob 12 Am°³Q>mo~a 2002 Vo 05 {S>g|~a 2004
15 Eg.E‘. H¥$îUm 06 {S>g|~a 2004 Vo 05 ‘mM© 2008
16 Eg.gr. O‘ra 09 ‘mM© 2008 Vo 22 OmZodmar 2010
17 Ho$. e§H$aZmam¶U 22 OmZodmar 2010 Vo 24 Am°JñQ> 2014
18 MoÞ‘ZoZr {dÚmgmJa amd 30 Am°JñQ> 2014 Vo 04 gßQ>|~a 2019
19 ^JVqgJ H$moí¶mar 05 gßQ>|~a 2019 Vo AmOVmJm¶V

40 General Studies
12 n§VàYmZ
n§VàYmZ (Prime Minister) :
n§VàYmZmMr {Z¶wº$s (Appointment of Prime Minister) :
H$c‘ 75 : amï´>nVr n§VàYmZmMr {Z¶wº$s H$aVmV.
cmoH$gôVrc ~hþ‘VmVrc njmÀ¶m ZoË¶mcm qH$dm H$moUË¶mhr njmcm ~hþ‘V Zgoc Va ¶wVrVrc njmÀ¶m ZoË¶mcm amï´>nVr
àYmZ‘§Ìr åhUyZ Zo‘VmV d Ë¶m§Zm EH$ ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV cmoH$gôV {dídmgmMm R>amd KoÊ¶mg gm§JVmV d hm R>amd qOH$cm
Va Vo n§VàYmZ åhUyZ H$m¶‘ amhVmV.
nmÌVm (Qualification) :
cmoH$g^m qH$dm amÁ¶g^m gXñ¶ åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z ¶oÊ¶mg nmÌ Agmdm (åhUOoM {H$‘mZ d¶ 25 df©).
EImXm ì¶º$s cmoH$gôMm qH$dm amÁ¶gôMm gXñ¶ Zmhr Var Vmo n§VàYmZ ~Zw eH$Vmo ‘mÌ nwT>rc 6 ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV Ë¶mcm
cmoH$g^m qH$dm amÁ¶gôMm gXñ¶ åhUyZ {ZdSy>U ¶mdo cmJVo AÝ¶Wm Ë¶mMo nX [aº$ Ho$co OmVo.
enW (Oath) :
amï´>nVr n§VàYmZmcm nXmMr d Jmon{Z¶VoMr enW XoVmV.
nXmdYr (Term of Office) :
amï´>nVr§Mr
‘Ou Agon¶ªV n§VàYmZ nXmda AgVmV. Omo n¶ªV n§VàYmZmcm cmoH$gôV ~hþ‘V Amho Vmo n¶ªV amï´>nVr Ë¶m§Zm
nXmdê$Z H$mT>V Zmhr. Ooìhm n§VàYmZmH$S>o cmoH$gôV ~hþ‘V Zgoc Ë¶m doir amï´>nVr n§VàYmZmcm nXmdê$Z H$mT>VmV.
amOrZm‘m (Resignation) :
n§VàYmZ Amnë¶m nXmMm amOrZm‘m amï´>nVrH$S>o XoVmV.
n§VàYmZm§Mm amOrZm‘m åhUOo g§nwU© ‘{Ì‘§S>imMm amOrZm‘m g‘Ocm OmVmo.
n§VàYmZmMo A{YH$ma d H$m¶© (Powers & Functions of Prime Minister) :
amï´>nVr n§VàYmZmÀ¶m gë¶mZo BVa ‘§Í¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s H$aVmV.
n§VàYmZ ho amï´>nVr d H|$Ðr¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>i ¶m§À¶m g§nH$m©Vrc ‘mÜ¶‘ AgVmV.
n§VàYmZ {ZVr Am¶moJ, {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJ, amï´>r¶ {dH$mg n[afX, amï´>r¶ Oc g§nXm n[afX, Am§Va-amÁ¶r¶ narfX ¶m§Mo
AÜ¶j AgVmV.
n§VàYmZ ‘§{Ì‘§S>imÀ¶m ~¡R>H$sMo AÜ¶jñWmZ ^yf{dVmV.
amï´>nVr XoemMo Zm‘Ymar à‘wI AgVmV Va n§VàYmZ XoemMo H$m‘Ymar à‘wI AgVmV.
n§VàYmZ ‘§Í¶mMo ImVodmQ>n H$aVmV
H$c‘ 78 : amï´>nVrg ‘m{hVr nwa{dUo B. ~m~V n§VàYmZm§Mr H$V©ì¶o.
General Studies 41
n§VàYmZ
^maVmMo n§VàYmZ
H«$‘m§H$ n§VàYmZmMo Zmd H$m¶©H$mb
n{hbo n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohê$ (gdm©{YH$ H$mi) 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 Vo 27 ‘o 1964
JwcPmarcmc Z§Xm (à^mar) 27 ‘o 1964 Vo 9 OyZ 1964
Xþgao bmb~hmXÿa emór 9 OyZ 1964 Vo 11 OmZodmar 1966
JwcPmarcmc Z§Xm (à^mar) 11 OmZodmar 1966 Vo 24 ‘mM© 1966
{Vgao B§{Xam Jm§Yr (n{hbr ‘{hbm) 24 OmZo 1966 Vo 24 ‘mM© 1977
Mm¡Wo ‘moamaOr XogmB© 24 ‘mM© 1977 Vo 28 Owb¡ 1979
nmMdo MaUqgJ 28 Owb¡ 1979 Vo 14 OmZodmar 1980
B§{Xam Jm§Yr 14 OmZodmar 1980 Vo 31 Am°³Q>m|~a 1984
ghmdo amOrd Jm§Yr (gdm©V Vê$U) 31 Am°³Q>m|~a 1984 Vo 2 {S>g|~a 1989
gmVdo {d. nr. qgJ 2 {S>g|~a 1989 Vo 10 Zmoìh|~a 1990
AmR>do M§ÐeoIa 10 Zmoìh|~a 1990 Vo 21 OyZ 1991
Zddo nr. ìhr. Zaqghamd 21 OyZ 1991 Vo 16 ‘o 1996
Xhmdo AQ>b{~hmar dmOno¶r 16 ‘o 1996 Vo 1 OyZ 1996
AH$amdo EM. S>r. XodoJm¡S>m 1 OyZ 1996 Vo 21 E{àb 1997
~mamdo B§ÐHw$‘ma JwOamb 21 E{àb 1997 Vo 19 ‘mM© 1998
Voamdo AQ>b{~hmar dmOno¶r 19 ‘mM© 1998 Vo 22 ‘o 2004
Mm¡Xmdo ‘Z‘mohZ qgJ (n{hbo {eI) 22 ‘o 2004 Vo 25 ‘o 2014
