UNIT-4

Satellite link design:

Performance requirements and standards

Designing a satellite link involves considering various performance requirements and

standards to ensure reliable communication between ground stations and satellites. Here
are some key aspects to consider:
1. Link Budget Analysis: A link budget analysis is a fundamental step in satellite link design. It
calculates the overall gain and losses in the communication link, taking into account factors
like transmitter power, antenna gains, free space path loss, atmospheric losses, and receiver
sensitivity. The analysis helps determine the minimum required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
for reliable communication.
2. Frequency Band and Bandwidth: The choice of frequency band and bandwidth depends
on regulatory constraints, interference considerations, and the specific application. Satellite
services operate in different frequency bands, such as L-band, C-band, Ku-band, Ka-band,
and others.
3. Regulatory Compliance: Satellite communication systems must comply with international
and local regulatory standards. Different countries and regions may have their own
regulations, which can impact frequency allocation, power limits, and interference control.
4. Error Correction and Coding: To ensure reliable data transmission, error correction and
coding schemes are essential. Standards like DVB-S2, LDPC, and Turbo codes are commonly
used for satellite communication to improve data integrity.
5. Modulation Scheme: The choice of modulation scheme (e.g., QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM)
impacts data throughput and system performance. It should be selected based on link
conditions and the available bandwidth.
6. Link Availability: The link must meet availability requirements, which specify the
percentage of time the link is expected to be operational. This factor depends on factors like
satellite orbital location, ground station location, and system design.
7. Fade Margin: Fade margin is the additional power allocated to account for fading and
signal degradation during adverse weather conditions. The fade margin ensures that the link
can maintain the required SNR under all conditions.
8. Antenna Characteristics: The design of ground station antennas is critical. Considerations
include antenna size, gain, and pointing accuracy, which impact link performance.
9. Interference Mitigation: Satellite links are susceptible to interference, including terrestrial
and other satellite systems. Techniques for interference mitigation and spectrum
management should be part of the design.
10. Quality of Service (QoS): Depending on the application, QoS requirements may vary. For
services like voice, video, or data, latency, jitter, and packet loss tolerances need to be
defined.
11. Redundancy and Reliability: Satellite systems often include redundancy to ensure
continued operation in case of component failures. Redundant transponders, ground
stations, and other equipment enhance system reliability.
12. Standards Organizations: Various standards organizations, such as ITU (International
Telecommunication Union), ISO (International Organization for Standardization), and
industry-specific bodies like DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting), develop standards for satellite
communication systems.
Designing satellite links involves balancing all these factors to meet the specific performance
requirements of the application and ensure compliance with relevant standards and
regulations. The design process should consider the unique challenges of satellite
communication, such as signal propagation delay and link budget constraints, to provide
effective and reliable connectivity.
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Design of satellite links – DOMSAT

