Functions of a Complex Variahle 280 9. Lutting z=I/t, =f where C’ is the circle | ¢|+1/2. 1=0 is the only pole lying inside C + (og 14-)—log (1-91 The coefficient of 1/t is —2/3 so that Res (¢=0)=—2/3. I= ai (—2/3) =", Negative sign is taken due to the fact that the map z=1/t give isogonal map. 2° §9'8. Evaluation of integrals of the type \ S (2) dz where 00 the function /(2) is s.t, no pole of f(z) lies on the real line, but poles lic in the upper half of z-plane. We evaluate the above integrals by considering them along a closed contour C consis- ting of (i) semi circle | z|=R in the upper half plane. (ii) real axis from —R to R. Then we try to show that integral | z |ro0, along I’ vanishes as Thus [Pro asThe Calculus of Residues 281 By Cauchy's residue theorem, this becomes 20 le S(2) dz=2ni (Sum of residues within C). Solved problems on § 9:8, Problem 12. Prove that f° de o +e? Solution. Consider the integral a aol [.f@ dz, where fi2)= [sy Hence C is the closed contour consisting of I’, the upper half ofthe large circle |z|—Rand the real axis from—Rto R. Poles of f(z) are z=-t# fiz) has only one simple pole at 2 inside C. Res (@=)=1™, e-DS)=LT E-I By Cauchy's residue theorem, | f(z) dz==2ni (stim residues within c= zt c i de _4(%_dv of =» 1+x* jo V+. et 0, then {° 18 robjém 13. Prove that if a>" then | ae (Meerut 1980, Kanpur 87, 80, 76, 71; Agra 75)282 Functions of a Complex Variable Consider the integral fo ae 1 Solution. Let f( Za" where C is closed consisting of [the upper half of large circle | z|=R and real axis from —R to R (see Fig. 52. Page 269) Poles Of fiz) are given by z'-+a'=0 Ore re a caees Saran But only two simple poles ye MtndNFI6 where n=O, 1, 2 emt, on lie within C. We ktow that (=o) Sw where f= [formula for simple pole] lim 1 lim reader oy Res (z=ae"lt)-+Res (z=a¢ a leet tt or Res (z=a)= Fg OM betters] 1 2 aut, pet etnity | 25 sin a? aa 4 2a*V/2 By Cauchy’s residue theorem, jf lz) dz=2ni (sum of residues within C) ce ast[" fix) dea? or \rf2) +f" ft) k= 5 Making R-roo, we get lim nV/2 fe moa fox) dx= 5 i im z [apron SII oo eg 0 Rovco| pL2) d2=il—0)0)=0 Now (1) becomes” Ax) dea? ede ae i m2[ at oF [, Fa Problem yw Wik rie of contour integration, prove that °° cos mx dx ope * where m>0, a>0, a 1976; Kanpur 75 ; P.C.S, 69) Consider \ fiz) dz where Cis closed contour as shown in Fig. $2. Poles of /(e a+a'=0 or z=-ia, fiz) has only one pole z Solution. Let f 2) are given by =1a inside C.The Calculus of Residues 283 _(z~iadotme Res (2=ia)= Z| oe Nin © (0) fa)= = tia)iz—ia) or Res (z: eee ) li i = Ln0. Hence, by Jordan's lemma lim Reo real Mle) desis 2) By Cauchy's residue theorem, 2ri (sum of residues within C)- or Making R-+co and noting (2), we get me (2 elms - le Sx) de=— e-™ or fe pat nae Equating real parts, we get J cos mx 4 ~0o X?-++a7 +(3) * cos mx - - i ae (4) Deductions. (i) Taking m=a=1 in (4), wo get 2 cos x z SE RI (LA,S, 1970; Banaras 71; Agra 50) (ii) Taking m=1 in equation (3), we get 2 coe I wco Fat GO (LAS, 1978, 66, 65; P.C.S. 68) ii) Taking a=2, m=1 in (4), we get (° cos x Js ars (Agra 1976) (iv) Taking m=1 in (4), (Kanpur 1975) Problem 15. /fa>0, m>O, then cos mx dx i CREA Tags (1 tmayerme (Kanpur 1978, 71, Dibrugarh 70) Solution, f(z) = ane Consider the integral [i S(2) dz,284 Functions of a Complex Variable where Cis the closed contour consisting of [, the upper half of large cirele | z | = R and real axis from —R