n§Yamdo Za|Ð ‘moXr 26 ‘o 2014 nmgyZ AmOn¶ªV
^maVmMo Cnn§VàYmZ
H«$‘m§H$ Cnn§VàYmZmMo Zmd H$m¶©H$mb
n{hbo gaXma d„^^mB© nQ>ob 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 Vo 15 {S>g|~a 1950
Xþgao ‘moamaOr XogmB© 13 ‘mM© 1967 Vo 16 Owb¡ 1969
{Vgao MaU qgJ 24 ‘mM© 1977 Vo 28 Owb¡ 1979
Mm¡Wo OJOrdZ am‘ 24 ‘mM© 1977 Vo 8 Owb¡ 1979
nmMdo ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU (n{hbo ‘hmamï´>r¶Z) 28 Owb¡ 1979 Vo 14 OmZo 1980
ghmdo Mm¡Yar Xodr bmb 2 {S>g|~a 1989 Vo 21 OyZ 1991
gmVdo bmbH¥$îU AS>dmUr 5 ’o$~«wdmar 2002 Vo 22 ‘o 2004
B§{Xam Jm§Yr n{hë¶m n§VàYmZ AmhoV Á¶m amÁ¶gôV gXñ¶ AgVmZm n§VàYmZ Pmë¶m.
H$m±J«og gmoSy>Z BVa njmVyZ Amcoco n{hco d Á¶m§Zr Ë¶m§Mm nmM dfmªMm n§VàYmZ nXmMm H$m¶©H$mc nyU© Ho$cm : AQ>c{~hmar
dmOno¶r.
H$m±J«og gmoSy>Z BVa njmVyZ Amcoco n{hco d gdm©{YH$ H$mi ^maVmMo n§VàYmZ am{hcoco ì¶º$s : Za|Ð ‘moXr.
nwT>rc Mma n§VàYmZ amÁ¶gôMo gXñ¶ AgVmZm n§VàYmZ Pmco hmoVo. - (1) B§{Xam Jm§Yr, (2) EM. S>r. XodoJm¡S>m, (3)
B§ÐHw$‘ma JwOamc, (4) ‘Z‘mohZ qgJ. 
42 General Studies
13 H|$Ðr¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>i
H|$Ðr` ‘§{Ì‘§S>i (Council of Minister)
H$b‘ 74 : amï´>nVrg g„m d ghmæ` XoÊ`mH$aVm ‘§{Ì‘§S>i Agob.
{Z`wº$s (Appointment) :
amï´>nVr ‘§Í`mMr {Z`wº$s n§VàYmZmÀ`m gë`mZo H$aVmV.
‘§{Ì‘§S>imVrb EHw$U ‘§Í`mMr g§»`m bmoH$gôÀ`m gXñ` g§»òÀ`m 15% nojm A{YH$ AgVm H$m‘m Zò. (91 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr
H$m¶Xm 2003)
bmoH$g^m qH$dm amÁ`g^m gXñ` åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mg nmÌ Agmdm (åhUOo {H$‘mZ d` 25 df©)
EImXm ì`º$s bmoH$gôMm qH$dm amÁ`gôMm gXñ¶ Zmhr Var Vmo ‘§Ìr ~Zy eH$Vmo ‘mÌ nwT>rb 6 ‘{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV Ë`mbm
bmoH$g^m qH$dm amÁ`gôMm gXñ` åhUyZ {ZdSy>U `mdo cmJVo AÝ`Wm Ë`mMo nX [aº$ Ho$bo OmVo.
enW (Oath) : H$c‘ 75 (4)
amï´>nVr ‘§Í`mbm enW XoVmV.
nXmdYr (Tenure) :
amï´>nVrMr ‘Ou Ago n`ªV ‘§Ìr nXmda AgVmV.
amOrZm‘m (Resignation) :
‘§Ìr Amnë`m nXmMm amOrZm‘m amï´>nVtZm g§~moYyZ XoVmV.
‘§{Ì‘§S>imMr aMZm (Composition of Council of Ministers) :
(1) H°${~ZoQ> ‘§Ìr (Cabinet Minister):
·· ‘hËdmÀ`m ImË`mÀ`m ‘§Í`mbm H°${~ZoQ> ‘§Ìr åhUVmV.
CXm. J¥h ‘§Ìr, AW© ‘§Ìr, H¥$fr ‘§Ìr.
·· H°${~ZoQ> hm eãX ‘wi KQ>ZoV ZìhVm 44 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr H$m`Xm 1978 Zwgma H$b‘ 352(3) ‘Üò H°${~ZoQ> eãXmMm
C„oI àW‘ KQ>ZoV H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
·· H°${~ZoQ>Mm g„m amï´>nVrda ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo.
(2) amÁ`‘§Ìr (Minister of State) :
·· amÁ`‘§Í`mH$S>o EImÚm ‘§Ìmb`mMm ñdV§Ì H$m`©^ma {Xbm OmVmo qH$dm Vo H°${~ZoQ> ‘§Í`mbm ghmæ`H$ åhUyZ ‘XV H$aVmV.
(3) Cn‘§Ìr (Deputy Minister):
·· Cn‘§Ìr ho H°${~ZoQ> ‘§Í`mbm qH$dm amÁ`‘§Í`mbm ghmæ`H$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV. (KQ>ZoV Cnn§VàYmZnXmMm C„oI Zmhr.)
General Studies 43
H|$Ðr¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>i
‘§Í¶mMr O~m~Xmar (Ministerial Responsibility) :
‘§Ìr ì¶¡¶{º$H$[aË¶m amï´>nVrcm O~m~Xma AgVmV d ‘§{Ì‘§S>i gm‘wXm{¶H$[aË¶m cmoH$gôcm O~m~Xma AgVo.
cmoH$gôV Oa ‘§{Ì‘§S>im{dê$Õ A{dídmg R>amd nm[aV Pmë¶mg gd© ‘§Í¶m§Zm amOrZm‘m Úmdm cmJVmo Oa EImXm ‘§Ìr
amÁ¶gôMm gXñ¶ Agoc Va Ë¶mcm nU amOrZm‘m Úmdm cmJVmo.
amOH$s¶ H$m‘H$mOmdarc H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vrcm gwna H°${~ZoQ> åhUVmV.
gÜ¶mÀ¶m H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Ë¶m

