CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

CLASS XII

SESSION – 2023-24

Designed By
SARWAN KUMAR
PGT CHEMISTRY
KV NO. 1 AJMER
 EXPERIMENT ­ 1

AIM - To prepare M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt and, using this solution find out the molarity and
strength of the given potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution.

THEORY –Mohr’s salt titration with potassium permanganate is also a redox titration. In this
titration, Mohr’s salt acts as a reducing agent and potassium permanganate works as the oxidising
agent.

MOLECULAR EQUATIONS ­
REDUCTION HALF REACTION -
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5O
OXIDATION HALF REACTION -
(FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O +H2SO4 +O→ Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 +13H2O) x 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
OVERALL REACTION-
2KMnO4+10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O+8H2SO4→K2SO4+2MnSO4+5Fe2(SO4)3+10(NH4)2SO4+68H2O
IONIC REACTIONS –
Oxidation half – [Fe2+→Fe3+ + e-]5
Reduction half - MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2++4H2O
Overall equation - MnO4- + 8H++5Fe2+→ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

MATERIALS REQUIRED ­
APPARATUS REQUIRED – weighing bottle, weight box, volumetric flask, conical flask, burette,
pipette, clamp stand, chemical balance, beakers, burette stand, funnel, measuring flask, white tile,
burnet and wire gauge. distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate solution.

INDICATOR – KmnO4 is a self indicator.

END POINT -- colour change of KMnO4 from colourless to light pink.

PROCEDURE -
A. Preparation of 250ml of M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt –
1. weigh 4.9g of Mohr’s salt using a chemical balance and watch glass.
2. dissolve weighed Mohr’s salt conc H2SO4 (5 ml) and 100 ml distilled water in a beaker.
Dissolve the salt and pour in into in 250 ml volumetric flask. Now fill the volumetric flask with
distilled water according to the required volume.

B. Titrating potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous ammonium sulphate

(Mohr’s salt)
1. Wash the pipette and the burette with distilled water and then rinse burette
with KMnO4 and pipette with Mohr salt solution.
CALCULATION: 2. Fill the burette with potassium permanganate solution. Fix the burette in the burette stand.
3. Take out 20 ml of standard more Mohr salt solution in the conical flask. Add 10ml of sulfuric
For Mohr salt preparation molarity acid to prevent the oxidation of manganese to form manganese dioxide.
Molarity = Given mass x 1000 4. Note the initial reading of the burette before starting that experiment.
Molar mass x V 5. Now against the potassium permanganate solution start the titration and slowly still the flask
gently.
! $ & '((( 6. Initially, the purple colour of KMnO4 will be discharged with ferrous ammonium sulphate. The
= appearance of the permanent pink colour indicates the endpoint. Repeat the for 3 time unless
"# )*+ & '((
Concordant value is obtained.
!"# % &
X = &' = 1.96 g.
% #'
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Part -A. Molarity of KMnO4 The volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken – 20ml. (by Pippette)
From the balanced ionic equation 1 mole KMnO4 is reacting with 5 mole of mohr’s salt solution. Burette Reading The volume of KMnO4 Concordant
S.No. used in ml Value
M KMnO4 x V KMnO4 Initial Final
&
MMohr x V Mohr = ( 1. 0 ml 19.9 ml 19.9 ml
2. 0 ml 20.0 ml 20.0 ml 20.0 ml
MKMnO4 x 20.0 ml 3. 0 ml 20.0 ml 20.0 ml
&
0.05 x 20.0 = (
RESULT – Molarity of given KMnO4 solution 0.01M Strength 1.58 g/l
MKMnO4 = 0.01 M
PRECAUTIONS –
Part -B Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity x Molar mass = 0.01 x 158u = 1.58 g/l 1. Always rinse the burette and pipette before use.
2. Clean all apparatus with distilled water.
Result – Molarity of given KMnO4 solution 0.01M Strength 1.58 g/l 3. Use dilute H2SO4 acid in the experiment.
4. Strength of KMnO4 solution should be taken at least 2 decimal.
5. Don’t use a rubber cork burette as it is can be attacked by KMnO4.
 EXPERIMENT ­ 2

AIM - To prepare M/30 solution of Mohr’s salt and, using this solution find out the molarity and
strength of the given potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution.

THEORY –Mohr’s salt titration with potassium permanganate is also a redox titration. In this
titration, Mohr’s salt acts as a reducing agent and potassium permanganate works as the oxidising
agent.