to R (See diagram 52 lim 0. z) 0° on Page 269). Evidently Hence, by Jordan's lemm: jim fede 7 tim [pte e=0 Reolrareatt Dhoni pie) dz=0. “(1 Poles of f(z) are fia. (repeated two tims). Siz) has only ‘one pole order two at z une lime! ia lim (z+ia By Cauchy’s residue theorem. fi gema (LE ma ic [Res (z =ia)] =2xi e a or Js a+)" fo) deat IM) oma, as Making R-0o and noting (1), we get : cin : = Jo os cane Equating real parts from both sides, cos mix dx ae (xP Fat? 20 But Cosme yyy f cos my neo Oa a tay Oe L4-mtayenm (1-ma) ems Hence the last give Pr Bives J (xtpatyt 4 Deductions (i). Putting m—=1, we get i: cos.x dy div 7, (Uta) ems, (Kanpur 85, Agra 1972) Gi), Taking m=a=1, we obtainThe Calculus of Residues 285 fo EI De (Kanpur 1970; Banaras 69; Gujrat 70) fem 16. Apply the method of calculus of residues to : log (1+x*) prove that i Taye dvr log 2. (Kanpur 1971) Solution. Let syne Consider the integral \. J (2) dz where C is a closed contour consisting of f, the upper half of large circle| z|=R_ real axis from —R to Ras shown in Figure 52 on Page 269 lim Pe [ lim =] lim Wee a jzjrco iL |z[reo z4i 1, By Theorem 7, Riva, [pS(2) dei (0) (=0 4) Poles of f (z) are z=-bi. (2) has only one simple pole at z= within C. li lim lo; +1) Res (c= =li™ (e—y feynlim EGTO tog 2i_log ag (ney _ log 2+(ni/2) ear 2 oS bi By Cauchy's residue theorem, i fe) dz~2ai (Res (2=1)]=55 [og 2+ (45/2) [rfte aer{" soa ae [oe 2 +] Making R-reo and noting (1), © jog(xti) ni [7 et. dae [ Jog 2+ } Equating real parts from both sides, = log (x?+1) a Zhe FT 1 Jon (1x) £3) tees { 128 0429 deo A de i Problem 3% Apply the calculus of residues to evaluate the 1 =n log 2286 Functions of a Complex Variable cos x de wrayer @> o> (Meerut 1988, ts (Pray TH) integral 7 Solution, Let f(z)= Consider the integral \ S(z) dz, where C is a closed contour as shown in c Figu ¢ 52. lim 1 2 [+ « (FF a¥) (AE Hence, by Jordan's lemma. lim ef dz lim _ Ronco | PFTAV ETDS ~ Reve rf @) 4e=0 (0) Poles of f(z) are z=-Lia, Lib. Only wo simple poles at z=ia, ib lie within a lim lim Res 2=ia)= "ig FI) SO) =, ig Gt Ga Ey Evidently ie (z ~ib) ef Ree (emiiym EO Om IS HEFT eo “Jib (—F Fa) Res (2=ia)+Res (z=ib)= a 2 1 =) (F By Cauchy’s residues theorem, c Sf (2) dz=2ni (Sum of residues within C) or | S (2) d: * bee ee ee rf@ e+" reo *= 37a) (F- Making R->co and noting (1), we get co ef? dx 7 iene eae) -0o (FFA LH) ab Wo Equating real parts from both sides ° cos x dx x (e® ea co GF Fa¥) (8 Th) -ae(5-5) Note. The last also gives 2? —t28 ae = (4a?) (AEB) TaeThe Calculus of Residues 287 On fe cos x dx ey ee a Gat) pay tz we a) al x sin ax Ee (where a > 0, k > 0), (Banaras 1970; Agra 62) x= Fe at, Problem 18. Show that f : Solution. Let S@=2, soe + Consider the integral f. J (=) (dz), where C is a closed contour as shown in figure 52. lim oz on P: _— y m Page 269. | on ae |. Hence, by Jordan's lemma, lim ios lim = Reco lrg @ aoe ve |p) dem oa Poles of f(r) are given by z*4+k*=0 orz—-tik. Now z=ik is the only simple pole within C. lim ete gat ‘atik TIE T- Res (em iky=! (emit) Sf (= By Cauchy's residue theorem, I (2) dr= e e or f 2) de. ff Six) deant ev Making R->co and noting (1), we get soa gees Q fe) de= Q de=ni ea 2ni (Sum of residues within C)=niest te Equating imaginary parts from both sides, © x sin ax xsinae ap pe tem vs SFr dene © x sin ax de x or op day 3 Deductions. (i) Putting £=1 in (2), i = dex zo xsinx EE Qn =e ovkane-k dais ekane’ (Kanpur 1968) . 