Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3 | ZIM
Mục lục
Lời mở đầu 07
Key 59
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UNIT 5: Education 114 UNIT 8: Crime 205
Who should deverse government grants/ 114 Causes leading to crimes 205
school scholarships ?
Effectiveness of common practices of 209
Universal access to education or just 116 dealing with crimes
young generation ?
An emerging crime: cybercrime 217
Importance of learning core subjects and 120
Practice 222
acquiring soft skills
Key 230
Well-rounded education or specializing in 126
certain subjects ?
Key 250
Practice 195
Key 201
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UNIT 11: Business 297 UNIT 15: Urbanization 385
Advertising: benefits and drawbacks 297 Comparison: city life and rural life 385
Commerce: online shopping and 303 The choices of means of transport in cities 395
traditional shopping
Solutions for traffic problems in cities 402
Goods and services import 309
Practice 407
Practice 313
Key 414
Key 319
Practice 341
Key 347
Practice 357
Key 360
Practice 376
Key 381
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LỜI MỞ ĐẦU
Understanding ideas for IELTS Writing được biên soạn nhằm giúp người học IELTS khắc phục vấn đề thiếu
ý tưởng cho các bài luận Task 2. Bằng cách thể hiện nội dung dưới hình thức sơ đồ tư duy (mind maps) và
các đoạn văn bản ngắn, người đọc có thể tham khảo ý tưởng hoặc dễ dàng nắm bắt cách xây dựng, mở
rộng, và bổ sung ý tưởng cho các đề bài viết.
Ấn phẩm bao gồm 15 chương tương ứng với 15 chủ đề phổ biến trong Writing Task 2, đó là:
1. Vai trò của chính phủ - Government roles
2. Môi trường - Environment
3. Sự thay đổi cấu trúc và vai trò trong gia đình - Changes in Family
4. Công việc - Work
5. Giáo dục - Education
6. Truyền thông và giao tiếp - Media and Communication
7. Công nghệ - Technology
8. Tội phạm - Crime
9. Du lịch - Travel and tourism
10. Sức khoẻ - Health
11. Kinh doanh - Business
12. Văn hoá và Lịch sử - Historic and cutural values
13. Động vật - Animals
14. Kiến trúc - Housing-Building
15. Đô thị hoá - Urbanization
Phần 1
Bài đọc và Sơ đồ tư duy. Bài đọc được chia thành nhiều đoạn đọc nhỏ hơn, thể hiện một khía cạnh cụ thể trong chủ đề
lớn. Bên cạnh đó, sơ đồ tư duy giúp người học nắm được các nội dung chính dựa vào các từ khoá của mỗi đoạn đọc. Cuối
cùng, mỗi khía cạnh nhỏ sẽ có phần Tổng hợp bao gồm các ý chủ đạo của đoạn đọc đó.
Phần 2
Practice (Luyện tập). Phần này cung cấp các bài tập ôn lại nội dung chính bằng cách điền từ vào các sơ đồ tư duy và dựa
vào sơ đồ tư duy để lập dàn ý và viết bài luận.
Phần 3
Suggested Answer (Đáp án gợi ý). Phần này giúp người học có thể tự sửa bài tập của mình thông qua phần đáp án gợi ý
từ đội ngũ tác giả.
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Unit 1: GOVERNMENT ROLES
The government exists to represent and serve its citizens, so the government is expected to ensure access to
essential services in terms of physiology and safety. This is because citizens are the ones who pay taxes to be able to
receive these services from the government. In return, the government uses tax money to fund programs and provide
assistance to people in need. Meeting these needs will bring social stability, well-being and prosperity to all citizens
as well as promote the overall development of a country. Once basic needs are met, the government can focus on
higher needs like education and art, which can benefit both the government and its people. In this chapter, learners
will learn more about the government's responsibility toward their citizens and the global community.
destroy crops
natural disasters
disrupt food supply chains
Food shortages
barren
geographical reasons
fertile soil
More people than ever before are facing hunger and malnutrition on a global scale. It is estimated that around 345.2
million people will not have access to enough food, which is twice the number from 2020. This represents a huge
increase of 200 million people since the COVID-19 pandemic began. Why is the world hungrier and malnourished
than ever?
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FOOD SHORTAGES KEY WORDS
Food shortages are a serious problem that affects millions • food shortage: sự khan hiếm thực phẩm
of people around the world. One of the main causes of food • natural disaster: thảm họa thiên nhiên
shortages is natural disasters such as droughts, floods, • destroy crops: phá hoại mùa màng
storms, which destroy crops and disrupt food supply chains. • disrupt food supply chains: ngắt quãng
In addition, geographical reasons such as dry or less fertile chuỗi cung ứng thực phẩm
soil can make it difficult to grow crops and produce enough • geographical reasons: lý do địa lý
food for local people. These challenges often lead to food
insecurity, in which individuals and communities do not have
access to the food they need for a healthy life.
SOLUTIONS
However, there are a number of solutions that can help address • agricultural infrastructure and
these challenges. One approach is to implement policies that technologies: cơ sở hạ tầng và công
support agricultural infrastructure and technologies that nghệ nông nghiệp
increase crop yield. In addition, food banks can help ensure • food banks: ngân hàng thực phẩm
that leftovers are redistributed to those who need it most, • leftovers: thức ăn thừa
while reducing food waste. These practices can reduce the • redistributed: được cung cấp lại cho
effects of food insecurity and shortage. người khác
public housing
HOUSING offer low - interest loansing
Solutions
prevent real estate bubbles
space research
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SOLUTIONS
To solve this, programs about public housing should be • public housing: nhà ở cộng đồng
proposed to provide affordable and accessible housing to • low-interest loans: khoản vay lãi
those in need. Another solution is to offer low-interest loans suất thấp
to people who want to buy a home or make necessary repairs • prevent real estate bubbles: ngăn chặn
to their existing home. This can help reduce the financial bong bóng bất động sản
burden of home ownership and make housing more • space research: nghiên cứu không gian
accessible to more people. It is also impor tant that
governments have to intervene in the housing market to
prevent real estate bubbles, which are one of the main
causes of rapid increases in housing prices and the housing
crisis. Moreover, with the growing demand for housing and
limited space on Earth, space research for a new home to live
in is considered as a potential solution for the future.
Causes overpopulation
natural factors
set maximum
Around the world, approximately one in ten people do not gain access to clean and safe drinking water, and every two
minutes, a child dies due to water-borne diseases. The impact of this crisis is greater on women even in 2023. Why
does our planet still lack clean water?
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SOLUTIONS
Setting maximum limits for water consumption or punishing • set maximum limits: đặt giới hạn sử
those who overuse water would surely raise people's dụng tối đa
awareness of the consequences of misusing water resources, • punish: phạt
thereby discouraging them from misusing water. In addition, • understand current water situation: biết
only the government has a deep understanding of its current được tình hình nguồn nước và dòng chảy
water situation. Therefore, only they can take action
accordingly to prevent drought and other emergencies that
water shortages can cause.
SUMMARY
Food shortages result from natural disasters and geographical reasons, which can destroy crops and disrupt food
supply chains. Solutions involve supporting agricultural infrastructure and technologies, and establishing food banks.
The global housing situation causes challenges due to high costs, lack of housing. Solutions include public housing
programs, low-interest loans, government intervention in preventing real estate bubbles, and space research. Water
shortage stems from a lack of education, overpopulation, and natural factors. Addressing it requires setting
maximum limits of consumption, stricter punishments, and deep understanding of the current water situation.
Food shortages
FOOD
Solutions
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL
HOUSING Lack of housing - deforest
NEEDS
Solutions
Causes
WATER
Solutions
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Meet the safety needs
VIOLENCE
IN MEDIA
violence can take many forms, including: tình dục
• Physical violence, such as using weapons, knives or guns • commit real-life crimes: phạm tội ở
to physically attack other people. Audiences, especially ngoài đời thật
younger ones, may copy these actions to physically bully their • wars and terrorism: chiến tranh và
peers because they think these actions represent strength khủng bố
• Sexual content such as harassment and rape can • domestic violence: bạo lực gia đình
stimulate negative reactions among potential criminals • cyberbullying: bạo lực mạng
and make them more likely to commit real-life crimes to • cyberstalking: theo dõi qua mạng
their friends and colleagues. • violence normalization: sự bình thường
• Violent content about wars and terrorism is often hoá bạo lực
illustrated in the media and can contribute to violence • false beliefs: niềm tin sai lệch
normalization. Some people may form false beliefs that
physical power must be used if people want to achieve
something in their lives.
• Domestic violence, such as parents beating or cursing at
their children, is another form of violence often described
in the media. This content can cause victims to be hurt, or
take extreme actions towards society.
• Cyberbullying, including online harassment and
cyberstalking, is becoming increasingly common in the
digital age. Some people may be stimulated and supported
by the demonstrations in the media, and commit
cybercrimes to society.
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SOLUTIONS
Addressing violent content in the media is an pressing issue, • potential harms: những nguy hại tiềm năng
and there are several potential solutions to help reduce its • nonviolent content: xem những nội dung
negative impacts. An important method is education, with không bạo lực
school programs and media campaigns helping to educate • limit the exposure: giới hạn sự tiếp xúc
individuals about the potential harms of media violence and • control the types: kiểm soát thể loại xem
promoting watching nonviolent content. Parents can also play • a time limit: giới hạn thời gian xem
an important role in limiting the exposure to media violence by • rating system: hệ thống phân loại cấp độ
controlling the types of media content their children use and tuổi xem chương trình
setting a time limit for screen time. An effective rating system
can also help warn viewers of potentially harmful content,
including content about violence or other harmful behavior.