""¶w.nr.E. gaH$maZo 10 H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Ë¶m ñWmnZ Ho$boë¶m hmoË¶m.
lr. Za|Ð ‘moXr ¶m§À¶m n{hë¶m gaH$maZo Ë¶mn¡H$s 4 g{‘Ë¶m aÔ Ho$ë¶m. Ë¶mZwgma EHy$U 6 H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Ë¶m ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV
Amë¶m hmoË¶m. lr. Za|Ð ‘moXr ¶m§À¶m Xþgè¶m gaH$maZo AOyZ XmoZ ZdrZ H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Ë¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br Amho. Ë¶mZwgma
gÜ¶m (Am°³Q>mo~a 2019) nwT>rb 8 H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Ë¶m H$m¶©aV Amho :
1. Zo‘UyH$ H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vr (Appointments Committee of the Cabinet) : AÜ¶j- n§VàYmZ
2. {Zdmg H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vr (Cabinet Committe on Accomodation) : AÜ¶j- A‘rV ehm
3. g§gXr¶ H$m‘H$mOmdarb H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vr (Cabinet Committee on ParliamentaryAffairs) : AÜ¶j- amOZmW
qgh
4. amOH$s¶ H$m‘H$mOmdarb H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vr (Cabinet Committee on PoliticalAffairs) : AÜ¶j- n§VàYmZ
5. Am{W©H$ H$m‘H$mOmdarb H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vr (Cabinet Committee on EconomicAffairs) : AÜ¶j- n§VàYmZ
6. g§ajUmdarb H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vr (Cabinet Committee on Security) : AÜ¶j- n§VàYmZ
7. Jw§VdUyH$ d d¥Õrdarb H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vr (Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth) : AÜ¶j- n§VàYmZ
8. amoOJma d H$m¡eë¶ {dH$mgmdarb H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vr (Cabinet Committee on Employment and Skill
Development): AÜ¶j- n§VàYmZ
darb g{‘Ë¶m§n¡H$s gdm©V A{YH$mag§nÞ g{‘Vr "amOH$s¶ H$m‘H$mOmdarb H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Vr' hr Amho. {Vbm Ë¶m‘wio "gwna-
H°${~ZoQ>' Agohr åhUVmV. H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Ë¶m§Mo AÜ¶j n§VàYmZ Ho$ìhmhr ~Xbdy eH$VmV.