DOMSAT (Domestic Satellite) is a software tool or methodology used for designing and
analyzing satellite communication links. It is commonly employed in the satellite
communication industry to plan, optimize, and troubleshoot the performance of satellite
links. Here are some key aspects of DOMSAT and its role in designing satellite links:
1. Link Budget Analysis: DOMSAT facilitates the creation of link budget analyses. This
involves calculating the total gain and losses in the communication link, considering factors
like transmit power, antenna gains, free space path loss, atmospheric losses, and receiver
sensitivity. The link budget is crucial for determining the minimum required signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) for reliable communication.
2. Frequency and Bandwidth Allocation: DOMSAT helps in selecting the appropriate
frequency band and bandwidth for the satellite link. It considers regulatory constraints,
interference issues, and application-specific requirements. The tool allows users to optimize
the allocation of frequency resources for their communication needs.
3. Antenna Design and Pointing: DOMSAT aids in the design of ground station antennas by
optimizing parameters like antenna size, gain, and pointing accuracy. It helps ensure that the
antennas are appropriately configured to maximize link performance.
4. Error Correction and Coding: The software may include options for selecting and
configuring error correction and coding schemes, such as LDPC, Turbo codes, or other
industry-standard methods, to enhance data integrity and error recovery.
5. Modulation and Modulation Scheme Selection: DOMSAT may provide a platform for
choosing the most suitable modulation scheme, such as QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, based on link
conditions, bandwidth availability, and data rate requirements.
6. Link Availability and Reliability: It allows users to assess and plan for link availability based
on satellite orbital location, ground station location, and system design. Users can also
determine the required fade margin to ensure link reliability.
7. Interference Analysis: DOMSAT tools typically include interference analysis capabilities to
assess and mitigate interference issues, both from terrestrial sources and other satellite
systems. It can help in spectrum management and coordination.
8. Quality of Service (QoS): The software may provide features to assess and plan for the
quality of service requirements of specific applications. This involves managing latency, jitter,
and packet loss to meet the needs of services like voice, video, and data.
9. Redundancy and Failover: It may help in planning for system redundancy, ensuring
continued operation in the event of equipment or component failures.
10. Compliance with Standards: DOMSAT tools are designed to help users comply with
international and local regulatory standards, including those established by organizations
like the ITU and ISO.
11. Troubleshooting and Optimization: Users can utilize DOMSAT for troubleshooting
performance issues in existing satellite links and optimizing the configuration for better
results.
12. Reporting and Documentation: These tools often provide reporting and documentation
capabilities, making it easier to share link design details and results with stakeholders.
In summary, DOMSAT is a comprehensive software tool or methodology used to design,
analyse, and optimize satellite communication links. It encompasses various aspects, from
link budget analysis to frequency allocation, error correction, and modulation scheme
selection, ensuring that satellite links are designed to meet specific performance
requirements while complying with industry standards and regulations.
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Design of satellite links – INSAT

INSAT (Indian National Satellite) is a series of geostationary satellites developed and
operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to provide various
communication, broadcasting, and meteorological services in India. When designing satellite
links within the INSAT system, several factors and considerations come into play. Here are
some aspects relevant to the design of satellite links within the INSAT network:

1. Coverage Area: INSAT satellites are positioned in geostationary orbits to cover the Indian
subcontinent and surrounding regions. The design of satellite links must ensure sufficient
coverage over the intended service area, taking into account beam patterns and antenna
configurations.
2. Frequency Bands: INSAT satellites operate in different frequency bands, such as C-band,
Extended C-band, Ku-band, and S-band. Designers must select the appropriate frequency
band based on the specific application, propagation characteristics, and regulatory
constraints.
3. Link Budget Analysis: A thorough link budget analysis is essential to determine the overall
gain and losses in the satellite link. This analysis includes factors like satellite transponder
power, antenna gains, path loss, atmospheric losses, and receiver sensitivity. The link budget
helps in assessing the feasibility and reliability of the link.
4. Antenna Design: Ground station antennas are a critical component of the satellite link
design. The choice of antenna type, size, and gain impacts the link's performance and
availability.
5. Rain Attenuation: In regions like India with a monsoon climate, rain attenuation is a
significant concern. Designers need to consider rain fade margins to ensure that the link
remains reliable during heavy rainfall.
6. Polarization: Selecting the appropriate polarization (e.g., linear polarization or circular
polarization) is crucial to optimize signal reception and minimize interference.
7. Transponder Characteristics: Understanding the specifications of the satellite
transponders, including power levels, bandwidth, and frequency allocations, is vital for link
design.
8. Error Correction and Modulation: Appropriate error correction and modulation schemes
are selected based on the link budget, data rate, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
requirements.
9. Interference Management: Managing interference from terrestrial sources and adjacent
satellites is essential. Techniques like spectrum coordination and interference filtering are
considered.
10. Regulatory Compliance: Designers must adhere to regulatory standards and coordination
requirements, both nationally and internationally, to ensure proper frequency allocation and
interference control.
11. Quality of Service (QoS): The design of satellite links in the INSAT system should meet
specific QoS requirements for different services, such as broadcast, telecommunication, and
meteorology.
12. Redundancy and Reliability: Ensuring link reliability through redundancy, backup
systems, and failover mechanisms is a critical aspect of link design.
13. Ground Station Locations: The location of ground stations relative to the satellite's
position and the coverage area is a key consideration for designing satellite links.
14. Earth Stations: Earth stations are equipped with uplink and downlink equipment. The
choice of earth station equipment and its configuration affects link performance.
Designing satellite links within the INSAT system involves a combination of technical and
regulatory considerations to ensure that the satellite communication services meet their
intended goals and provide reliable connectivity and coverage over the Indian subcontinent
and surrounding regions.
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Design of satellite links – INTELSAT