HEALTHCARE
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CHALLENGES KEY WORDS
Access to medical treatment is a concern to many individuals • medical treatment: sự chữa trị
and communities around the world. One of the challenges is • price of medications: giá thuốc
the increasing price of medications, which can make needed • drug effectiveness: sự hiệu quả của thuốc
treatments more expensive than ever. Furthermore, drug • healthcare facilities: cơ sở y tế
effectiveness may change constantly due to the emergence of • degraded existing infrastructure: cơ sở
new diseases and drug resistance in some patients. Another hạ tầng hiện tại xuống cấp
issue is lacking healthcare facilities and degraded existing • healthcare workers: nhân viên ngành y
infrastructure, which can make it difficult for individuals to • overwhelming workload: lượng công việc
access services they need. This is especially problematic for khổng lồ
people living in remote areas, who may have limited access • low wages, limited benefits and perks:
to healthcare facilities or have to travel long distances to be lương thấp, phúc lợi và đặc quyền hạn chế
taken care of. Finally, healthcare workers in many regions • employee retention: sự ở lại của nhân viên
may also be responsible for overwhelming workload but have
low wages, limited benefits and perks. This leads to lower
employee retention in the healthcare industry.
SOLUTIONS
When it comes to treatment, one key solution is to increase • increase funding: tăng ngân quỹ
funding, ranging from medical research to enhance existing • medical research: nghiên cứu y khoa
drugs and invent new ones to the investment in technology, • partnerships with private companies:
equipment and infrastructure. Specifically, investing in new cộng tác với công ty tư nhân
facilities and technology can also help improve access to • borrow/ buy technology and equipment:
care while establishing partnerships with private companies mượn hoặc mua công nghệ và thiết
or borrowing or buying technology and equipment from other • public insurance: bảo hiểm trách nhiệm
countries can help reduce and share the financial burden with công cộng
governments. Because private companies have abundant • vaccination programs: chương trình tiêm
financial resources and have motivation to renovate products ngừa vắc xin
further, product development can be accelerated and improved • sports facilities: trang thiết bị thể thao
to be able to make money and get the profit in the fastest way. • promote healthy lifestyles: thúc đẩy lối
Additionally, offering public insurance can help ensure that all sống lành mạnh
individuals have access to the care they need. • raise awareness: nâng cao nhận thức
SUMMARY
Media violence includes physical violence, sexual content, violence about wars and terrorism, domestic violence, and
cyberbullying, all of which can stimulate negative actions such as nominalizing violence, expressing strengths and
14 | ZIM
achieving something using physical power to their colleagues and friends. Addressing media violence requires
education, promoting nonviolent content, limiting exposure, controlling media types, setting screen time limits, and
implementing an effective rating system to warn viewers of potentially harmful content.
Challenges in healthcare include expensive medications, changing drug effectiveness, lack of facilities and infra-
structure, and low wages for healthcare workers. Solutions involve increasing funding, investing in technology and
infrastructure, establishing partnerships, offering public insurance, promoting preventive measures like vaccinations
and sports facilities, raising awareness, and improving salaries and perks for medical staff.
Forms
VIOLENCE IN MEDIA
Solutions
MEET THE
SAFETY NEEDS
Challenges
HEALTHCARE
Solutions
BENEFITS
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BENEFITS KEY WORDS
Providing free-of-charge education can bring several benefits • free-of-charge education: giáo dục
to society. Firstly, it can help create equal opportunities for all miễn phí
individuals to access education, regardless of their financial • equal opportunities: cơ hội công bằng
backgrounds. This can help many students from low-income • lift oneself out of poverty: giúp bản thân
backgrounds to attend school and ultimately lift themselves thoát khỏi cảnh nghèo khổ
out of poverty. Additionally, a more educated workforce can • economic growth and productivity: sự
lead to increased economic growth and productivity, as phát triển kinh tế và năng suất
individuals with higher levels of education tend to have more • literacy rates: tỷ lệ có học
skills and knowledge that can benefit the labor force. At the • a more educated and skilled population:
same time, by removing financial barriers to education, we can dân số có giáo dục và kỹ năng cao hơn
also see increased literacy rates, which can ultimately lead to
a more educated and skilled population.
DRAWBACKS
DRAWBACKS
However, there are also some potential drawbacks worth • a significant burden: gánh nặng lớn
considering. Firstly, providing free education may put a • taxpayers: người trả thuế
significant burden on taxpayers and the national budget. This • the national budget: ngân sách quốc gia
could disadvantage other areas and potentially have negative • the quality of students: chất lượng học sinh
impacts on the entire economy. Additionally, if the quality of • motivation: động lực
students is not monitored properly, free education may lead • compete and strive: cạnh tranh hay
to a lack of motivation to learn, as students think there is nỗ lực
no need to compete and strive. This could lead to a lack of • accountability: trách nhiệm
accountability and potentially result in students dropping out • resources and facilities: nguồn lực và cơ
or not putting in the necessary effort to succeed. Furthermore, sở vật chất
free education can also lead to a lack of resources and • job market saturation: sự bão hoà thị
facilities in educational institutions, which can affect the trường việc làm
quality of education provided, as a result. Finally, the increase
in the number of graduates due to free education may lead
to potential job market saturation, making it difficult for
individuals to find employment even with a formal degree.
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SUMMARY
Providing free education can create equal opportunities and lead to a more educated workforce, but this proposal
may burden taxpayers and disadvantage other areas of the economy. Without proper monitoring, it may also result in
a lack of motivation and accountability, as well as a lack of resources and potential job market saturation.
euqal opportunity
Benefits
more skills
MEET THE and knowledge
FREE
KNOWLEDGE AND
TUITION FEE
UNDERSTANDING NEEDS put a significant burrden
BENEFITS
17 | ZIM
reflect the unique cultural and historical identity of a country. • cultural and historical identity: bản sắc
This can improve the country's image both nationally and văn hoá và lịch sử
internationally. Additionally, investing in aesthetics can have • attract tourism: thu hút du lịch
positive impacts on not only the economy, as it can attract • social cohesion: sự gắn kết xã hội
tourism and create jobs in fields, but also the social • foster a sense of unity and equality: thúc
cohesion,as the same style of architecture can foster a sense đẩy sự gắn kết và công bằng
of unity and equality in society. Also, by preserving cultural • preserve cultural heritage: bảo tồn di sản
heritage, societies can help pass down traditions from văn hoá
generation to generation. Finally, improving the aesthetics of • pass down traditions: truyền lại những
public spaces can enhance the quality of life for citizens by phong tục, truyền thống
creating attractive and functional areas for people to gather, • enhance the quality of life: nâng cao chất
relax, and enjoy. lượng cuộc sống
DRAWBACKS
DRAWBACKS
However, for some people, aesthetics is subjective, and what • subjective: mang tính chủ quan
may be considered aesthetic for one group may not be for • a limited audience: lượng khán giả
another. Therefore, it is only suitable for a limited audience, as giới hạn
not everyone can access or appreciate the beauty of a work. • using taxpayers’ money: sử dụng
Moreover, using taxpayers’ money to sponsor aesthetic tiền thuế
improvements may cause a resentful attitude among the • a resentful attitude: thái độ phẫn nộ
public, especially if they feel that urgent issues are not • immediate economic benefits: lợi ích
being addressed. Finally, investing in aesthetics may not kinh tế ngay lập tức
always bring immediate economic benefits and therefore may
be seen as a less attractive investment option.
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SUMMARY
Investing in aesthetics can boost national image and the economy, promote social cohesion and culture, and enhance
citizens' quality of life. However, aesthetic preferences are subjective and may not be valued by all, leading to limited
audience and potential resentment among taxpayers.
Economy
Culture
Subjective
19 | ZIM
Government's responsibility towards global community
KEY WORDS
Governments play an important role in promoting global peace • global peace and stability: hòa bình và
and stability, protecting human rights, addressing global sự ổn định toàn cầu
challenges, and promoting trade cooperation. • resolve conflicts: giải quyết mâu thuẫn
• humanitarian aid: hỗ trợ nhân đạo
In Southeast Asia, for example, countries have been working • human rights: bảo vệ quyền con người
together to promote regional peace and stability through • global challenges: thách thức phạm vi
organizations such as ASEAN, which aims to promote toàn cầu
economic, political, and security cooperation among its • climate change: biến đổi khí hậu
m e m be r st a t e s . G over n m en ts in th e reg ion also wor k • poverty: đói nghèo
together to resolve conflicts, such as the territorial disputes in • inequality: sự bất công
the South China Sea, and to provide humanitarian aid to areas • trade cooperation: hợp tác thương mại
affected by natural disasters or conflicts. • mutual prosperity: sự thịnh vượng chung
SUMMARY
In addition to their responsibility to their own citizens, governments also have a positive role to play in the internation-
al community in terms of the promotion of worldwide peace and stability, protection of human rights, addressing of
global challenges, and the promotion of trade cooperation.
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Resolve conflicts
PROMOTE PEACE
Peace negotiations
& STABILITY
Against discrimination
PROTECT HUMAN
Prevent human trafficking
RIGHTS
ADDRESS GLOBAL
Poverty
CHALLENGES
Inequality
SUPPORT
INTERNATIONAL Trade cooperation
COOPERATION
PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about violence in media
Violence in
Forms of media violence
media
1.2. Some people feel that the government should regulate the level of violence for films of television and
cinema. Others feel that violent films should not be released. Discuss both views and give your opinion?
First, I advocate that government regulation of media violence can reduce the harmful effects it has on individuals.
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2.1. Mind map about water shortages
Water
Government Intervention Situation
shortages
2.2. Some people think that people should be given the right to use fresh water as they like. Others believe governments
should strictly control the use of fresh water. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Firstly, I advocate that governments should have strict control on fresh water usage because of the lack of awareness
and education among many irresponsible users.
Drawbacks Aesthetics
3.2. Government investment in the arts, such as music and theater, is a waste of money. Governments must invest
this money in public services instead. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
On the one hand, it is understandable why some people oppose the idea of funding in the arts using the state budget.
4.1. Mind map about the benefit of free-of-charge tuition fee programs
4.2. In some countries, students pay their college or university fees, while in some others, the government pays
for them. Do you think the advantages that the government pays the money outweigh the disadvantages?
On one hand, providing free-of-charge education brings many benefits for students and the overall economy.
5.1. Mind map about governments’ responsibility towards the global community
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5.2. Some people believe that the government should not spend money on international aid when they have their own
disadvantaged people like the homeless and unemployed. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Opponents of spending money on international aid may argue that
disrupt food supply chains prevent real estate bubbles deteriorate national image
destroy crops
(1).....................