44 General Studies
14 ^maVmMm ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr
^maVmMm ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr (Attorney General of India) :
H$c‘ 76 : ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr ho ^maVmMo gdm}ƒ H$m¶Xm A{YH$mar (Highest Law Officer) åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aVmV.
‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr ho ^maV gaH$maMo nyU©H$mi dH$sc ZmhrV. Vo gaH$mar godH$ ZmhrV. Vo ImOJr dH$scr H$ê$ eH$VmV.
Zo‘UyH$ (Appointment) :
^maVmÀ¶m ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmÚmMr Zo‘UyH$ amï´>nVr H$aVmV.
gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mV Ý¶m¶mYre (Supreme Court Judge) åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ hmoÊ¶mg nmÌ Agmdm.
amï´>nVrMr‘Ou Ago n¶ªV ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr nXmda AgVmV. Ë¶m§Mm H$m¶©H$mc, nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ¶mMr nÕV d AmYma
amÁ¶KQ>ZoV gm§{JVcm Zmhr.
^Îmo d nJma :
amÁ¶mMo amï´>nVr {ZpíMV H$aVrc Ë¶mà‘mUo Ë¶m§Zm doVZ, ^Îmo d gdcVr {‘iVmV.
H$m¶} (Duties) :
^maV gaH$macm H$m¶Xo{df¶H$ g„m XoUo.
{d{dY Ý¶m¶mc¶mV H|$Ð gaH$maMr ~mOy ‘m§S>Uo.
Vo ^maVmÀ¶m H$moUË¶mhr Ý¶m¶mc¶mV gwZmdUr EoH$Ê¶mgmR>r ~gy eH$VmV.
cmoH$gôÀ¶m d amÁ¶gôÀ¶m g^mJ¥hm‘Ü¶o Vo ~gy eH$VmV H$m‘H$mOmV ^mJ KoD$ eH$VmV ‘mÌ ‘VXmZ H$é eH$V ZmhrV.
Ë¶m§Zm g§gX gXñ¶mà‘mUo gd© {deof A{YH$ma d g§ajU àmá Amho.
Vo H|$Ðr¶ H°${~ZoQ>Mo gXñ¶ ZgVmV.
‘¶m©Xm :
Vo ^maV gaH$ma{dê$Õ H$moUVmhr g„m qH$dm {dícofU H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. qH$dm Ý¶m¶mc¶mV IQ>cm cTy> eH$V ZmhrV.
Á¶m IQ>ë¶m§‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zm ^maV gaH$maÀ¶m dVrZo hOa gm§JÊ¶mV Amco Amho Ë¶m IQ>ë¶m§da Vo H$moUVrhr {Q>ßnUr H$ê$ eH$V
ZmhrV.
^maV gaH$maÀ¶m g§‘Vr{dZm ’$m¡OXmar JwÝømÀ¶m Xmofmoamon Agcoë¶m ì¶º$sMm ~Mmd H$ê$ Z¶o.
^maV gaH$maÀ¶m g§‘Vr{dZm H$moUË¶mhr H§$nZr qH$dm ‘hm‘§S>imV g§MmcH$ åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ Kody Z¶o.
gm°{c{gQ>a OZac Am°’$ B§{S>¶m (Solicitor General of India) :
ho ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmÚmcm Ë¶m§À¶m H$m‘mV ‘XV H$aVmV. ‘mÌ ho KQ>ZmË‘H$ nX Zmhr.
Eg. gr. goQ>cdmS> ho ^maVmMo n{hco ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr AmhoV (1950 Vo 1963).
gÜ¶m ^maVmMo ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr ho Ho$. Ho$. doUyJmonmc ho AmhoV. Vo 30 OyZ 2017 nmgyZ ^maVmMo ‘hmÝ¶m¶dmXr
AmhoV.