MOLECULAR EQUATIONS ­
REDUCTION HALF REACTION -
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5O
OXIDATION HALF REACTION -
(FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O +H2SO4 +O→ Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 +13H2O) x 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
OVERALL REACTION-
2KMnO4+10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O+8H2SO4→K2SO4+2MnSO4+5Fe2(SO4)3+10(NH4)2SO4+68H2O
IONIC REACTIONS –
Oxidation half – [Fe2+→Fe3+ + e-]5
Reduction half - MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2++4H2O
Overall equation - MnO4- + 8H++5Fe2+→ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

MATERIALS REQUIRED ­
APPARATUS REQUIRED – weighing bottle, weight box, volumetric flask, conical flask, burette,
pipette, clamp stand, chemical balance, beakers, burette stand, funnel, measuring flask, white tile,
burnet and wire gauge. distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate solution.

INDICATOR – KmnO4 is a self indicator.

END POINT -- colour change of KMnO4 from colourless to light pink.

PROCEDURE -
A. Preparation of 250ml of M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt –
1. weigh 4.9g of Mohr’s salt using a chemical balance and watch glass.
2. dissolve weighed Mohr’s salt conc H2SO4 (5 ml) and 100 ml distilled water in a beaker.
Dissolve the salt and pour in into in 250 ml volumetric flask. Now fill the volumetric flask with
distilled water according to the required volume.

B. Titrating potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous ammonium sulphate

(Mohr’s salt)
1. Wash the pipette and the burette with distilled water and then rinse burette
with KMnO4 and pipette with Mohr salt solution.
CALCULATION: 2. Fill the burette with potassium permanganate solution. Fix the burette in the burette stand.
3. Take out 20 ml of standard more Mohr salt solution in the conical flask. Add 10ml of sulfuric
For Mohr salt preparation molarity acid to prevent the oxidation of manganese to form manganese dioxide.
Molarity = Given mass x 1000 4. Note the initial reading of the burette before starting that experiment.
Molar mass x V 5. Now against the potassium permanganate solution start the titration and slowly still the flask
gently.
! $ & '((( 6. Initially, the purple colour of KMnO4 will be discharged with ferrous ammonium sulphate. The
= appearance of the permanent pink colour indicates the endpoint. Repeat the for 3 time unless
,# )*+ & '((
Concordant value is obtained.
!"# % &
X = &' = 1.3 g.
% !'
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Part -A. Molarity of KMnO4 The volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken – 20ml. (by Pippette)
From the balanced ionic equation 1 mole KMnO4 is reacting with 5 mole of mohr’s salt solution. Burette Reading The volume of KMnO4 Concordant
S.No. used in ml Value
M KMnO4 x V KMnO4 Initial Final
&
MMohr x V Mohr = ( 1. 0 ml 11.9 ml 11.9 ml
2. 0 ml 12.0 ml 12.0 ml 12.0 ml
MKMnO4 x 12.0 ml 3. 0 ml 12.0 ml 12.0 ml
&
0.03 x 20.0 = (
RESULT – Molarity of given KMnO4 solution 0.01M Strength 1.58 g/l
MKMnO4 = 0.01 M
PRECAUTIONS –
Part -B Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity x Molar mass = 0.01 x 158u = 1.58 g/l 1. Always rinse the burette and pipette before use.
2. Clean all apparatus with distilled water.
Result – Molarity of given KMnO4 solution 0.01M Strength 1.58 g/l 3. Use dilute H2SO4 acid in the experiment.
4. Strength of KMnO4 solution should be taken at least 2 decimal.
5. Don’t use a rubber cork burette as it is can be attacked by KMnO4.
 AIM- To prepare M/50 solution of oxalic acid .Using this solution find out the molarity and EXPERIMENT ­ 3
strength of the given potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution. AIM- To prepare M/50 solution of oxalic acid .Using this solution find out the molarity and
strength of the given potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution.

THEORY –Oxalic acid titration with potassium permanganate is also a redox titration.
In this titration, Oxalic acid acts as a reducing agent and potassium permanganate
works as the oxidising agent.

MOLECULAR EQUATIONS ­
REDUCTION HALF REACTION -
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
OXIDATION HALF REACTION -
(COOH)2.2H2O +[O]→ 2CO2 + 3H2O )x 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
OVERALL REACTION-
2KMnO4 + (COOH)2.2H2O + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 +2MnSO4 + 10CO2 +18H2O
IONIC REACTIONS –
OXIDATION HALF – [C2O42-→2CO2 + e-]5
REDUCTION HALF - MnO4- + 8H++5e- → Mn2++4H2O} X 2
OVERALL EQUATION - 2MnO4-+ 16H+ + 5 C2O42-→ 2 Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
MATERIALS REQUIRED ­
Apparatus Required – weighing bottle, weight box, volumetric flask, conical flask, burette,
pipette, clamp stand, chemical balance, beakers, burette stand, funnel, measuring flask, white
tile, burnet and wire gauge. distilled water, dilute sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate
solution.
Indicator – KMnO4 is a self-indicator.
End point - Colour change of KMnO4 from colourless to light pink.