(2).....................
Food shortages
barren
geographical reasons
fertile soil
(6).....................
HOUSING offer low - interest loans
Solutions
(7).....................
space research
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(8).....................
Causes overpopulation
natural factors
(9).....................
VIOLENCE
IN MEDIA
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HEALTHCARE
25 | ZIM
2.3. Meet the knowledge and understanding needs
job market saturation lift themselves out of poverty increased economic growth
and productivity
BENEFITS
DRAWBACKS
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2.4. Meet the aesthetics needs
not always bring immediate reflect the unique cultural and subjective
economic benefits historical identity
BENEFITS
DRAWBACKS
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KEY
Practice 1:
VIOLENCE
IN MEDIA
1.2. First, I advocate that government regulation of media violence can reduce the harmful effects it has on individu-
als. It is crucial to recognize that the media has a powerful influence on the way people think and behave, particularly
young audiences who are immature and easily imitate what they have watched from the media. For example, young
students who are exposed to violent content are likely to bully their peers at school, or who view age-inappropriate
content such as sexual harassment or assault can normalize these harmful behaviours and use them towards their
friends. And I believe the government has the power and responsibility to control the level of media violence to safe-
guard the people from these scenarios.
Causes overpopulation
natural factors
set maximum
2.2. Firstly, I advocate that governments should have strict control on fresh water usage because of the lack of
awareness and education among many irresponsible users. Many people do not realize the importance of conserv-
ing water resources and may use water carelessly or unnecessarily. Even worse, some people have a false percep-
tion that water is unlimited. This can lead to a significant waste of water, which can contribute to water scarcity,
particularly in regions already facing water shortages.
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3.1. Mind map about drawbacks of meeting aesthetic needs
DRAWBACKS
3.2. On the one hand, it is understandable why some people oppose the idea of funding in the arts using the state
budget. Firstly, they view art as subjective, and it only serves a limited audience. This is why using taxpayers’ money
to invest in forms of art can lead to resentful attitudes among citizens. Secondly, funding the arts through the state
budget is a waste of resources as art is seen as a lower priority, especially when compared to other essential ser-
vices such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure. They believe that only when these basic human needs are
met should arts be taken into account.
4.1. Mind map about the benefit of free-of-charge tuition fee programs
BENEFITS
4.2. On the one hand, providing free-of-charge education brings many benefits for students and the overall econo-
my. First, this initiative creates equal opportunities for individuals, regardless of their financial backgrounds. This
enables less privileged young citizens to lift themselves out of poverty by accessing higher education just like those
from better-endowed families. As a result, there would be increased economic growth and productivity, as countries
with high rates of education tend to experience higher levels of innovation and productivity growth. Additionally, this
approach produces a more educated and skilled population, which is crucial for the increasingly high-tech industries
that require specialized knowledge and skill sets.
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5.1. Mind map about governments’ responsibility towards the global community
Resolve conflicts
PROMOTE PEACH
Peach negotiations
& STABILITY
Against discrimination
PROTECT HUMAN
Prevent human trafficking
RIGHTS
ADDRESS GLOBAL
Poverty
CHALLENGES
Inequality
SUPPORT
INTERNATIONAL Trade cooperation
COOPERATION
5.2. Opponents of spending money on international aid may argue that there are many pressing issues in their coun-
try in need of solutions . The government should take responsibility for meeting basic human needs in its country,
such as solving unemployment or reducing inflammation rate, which puts the national security at risk, before think-
ing of helping others. However, they fail to mention that joining hands into the global community is also a way to
maintain national security. For example, if a country assists another country suffering an infectious disease timely,
it can mitigate or prevent the spread of this disease from invading its own country. This practice, in turn, can protect
their citizens and keep the security of a nation.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(10) natural disasters (17) Physical violence
(11) disrupt food supply chains (18) Domestic violence
(12) agricultural infrastructure and technologies (19) violence normalization
(13) food banks (20) copy these actions
(14) deteriorate national image (21) educate individuals about the potential harms
(15) public housing (22) limit the exposure
(16) prevent real estate bubbles (23) An effective rating system
(17) the lack of education (24) the increasing price of medications
(18) set maximum limits (25) drug effectiveness
(26) overwhelming workload
(27) lower employee retention
(28) borrow or buy technology and equipment from
other countries
(29) establish partnerships with private companies
(30) vaccination programs
(31) Raising awareness
(32) improve morale and job retention
2.3 2.4
(10) equal opportunity (10) boost national image
(11) lift themselves out of poverty (11) reflect the unique cultural and historical identity
(12) increased literacy rates (12) attract tourism
(13) increased economic growth and productivity (13) attract tourism
(14) put a significant burden (14) pass down traditions
(15) not monitored properly (15) enhance the quality of life for citizens
(16) a lack of accountability (16) subjective
(17) lack of resources and facilities (17) a resentful attitude
(18) job market saturation (18) not always bring immediate economic benefits
31 | ZIM
Unit 2: ENVIRONMENT
The environment is one of the urgent issues of modern life. It is facing many threats and challenges from human
activities and changes in the natural world. Some issues that learners may encounter in Writing Task 2 are the
decline of many plant and animal species, the depletion of natural resources, the advantages and disadvantages of
renewable and non-renewable energy sources, and the increasing trend of the throw-away society. Chapter 2 will help
learners gain more knowledge about these issues and understand the roles of different groups of people in protecting
the environment.
THE DECLINE
OF ANIMALS
AND PLANTS
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HUMAN-MADE ACTIVITIES KEY WORDS
One major cause of the decline of many animals and plants is • habitat destruction: sự phá huỷ môi
habitat destruction, which is primarily due to overpopulation. trường sống
As human populations increase, the demand for housing and • overpopulation: sự quá tải dân số
other infrastructure increases, people resort to deforestation to • fossil fuels: nhiên liệu hóa thạch
make way for more human settlements, factories and farms. This • deforestation: nạn phá rừng
has a profound impact on animals, as they lose their habitats. • CO2 and greenhouse gases: khí CO2 và
khí nhà kính
Also, human activities such as burning fossil fuels are releasing • rise in temperature and sea levels: sự
huge amounts of CO2 and other greenhouse gases into the tăng nhiệt độ và mực nước biển
atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. • overfishing and poaching: đánh bắt quá
This results in the rise in temperature and sea levels which mức và săn trộm bất hợp pháp
have severe effects on many species, including disrupted • fish populations: dân số loài cá
breeding and feeding patterns, suffering from more frequent
and extreme natural disasters, and increased risk of disease.
SUMMARY
Habitat destruction, burning fossil fuels, overfishing, and poaching are the main factors posing a threat to biodiversity
of certain plants and animals in the wild.
HABITAT
DESTRUCTION
OVERFISHING AND
POACHING
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The consumption of natural resources at an alarming rate
THE FAST
CONSUMPTION
OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
degradation and resource depletion. First, deforestation, cấp môi trường
primarily for agriculture and urbanization, results in soil • agriculture: nông nghiệp
erosion, loss of biodiversity, and increased CO2 emissions, • urbanization: sự đô thị hoá
which exacerbate climate change. Additionally, the depletion • resource depletion: sự cạn kiệt tài
of natural resources, such as water and energy, results in nguyên thiên nhiên
water scarcity and energy insecurity, affecting daily lives and • water scarcity: sự khan hiếm nước
production activities. This, in turn, has economic risks when • energy insecurity: sự khủng hoảng
prices of these kinds of commodities in the market increase, năng lượng
which puts some countries at risk. • economic risks: rủi ro về kinh tế
SUMMARY
Fast consumption of natural resources leads to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and economic risks.
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION
RESOURCE
DEPLETION
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Non-renewable and renewable energy sources
Energy is an essential commodity in most human activities, from daily activities to production ones. Energy is divided
into two main types: non-renewable energy and renewable energy.
NON-RENEWABLE
ENERGY
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production of non-renewable energy resources to support
their economies. For instance, oil-producing countries such as
Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States have been able to
use the profits from the sale of oil to support their economies
and provide social services to their citizens.
DRAWBACKS
One of the major drawbacks of non-renewable energy is • finite resources: những nguồn tài nguyên
pollution. Burning fossil fuels releases harmful chemicals hữu hạn
into the air, water, and soil, causing damage to both human • run out: cạn kiệt
health and the environment. Air pollution from burning coal, • leave future generations without access:
for example, is a leading cause of respiratory problems, and oil thế hệ tương lai không có để sử dụng
spills can contaminate waterways and harm wildlife. • dependent on foreign sources: phụ thuộc
vào nguồn từ bên ngoài
Another drawback is that non-renewable energy sources are • political and economic instability: bất ổn
finite resources, meaning they will eventually run out. As we chính trị và kinh tế
continue to consume these resources at an alarming rate, we
will eventually deplete them, leaving future generations
without access to these valuable resources.
RENEWABLE
ENERGY
36 | ZIM
BENEFITS KEY WORDS
Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, • abundant: dồi dào và đáng tin cậy
offer several benefits over non-renewable energy sources. • increase energy access: tăng sự tiếp cận
One of the most significant benefits is that renewable energy đến năng lượng
can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and produce less • lack access to electricity:không có điện
harmful emissions of pollutants. This can not only help • promote sustainable development: thúc
mitigate the effects of climate change but also improve the đẩy sự phát triển bền vững
air quality, which helps people reduce the risk of suffering
from respiratory diseases.
DRAWBACKS
One of the primary drawbacks is the dependence on weather. • dependence on weather: sự phụ thuộc
Unlike non-renewable energy sources, renewable energy vào thời tiết
production is heavily dependent on weather conditions, such • less reliable and predictable: ít đáng tin
as sunlight, wind, and rainfall. This means that renewable và khó dự đoán hơn
energy sources can be less reliable and less predictable than • a large land and resources: cần diện tích
non-renewable energy sources. đất và nguồn lực lớn
• expensive to set up and maintain:
Another major drawback is that renewable energy infrastructure đắt đỏ để lắp đặt và bảo trì
often requires a large amount of land and resources. For • political and economic instability: bất ổn
example, large solar or wind farms require significant amounts chính trị và kinh tế
of land and can have environmental impacts, such as habitat
destruction and land use changes. Moreover, renewable energy
infrastructure such as the installation of hydropower can
change the riverflow and water quality nearby, which affects
the agricultural and daily activities of local residents.