General Studies 45
15 ‘w»¶‘§Ìr
‘w»¶‘§Ìr (Chief Minister) :
H$c‘ 163 : amÁ¶nmcmg ‘XV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d Ë¶m§Mr H$m¶© nma nmS>Ê¶mgmR>r d Ë¶m§Zm g„m XoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mÀ¶m
ZoV¥ÎdmImcr EH$ ‘¨{Ì‘§S>i Agoc.
‘w»¶‘§Í¶mMr {Z¶wº$s (Appointment of Chief Minister) :
H$c‘ 164 : amÁ¶nmc ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVmV.
ghgm amÁ¶nmc {dYmZgôVrc ~hþ‘VmVrc njmÀ¶m ZoË¶mg ‘w»¶‘§Ìr åhUyZ Zo‘VmV d Ë¶m§Zm 1 ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV {dYmZgôV
~hþ‘V {gÕ H$aÊ¶mg gm§JVmV.
KQ>Zo‘Ü¶o ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mÀ¶m {ZdS>rgmR>r d {Z¶wº$sgmR>r H$moUVrhr {deof nÕV gm§JÊ¶mV Amcocr Zmhr. H$c‘ 164 ‘Ü¶o EdT>oM
gm§{JVco Amho H$s, amÁ¶nmc ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mMr {Z¶wº$s H$aVrc.
{dYmZg^m qH$dm {dYmZn[afX gXñ¶ åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z ¶oÊ¶mg nmÌ Agmdm. (åhUOo {H$‘mZ d¶ 25 df©)
H$moUË¶mhr g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ¶ Zgcoë¶m ì¶º$sMr {Z¶wº$s ‘w»¶‘§Ìr åhUyZ H$aVm ¶oVo ‘mÌ Ë¶mZo nX J«hU Ho$ë¶mZ§Va nwT>rc
6 ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV H$moUË¶mhr EH$m g^mJ¥hmMo gXñ¶Ëd {‘idUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. ZmhrVa Ë¶mMo ‘w»¶‘§Ìr nX aÔ hmoVo.
(CXm. e§H$aamd MìhmU, CÕd R>mH$ao ho H$moUË¶mhr g^mJ¥hmMo gXñ¶ ZgVmZm Ë¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ ‘hmamï´>mMo ‘w»¶‘§Ìr åhUyZ
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr hmoVr.)
enW (Oath) :
amÁ¶nmc ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mcm Ë¶m§À¶m nXmMr d Jmon{Z¶VoMr enW XoVmV.
amÁ¶nmcmMr ‘Ou Ago n¶ªV ‘w»¶‘§Ìr nXmda AgVmV. Omon¶ªV ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mH$S>o {dYmZgôV ~hþ‘V Amho Vmon¶ªV amÁ¶nmc Ë¶m§Zm
nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. Ooìhm ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mH$S>o {dYmZgôV ~hþ‘V Zgoc Voìhm amÁ¶nmc Ë¶m§Zm nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aVmV.
amOrZm‘m :
‘w»¶‘§Ìr Amnë¶m nXmMm amOrZm‘m amÁ¶nmcmH$S>o XoVmV.
‘w»¶‘§Í¶mMm amOrZm‘m åhUOo g§nyU© ‘§{Ì‘§S>imMm amOrZm‘m g‘Ocm OmVmo.
‘w»¶‘§Í¶mMo H$m¶© d A{YH$ma (Power and Functions of Chief Minister) :
H$c‘ 167 : ‘§{Ì‘§S>imMo gd© {ZU©¶ amÁ¶mnmcm§Zm H$i{dUo ho ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mMo H$m¶© Amho.
‘w»¶‘§Í¶mÀ¶m gëë¶mZo amÁ¶nmc ‘§Í¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s H$aVmV.
‘w»¶‘§Í¶mMm ‘¥Ë¶w Pmë¶mg gd© ‘§{Ì‘§S>i ~aImñV Ho$co OmVo.
‘w»¶‘§Ìr ho amÁ¶nmc d ‘§{Ì‘§S>i ¶m§À¶m g§n©H$mVrc Xþdm AmhoV.
‘w»¶‘§Ìr amÁ¶ {Z¶moOZ Am¶moJmMo (State Planning Commission) AÜ¶j AgVmV.
EH$Xm {dídmg Xe©H$ R>amd qOH$ë¶mZ§Va nwT>rc 6 ‘{hZo amÁ¶ gaH$ma {déÕ A{dídmg R>amd XmIc H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr.
‘w»¶‘§Ìr ‘§Í¶m§‘Ü¶o ImVodmQ>n H$aVmV.
‘w»¶‘§Ìr ‘§{Ì‘§S>imÀ¶m g^m§Mo AÜ¶jñWmZ ^yf{dVmV.
‘w»¶‘§Ìr EImÚm ‘§Í¶mcm amOrZm‘m XoÊ¶mg gm§Jy eH$VmV d Ë¶mZo amOrZm‘m Zmhr {Xë¶mg amÁ¶nmcm Ë¶mcm nXmdê$Z Xÿa
46 General Studies
‘w»¶‘§Ìr
H$aÊ¶mMm g„m XoVmV. hm g„m amÁ¶nmcm§da ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.
‘w»¶‘§Ìr amÁ¶nmcmg amÁ¶{dYmZ‘§S>imMo A{YdoeZ ~mocmdUo d ñW{JV H$aUo ¶m~m~V g„m XoVmV.