Designing satellite links for INTELSAT(International Telecommunications Satellite), a
leading global satellite operator, involves specific considerations to ensure reliable
communication services over a wide geographic area. INTELSAT operates a constellation of
geostationary satellites that provide a range of services, including broadcasting,
telecommunications, broadband, and data connectivity. When designing satellite links for
INTELSAT, here are some key aspects to consider:
1. Frequency Bands: INTELSAT operates in various frequency bands, including C-band, Ku-
band, Ka-band, and more. The choice of frequency band depends on the specific application
and regulatory constraints.
2. Satellite Selection: INTELSAT's fleet consists of multiple satellites positioned at different
orbital locations. Designers must select the most suitable satellite(s) based on coverage area,
bandwidth, and capacity requirements.
3. Link Budget Analysis: A link budget analysis is crucial to determine the total gain and
losses in the communication link. It includes factors like satellite transponder power,
antenna gains, path loss, atmospheric losses, and receiver sensitivity. The link budget helps
assess the feasibility and reliability of the link.
4. Coverage Area: INTELSAT satellites provide coverage to multiple regions and continents.
Designing satellite links must ensure that the intended service area receives adequate signal
strength and availability.
5. Transponder Characteristics: Understanding the specifications of the satellite
transponders, including power levels, bandwidth, and frequency allocations, is vital for link
design.
6. Antenna Characteristics: Ground station antennas are critical for link performance. Factors
like antenna size, gain, and pointing accuracy should be optimized.
7. Error Correction and Modulation: Appropriate error correction and modulation schemes
are selected based on link budget, data rate, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirements.

8. Regulatory Compliance: Designers must adhere to international and local regulatory

standards, including those established by organizations like the ITU, to ensure proper
frequency allocation and interference control.
9. Interference Management: Managing interference from terrestrial sources and adjacent
satellites is essential. Techniques like spectrum coordination and interference filtering are
considered.
10. Quality of Service (QoS): The design of satellite links must meet specific QoS
requirements for different services, including voice, video, data, and broadband connectivity.
11. Redundancy and Reliability: Ensuring link reliability through redundancy, backup
systems, and failover mechanisms is a critical aspect of link design, especially for critical
applications.
12. Earth Stations: Earth stations are equipped with uplink and downlink equipment. The
choice of earth station equipment and its configuration impact link performance.
Designing satellite links for INTELSAT's network requires a combination of technical and
regulatory considerations to ensure that the satellite communication services meet their
intended goals and provide reliable connectivity over wide geographic regions. Collaboration
with INTELSAT and adherence to their specific requirements and standards are essential for
successful link design.
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Design of satellite links – INMARSAT

Designing satellite links for INMARSAT(International Maritime Satellite), a leading global

mobile satellite communications provider, involves specific considerations to ensure reliable
and seamless connectivity for mobile and maritime applications. INMARSAT operates a
constellation of geostationary and LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellites that provide global
coverage for various services, including voice, data, broadband, and safety services. When
designing satellite links for INMARSAT, here are some key aspects to consider:
1. Frequency Bands: INMARSAT uses specific frequency bands, including L-band and Ka-
band, for its satellite services. Designers must choose the appropriate band based on the
specific application and coverage requirements.
2. Satellite Selection: INMARSAT's satellite constellation consists of multiple satellites serving
different regions and applications. Designers need to select the most suitable satellite(s) for
their service area and capacity needs.