37 | ZIM
set up and maintain. While the costs of renewable energy have
been decreasing in recent years, they are still often more ex-
pensive than non-renewable energy sources, particularly in the
short term.
SUMMARY
Non-renewable energy sources provide reliable and secure energy with high density, supporting economic growth and
affordability. However, they cause pollution, are finite resources, and can lead to political and economic instability.
Meanwhile, renewable energy reduces emissions, improves air quality, creates jobs, and enhances energy security.
However, it is weather-dependent, requires substantial land and resources, and initial costs can be higher.
Benefits
NON-RENEWABLE
ENERGY
Drawbacks
SOURCE OF ENERGY
Benefits
RENEWABLE
ENERGY
Drawbacks
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FOOD WASTE
39 | ZIM
FAST FASHION
Another factor contributing to this problem is the customers' trong ngành thời trang
constant desire for new clothes. Some people feel more • the latest fashion trends: xu hướng
confident when wearing new clothes, or buying them gives mới nhất
them a sense of excitement.
DISPOSABLE
MATERIALS
40 | ZIM
DISPOSABLE MATERIALS KEY WORDS
The use of single-use materials is another cause of the • single-use/ disposable materials: vật liệu
throw-away society we are living in today. dùng một lần
• convenience: sự thuận tiện
One of the main reasons for this trend is convenience. Single-use • without cleaning: không cần phải rửa
materials such as paper plates, plastic utensils, and disposable • hygiene: sự vệ sinh
packaging are designed for quick and easy use and disposal • the spread of germs and diseases: sự lây
without the need for cleaning. lan của mầm bệnh và bệnh tật
• cost-effective: hiệu quả về chi phí
Another factor contributing to the use of single-use materials • mass production: sản xuất đại trà
is hygiene. Many people believe that disposable products are • variety: sự đa dạng
more sanitary than reusable alternatives, particularly in • more options for colors and designs:
environments such as hospitals and food service establishments, nhiều lựa chọn về màu sắc và mẫu
to prevent the spread of germs and diseases. For example, mã hơn
single-use materials, such as disposable gloves, gowns, and
masks, are designed for one-time use and then discarded.
CONSUMERISM
41 | ZIM
CONSUMERISM KEY WORDS
One of the main factors contributing to this trend is • consumerism: chủ nghĩa thúc đẩy
advertising and marketing. Companies use persuasive tiêu dùng
advertising techniques to create a desire for new products • advertising and marketing: quảng cáo và
and material possessions, which give people the illusion that tiếp thị
owning material things will bring them happiness and success. • a desire for new products: tạo nhu cầu
cho sản phẩm mới
In addition, social norms and cultural values often make people • material possessions: sự sở hữu vật chất
feel the need to keep up with their friends or meet certain • social norms: tiêu chuẩn xã hội
standards of appearance or lifestyle in order to be part of a • cultural values: giá trị văn hoá
community they want to belong to. • keep up with friends: theo kịp bạn bè
• meet certain standards: đáp ứng tiêu
Finally, the desire for status and identity can also contribute to chuẩn nào đó
our throwaway culture. People often use material possessions • status and identity: địa vị và bản sắc
to express their identity and social status, leading to a culture cá nhân
of excessive consumption and waste of trendy, branded, or
expensive goods. However, when the trend is over, they don't
hesitate to discard these things.
EFFECTS
42 | ZIM
EFFECTS KEY WORDS
The impacts of the "throw-away society" are numerous and • ecosystems and wildlife: hệ sinh thái và
far-reaching, not only affecting the environment but also human môi trường tự nhiên
health, social inequality, and personal finances. • leach toxic chemicals: rỉ ra các chất hóa
học độc hại
The production and disposal of single-use products contribute • social inequality: sự bất bình đẳng trong
to environmental degradation because they create huge xã hội
landfills and marine waste, exerting long-term effects on • low-income communities and countries:
ecosystems and wildlife. những nơi người/ nước thu nhập thấp ở
• a psychological perspective: khía cạnh
In the meantime, the use of single-use materials can also pose tâm lý
health risks, especially when it comes to plastics and other • inadequacy or dissatisfaction: sự thiếu
materials that can leach toxic chemicals into the environment thốn và không thoả mãn
and human bodies. • personal debt: các khoản nợ cá nhân
• financial insecurity: sự bất ổn tài chính
In addition, the throw-away society contributes to the depletion
of natural resources as more resources are used to create
mass products. This practice can put our future generations
at disadvantage, eventually.
SUMMARY
Food waste stems from food fashion trends, aesthetic discarding, sell-by date practices, and overstocking. Fast fashion
arises from low-quality materials and the desire for new clothes. Disposable materials are used for convenience,
hygiene, and cost-effectiveness. Consumerism is driven by advertising, social norms, and the desire for status and
identity. The throw-away culture results in environmental degradation, resource depletion, landfill pollution, social
inequality, health risks, psychological and financial insecurity.
43 | ZIM
Food waste
Food fashion
CAUSES
Disposable materials
Consumerism
THROW-AWAY
Environmental degradation
SOCIETY
Health risks
A psychological perspective
44 | ZIM
Who is in charge of solving the environmental problems
The responsibility for addressing these issues and protecting the environment should belong to all members of
society, from the government to organizations and individuals.
GOVERNMENT
45 | ZIM
PROTECT PLANTS AND ANIMALS KEY WORDS
Firstly, the government has a role in establishing and • laws and regulations: luật lệ và quy định
enforcing laws and regulations, and closely monitoring the • violate: vi phạm
implementation of laws related to overfishing and poaching. • strict penalties: các hình phạt
If any individuals or organizations violate these laws, strict nghiêm khắc
penalties such as monetary fines or imprisonment should be • conservation measures: các biện pháp
applied to discourage others. bảo tồn
• natural reserves: khu bảo tồn tự nhiên
Secondly, implementing conservation measures is crucial. • restore habitats: khôi phục môi
These include building natural reserves to protect wild and trường sống
endangered animals, restoring habitats, returning the environment • return to a natural balance: trả môi
to a natural balance, providing treatment for plants and animals, trường về trạng thái cân bằng
and implementing breeding programs or reintroducing species • breeding programs: chương trình
into the wild. nhân giống
• reintroduce species: tái du nhập loài
In addition, the government needs to promote research and • understand their behavior, needs: hiểu
development of programs related to animals and plants to được hành vi, nhu cầu
understand their behavior, needs, and find the most suitable
approach for each species.
can use the state budget to invest in research projects, new energy sources: chuyển sang nguồn
technologies, and improvements to existing technologies to năng lượng thân thiện với môi trường hơn
develop renewable energy sources. • collaborate: cộng tác
• reduce taxes: giảm thuế
Additionally, the government can provide more incentives • offer subsidies: trợ cấp
for businesses to switch to environmentally-friendly energy • set minimum energy efficiency
sources, such as reducing taxes or offering subsidies to standards: thiết lập tiêu chuẩn hiệu suất
these businesses. năng lượng tối thiểu
• raise awareness: nâng cao sự nhận thức
The government can collaborate with other governments to • educate the community: giáo dục
learn from their experiences, technologies, and techniques to cộng đồng
develop renewable energy sources.
46 | ZIM
Finally, it is necessary to raise awareness and educate the
community about saving non-renewable energy sources and
transitioning to greener energy sources to create understanding
and appreciation for the natural world in the community.
related to waste management. For example, they can require phù hợp
companies to properly process waste before releasing it into • impose fines or even criminal penalties:
the environment, such as air, land, or water. If these companies áp dụng hình phạt tiền hoặc thậm chí
do not comply, the government can impose fines or even criminal hình phạt hình sự
penalties on these companies if pollution caused by the • products made from non-biodegradable
company seriously affects the lives of the surrounding residents. materials: sản phẩm làm từ vật liệu
không phân hủy sinh học
Additionally, the government can impose taxes on products • green lifestyles: lối sống xanh
made from non-biodegradable materials, which can encourage • encourage the 3R principles: khuyến
companies to switch to greener materials. khích các nguyên tắc 3R
INDIVIDUALS
47 | ZIM
as electric cars instead of traditional fuel-driven vehicles to
reduce their carbon footprint.
ORGANIZATION
practices in their production and development. For example, in biện pháp bền vững với môi trường hơn
agriculture, using a moderate amount of pesticide and avoiding
sacrificing customers' health and the environment for short-term
profit. Or in industrial production, being aware and implementing
measures to treat waste and wastewater before releasing
them into rivers, lakes, and other water sources.
BOTH INDIVIDUAL
& ORRGANIZATION
48 | ZIM
should give support and engage in projects related to the
environment and conservation of resources, wildlife, etc.
Finally, educating each other about the importance of these
factors in their living community.
SUMMARY
Government plays a crucial role in protecting plants and animals by enforcing laws, establishing reserves, conducting
research, and promoting education. It also prevents non-renewable energy depletion through investments, incentives,
regulations, and awareness campaigns. Waste reduction is achieved through legislation, waste processing requirements,
taxes, and promotion of the 3R principles.
Individuals can adopt a green lifestyle, choose environmentally-friendly materials, reduce CO2 emissions, and be
conscious of their shopping behavior. In the meantime, businesses need to implement sustainable practices and
comply with government laws. Both groups should support environmental projects and educate each other about the
importance of conservation.
49 | ZIM
PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph us-
ing ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about causes leading to the decline of certain plant and animal species
Habitat destruction
The decline of
Burn fossil fuels
plants and animals
Overfishing and poaching
1.2. The animal species are becoming extinct due to human activities on land and in sea. What are the reasons
and solutions?
Granted, human-made activities on land and in sea contribute to the decline and extinction of certain animal species.
Renewable
Benefits
energy
2.2. Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) are the main sources in many countries. However, in some countries,
the use of alternative sources of energy (wind and solar energy) are encouraged. Do you think it is a positive or
negative development?
Encouraging the use of alternative sources of energy such as wind and solar can be seen as a positive development
for several reasons.