PROCEDURE -
A. Preparation of 250ml of M/50 solution of Oxalic acid –
1. weigh 0.63g of Oxalic acid using a chemical balance and watch glass.
2. dissolve weighed Oxalic acid in con H2SO4(5 ml) and 100 ml distilled water in a beaker.
Dissolve the salt and pour in into in 250 ml volumetric flask. Now fill the volumetric flask with
distilled water according to the required volume.

B. Titrating potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous ammonium

sulphate (Mohr’s salt)
1. Wash the pipette and the burette with distilled water and then rinse burette
with KMnO4 and pipette with Oxalic acid salt solution.
2. Fill the burette with potassium permanganate solution. Fix the burette in the burette stand.
3. Take out 20 ml of standard Oxalic acid salt solution in the conical flask. Add 10ml of
sulphuric acid to prevent the oxidation of manganese to form manganese dioxide.
4. Note the initial reading of the burette before starting that experiment.
5. Now against the potassium permanganate solution start the titration and slowly still the flask
gently.
CALCULATION: 6. Initially, the purple colour of KMnO4 will be discharged with ferrous ammonium sulphate.
The appearance of the permanent pink colour indicates the endpoint. Repeat for 3 time unless
part -A. Molarity of KMnO4 Concordant value is obtained.

From the balanced ionic equation 2 mole KMnO4 is reacting with 5 mole of Oxalic acid salt OBSERVATION TABLE:
solution. The volume of Oxalic acid salt solution taken – 10ml. (by Pippette), M
!
MKMnO4 x VKMnO4 ="
M Oxalic acid x VOxalic acid S.N. Burette Reading The volume of Concordant
Initial Final KMnO4 used in Value
MKMnO4 x 8.0 ml = 2 ml
0.05 x 10.0 5 .lo9;; 0 ml 7.89 ml 7.89 ml
2. 0 ml 8.00 ml 8.00 ml 8.00 ml
MKMnO4 = 2 x 10.0 x 0.05 3. 0 ml 8.00 ml 8.00 ml
8.0 x 5
RESULT – Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity x Molar mass = 0.025 x 158u = 3.95 g/l
MKMnO4 = 0.025 M
Molarity of given KMnO4 solution 0.025 M Strength 3.95 g/l
Part -A Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity x Molar mass = 0.025 x 158u = 3.95 g/l
PRECAUTIONS –
1. Always rinse the burette and pipette before use.
Result – Molarity of given KMnO4 solution 0.025 M Strength 3.95 g/l
2. Clean all apparatus with distilled water.
3. Use dilute H2SO4 acid in the experiment.
4. Strength of KMnO4 solution should be taken at least 2 decimal.
5. Don’t use a rubber cork burette as it is can be attacked by KMnO4.
AIM- IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – A EXPERIMENT -04
AIM- IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – A
RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of Alcoholic group – OH .
Equations – ( write on white side of paper) PART- A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a. Colour - colourless
a) C2H5OH + Na → C2H5ONa + ½ H2
b) C2H5OH + (NH4)2Ce (NO3)6→ (C2H5OH)2Ce (NO3)4 + (NH4)2NO3 b. Odour – order of sprit or wine
c) C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COO C2H5 + H2O c. Solubility in Water - soluble in water
d. Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl
PART- B - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