7 Gi) Putting a=1 in of 7 x sin x eo Sa b= Fess, ii), Putting a=k=1 in Q), {° A288 Functions of a Complex Varlable ~ dx x (b-+2c) Problem 19. Prove thar | aepiy (Pe)! “hed (b EEF where b > 0,¢> 0. (Meerut 1981, 75) Soiution, Let f(z) . Consider the integral 1 +B) (BFF [[_F0) ds where Cis the closed contour consisting of 1 the 7 Rand real axis from —R to R. upper half of large circle | See Figure 52 on Page 269. lim a [2 [200 PO | 2 poo FFA) EFA Hence, by Theorem 7, Ben |r Se) deat 0) (0)=0. “e Poles of f(z) are z=+ib, ic, f(z) has only two poles within C, namely at z=ib (order 1) and 2=/c (order 2) Res G=)= 4 (2—ib) f (2) lim (2—-ib) Yr 1 ZB) (2+ich =2z (2248878 (z pic}? —2 (zie)? (22+5%) 7 =2ie 2 # C= ap RF (mae) TBI TI eu (328) i Fe (BP 403 (Bc) “48 Bi Res (z=ie)=> Res (2=ib)-+Res ( — t___, (3e*=) Jib BF t4e9 (8 t ]ntatese eee ol arroni h 4be* (b* —c*) ai MP8) 3c? (e— b) [e?-+5?-4-cb—3e4] =~ abe? (Bet es Se) AUERB b=) 420 _ i (b+2e9 be? (Be) ~~ abe (bee By Cauchy's residue theorem, a _ f@) dz=2ni (sum of residues within C)The Calculus of Residues = (ef 2ni [—i (b+2c)} or Ip fiz) de {* L(x) de= Re or Making R+co and noting (1), = dx x (b+2c) noo (8 FB) (xP FFF F2be(HFe)* Deduction. Putting b=1, c=2, we get rf dx n(144) 5x n0o OF FT) OP F4E M2 KEKO™ AE to dx 5x i (FED = 5S" (1.A.S, 1971) Problem 20. Prove that 2 cosmxdr x mor de 5 mvtarty sin (Mt = i eeerinys oo sin ( e+e ) .sanpar 1984) gine Saar: Consider the integral ie f (2) dz where C is closed contour as shown in Figure 52 on Page 269, . lim 1 5 Evidently i Wrst = Hence, by Jordan’s lemma, Solution. Let f(z)= lim efms dz lim neal me = Real lO dz=0 wa) Poles of f (z) are given by zte2tt1—=0 or (21) (z4+2*+1)=0 This > 2°—1=0 = 2° etn! = Z—etnat/6 => z=enl3, (n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) The values e'/3, etn, eltw/3, ¢59/9 are the roots of 24+28+1=0. ‘The poles lying within C are e”/, et”*/3, Let a=e*#3, then at etal, Thus f(z) has two simple poles at z=a, a within C. lim¢ (2) zoo (2) Res (2= for simple pole #02) where f()— iC) lim etm? gra 428422 Res (z=a)+Res (z=a*)292 Functions of a Complex Variable 1 - Res (z=«)-+Res (z=B)= iz (= +7) Toa (7 ben aetnty [tf son(e)m(=2)] “Toa” lz eos (=F 3yi-i 1 i jee _—3i2 i oe = Teasz - 16a By Cauchy’s residues theorem, i £ (2) dz=2ni (Sum of residues within C)= 2! (—3iv/2) - | pie) det (i Sioydx=22V2 Making R--co and noting (1), we get oo xtde 4 (© x8 de 3na/2 (ee? (PS eo xtde 3x2 jo @Fa*)3 16a Problem 21. (b) By contour integration, prove that oe 3 (Kanpur 1991, 83) co Fa = at . bal ee or Solution. Let f (z)= 2 ara Consider fa dz where C s a closed contour as shown in Figure 52 on Page 269. Poles of f(z) are given by (z*+a?*=0 or z= tia. Evidently z=ia is the only pole of order 3 within C, Putting z=ia+1 in the value of (2), ___ (ia+t)? t?—a?4 2iat LOO" Gari rap Lay — (=a +21at) -3 [+36] (iat)? ~ a. | £5 2iat® — Tar 3 1 [+3 |= tae i J (2) de=2ni (sum of residues within C)=2ni Res (2 =a) or [pf ace|® a @) dear () ee af (z=, lim 2 | 2 bce Spaae =OTie Calculus of Residues 293 + By Theorem 7, ,li™ aif fiz) d2=1 (2-0) (0)=0 — «..(2) Making R->co in we and noting (2), we get Pe ve Oats has Proved. de co Remark. The above also gives 2 (; aha Toa = a Problem 22. Prove that ie Soe, a : 2 P. C.S. 1969) 2-242 s AclasTs Consider i (2) de where Cis a closed eat ae in Figure 52, Page 269, BoA422 4 _ he 7f2)=), tO eapee : =) .. By Theorem 7, Ir fiz) dz=i(n—0)(0)=0 —...