50 | ZIM
3.2. These days people in some countries are living in a “throwaway” society which means people use things in a
short time then throw them away. What are its causes and what impacts can it have?
There are several causes of the throwaway society in the modern world.
Government's
The depletion of non-renewable energy
roles
Throw-away society
4.2. Individuals can do nothing to improve the environment; only governments can make a difference. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
There are plausible reasons why some people argue that environmental problems are only tackled by governments.
5.1. Mind map about the roles of other groups in protecting environment
Other groups's
The depletion of non-renewable energy
roles
Throw-away society
5.2. Individuals can do nothing to improve the environment; only governments can make a difference. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
On the other hand, I believe that ordinary people, through small, everyday actions, can also greatly contribute to
protecting the environment.
51 | ZIM
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
2.1. The decline of animals and plants
meet increasing demand overfishing and poaching rise in temperature and sea
levels
THE DECLINE
OF ANIMALS
AND PLANTS
energy insecurity
52 | ZIM
THE FAST
CONSUMPTION
OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
NON-RENEWABLE
ENERGY
53 | ZIM
RENEWABLE
ENERGY
past their personal debt and the desire for status food fashion
sell-by dates financial insecurity and identity
keep up with the advertising and without the need constant desire for
latest fashion trends marketing for cleaning new clothes
54 | ZIM
FOOD WASTE
FAST FASHION
DISPOSABLE
MATERIALS
55 | ZIM
CONSUMERISM
EFFECTS
56 | ZIM
implement set minimum energy establish and enforce more conscious of
conservation measures efficiency standards laws and regulations their shopping behavior
GOVERNMENT
57 | ZIM
INDIVIDUALS
ORGANIZATION
BOTH INDIVIDUAL
& ORRGANIZATION
58 | ZIM
KEY
Practice 1:
1.1.Mind map about causes leading to the extinction of certain plant and animal species
THE DECLINE
OF ANIMALS
AND PLANTS
1.2. Granted, human-made activities on land and in sea contribute to the decline and extinction of certain animal
species. One major culprit is habitat destruction caused by deforestation to serve multiple purposes such as
farming, cattle grazing and commercial logging. As a consequence, the removal of trees and other types of vegetation
reduces the availability of food and shelter for animals, which leads to their loss of habitats, thus pushing them to the
verge of extinction. Additionally, the burning of fossil fuels releases harmful pollutants into the environment, leading
to climate change, which can translate into a rise in temperature and sea levels on Earth. This has caused longer
drought seasons and more extreme wildfires, threatening the existence of various species. For example, three billion
animals were harmed and killed after Australia's fires in 2020. In the oceans, overfishing disrupts marine ecosystems,
depleting fish populations and disrupting the delicate balance of marine life.
59 | ZIM
2.2. Encouraging the use of alternative sources of energy such as wind and solar can be seen as a positive development
for several reasons. Firstly, renewable energy sources produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants
into the environment, which can not only help mitigate the effects of climate change but also improve air quality,
meaning that people can reduce the risk of suffering from respiratory diseases. Secondly, renewable energy can offer
energy security for certain countries. This is the case when some countries are over reliant on foreign sources, they
are easily subject to price fluctuations or disrupted supply, which can put daily and production activities in the
countries at risk if the provider country refuses to provide anymore.
FOOD WASTE
FAST FASHION
60 | ZIM
DISPOSABLE
MATERIALS
CONSUMERISM
3.2. There are several causes of the throwaway society in the modern world. One significant factor is the fast fashion
industry, which promotes the production of clothing using low-quality materials. These materials often result in shorter
lifespans for garments, creating a cycle of overconsumption and disposal. Additionally, the rise of disposable materials
has contributed to the throwaway culture. Convenience is a driving force behind the use of disposable products, as they
require no cleaning or maintenance. Moreover, mass production of disposable items has made them cost-effective for
manufacturers, further fueling the cycle of overconsumption and waste.
61 | ZIM
4.1. Mind map about the role of government in protecting the environment
GOVERNMENT
4.2. There are several plausible reasons why some people argue that environmental problems can only be tackled
by governments. Firstly, governments have the power and resources to implement policies and regulations that can
have a significant impact on the environment. For example, they can enforce regulations and laws regarding waste
management practices. If any individuals or factories violate the law, they have to be subject to monetary fines or
even a criminal sentence. Secondly, governments can collaborate with other countries to address global environmental
challenges such as climate change. This requires international agreements and cooperation, which can only be
facilitated by governments.
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5.1. Mind map about the roles of other groups in protecting environment
INDIVIDUALS
ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
5.2. On the other hand, I believe that ordinary people, through small, everyday actions, can also greatly contribute to
protecting the environment. For instance, reducing the use of single-use plastics, conserving energy and water, and
using public transportation are some of the ways individuals can contribute to reducing their carbon footprint.
Moreover, individuals can also raise awareness about environmental issues and give support for conservation
efforts. While these actions may seem small and insignificant, when added up, they can have a massive impact on
the environment. Therefore, I believe that both individuals and governments must work together to protect the planet
for future generations.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) habitat destruction (1) environmental degradation
(2) meet increasing demand (2) soil erosion
(3) deforestation (3) loss of biodiversity
(4) burning fossil fuels (4) resource depletion
(5) rise in temperature and sea levels (5) water scarcity
(6) overfishing and poaching (6) energy insecurity
(7) economic impacts
2.3 2.4
(1) reliability and security (1) food fashion
(2) a high energy density (2) past their sell-by dates
(3) affordability (3) preservation methods
(4) contributor to economic growth (4) hesitate to eat leftovers
(5) burning fossil fuels (5) shorter lifespan
(6) finite resources (6) constant desire for new clothes
(7) political and economic instability (7) keep up with the latest fashion trends
(8) greenhouse gas emissions (8) without the need for cleaning
(9) energy security (9) hygiene
(10) lack access to electricity (10) mass production
(11) dependence on weather (11) advertising and marketing
(12) expensive to produce and maintain (12) social norms and cultural values
(13) the desire for status and identity
(14) environmental degradation
(15) depletion of natural resources
(16) personal debt and financial insecurity
2.5
(1) establish and enforce laws and regulations
(2) implement conservation measures
(3) understand the behaviours, needs
(4) media and school campaigns
(5) incentives for businesses
(6) collaborate with other governments
(7) set minimum energy efficiency standards
(8) require companies to properly process waste
(9) products made from non-biodegradable materials
(10) Applying a green lifestyle and the 3R principle
(11) more conscious of their shopping behavior
(12) comply with government laws and regulations
64 | ZIM
Unit 3: CHANGES IN FAMILY
The structure of the family has undergone significant changes in recent years and this trend is predicted to
continue. A traditional extended family, consisting of multiple generations living together, or a nuclear family, consisting
of only parents and children, is no longer the standard model. Nowadays, there are many different types of families
such as single-parent families, families with step-parents, same-sex parent families, etc. What are the reasons for
these changes? Will the roles of "father" and "mother" in the family remain the same as before?
Changes in structure
Household duties
65 | ZIM
INCOME LEVEL KEY WORDS
The level of income plays a significant role in the formation of • the level of income: mức thu nhập
families. Families with a lower income tend to live with their • extended families: gia đình mở rộng
extended families to save on rent and living expenses. This • save on rent and living expenses: tiết
is because living with extended family members can help in kiệm chi phí thuê nhà và các chi phí khác
sharing costs and reducing the financial burden. For instance, • pay for their own living expenses: có khả
in many big cities like Hong Kong, it is common for extended năng tự chi trả chi phí sống
families to live together, as it helps to share the expenses and
provide emotional support.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Limited job opportunities in a town or city can lead many people • job opportunities: cơ hội việc làm
to live away from their families to develop their careers, resulting • relocate to the city: chuyển đến thành
in the emergence of dispersed families. This means that family phố sống
members do not live together or live independently in different • dispersed families: gia đình phân tán
places. For example, many people in developing countries
relocate to the city or abroad to find better job opportunities,
leaving their families behind in the rural areas. Furthermore, some
families may have to relocate due to their job requirements. For
instance, a person may have to move to another city or country
for work, and their family may choose to stay behind due to
various reasons, such as children's education or family ties.
COST OF LIVING
The cost of living is another factor that affects family structures. • delay marriage: trì hoãn việc kết hôn
High living expenses can lead many people to delay marriage • small-sized families: gia đình ít người
or form small-sized families. This is because they may not
have the financial resources to support a large family. For
example, in developed countries, it is becoming increasingly
common for people to delay marriage and having children due
to the high cost of living, such as housing and education
expenses. Additionally, people may choose to have fewer
children to reduce the financial burden. For instance, in some
European countries, the birth rate is decreasing due to the
high cost of raising children. Therefore, couples are choosing
to have fewer children or delay having children until they are
financially stable.
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TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES KEY WORDS
Technological advances are the second factor that has gradually • technological advances: tiến bộ công nghệ
changed the structure of families. In the past, when • technology devices: thiết bị công nghệ
technology and the internet were not as developed as they are • reduce the interaction among family
today, people tended to spend more time together, both at work members: giảm tương tác với các thành
and in daily life. However, in the modern world, people often viên gia đình
work and spend their free time with technology devices. This • solitary lifestyle: lối sống đơn độc
reduces the interaction among family members and leads to • reproductive technology: công nghệ
a more solitary lifestyle than in the past. In addition, advances sinh sản
in reproductive technology today make delayed childbearing • delay childbearing: trì hoãn việc mang con
easier and less risky. This is why many adults often choose • focus on self-development : tập trung
medical solutions, such as egg freezing, for fertilization at a vào phát triển bản thân
later time. Instead, they focus on self-development and spend
time on work.
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SOCIAL VALUES AND DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS KEY WORDS
The changing social values have significantly impacted the • social values: tiêu chuẩn xã hội
family structure. In the past, society's attitudes towards • society's attitudes: thái độ của xã hội
marriage were very strict, and nuclear families were the norm. • demographic factors: yếu tố nhân
However, in recent times, types of families such as single - parent khẩu học
families, same - sex parents, or those who choose to delay • an aging population: dân số già
marriage or live alone to focus on their careers are more widely • low birth rates: tỷ lệ sinh thấp
accepted. For example, in many Western countries, same-sex
marriage has become legal, and families with same-sex
parents are becoming more common.