‘w»¶‘§Ìr amÁ¶nmcmg {dYmZg^m {dg{O©V H$aÊ¶m~m~V g„m XoVmV.
Cn‘w»¶‘§Ìr :
Cn‘w»¶‘§Ìr ho nX KQ>ZoV Zmhr. Zm{eH$amd {VanwS>o ho ‘hmamï´>mMo n{hco Cn‘w»¶‘§Ìr AmhoV.
‘hmamï´>mMo ‘w»¶‘§Ìr
H«$‘m§H$ ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mMo Zmd H$m¶©H$mb
n{hbo ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU 1 ‘o 1960 Vo 19 Zmoìh|~a 1962
Xþgao ‘mamoVramd H$Þ‘dma 20 Zmoìh|~a 1962 Vo 24 Zmoìh|~a 1963
{Vgao nr. Ho$. gmd§V (H$‘r H$mi) 25 Zmoìh|~a 1963 Vo 4 {S>g|~a 1963
Mm¡Wo dg§Vamd ZmB©H$ (gdm©{YH$ H$mi) 5 {S>g|~a 1963 Vo 20 ’o$~«wdmar 1975
nmMdo e§H$aamd MìhmU 21 ’o$~«wdmar 1975 Vo 16 E{àb 1977
ghmdo dg§VXmXm nmQ>rb 17 E{àb 1977 Vo 18 Owb¡ 1978
gmVdo eaX ndma [gdm©V VéU (38 df©)] 18 Owb¡ 1978 Vo 17 ’o$~«wdmar 1980
amï´>nVr amOdQ> 17 ’o$~«wdmar 1980 Vo 8 OyZ 1980
AmR>do ~°. E. Ama. A§Vwbo 9 OyZ 1980 Vo 12 OmZodmar 1982
Zddo ~m~mgmho~ ^mogbo 21 OmZodmar 1982 Vo 1 ’o$~«wdmar 1983
dg§VXmXm nmQ>rc 2 ’o$~«wdmar 1983 Vo 1 OyZ 1985
Xhmdo {edmOramd {Zb§JoH$a 3 OyZ 1985 Vo 6 ‘mM© 1988
e§H$aamd MìhmU 12 ‘mM© 1986 Vo 26 OyZ 1988
eaX ndma 26 OyZ 1988 Vo 25 OyZ 1991
AH$amdo gwYmH$aamd ZmB©H$ 25 OyZ 1991 Vo 22 ’o$~«wdmar 1993
eaX ndma 6 ‘mM© 1993 Vo 14 ‘mM© 1995
~mamdo ‘Zmoha Omoer 14 ‘mM© 1995 Vo 31 OmZodmar 1999
Voamdo Zmam¶U amUo 1 ’o$~«wdmar 1999 Vo 17 Am°³Q>m|~a 1999
Mm¡Xmdo {dbmgamd Xoe‘wI 18 Am°³Q>m|~a 1999 Vo 16 OmZodmar 2003
n§Yamdo gw{ebHw$‘ma qeXo 18 OmZodmar 2003 Vo 30 Am°³Q>m|~a 2009
{dcmgamd Xoe‘wI 1 Zmoìh|~a 2004 Vo 4 {S>g|~a 2008
gmoimdo AemoH$ MìhmU 8 {S>g|~a 2008 Vo 9 Zmoìh|~a 2010
gVamdo n¥ÏdramO MìhmU 11 Zmoìh|~a 2010 Vo 26 gßQ>|~a 2014
amï´>nVr amOdQ> 28 gßQ>|~a 2014 Vo 31 Am°³Q>mo~a 2014
AR>amdo Xod|Ð ’$S>Udrg 31 Am°³Q>m|~a 2014 Vo 08 Zmoìh|~a 2019
amï´>nVr amOdQ> 12 Zmoìh|~a 2019 Vo 23 Zmoìh|~a 2019
Xod|Ð ’$S>Udrg 23 Zmoìh|~a 2019 Vo 26 Zmoìh|~a 2019
EH$mo{Ugmdo CÕd R>mH$ao 28 Zmoìh|~a 2019 Vo 30 OyZ 2022
{dgmdo EH$ZmW qeXo 30 OyZ 2022 Vo AmOn¶ªV
‘m. EH$ZmW qeXo ì¶º$s åhUyZ 20 do ‘w»¶‘§Ìr d ‘hmamï´>mMo 26 do ‘w»¶‘§Ìr AmhoV.
General Studies 47
16 amÁ¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>i
amÁ¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>i (Council of Minister) :
H$c‘ 163 : amÁ¶nmcmg ghmæ¶ d g„m XoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘§{Ì‘§S>i Agoc.
H$c‘ 163 (3) : ‘§Í¶m§Zr amÁ¶nmcmg {Xcoë¶m gëë¶mMr Mm¡H$er H$moUË¶mhr Ý¶m¶mc¶mV H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
{Z¶wº$s (Appointment) :
H$c‘ 164 (1): ‘§Í¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ amÁ¶nmcm‘m’©$V ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mÀ¶m gëë¶mZo Ho$cr OmVo.
{dYmZg^m qH$dm {dYmZn[afX gXñ¶ åhUyZ {ZdSy>U ¶oÊ¶mg nmÌ Agmdm ({H$‘mZ d¶ 25 df©).
H$moUË¶mhr g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ¶ Zgcocm ì¶º$s ‘§Ìr hmoD$ eH$Vmo ‘mÌ Ë¶mZo 6 ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV {dYmZg^m qH$dm {dYmZn[afX
¶mn¡H$s EH$m g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ¶ åhUyZ {ZdSy>U Amcm nm{hOo AÝ¶Wm Ë¶mMo ‘§ÌrnX aÔ hmoVo.
enW (Oath) :
amÁ¶nmc ‘§Í¶mg nXmMr d Jmon{Z¶VoMr enW XoVmV.
nXmdYr (Tenure) :
amÁ¶nmcmMr ‘Ou Ago n¶ªV ‘§Ìr nXmda AgVmV.
amOrZm‘m :
‘§Ìr amOrZm‘m amÁ¶nmcmH$S>o XoVmV.