S.N. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Unsaturation test- To the given KMnO4 get Compound is
organic compound add alkaline decolourised saturated (-)
KMnO4 solution
2. Test for carboxylic group- Add a No CO2 evolve Carboxylic group
pinch of NaHCO3 to the given sample absent
3 Litmus Test – Put a drop of sample No change is Alcoholic or
on blue litmus and red litmus observed carboxyl group is
absent
4. Test for phenol – to the given NO VOILET PPT Phenolic group
sample add 2- 3 ml of Neutral FeCl3 obtained absent
soln
5 Sodium metal test- drop a piece of Evolution of Alcoholic group –
dried sodium in the given sample . colourless gas OH confirm
6 Ceric ammonium nitrate test- Add Red PPT Alcoholic group –
the drops of ceric ammonium nitrate formation OH confirm
solution to the given sample
7 Ester test- to the 1 ml of given Fruity smell Alcoholic group –
sample add 1 ml acetic acid and few OH confirm
drops of Con. H2SO4 and heat on
water bath
RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of Alcoholic group – OH .
Equations – ( write on white side of paper)
a) C2H5OH + Na → C2H5ONa + ½ H2
b) C2H5OH + (NH4)2Ce (NO3)6→ (C2H5OH)2Ce (NO3)4 + (NH4)2NO3
c) C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COO C2H5 + H2O
AIM -IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – B EXPERIMENT - 05
AIM-IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – B
RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of Phenolic group
Ar-OH confirmed PART- A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a. Colour - colourless
EQUATIONS – (write on white side of paper)
a) C6H5OH + FeCl3 → [(C6H5O) 6Fe]3- + 3HCl b. Odour – order of sprit or wine
b) c. Solubility in Water - soluble in water
d. Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl
PART- B - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Unsaturation test- To the given KMnO4 get Compound is
organic compound add alkaline decolourised saturated (-)
KMnO4 solution
2. Test for carboxylic group- Add a No CO2 evolve Carboxylic group
pinch of NaHCO3 to the given sample absent
3. Litmus Test – Put a drop of sample No change is Alcoholic or
on blue litmus and red llitmus observed carboxyl group is
absent
4. Test for phenol – to the given VOILET PPT Phenolic group
sample add 2- 3 ml of Neutral obtained confirm
FeCl3 soln
5. Azo dye test:-Compound + NaNO2 Orange red dye Phenolic group
+ conc. HCl and add aniline confirmed

RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of Phenolic group

Ar-OH confirmed
Equations – (write on white side of paper)
a) C6H5OH + FeCl3 → [(C6H5O) 6Fe]3- + 3HCl
b)
AIM-IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – C EXPERIMENT - 06
AIM-IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – C
RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of aldehyde group -CHO
confirmed. PART- A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
EQUATION - a. Colour - colourless
b. Odour – order of sprit or wine
c. Solubility in Water - soluble in water
d. Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl
PART- B - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Unsaturation test- To the KMnO4 get Compound is
given organic compound add decolourised saturated (-)
alkaline KMnO4 solution
2. Litmus Test – Put a drop of No change is Alcoholic or
sample on blue litmus and red observed carboxyl group is
llitmus absent
3 Test for carboxylic group- Add No CO2 evolve Carboxylic group
a pinch of NaHCO3 to the given absent
sample
4. Test for phenol – to the given NO VOILET Phenolic group
sample add 2- 3 ml of Neutral PPT obtained absent.
FeCl3 soln
5. Test for carbonyl group – Add Orange yellow Carbonyl group may
1 ml of sample add 2-3 ml of 2,4 ppt formed be an aldehyde or
DNP (dinitro phenylhydrazine) ketone.
6. Test for aldehyde group: Added Red ppt formed -CHO group
1ml Fehling solution to given confirmed
organic compound & heated on
water bath.
7. Added Tollen’s reagent to Silver mirror on -CHO group
organic compound and warm it inside wall of confirmed
in water bath the test tube
RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of aldehyde group -CHO
confirmed.
EQUATION -
 AIM-IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – D EXPERIMENT - 07
RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of ketonic group AIM-IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – D
> C=O confirmed.
PART- A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
EQUATION - a. Colour - colourless
b. Odour – order of sprit or wine
c. Solubility in Water - soluble in water
d. Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl
PART- B - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Unsaturation test- To the given KMnO4 get Compound is
organic compound add alkaline decolourised saturated (-)
KMnO4 solution
2. Test for carboxylic group- Add a No CO2 Carboxylic group
pinch of NaHCO3 to the given evolve absent
sample
3 Litmus Test – Put a drop of sample No change is Alcoholic or carboxyl
on blue litmus and red llitmus observed group is absent
4. Test for phenol – to the given NO VOILET Phenolic group
sample add 2- 3 ml of Neutral FeCl3 PPT obtained absent.
soln
5. Test for carbonyl group – Add 1 ml Orange Carbonyl group may
of sample add 2-3 ml of 2,4 DNP yellow ppt be an aldehyde or
(dinitro phenylhydrazine) formed ketone.
6. Test for Ketonic group: Added 1 Red colour Ketonic group
ml sodium nitroprusside solution appeared confirmed
to given organic
Compound & then added NaOH
solution dropwise
7. Add 1ml finely powdered m- Violet Ketonic group
dintrobenzene to given organic colour confirmed
Compound & then added NaOH appeared
soln.
RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of ketonic group
> C=O confirmed.
AIM-IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – E EXPERIMENT - 08
AIM-IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP FROM GIVEN SAMPLE – E
RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of Carboxylic group – COOH .
PART- A - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Equations:- a)CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → CH3COO Na + H2O +CO2 a. Colour - colourless
b) C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COO C2H5 + H2O. b. Odour – order of sprit or wine
c. Solubility in Water - soluble in water
d. Solubility in dil HCl – soluble in Dil Hcl
PART- B - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
S.N. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Unsaturation test- To the given KMnO4 get Compound is
organic compound add alkaline decolourised saturated (-)
KMnO4 solution
2 Litmus Test – Put a drop of change is Alcoholic or
sample on blue litmus and red observed, blue carbonyl group
llitmus litmus turn red may be present
3 Test for carboxylic group: Effervescence with
a.- Sodium bi carbonate test: evolution of colour
Added a pinch of NaHCO3 to less and odourless Carboxylic
small amount of Organic gas which turns group present
compound lime water milky
4 b.- Ester test: Added ethanol to Pleasant fruity Carboxylic
organic Compound and then smell group present
added 2-3 drops of conc. H2SO4
to it and warmed in water bath for
few min
RESULT – The experimental observation shows the presence of Carboxylic group – COOH .