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LEGAL IMMIGRATION POLICIES
Legal immigration policies have also played a role in changing • legal immigration policies: chính sách
the structure of families. nhập cư
• multicultural families: gia đình đa văn hoá
Immigration policies that allow for family reunification have
encouraged the formation of multicultural families. For example,
in the United States, family-based immigration is the primary
method for legal immigration. This policy allows U.S. citizens
and permanent residents to sponsor their immediate family
members for immigration to the United States. As a result,
many families in the United States are multicultural, with members
from different countries and cultures.
SUMMARY
Income levels and job opportunities impact family structures, leading to extended or dispersed families, and
influencing decisions like delaying marriage and having smaller families. Technological advances lead to reduced
family interaction, delayed childbearing,. At the same time, changing social values accept diverse family types and
legalization of same-sex marriage and immigration policies shape multicultural and transnational families.
Income levels
Economic factors Job opportunities
Cost of living
An aging population
Demographic shifts
Low birth rates
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Effects of some popular situations
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DELAY PARENTHOOD KEY WORDS
Delaying parenthood can have both benefits and drawbacks. • delay parenthood: trì hoãn làm bố mẹ
One of the benefits of delaying parenthood is the ability to • climb up the career ladder: thăng tiến
focus on personal growth and career advancement. Individuals trong sự nghiệp
who delay having children can invest more time and effort to • earn a stable financial base: có kinh tế
climb up the career ladder, earning a stable financial base vững vàng
and building a foundation for their family's future. Others • building a foundation: xây dựng nền móng
think that youth is the time when they can experience trials and • trials and errors: thử và rút ra bài học
errors so that they can accumulate experience and improve • accumulate experience : tích lũy
their expertise as much as possible, by working around the kinh nghiệm
clock, taking on new positions or changing jobs. Furthermore, • improve expertise: cải thiện chuyên môn
delaying parenthood can provide individuals with more time to • mature emotionally: trưởng thành về mặt
mature emotionally and understand themselves better, which cảm xúc
can lead to more informed choices about parenting and the • understand themselves better: hiểu bản
ability to provide a stable home environment for their child. thân hơn
• informed choices: quyết định sáng suốt
However, there are also some drawbacks to delaying parenthood. • a stable home environment: một môi
trường yên bình
At the individual level, one of the major drawbacks is the • susceptible to complications: dễ mắc
increased health risks that come with age. As individuals age, biến chứng
they become more susceptible to complications such as • fertility declines: khả năng sinh sản giảm
diabetes and high blood pressure, which can increase the risk • conceive: mang thai
of complications during pregnancy. In addition, fertility declines • medical interventions: can thiệp y tế
as individuals age, making it harder to conceive and increasing • an age gap: khoảng cách tuổi tác
the likelihood of requiring medical interventions. Another
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drawback of delaying parenthood is the social pressure that • an age gap: khoảng cách tuổi tác
individuals may face from their families and society to have • impact the parent-child relationship: ảnh
children. Finally, delaying parenthood can also result in an age hưởng mối quan hệ giữa con cái và bố mẹ
gap between parents and their children, which can impact the • a shortage of the workforce: thiếu nguồn
parent-child relationship and create unique challenges. nhân lực
• productivity and economic growth: năng
At the societal level, delaying parenthood means that fewer suất và phát triển kinh tế
babies are born every year and thus the country faces an • support the welfare systems: hỗ trợ cho
aging population. As a result, there will be a shortage of the hệ thống phúc lợi
workforce in the long run, leading to a lack of productivity and • state budget: ngân sách
economic growth, which may negatively affect the country's • heavier burden on young taxpayers: gánh
development. Furthermore, the younger generation is critical nặng cho những người nộp thuế trẻ
to supporting the welfare systems, including healthcare,
education, and social security. If the number of young people
decreases, the state budget will be under significant pressure,
and there will be a heavier burden on young taxpayers.
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Another advantage of spending less time with family is the • enlarge social circles: mở rộng mối quan
potential reduction in stress and tension. Conflicts regarding hệ xã hội
different opinions and lifestyles can cause tension within
families, leading to a negative impact on mental health. By
spending less time with family, individuals can avoid such
conflicts and reduce their stress levels.
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LIVING INDEPENDENTLY/ INDIVIDUALLY KEY WORDS
Living independently can have both benefits and drawbacks. • Living independently: sống một mình
• the sense of freedom and autonomy: sự
One of the benefits of living independently is the sense of tự do và tự chủ
freedom and autonomy it provides. Individuals who live • promote personal growth and self-
independently have the ability to make their own decisions discovery: thúc đẩy sự phát triển cá nhân
about their living space, daily routines, and social lives without và khám phá bản thân
having to consider the needs or preferences of others. • loneliness and isolation: sự cô đơn và
Additionally, living independently can promote personal cô lập
growth and self-discovery, as individuals learn how to navigate • expensive: đắt đỏ
the challenges and responsibilities of living on their own. • all of their living expenses: tất cả chi
phí sống
However, there are also some drawbacks to living independently. • self-discipline: sự tự giác, kỷ luật cá nhân
One of the most significant drawbacks is the potential for loneliness • manage finances: quản lý tài chính
and isolation. Without the support and companionship of others, • household chores: việc nhà
individuals may struggle with feelings of loneliness and a lack • personal health and wellness: sức khoẻ
of connection to others. Additionally, living independently can be cá nhân
expensive, as individuals are solely responsible for all of their living
expenses. This can make it difficult to maintain a high quality of
life, especially for those who are just starting out in their careers.
Furthermore, living independently requires a significant amount
of self-discipline, as individuals must manage their own finances,
household chores, and personal health and wellness. Without
the support and structure of family or roommates, individuals
may struggle to maintain a healthy and balanced lifestyle.
SUMMARY
In recent times, smaller-sized families have gained popularity, offering benefits such as improved financial stability
and a more relaxed lifestyle. However, smaller families may lack the socialization and emotional support that comes
with siblings. Delaying parenthood allows individuals to focus on personal growth and career advancement, but it
brings health risks and societal challenges. Spending less time with family can provide personal fulfillment, yet it may
lead to feelings of isolation and a lack of familial support. Living independently offers freedom and self-discovery, but
it can also result in loneliness and increased responsibilities.
SMALLER-SIZE FAMILIES
DELAY PARENTHOOD
EFFECT
SPENDING LESS TIME FOR FAMILIES
LIVING INDEPENDENTLY/INDIVIDUALLY
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Should household duties be divided equally all the time?
relationship are to share responsibilities based on strengths, năng làm một việc
physical health, and preference. • personal preferences: sở thích cá nhân
SUMMARY
Sharing household duties based on strengths, physical health, and personal preference can lead to a more efficient
and effective division of labor in a relationship. It ensures each partner is suited for their tasks and happy with the
division of duties.
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Focus on the tasks that more effecient
STRENGHTS
they are best suited for and effective
HOUSEHOLD PHYSICAL
Impact one's ability to perform certain tasks
RESPONSIBILITIES HEALTH
PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph us-
ing ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1 Mind map about types of changes in the family structure and reasons
Changes in types
Family structure
Causes
1.2. In recent years, the family structure has changed. What types of changes are occuring? Do you think these
changes are positive and negative?
Families at present have undergone two main differences compared to the past.
2.1. Mind map about effects of spending less time with family
Benefits
Spending less
time with family
Drawbacks
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2.2. People in many countries are spending less time with their family. What are the reasons, and effects of this?
The decline of the amount of time people are with their family stems from personal pursuits for careers and hobbies.
3.2. In some countries around the world men and women are having children late in life. What are the reasons for
this development? What are the effects on society and family life?
To many people, personal growth and career success are bigger priorities than having a child.
Health risks
Individuals Social pressure
Age gap
Delay
parenthood
Face an aging population
Society
Short of state budget
4.2. In some countries around the world men and women are having children late in life. What are the reasons for
this development? What are the effects on society and family life?
However, such late parenthood may bring about many undesirable consequences for not only society but also individuals.
5.1. Mind map about responsibilities of men and women in household duties
Strengths
Household duty
Physical health
division in family
Personal preferences
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5.2. Nowadays, as women and men have to work full time, household duties should be equally divided. Do you
agree or disagree?
However, I suppose dividing household chores equally can be detrimental when their partner’s health state and personal
preferences are ignored.
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
2.1. Family structure
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2.2. Effects of some popular situations
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1 Mind map about types of changes in the family structure and reasons
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1.2. Families at present have undergone some differences compared to the past. Firstly, as the levels of income
have increased, there has been a shift from extended families to nuclear families. In the past, families tended
to be larger and more extended, with multi generations living under the same roof. However, with the increase
in income, many people now tend to live in smaller nuclear families in their own house since they can afford the
cost of living without support from others. Secondly, in some parts of the world, the legalization of same-sex
marriages has led to the emergence of families with same-sex parents. With the recognition of same-sex mar-
riages, these couples now enjoy the same legal rights and protections as opposite-sex couples.
2.1. Mind map about effects of spending less time with family
2.2. The decline of the amount of time people are with their family stems from personal pursuits for careers and enter-
tainment choices . First, many people are devoting most of their time and energy to their job with the hope of moving up
the career ladder. Therefore, they resort to sacrificing their time for their families for many years to focus on their work.
Second, the availability of various entertainment options has led to a decrease in people's willingness to participate in
other activities. In the past, people had limited options for entertainment, and socializing or outdoor activities were the
primary ways to kill time. However, with the rise of new technologies and forms of entertainment, people are increasingly
occupied with personal hobbies, leading to less time with their families.
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3.1. Mind map about reasons why people delay parenthood
3.2. To many people, personal growth and career success are bigger priorities than having a child. As youth is a good
period of time for trial and error, many young people decide to work around the clock, take on new positions or even
change jobs to accumulate work experience. Besides, they want to devote most of their time and energy to work so that
they can quickly move up the career ladder and earn a stable financial income, which helps them build a firm foundation
for the future. Therefore, they may be too busy to be pregnant, not to mention taking care of their child after birth.