‘§Í¶mMr g§»¶m :
amÁ¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>imV ‘§Í¶mMr ‘w»¶‘§Í¶mg{hV {H$‘mZ g§»¶m 12 d H$‘mc gXñ¶g§»¶m {dYmZgôÀ¶m EHy$U gXñ¶ g§»¶oÀ¶m
15%.
‘§{Ì‘§S>imMr aMZm (Composition of Council of Ministers) :
(1) H°${~ZoQ> ‘§Ìr (Cabinet Minister) : amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m ImË¶mÀ¶m ‘§Í¶mcm H°${~ZoQ> ‘§Ìr åhUco OmVo.
CXm. J¥h ImVo, H¥$fr ImVo, AW© ImVo.
(2) amÁ¶>‘§Ìr (Minister of State) : amÁ¶‘§Í¶mH$S>o {d{eï> {d^mJmMm ñdV§Ì H$m¶©^ma {Xcm OmVmo qH$dm Vo H°${~ZoQ> ‘§Í¶mcm
ghmæ¶ H$aVmV.
(3) Cn‘§Ìr (Deputy Minister) :
·· Cn‘§Ìr H°${~ZoQ> ‘§Í¶mcm ghmæ¶ H$aVmV.
·· Cn‘w»¶‘§Ìr KQ>ZoV ¶m nXmMr VaVyX Zmhr.
‘§Í¶mMr H$m¶© (Working of Ministers) :
‘§Ìr {dYmZgôV qH$dm {dYmZn[afX ¶m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV ~gw eH$Vmo d Ë¶m§À¶m H$m‘H$mOmV ^mJ KoD$ eH$Vmo ‘mÌ ‘VXmZ
Vmo Ë¶mM g^mJ¥hmV H$aVmo Á¶m g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ¶ Amho.
{dYmZgôV A{dídmg R>amd nm[aV Pmë¶mg gd© ‘§Í¶mcm amOrZm‘m Úmdm cmJVmo. Vmo {dYmZn[afXoMm gXñ¶ Agoc Var
Ë¶mcm amOrZm‘m Úmdm cmJVmo. 
48 General Studies
17 amÁ¶mMm ‘hm{Ydº$m
Zo‘UyH$ (Appointment) :
H$c‘ 165 : amÁ¶mÀ¶m ‘hm{Yd³Ë¶mMr {Z¶wº$s amÁ¶nmc H$aVmV.
Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mV Ý¶m¶mYre (High Court Judge) åhUyZ {Z¶wº$ hmoÊ¶mg nmÌ Agmdm.
H$m¶©H$mc (Term of Office) :
amÁ¶nmcmMr ‘Ou Ago n¶ªV amÁ¶mMm ‘hm{Ydº$m nXmda AgVmo. ‘hm{Ydº$m nXmMm H$mcmdYr KQ>ZoV {ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mV
Amcocm Zmhr. VgoM Ë¶m§Zm nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$mamMr nÕV ¶mMr KQ>ZoV VaVyX Zmhr.
amOrZm‘m :
‘hm{Ydº$m amOrZm‘m amÁ¶nmcmH$S>o XoVmV.
‘§{Ì‘§S>imZo amOrZm‘m {Xë¶mg qH$dm ‘§{Ì‘§S>i ~Xcë¶mg ‘hm{Ydº$mgwÕm amOrZm‘m XoVmo. H$maU Ë¶mMr Zo‘UyH$ ‘§{Ì‘§S>imÀ¶m
gëë¶mZo Pmcocr AgVo.
H$m¶©o (Duties) :
Vo amÁ¶mMo "gdm}ƒ H$m¶Xm A{YH$mar' (Highest Law Officer) åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aVmV.
Vo amÁ¶ gaH$maMr ~mOy {d{dY Ý¶m¶mc¶mV ‘m§S>VmV.
‘hm{Ydº$m amÁ¶ {dYmZ‘§S>imÀ¶m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV ({dYmZg^m + {dYmZnarfX) ~gy eH$VmV H$m‘H$mOmV ^mJ KoD$ eH$VmV
‘mÌ ‘VXmZ H$moUË¶mM g^mJ¥hmV H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. Ë¶m§Zm {dYmZ‘§S>i gXñ¶m§à‘mUo gd© {deofA{YH$ma àmá AmhoV.
Ë¶m§Zm amÁ¶mVrc gd© Ý¶m¶mc¶m‘Ü¶o gwZmdUr EoHy$Z KoÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
^Îmo d nJma :
amÁ¶mMo amÁ¶nmc {ZpíMV H$aVrc Ë¶mà‘mUo Ë¶m§Zm doVZ, ^Îmo d gdcVr {‘iVmV.
‘¶m©Xm :
Vo amO gaH$ma{dê$Õ H$moUVmhr g„m qH$dm {dícofU H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. qH$dm Ý¶m¶mc¶mV amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m {dê$Õ IQ>cm
cTy> eH$V ZmhrV.
Á¶m IQ>ë¶m§‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zm amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m dVrZo hOa gm§JÊ¶mV Amco Amho Ë¶m IQ>ë¶m§da Vo H$moUVrhr {Q>ßnUr H$ê$ eH$V
ZmhrV.
amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m g§‘Vr{dZm ’$m¡OXmar JwÝømÀ¶m Xmofmoamon Agcoë¶m ì¶º$sMm ~Mmd H$ê$ Z¶o.
amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m g§‘Vr{dZm H$moUË¶mhr H§$nZr qH$dm ‘hm‘§S>imV g§MmcH$ åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ Kody Z¶o.