3. Link Budget Analysis: A link budget analysis is essential to assess the overall gain and
losses in the communication link. This analysis considers factors like satellite transponder
power, antenna gains, path loss, atmospheric losses, and receiver sensitivity. The link budget
helps determine the feasibility and reliability of the link.
4. Coverage Area: INMARSAT's network provides global coverage, including remote and
maritime areas. Designing satellite links should ensure that the intended service area
receives adequate signal strength and availability.
5. Mobile Terminals: INMARSAT serves mobile users, including those on land and at sea.
Designing satellite links must consider the performance of mobile terminals, their antenna
characteristics, and the impact of user mobility on the link.
6. Error Correction and Modulation: Selecting appropriate error correction and modulation
schemes is crucial for optimizing link performance, especially in challenging and dynamic
environments.
7. Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with international and local regulatory standards is
vital. INMARSAT's services operate within established frequency allocations and must adhere
to international agreements.
8. Interference Management: Managing interference from other satellite systems and
terrestrial sources is a significant concern. INMARSAT employs spectrum coordination and
interference mitigation techniques to ensure service quality.
9. Quality of Service (QoS): The design of satellite links must meet specific QoS requirements
for different services, including voice, data, and safety services. Parameters like latency, jitter,
and data rate need to be considered.
10. Redundancy and Reliability: Ensuring link reliability through redundancy, backup
systems, and failover mechanisms is a critical aspect of link design, especially for safety-
critical applications.
11. Earth Stations: Earth stations are equipped with uplink and downlink equipment. The
choice of earth station equipment and its configuration significantly impacts link
performance.
12. Mobility Support: INMARSAT's services cater to users on moving platforms, such as ships,
aircraft, and vehicles. The link design must consider the impact of user mobility and the
need for seamless handovers.
 Designing satellite links for INMARSAT's network requires a combination of technical and
regulatory considerations to ensure that the satellite communication services meet their
intended goals and provide reliable and global connectivity for mobile and maritime
applications. Collaboration with INMARSAT and adherence to their specific requirements
and standards are essential for successful link design.

Satellite - based personal communication, links

Satellite-based personal communication links, often referred to as satellite phones or Sat
phones, provide individuals with the ability to communicate via voice, text, and data services
from virtually anywhere on the planet, even in remote or non-terrestrial environments. This
personal communication links leverage satellite technology to ensure connectivity in areas
where traditional terrestrial networks are unavailable or unreliable. Here are some key
aspects of satellite-based personal communication links:
1. Global Coverage: Satellite-based personal communication links offer global coverage,
allowing users to stay connected in areas with limited or no terrestrial network
infrastructure. This is particularly valuable for remote regions, maritime applications, and
emergency situations.
2. Satellite Constellations: Different satellite communication providers operate various types
of satellite constellations to offer coverage and services. These constellations can include
geostationary satellites (GEO), medium Earth orbit satellites (MEO), and low Earth orbit
satellites (LEO).
3. Satellite Phones: Satellite phones are designed for personal use and are rugged and
durable, suitable for outdoor and harsh environments. They are typically compact, portable,
and feature a long battery life.
4. Voice Communication: Satellite phones enable voice communication, allowing users to
make and receive calls just like traditional cell phones. This is especially useful for
maintaining communication in areas without cellular coverage.
5. Data Services: In addition to voice calls, satellite-based personal communication links
provide data services for texting and basic internet access. Users can send and receive text
messages and emails, access weather information, and browse the web (albeit at lower data
rates compared to terrestrial networks).8u
6. SOS and Emergency Services: Many satellite phones come equipped with dedicated
emergency buttons or features that allow users to send distress signals or coordinates to
emergency responders in case of emergencies.
7. Mobility: Satellite phones are suitable for users on the move, such as travellers, explorers,
sailors, and remote field workers. The ability to stay connected while in transit is a significant
advantage.
8. Handheld and Fixed Terminals: Satellite communication providers offer both handheld
terminals (satellite phones) and fixed terminals (satellite modems) to cater to different use
cases. Fixed terminals are often used in homes, vehicles, and remote offices.
9. Coverage Maps: Providers offer coverage maps that display the areas where their services
are available. Users can check coverage maps to plan their communication while on the
move.

10. Subscription Plans: Users can choose from various subscription plans based on their
communication needs. Plans may include pre-paid options or post-paid contracts, depending
on the provider.
11. Cost Considerations: Satellite communication services can be more expensive than
terrestrial services due to the infrastructure and technology involved. Users should consider
their specific requirements and the cost of the services.
Satellite-based personal communication links are valuable tools for maintaining connectivity
in remote or non-terrestrial environments. They play a critical role in emergency response,
disaster recovery, remote work, exploration, and adventure travel, ensuring that individuals
can communicate and access assistance when needed, regardless of their location.