4.2. However, such late parenthood may bring about many undesirable consequences for not only society but also
individuals. In social aspects, the country whose residents delay childbirth is likely to face an aging population in future as
fewer babies are born every year. This can be followed by a shortage of workforce in the long run when most workers
are the elderly who can hardly do physically-demanding jobs such as in construction. As for individuals, they can face
many potential health risks. They become more susceptible to complications such as diabetes and high blood pressure,
which can increase the risk of complications during pregnancy. Even worse, fertility declines as individuals age, making
it harder to conceive and increasing the likelihood of requiring medical interventions.
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5.1. Mind map about responsibilities of men and women in household duties
HOUSEHOLD PHYSICAL
Impact one's ability to perform certain tasks
RESPONSIBILITIES HEALTH
5.2. However, I suppose dividing household chores equally can be detrimental when their partner’s health state and
personal preferences are ignored. First, some women may not have sufficient stamina to work for hours compared
to men. Therefore, it is best for their partners to help by doing extra housework; otherwise, they may be exhausted,
affecting their productivity and quality of life. Second, considering personal preferences can be important because
it can help to ensure that each partner is happy with the tasks they are responsible for. For example, if the husband
loves cooking and finds it to be a more relaxing and enjoyable activity than doing laundry, they may take on more
cooking responsibilities in the household and laundry can be done by their spouse instead.
Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) income level (1) financial stability
(2) live in extended families (2) flexibility
(3) live in nuclear families (3) miss out on the socialization
(4) dispersed family structure (4) overprotective
(5) delay marriage and childbearing (5) face higher expectations
(6) technology (6) climb up the career ladder
(7) advances in reproductive technology (7) trials and errors
(8) social values (8) mature emotionally
(9) an aging population (9) fertility declines
(10) low birth rate (10) an aging population
(11) legalization of same-sex marriage (11) focus more on personal pursuits
(12) legal immigration policies (12) reduction in stress and tension
(13) increased confidence and self-esteem
(14) enlarge their social circles
(15) the sense of freedom and autonomy
(16) self-discipline
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Unit 4: WORK
Work is an important aspect in the life of every individual and in society. And in today's modern world, where work is
increasingly changing and competitive between men and women, between old and young, and even between humans
and AI, people need many things to be able to keep themselves useful in their current jobs. In this chapter, learners
will learn more about the characteristics of men and women as well as old and young employees and who
should be the leader at the
workplace. Moreover, learners will gain more insights into why work satisfaction, job security and work-life balance
affect one much.
Leadership
The old and young at the workplace
These days, many people are beginning to reassess their work purpose. Do they want a job that brings them work
satisfaction or do they want to maintain a secure and safe position at work, or known as job security?
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JOB SECURITY KEY WORDS
Job security provides employees with a sense of stability and • lose their job unexpectedly: mất việc
assurance that their position will remain in place, which can một cách bất ngờ
have a number of benefits. • financial security: sự an tâm về tài chính
• hinder innovation and creativity: cản trở
For one, it can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, as em- sự đổi mới hoặc sáng tạo
ployees do not have to worry about losing their job unexpect- • take risks: mạo hiểm
edly. It also provides a sense of financial security, as employ- • complacency: sự tự mãn
ees can better plan for the future, take out loans or mortgages, • motivation: động lực
and invest in long-term financial goals. • no immediate threat of job loss: không
có sự đe dọa từ việc mất việc
However, there are also some drawbacks to job security. One
of the most significant is that it can hinder innovation and
creativity in the workplace. When employees feel secure in
their positions, they may be less likely to take risks, suggest
new ideas or approaches. Another potential drawback is that
job security can lead to complacency and a lack of motivation.
When employees feel that their job is secure, they may not feel
the need to work as hard or be as productive, as there is no
immediate threat of job loss. This can lead to a decline in
overall productivity and efficiency in the workplace.
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JOB SATISFACTION KEY WORDS
Job satisfaction has a number of benefits, including: • engagement: mức độ tham gia
• Higher levels of motivation: A satisfied employee • job loyalty: trung thành với công ty
might be more likely to arrive to work on time, take on • take on new challenges and opportunities:
extra responsibilities, and put in extra effort to complete đảm nhận những thử thách và cơ hội mới
a project. • be resistant to change: không chịu
• Higher levels of engagement: A satisfied employee might thay đổi
be more likely to participate in meetings, share ideas, and • feedback or constructive criticism: những
collaborate with colleagues to solve problems. góp ý và nhận xét mang tính xây dựng
• Higher levels of productivity: A satisfied employee might • adapt and evolve: thích nghi và phát triển
be able to complete tasks more efficiently, with fewer
errors, and with a higher degree of accuracy.
• Less stress and burnout: A satisfied employee might take
breaks when they need them, practice good self-care, and
feel less overwhelmed or anxious at work, which leads to
better mental and physical health
• Greater job loyalty: A satisfied employee might be more
likely to stay with the company for a longer period of time,
reducing the costs associated with employee turnover
and training.
SUMMARY
Job security provides stability, reduces stress, and offers financial security. However, it can hinder innovation, lead to
complacency, and lower motivation. Job satisfaction increases motivation, engagement, productivity, and loyalty. Yet,
excessive satisfaction may limit growth and resist change, hindering innovation.
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a sense of financial security
Benefits
reduce stress and anxiety
SECURITY
hinder innovation and creativity
Drawbacks complacency
a lack of motivation
Work-life balance
Work-life balance refers to the ability to balance the demands of one's job with the demands of their personal life. It
involves finding a balance between work-related responsibilities and personal responsibilities, such as spending time
with family, pursuing hobbies, or taking care of one's health and well-being. Achieving a good work-life balance is
important for individuals to maintain their mental and physical health, improve productivity at work, and have a
fulfilling personal life. A good work-life balance also helps individuals to manage stress and prevent burnout.
However, there are still many people finding it hard to achieve the balance between work and their personal lives. Why
is that? And how can we do to improve this situation?
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WHY DO PEOPLE FIND IT HARD TO ACHIEVE KEY WORDS
WORK-LIFE BALANCE? • stay connected: giữ kết nối
There are several reasons why people find it difficult to achieve • outside of regular working hours: ngoài
a work-life balance, including: giờ làm việc
• Technology: With the rise of technology, it's easier than • switch off: tắt thiết bị điện tử
ever to stay connected to work outside of regular working • high expectations: kì vọng cao
hours. This makes it harder for people to disconnect and • pressure to perform at a high level: áp
switch off, leading to an unhealthy work-life balance. lực phải thực hiện tốt
• Culture: Many workplaces have a culture that promotes • make ends meet: kiếm ăn đủ sống
long working hours, working weekends, and being available • the sole breadwinner: người trụ cột
outside of work hours. This can make it difficult for duy nhất
individuals to prioritize their personal life over work. • lack of boundaries: thiếu sự phân chia
• High expectations: Individuals may feel pressure to perform rõ ràng
at a high level both professionally and personally, which can
lead to them overworking and neglecting their personal life.
• Financial pressure: Many individuals feel pressure to work
long hours to make ends meet, particularly if they are the
sole breadwinner for their family.
• Lack of boundaries: Individuals may struggle to establish
clear boundaries between their work and personal life,
making it hard to switch off and prioritize their personal life.
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HOW CAN WE ACHIEVE THE BALANCE KEY WORDS
BETWEEN WORK AND LIFE? • set specific work hours: thiết lập giờ làm
Achieving a balance between work and life can be challenging, việc cố định
but there are some strategies that can help: • turn off work-related notifications: tắt
• Set boundaries: Establish clear boundaries between work thông báo
and personal life by setting specific work hours, turning • designate a physical space: cố định một
off work-related notifications outside of work hours, and không gian vật lý
designating a physical space for work activities. • prioritize self-care: ưu tiên sự chăm sóc
• Prioritize self-care: Make time for self-care activities such bản thân
as exercise, meditation, or spending time with loved ones. • develop time management skills: phát
Prioritizing self-care helps reduce stress and promotes triển kỹ năng quản trị thời gian
overall well-being. • communicate your needs and priorities:
• Develop time management skills: Use time management trao đổi về nhu cầu và sự ưu tiên
tools and techniques such as calendars, to-do lists, and • outsource or delegate: thuê ngoài hoặc
prioritization to help manage time effectively and focus on uỷ quyền cho người khác
the most important tasks.
• Communicate with colleagues and employers:
Communicate your needs and priorities to colleagues and
employers. Be honest and assertive in setting boundaries
and negotiating workload or flexible working hours.
• Outsource or delegate: Consider outsourcing or delegating
non-essential tasks to reduce workload and free up time for
personal activities.
SUMMARY
People struggle with work-life balance due to technology, long working hours, culture, high expectations, financial
pressure, and lack of boundaries. To achieve work-life balance, set boundaries, prioritize self-care, develop time man-
agement skills, communicate needs, and consider outsourcing or delegating tasks.
Technology
Culture
Financial pressure
Lack of boudaries
WORK-LIFE
BALANCE
Set boundaries
Prioritize self-care
Outsource or delegate
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The old and young at the workplace
We are all aware that the workplace and working patterns are changing due to the changes in demographics and dig-
italisation. Competition for talent, therefore, is fiercer and fiercer than ever before, especially between the old and the
young at the workplace. Both groups have their own strengths and weaknesses. The matter is that companies should
strive to create a diverse workforce that includes employees of different ages and backgrounds in order to maximize
their potential and create a successful business.
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employees, passing on their knowledge and expertise. • mentoring: Sự hướng dẫn từ người có
This can help to develop the skills and capabilities of the nhiều kinh nghiệm
next generation of workers, and create a culture of learning • pass on their knowledge and expertise:
and development within the organization. truyền lại kiến thức và chuyên môn
may be resistant to change and new technologies. They may hoặc bị thương hơn
be more comfortable with familiar processes and • higher salary expectations: mong muốn
systems, and may be slower to adopt new ways of working, lương cao
which can hinder a company's ability to innovate and stay
competitive
• Health concerns: Older workers may have health concerns
that can impact their ability to perform their job duties.