Equations:- a)CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → CH3COO Na + H2O +CO2

b) C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COO C2H5 + H2O.

AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt EXPERIMENT - 09
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt
A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
RESULT- The given salt is NH4 Cl in which NH4+ is cation and Cl- as anion radical
COLOUR- White and Crystalline – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
ODOUR- characteristic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
SOLUBILITY- Soluble in water , Soluble in Dil. HCl
DRY HEATING TEST-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of No redish brown gas NO3- absent
salt in dry test Sublimation occurs Halide may be present
tube No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be absent

B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
Take a pinch of salt in a test No rotten egg smell of H2S S2- absent
tube add Dil No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) SO32- absent
H2SO4 No reddish Brown gas make NO2- absent
FeSO4 solution black
2. Conc. H2SO4 test HCl gas (suffocating smell) Cl- may be present
Take a pinch of salt in a test Give white PPT with AgNO3
tube add Conc H2SO4 (soluble in NH4OH)
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST
a.To the salt solution add White PPT – soluble in NH4OH Cl- Confirm
conc HNO3 and AgNO3 soln
b.To the salt add MnO2 and
Conc H2SO4 and Cl2 gas evolves Cl- Confirm
heat .
c.Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + Red vapours- add NaOH ( yellow Cl- Confirm
Conc H2SO4 & heat solution obtained) add acetic acid
& lead acetate - Yellow PPT
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1. To the salt solution add Smell of ammonia NH4+ may be
NaOH solution and heat present
2. Bring a glass rod dipped in White fumes appears NH4+ may be
Dil HCl over the test tube present
3. Add Nessler’s reagent Brown PPT formed NH4+ confirm

RESULT- The given salt is NH4 Cl in which NH4+ is cation and Cl- as anion radical
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt EXPERIMENT - 10
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt
RESULT- The given salt has NH4+ is cation and C2O42- as anion radical A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
COLOUR- White and Crystalline – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
ODOUR- characteristic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
SOLUBILITY- Soluble in water , Soluble in Dil. HCl
DRY HEATING TEST-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of salt in No redish brown gas NO3- absent
dry test tube Sublimation not occurs Halide may be absent
No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be absent

B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 No CO32- absent
Take a pinch of salt in a test rotten egg smell of H2S S2- absent
tube add Dil H2SO4 No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) SO32- absent
No reddish Brown gas make NO2- absent
FeSO4 solution black
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Colorless odourless gas (CO2) C2O42-(oxalate)
Take a pinch of salt in a test may be present
tube add Conc H2SO4
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST White PPT C2O42-(oxalate)
a.To the salt solution add Confirm
acetic acid and
calcium chloride

b.To the salt solution addPink colour of KMnO4 discharged C2O42-(oxalate)

Dil H2SO4 and warm add 2- Confirm
3 drops of KMnO4 solution

C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

1. To the salt solution add Smell of ammonia NH4+ may be
NaOH solution and heat present
2. Bring a glass rod dipped in White fumes appears NH4+ may be
Dil HCl over the test tube present
3. Add Nessler’s reagent Brown PPT formed NH4+ confirm

RESULT- The given salt has NH4+ is cation and C2O42- as anion radical
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt. EXPERIMENT - 11
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt
RESULT- The given salt is has Pb++ is cation and NO3- as anion radical.
A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
COLOUR- White and Crystalline – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
ODOUR- No characteristic pungent smell- NH4+ may be absent
SOLUBILITY- Soluble in water , Soluble in Dil. HCl
DRY HEATING TEST-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of salt in Reddish brown gas NO3- may be present
dry test tube NO Sublimation occurs Halide may be absent
Crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be present

B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
Take a pinch of salt in a test tube No rotten egg smell of H2S S2- absent
add Dil H2SO4 No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) SO32- absent
No reddish Brown gas make NO2- absent
FeSO4 solution black
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Take a pinch of NO2 gas (reddish brown)- turn NO3- may be
salt in a test tube add Conc H2SO4 FeSO4 solution black present