General Studies 49

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gaigodm ^aVr

g§{dYmZ g^oMr aMZm (Structure of the Constituent Assembly) :

g§{dYmZg^oMo H$m‘H$mO (Working of the Constituent Assembly) :

g§{dYmZ g^oVrc ‘{hcm§Mm gh^mJ

^maVr¶ KQ>ZoÀ¶m gaZmå¶mVrc (àmñVm{dHo$Vrc) KQ>H$ :

àmñVm{dHo$Vrc eãXm§Mm AW© :

‘yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr H$b_o …

(1) g_mZVoMm hŠH$ (Right to Equality) :

(5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ hŠH$ (Cultural & Educational Rights) :

1 ^mJ III ^mJ IV ^mJ IV(A)

1 cr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr 1951 : H$maUmgmR>r AnmÌ R>a{dÊ¶mgmR>r VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.

amï´>nVr nXmgmR>rÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r C_oXdmamMr nmÌVm (H$b_ 58) :

amï´>nVr§Mr enW (Oath by the President) (H$b_ 60) :

amï´>nVr§Mo A{YH$ma (Powers of the President) :

(1) H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma (Executive Powers) :

nXmdéZ Xÿa H$aUo (Removal of the Vice President) :

amÁ¶nmcmMm nXmdYr (Term of Governor's Office) : H$c‘ 156

amÁ¶nmc nXmÀ¶m eVu (Conditions of Office) : H$c‘ 158

(3) AW©{df¶H$ A{YH$ma (Financial Power) :

(4) Ý¶m¶{df¶H$ A{YH$ma (Judicial Power) :

gÜ¶mÀ¶m H°${~ZoQ> g{‘Ë¶m

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