PAPER

DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMICS

TAIMUR ALAM

ROLL NO: 235

QUESTION NO:02
Explain in detail about the natural resources and its
types? Also describe ecology and economy?

NATURAL RESOURCES:
These are the resources that are found within the
environment and are created without the mediation of
people. Common examples are, daylight, water, soil,
stone, plants, creatures and fossil fuels. Natural
resources are normally happening materials that are
useful to man or might be valuable beneath
conceivable mechanical, financial or social
circumstances or supplies drawn from the soil, supplies
such as nourishment, building and clothing materials,
fertilizers, metals, water and geothermal control. For a
long time, natural resources were the domain of the
natural sciences.

TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES:

RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL
RESOURCES:
Renewable:
Resources that are accessible in boundless amount and
can be utilized more than once are called renewable
resources. Examples: Woodland, wind, water, etc.
Non-Renewable:
Resources that are restricted in abundance due to their
non-renewable nature and whose accessibility may run
out within the future are called non-renewable
resources. Examples: fossil powers, minerals, etc.

BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC NATURAL RESOURCES:

BIOTIC NATURAL RESOURCES:
The Biotic common resources are the ones that come
from the ecosphere (natural and living materials).
These incorporate resources such as creatures,
woodlands (vegetation), and other materials realistic
from them. Fossil fills such as petroleum, oil, and coal
are too included in this gathering since they are
produced from rotted natural matter.

ABIOTIC NATURAL RESOURCES:

The abiotic natural resources are the ones that come
from non-organic and non-living materials. Examples of
abiotic natural resources are water, land, air and heavy
metals like iron, copper, silver, gold, and so on.

ECOLOGY:
• Ecology is the logical study of the interactions
between life forms and their environment.
• It is the science that looks for to portray and clarify
the relationship between organisms and their
environment.
• Ecology is portraying the connections between living
life forms and their environment.
• Ecology comes from the Greek words Oîkos= House
λογία, -logia= Study of Life
• Study of the “house/environment” in which we live.

ECONOMY:
 An economy is the large set of inter-related
production and consumption activities that aid in
determining how scarce resources are allocated.
 In an economy, the production and consumption
of goods and services are used to fulfill the needs
of those living and operating within it.
 Market-based economies tend to allow goods to
flow freely through the market, according to
supply and demand.

QUESTION N0:04
ABSOLUTE POVERTY:
This concept measures destitution as it were in
connection to the sum of cash fundamental to meet
fundamental needs such as nourishment, clothing,
shield, secure drinking water, instruction, healthcare,
etc. In this sort of poverty individuals who are living
underneath the aforementioned poverty edge are not
influenced indeed in case the nation they live in is
financially flourishing. In other words, in any case of
how wealthy and effective the US economy is,
individuals living in supreme destitution have no
benefits of the financial thriving of their nation.
Absolute poverty, be that as it may, does not
incorporate a broader quality of life issues or the in
general level of disparity in society. What the concept
comes up short to recognize is that people too have
vital social and cultural needs.

POVERTY LINE:
The poverty threshold, poverty limit, poverty line or
breadline, is the least level of pay regarded satisfactory
in a specific country. The poverty line is ordinarily
calculated by finding the whole taken a toll of all the
fundamental assets that an average human grown-up
devours in one year.
RELATIVE DEPRAVATION:
Relative Deprivation Theory is a theory that clarifies
the subjective disappointment caused by one person’s
relative position to the circumstance or position of
another. For numerous individuals, relative deprivation
implies the need of assets or time to bolster certain
ways of life, exercises, and comforts that a person or
gather has ended up usual to. The weight of the society
to which people belong empowers them to take an
interest. When typically, not conceivable, an individual
starts to continually compare his or her claim position
with the circumstance or position of another.

QUESTION NO:03
THREE CORE VALUES OF DEVELOPMENT
Sustenance:
The life-sustaining essential human needs include
nourishment, shield, wellbeing and security. When any
one of these is truant or in basically brief supply, a
condition of supreme “underdevelopment” exists.

Self-esteem:
A second widespread component of great life is self-
regard- a sense of worth and self-respect- of not being
utilized as a device by others for their own closes. Due
to the significance joined to material values in
developed countries, value and regard are now-a-days
progressively conferred as it were on nations that have
financial riches and technological control- those that
have developed.

Freedom from Servitude:

The relationship between financial development and
opportunity from bondage when he concluded that
“the advantage of financial development isn't that
riches increments bliss, but that it increments the run
of human choice.” Riches can empower a individual to
pick up more noteworthy control over nature and his
physical environment than they would have in case
they remained poor. It too gives them the opportunity
to select more prominent recreation. The concept of
human freedom ought to envelop different
components of political freedom, freedom of
expression, political interest and equality of
opportunity.

QUESTION NO:05
 LAND REFORM PROGRAM 1947
 The first government review of land reforms was
tackled in the province of Sind in 1947.
 the Government Hari Enquiry Committee declared
that:
 The Haris’ problems are of their own creation or
natural problems.
 the landlord is in fact a friend of the Hari and land
reform is deemed undesirable and even a loss for
the Hari.
 However, one member of the committee
dissented and his minute of dissent was not
published until April, 1949.
 The dissenter, Muhammad Masud wrote that:
 The condition of Haris is deplorable.
 the differences between the landlord and Hari are
too unfair.
 His recommendations:
 Abolishment of manorial system
 Expropriation of land from landlords.
 And that absolute ownership of land be vested in
the State.
 After publishing the notice, The Pakistan Muslim
League constituted a five-member committee,
 The committee presented its report in June 1949,
 It proposed short term measures include the
reduction in share of owner from share croppers.
 The long-term measures proposed included
restriction on large land ownership and
expropriation of land that excess the limit of
maximum land holding.
 The recommendation on land holdings was 150
acres for irrigated and 450 acres for un-irrigated
land.
  The committee was undecided on the issue of land
redistribution.
 The proposed short-term measure was
implemented in Sind, Punjab and NWFP between
1950 and 1952.
 But nothing was done to help the farmers of
Baluchistan and the princely states (Bahawalpur,
Khairpur, etc.).

LAND REFORMS OF 1959:

 A ceiling of 500 acres for irrigated and 1000 acres
for un-irrigated land.
 Land was to be redistributed amongst to tenants
already cultivating the land.
 Permanent proprietary rights to occupancy
tenants.
 Idea of “subsistence holdings” of no less than 50
acres was proposed.
 However, Ghulam Ishaq Khan was dissented with
the majority opinion on the land ceiling.
 He proposed the ceiling of 150 and 450 acres of
irrigated/un-irrigated land for individuals and
300/900 acres limit for families (irrigated/un-
irrigated).