3. CONFIRMATORY TEST Reddish brown gas NO3- Confirm

a.To the salt solution add conc
H2SO4 and Cu chipps then heat.
b.To the salt solution add FeSO4
soln and Conc H2SO4 by the side
of test tube . Dark brown ring NO3- Confirm
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1. To the salt solution add NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group NH4+
solution and heat absent
2. To the salt add dil HCl White PPT Pb++ may be
present
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST
To the above solution Yellow PPT formed Pb++ confirm
I. add KI soln (one part)
II. add K2CrO4 soln Yellow PPT formed Pb++ confirm

RESULT- The given salt is has Pb++ is cation and NO3- as anion radical.
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt. EXPERIMENT - 12
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt
RESULT- The given salt is (CH3COO)2Pb in which Pb++ is cation and CH3COO-
A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
as anion radical
COLOUR- White and Crystalline – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
ODOUR- characteristic pungent smell- CH3COO- may be present
SOLUBILITY- Soluble in water , Soluble in Dil. HCl
DRY HEATING TEST-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of salt in No redish brown gas NO3- absent B.
dry test tube Sublimation not occurs Halide may be absent
No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be absent
TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
Take a pinch of salt in a test tube No rotten egg smell of H2S S2- absent
add Dil No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) SO32- absent
H2SO4 No reddish Brown gas make NO2- absent
FeSO4 solution black
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Colorless vapours of vinegar CH3COO-
Take a pinch of salt in a test tube smell (acetate) may be
add Conc H2SO4 present
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST Vinegar smell CH3COO-
To the solid salt add oxalic acid (acetate)
and 2-3 drops of water- Rub with Confirm
finger
ESTER TEST- To the salt CH3COO-
solution add ethanol and Conc Fruity smell of ester (acetate)
H2SO4 and heat Confirm
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1. To the salt solution add NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group NH4+
solution and heat absent
2. To the salt add dil HCl White PPT Pb++ may be
present
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST
To the above solution Yellow PPT formed Pb++ confirm
I. add KI soln (one part)
II. add K2CrO4 soln Yellow PPT formed Pb++ confirm

RESULT- The given salt is (CH3COO)2Pb in which Pb++ is cation and CH3COO- as anion
radical
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt EXPERIMENT - 13
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt
RESULT- The given salt is NH4 (CO3)2 in which NH4+ is cation and CO32- as anion
A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
radical
COLOUR- White and Crystalline – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
ODOUR- characteristic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
SOLUBILITY- Soluble in water , Soluble in Dil. HCl
DRY HEATING TEST-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of Colourless odourless gas May be CO32- present
salt in dry test which turns lime water milky
tube No Sublimation occurs Halide absent
No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be absent

B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test Effervesence of CO2, CO32- may be
Take a pinch of salt in a test which turns lime water present
tube add Dil H2SO4 milky

2. CONFIRMATORY TEST CO2 Gas evolved with CO32- Confirm

a.To the salt solution add Dil brisk effervescence
HCl

White PPT
b.To the salt solution add CO32- Confirm
MgSO4 solution.
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1. To the salt solution add Smell of ammonia NH4+ may be
NaOH solution and heat present
2. Bring a glass rod dipped in White fumes appears NH4+ may be
Dil HCl over the test tube present
3. Add Nessler’s reagent Brown PPT formed NH4+ confirm

RESULT- The given salt is NH4 (CO3)2 in which NH4+ is cation and CO32- as anion radical
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt EXPERIMENT - 14
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt
RESULT- The given salt has Al2 (SO4)3 in which A+++ is cation and SO42- as anion A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
radical COLOUR- White and Crystalline – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
ODOUR- characteristic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
SOLUBILITY- Soluble in water , Soluble in Dil. HCl
DRY HEATING TEST-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of salt in No redish brown gas NO3- absent
dry test tube Sublimation not occurs Halide may be absent
No crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 may be absent
B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervescence of CO2 CO32- absent
Take a pinch of salt No rotten egg smell of H2S S2- absent
in a test tube add Dil No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) SO32- absent
H2SO4 No reddish Brown gas make FeSO4 NO2- absent
soln black
2. Conc. H2SO4 test No Colorless odourless gas (CO2) C2O42-absent
Take a pinch of salt No smell of vinegar CH3COO- absent
in a test tube add No colourless pungent smell gas Cl- absent
Conc H2SO4 No brown colour gas of pungent smell Br- absent
No voilet vapour of pungent smell I- absent
No reddish brown gas of pungent smell
3. Special group test White PPT SO42-(sulphate)
Add dil HCl and filter Confirm
add BaCl2
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1. To the salt solution add NaOH solution No Smell of ammonia NH4+ is absent (group
and heat 0 absent)