(1) Poles of fiz) are given by z4+10z*+9=0 or (224-1) (z2+-9)=0 or z=+i, +37 Out of these four poles, only two simple poles z=i, 3i lie within C. Res (z=i)-+Res (z=3i) ali lim mi) fe)+ (2-3) 2) i (+4) (24—2+2) | lim _( Solution, Let f(z)= z+2) “295 @=i)(2= (24+ 9) T 2-34 BEI Z— 312-431) earloit? | (—9-3142)_ 1-1 7431_ 5 2-149)" C941) 167+ 487 3a =) {. Siz) dz=2ni (sum of residues within C)= 275 245 or [rie asf Slo) den Making R-vco and noting (1), © xtoxt2 Sn =n MEH Oj Prablemg3-"By the method of contour integration, prove that i ce lo a (I. A. S. 1964) Solution, Leeman Consider the integra { Nz) dz294 Functions of a Complex Variable where C isa closed contour as shown in Figure 52, Hence f(z) has only one pole of order two at Se) #2) within C where ¢(z)=——, GH" Ze so that $'(/) Res c=) gi) (i) formula for pole of order n (p47 ==, here n=2. By Cauchy’s residue theorem [£0 des2ni (sum of residues within C)=22! : or fpse dea {fee d= = 5 a a a 2fl2)=| Zz peo + $+ By Theorem 7, i i fz) dz=i (x—0)(0)=0 — ...2) Making R-rco and noting (2), we get fe fos) def" ae | ee woe TEx" J (TEx) or [ a@m- o (14x78 > 3 Problem 24. Apply the calculus of residues to prove that (2-3) 1 —1) ‘aT (Agra 1970) 1 : : : Solution, Let fie)=— Tease Consider the integral | pile) ae where C is a closed contour as shown in Figure 52 on Page 269, lim eo lim [2 preo 7AA4+ o o a li ' Hence, by Theorem 7, li [rhe dz=i (x0) (0)=0 ...(1) Poles of f(z) are given by atbzt=0 or z=-+Li (a/b)@= te SJ) has only one pole at z=« of order n within C i Sz) de=2ni, Res (2-0) * : or {rae af" Six) de=2ni, Res (220)The Calculus of Residues 299 ay +) exp fina APL (a bi) exp {ima ‘1-9 ] Take b= exp (-25). Then we have Res (z=a) Res (:=8) = [aso exp ( ima im) (1-48) exp (— | ns [2 (8 =2iby2 [Jasin ("4) +35 cos (55) J=28 v2sin ("54 [.1@a=2 [ Res (22) + Res ( a | or \r f(2) alt F(x) dx=2xi (216 2) sin (% + Making R-co and noting (1), we get 7 gine ;, [ma z an Fra vb v2sin (+3) Equating real parts from both sides, we get % cos mx % cos mx dx = naiys [steer 2 [PO apaaeem ae (Te5) Problem 28. By the method of contour integration prove that fe _sin x dx co PEAKS Lae =—--sin 2, e Solution, Let f(z) Considesr the integral \ J (2) dz where C as a closed contour as shown in Figure 52 on Page 269, Evidently ee xp 520. Hence, by Jordan’s lim Logg lim . 1 femme, li [reese dem tf S (2) de=0. Al) Lif (2) has Poles of f(z) are given by z?4-424-5=0 or z= only one simple pole at z=a—=—2+4i wit (z db Res (22) = lim ean a 7 where f (2)= 5 lime 2502244300 Functions of a Complex Variable By Cauchy's residue theorem, f J (z) dz=2ni, (Sum of residues within C) c or j S() de+-|" f(x) dean exp (—2— Ine et, vr J-k Making R-co and noting (1), we get bed ef? dx noo 84x45 = 2 E ing i i = quating imaginary parts, ee hard dx (2n)! wo (EAT (a TF 1 ear I JS (2) dz where C isa closed contour as shown in Figure 52 on Problem 29. Prove that ic Solution. Let /(z): . Consider the integrai lim lim z Page 269. Evidently, | olf LO 1 co GEERITO +. By theorem 7, !i™ mln Ff (2) dz=i (x0) (0)=0 ...(1) Poles of f (z) are z= ia. f (z) has only one pole of order 1-1 at 2=ia within C. 1 10a where $©=Ezigen ie 19) D? (n +1) (n $2) $O)= Fagan C= ree +n) ; (=D th (nt ) (te (zFiayntnrt 12.3..m (NED) (142)...20 8 la) Ta 30) (ia! (Qn)! nt (=b" (=p = ja) By Cauchy’s residue theorem, : f (2) dz=2ni (Sum of residues within C)