2. To the salt solution add Dil HCl No White PPT appears Pb++ is absent (group
1 absent)
3. Pass H2S gas to above solution No Black PPT formed or Cu++ , Pb++ absent
any PPT (group 2nd absent)
4. To the salt solution add solid NH4Cl, Con White PPT formation Al+++ may be present
HNO3, and NH4OH till smell of NH3
5. To the white PPT add dil HCl few A white PPT (suspended Al+++ may be
drops of Blue litmus + NH4OH soln in in colourless medium) present
excess called a lake,

RESULT- The given salt has Al2 (SO4)3 in which A+++ is cation and SO42- as anion radical
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt EXPERIMENT - 15
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt
RESULT- The given salt is Sr(NO3)2 in which Ba ++ is cation and SO42- as anion A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
radical COLOUR- White and Crystalline – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
ODOUR- characteristic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
SOLUBILITY- Soluble in water , Soluble in Dil. HCl
DRY HEATING TEST-
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Heat a pinch of salt in Reddish brown gas NO3- may be present
dry test tube NO Sublimation occurs Halide may be absent
B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL
S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Dil H2SO4 test Take a No effervasence of CO2 CO32- absent
pinch of salt in a test No rotten egg smell of H2S S2- absent
tube add Dil No SO2 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) No SO32- absent
H2SO4 reddish Brown gas make FeSO4 black NO - absent
2

2. Conc. H2SO4 test No Colorless odourless gas (CO2) C2O42-absent

Take a pinch of salt in No smell of vinegar CH3COO- absent
a test tube add Conc No colourless pungent smell gas Cl- absent
H2SO4 No brown colour gas of pungent smell Br- absent
No voilet vapour of pungent smell I- absent
No reddish brown gas of pungent smell
3. Special group test White PPT obtained SO42- (sulphate)
a. To the salt add dil HCl and filter. Confirm
To the filtrate add BaCl2
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1. To the salt solution add NaOH No Smell of ammonia NH4+ is absent
solution and heat (group 0 absent)
2. To the salt solution add Dil No White PPT appears Pb++ is absent
HCl (group 1 absent)
3. Pass H2S gas to above No Black PPT formed or any PPT Cu++ , Pb++ etc
solution absent (group 2nd )
4. To the salt solution add No change is observed (group 3nd absent)
NH4Cl and NH4OH in excess Al3+, Fe3+ absent
5 Pass the H2S gas to above soln No change is observed (group 4th absent)
Zn2+,NI2+,Co2+ abs.
6 To the salt solution add solid White PPT formation (group 5th present)
NH4Cl , NH4OH , (NH4)CO3 Ba2+,Sr2+Ca2+may be
prsent
7 Dissolve the white PPT in CH3COOH and make it 2 parts
8 PART – A + K2CrO4 soln YELLOW PPT formed Ba2+ Confirmed
9 Performed Flame test grassy green flame Ba2+ confirmed
Result- The given salt is Sr(NO3)2 in which Ba ++ is cation and SO42- as anion radical
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt
RESULT- The given salt is Sr(NO3)2 in which Sr++ is cation and NO3- as anion
radical
EXPERIMENT - 16
AIM- To detect one cation and one anion radical from given salt
A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
COLOUR- White and Crystalline – Cu++,Ni++,Fe+++, Fe++, Mn++, Co++ Ni++ absent
ODOUR- characteristic pungent smell- NH4+ may be present
SOLUBILITY- Soluble in water , Soluble in Dil. HCl
DRY HEATING TEST-

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Heat a pinch of salt in Reddish brown gas NO3- may be present Halide
dry test tube NO Sublimation occurs may be absent
B. TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL

S.N. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Dil H2SO4 test No effervescence of CO2 CO32- absent S2-
Take a pinch of salt in a test tube No rotten egg smell of H2S absent
add Dil H2SO4 No S02 gas ( turn K2Cr2O7 green) SO32- absent NO2-
No reddish Brown gas make absent
FeSO4 solution black
2. Conc. H2SO4 test - Take a pinch of NO2 gas (reddish brown)- turn NO3- may be present
salt in a test tube add Conc H2SO4 FeSO4 solution black
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST
a.To the salt solution add conc Reddish brown gas NO3- Confirm
H2SO4 and Cu chipps then heat.
b.To the salt solution add FeSO4
soln and Conc H2SO4 by the side
of test tube . Dark brown ring NO3- Confirm
C. TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1. To the salt solution add NaOH No Smell of ammonia NH4+ is absent
solution and heat (group 0 absent)
2. To the salt solution add Dil HCl No White PPT appears Pb++ is absent
(group 1 absent)
3. Pass H2S gas to above solution No Black PPT formed or any PPT Cu++ , Pb++ etc absent
(group 2nd )
4. To the salt solution add No change is observed (group 3nd absent) Al3+,
NH4Cl and NH4OH in excess Fe3+ absent
5 Pass the H2S gas to above soln No change is observed (group 4th absent)
Zn2+,NI2+,Co2+ abs.
6 To the salt solution add solid White PPT formation (group 5th present)
NH4Cl , NH4OH , (NH4)CO3 Ba2+,Sr2+Ca2+may be
7 Dissolve the white PPT in CH3COOH and make it 2 parts
8 PART – A + K2CrO4 soln NO change or No PPT formed Ba++ absent
9 PART – B + (NH4)2SO4 soln White PPT obtained Sr ++ confirmed
10 Performed Flame test Crimson red flame Sr ++ confirmed
Result- The given salt is Sr(NO3)2 in which Sr++ is cation and NO3- as anion radical
AIM- Preparation of lyophilic sol of starch. EXPERIMENT - 17
AIM- Preparation of lyophilic sol of starch.

THEORY: When water is used as a dispersion medium, starch has the ability to
form sol. This formation is enhanced with the help of heating. To prepare sol the
mixture of water and starch is heated to about 100° C.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Tripod stand, Beaker of about 50 to 250 mL, Funnel,

Distilled water, Wire gauze, Glass rod, Pestle and mortar, Burner, Filter paper, 500
mg starch.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a mortar and add 500 mg of starch to it.
2. Pour a few drops of distilled water and pestle the starch into a thin paste.
3. Transfer the grinded paste to a 50 ml beaker.
4. Take a 250 mL beaker and pour 100 mL of distilled water to it and heat the water
to boiling.
5. Slowly pour the paste into the boiling water and constantly keep stirring with the
help of glass rod.
6. Let it boil for 10 minutes after you have transferred all the paste into the beaker.
7. Allow it to cool.
8. With the help of a filter paper attached to a funnel you can filter out the contents.
9. Label the filtrate as starch sol.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING THE EXPERIMENT:

1.The apparatus used for the experiment should be washed with distilled water and
dried before conducting the experiment.
2.Use of distilled water to prepare starch sol.
3.Make sure to convert starch into a smooth paste before adding to the boiling
water beaker.
4.Keep constantly stirring the mixture while preparing starch sol.
AIM: The aim of this experiment – to prepare ferric hydroxide sol. EXPERIMENT 18
AIM: The aim of this experiment – to prepare ferric hydroxide sol.

THEORY: Ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) has the ability to form a lyophobic sol.
Sulphides or metal hydroxides which colloidal solution, when treated with water,
are termed as lyophobic colloids. Fe(OH)3 sol is obtained by hydrolysis of ferric
chloride with boiling distilled water. The reaction is as follows:
FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) --------------> Fe(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq)
The hydrochloric acid formed during the hydrolysis destabilizes the ferric
hydroxide sol and therefore must be removed through the process of dialysis.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
The apparatus and materials required for this experiment are as follows:
Glass rod, round bottom flask, Boiling tube, Conical flask of 250 mL volume,
Tripod stand, Funnel, Beaker of 250 mL volume, Burette, Wire gauze, Dropper,
Burner, Wire gauze, Iron stand with clamp, Boiling tube, Distilled water, Solution
of ferric chloride
PROCEDURE:
1.Take a conical flask of volume 250 mL and steam clean it.
2.To clean the conical flask by steaming out process take the help of the figure.
3.Prepare 2% solution of ferric chloride by taking 2 g of pure ferric chloride in
100mL of distilled water.
4.Take the conical flask cleaned by steaming out process and add 100mL of
distilled water.
5.Boil the water on a wire gauze.
6.Drop by drop pour 10 mL of ferric chloride solution with the help of a dropper
or burette.
7.Constantly keep stirring the boiling water mixture while adding ferric chloride
solution.
8.Heat the conical flask containing a mixture of distilled water and ferric chloride
solution until you see a brown or deep red coloured ferric hydroxide solution.
9 Allow the mixture in the conical flask to settle at room temperature. 10. Label
the flask containing mixture as ferric hydroxide sol.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING THE EXPERIMENT:
1.Fe(OH)3 sol gets affected due to the presence of impurities. Therefore, to avoid
this conical flask is cleaned by steaming out process.
2.The FeCl3 solution is added drop wise.
3. Heat the mixture of distilled water and ferric chloride solution until brown or
deep red colour is obtained.
4. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) formed is removed by the process of dialysis to
avoid destabilization of sol.