They may be more prone to illness or injury, or may require
modified work hours.
• Higher salary expectations: Older workers may have higher
salary expectations due to their experience and seniority.
This can be a financial burden for the company, particularly if
they are already paying higher salaries to retain older workers
who may have reached the top of their pay scales.
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BENEFITS OF YOUNG WORKERS KEY WORDS
• Adaptability: Young workers are often more adaptable • adaptability: khả năng thích nghi
to changes in the workplace and open to new technologies. • quick to learn and adjust: học hỏi và
They are typically quick to learn and can adjust to new work thích nghi nhanh
environments, procedures, and tools more easily than • energy and enthusiasm: năng lượng và
older workers. sự nhiệt tình
• Energy and enthusiasm: Young workers bring energy • fresh perspective: quan điểm mới mẻ
and enthusiasm to the workplace. They can inject new life • new ideas and approaches: ý tưởng và
and motivation into company culture, boosting morale and cách tiếp cận mới mẻ
encouraging teamwork. • tech-savviness: sự thành thạo về
• Creativity: Young workers often have a fresh perspective công nghệ
and can bring new ideas and approaches to the company.
They are less likely to be set in their ways and can offer
creative solutions to problems.
• Tech-savviness: Young workers are often familiar with the
latest technologies and can help companies stay up-to-date
with new tools, software, and digital marketing techniques.
SUMMARY
Older workers bring experience, stability, reliability, and mentoring abilities. They have industry-specific knowledge,
problem-solving skills, and a strong work ethic. However, they may resist change, have health concerns, and expect
higher salaries. Young workers are adaptable, energetic, creative, and tech-savvy. They bring fresh perspectives and
ideas but may lack experience, have high turnover rates, and be overconfident.
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Experience
Stability
Benefits
Reliability
Mentoring
THE OLD
Resistance to change
and new technology
COMPETITION Drawbacks Health concerns
BETWEEN THE OLD Higher salary expectations
AND THE YOUNG
Adaptability
Energy and enthusiasm
Benefits
Creativity
THE YOUNG Tech-savviness
Lack of experience
Drawbacks High turnover rate
Overconfidence
Competitiveness between male and female workers is a topic that has been debated for a long time. While some peo-
ple believe that men are naturally more competitive than women, others argue that gender does not play a significant
role in determining competitiveness. However, it is undeniable that men and women tend to approach competition in
different ways due to their unique characteristics and societal expectations. These differences can have both positive
and negative impacts on workplace dynamics and can influence career advancement opportunities for both genders.
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MALE EMPLOYEES KEY WORDS
They are also more likely to take risks, such as investing in a • start a new business venture: xây dựng
new product or starting a new business venture. For example, in 1 doanh nghiệp mới
the tech industry, men are often seen taking risks by investing in • technical expertise: năng lực về kỹ thuật
new and innovative technologies that could lead to big payoffs. • understand complex technical
concepts : hiểu được những khái niệm
Furthermore, male employees are more likely to have technical kỹ thuật phức tạp
expertise in fields such as engineering, IT, and finance. Their • masculine traits: đặc điểm nam tính
ability to understand complex technical concepts makes them • stronger physique: thể hình tốt
well-suited for these types of roles. For example, in the automotive • requires demanding physical
industry, men are often employed as engineers and designers strengths: yêu cầu thể lực khá cao
because of their technical knowledge and experience.
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However, there should not be any specific rules for occupational compatibility regarding gender. A lot of men are
growing more interested in taking responsibilities for childcare and housework which are typically considered
feminine. Women, by contrast, are showing great versatility in various jobs, even those demanding both brains and
brawn. For example, female gymnasts have been increasing in number. In addition, women’s social status has been
improved thanks to the success of world-class businesswomen and politicians. Take Hillary Clinton for example. This
is plain proof against the belief of gender-specific career pursuit.
SUMMARY
In the workplace, male employees are often assertive, competitive, and possess technical expertise. They also tend
to perform physically demanding jobs due to their stronger physique. Female employees, on the other hand, are more
collaborative, empathetic, detail-oriented, adaptable, and have strong communication skills. It is important to remem-
ber that these are generalizations and not necessarily true for all individuals.
Take risks
WOMEN Detail-oriented
Age, gender, and other demographic factors should not be the sole determining factor in who assumes leadership
positions. Rather, it is important to consider a person's skills, experience, personality traits, and communication
abilities when selecting a leader.
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SKILLS KEY WORDS
First, leaders should have a range of skills that are relevant • a range of skills: nhiều kĩ năng
to their role and the context in which they are leading. For • relevant to their role and the context:
example, a leader in a technical field may require specific liên quan đến công việc và trường hợp
technical skills such as coding or engineering, whereas a tình huống
leader in a creative industry may need strong problem-solving
and critical thinking skills to drive innovation. Leaders should
also have good financial management skills, decision-making
skills, and organizational skills to help keep their team and the
organization running smoothly.
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PERSONALITY KEY WORDS
Next, certain personality traits can be advantageous for a • resilience: sự bền bỉ
leader, such as resilience, self-awareness, empathy, and • survive through challenging times: tồn
adaptability. Resilient leaders are better able to survive tại qua thời gian khó khăn
through challenging times. Leaders with self-awareness are • self-awareness: sự tự nhận thức
better able to recognize their own strengths and weaknesses, bản thân
and seek out feedback from their team to improve their • recognize own strengths and
leadership. Empathetic leaders are better able to understand weaknesses: nhận ra được thế mạnh và
and support their team members, which can lead to higher điểm yếu của bản thân
levels of engagement and satisfaction. Adaptable leaders can
adjust their leadership style to suit different situations and
team members.
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SUMMARY
Overall, selecting a leader requires a comprehensive assessment of the individual's skills, experience, personality
traits, and communication abilities. These factors help organizations to identify individuals who have the potential to
effectively lead their team or organization towards success.
SKILLS
LEADERSHIP
Resilience
Self-awareness
PERSONALITY
Empathy
Adaptability
PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about benefits of job security
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1.2. Some people argue job satisfaction is more important than job security. Others believe a permanent job is
more important. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
On the one hand, it is understandable why some people believe job security is more important.
2.1. Mind map about the difficulties in balancing work and life
Technology
Financial pressure
Difficulties in achieving
Culture
work life balance
Lack of boundaries
High expectations
2.2. Nowadays, most people try to balance between work and other parts of their lives. Unfortunately, not many
achieve this balance. What are the problems with this? Suggest some solutions to solve the problems.
The struggle to maintain a work-life balance can be attributed to two reasons.
3.2. Leaders and directors in an organisation are normally older people. Some people think a younger leader
would be better. Do you agree or disagree?
On the one hand, it is understandable that organizations will be operated better under the leadership of senior leaders.
4.1. Mind map about the disparities in the types of job compatible for males or females
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4.2. Some people think that men and women have different qualities. Therefore, some certain jobs are suitable for
men and some jobs are suitable for women. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
On the one hand, there are some reasons why some argue that there are disparities in the types of jobs compatible
for males or females.
Skills
Leader
Personality
5.2. Some people could be naturally good leaders. Others believe that people can learn leadership skills. Discuss
both views and give your opinion.
Nevertheless, I side with the advocates of leadership being a skill that can be learnt.
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
2.1. Job security and Work satisfaction
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2.2. Work-life balance
outsource or delegate make ends meet set specific long working hours
work hours
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2.3. Competition between the old and the young
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2.4. Traits of male and female workers
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2.5. Leadership
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about benefits of job security
1.2. On the one hand, it is understandable why some people believe job security is more important. In terms of
finance, workers with a permanent job know exactly their monthly income, and thus are in full control of their financial
plan. As a consequence, they will no longer have to worry about short-term financial problems, such as bills and
debts, and could invest in long-term financial goals such as mortgages. In addition, job security helps employees
reduce stress and anxiety levels, as they do not have to worry about losing their job unexpectedly.
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2.1. Mind map about the difficulties in balancing work and life
2.2. The struggle to maintain a work-life balance can be attributed to two reasons. First, some people have to spend
most of their time just to deal with increasing working demands at the workplace. For instance, it is reported that a
substantial number of blue-collar workers in most Vietnamese factories have to work an average of 10 hours each
day to finish their tasks. Some people are required to be available outside of work hours, which makes them lack time
for their family and relaxation. Another explanation is the financial burden on many families, especially low-income
households. Many workers even have to work two jobs just to make ends meet and feed their family.
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3.2. On the one hand, it is understandable that organizations will be operated better under the leadership of senior
leaders. One advantage that older managers have over their younger counterparts is their wealth of experience. With
years of working in their respective fields, older managers have encountered a variety of situations and challenges
that have honed their skills and knowledge. As a result, they are able to approach problems with a more comprehensive
perspective and make more informed decisions. This is the case for LVMH, a leading luxury goods conglomerate that
is still guided by its 73-year-old founder, Bernard Arnault.
4.1. Mind map about the disparities in the types of job compatible for males or females
4.2. On the one hand, there are some reasons why some argue that there are disparities in the types of jobs compatible
for males or females. First, males’ ability to understand complex technical concepts makes them well-suited for roles
in technology or engineering. For example, in the automotive industry, men are often employed as engineers and de-
signers because of their technical knowledge and experience compared to their counterparts. Secondly, thanks to the
masculine traits and stronger physique, they are more suitable for work that requires demanding physical strengths
such as construction work, firefighting, military service and so on. Females, on the other hand, are assumed to be
better at tasks that take great patience and excellent communication skills such as customer service officers.
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5.1. Mind map about what a leader needs
5.2. Nevertheless, I side with the advocates of leadership being a skill that can be learnt. There are other elements
that make someone a great leader, such as skills and personality, which can definitely be developed through years of
studying and working. First, the credibility of a true leader is built on his self-confidence and mastery of his area of
expertise which only emerge after a great deal of time and experience. Second, a leader with a resilient and adaptable
personality can help the company survive through challenging times and adjust their leadership style to make their
team members work more collaboratively . Without these qualities, a leader’s capability may be questioned, and as a
result, people are unlikely to heed the leader’s direction.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) a sense of financial security (1) Technology
(2) not worry about losing their job unexpectedly (2) long working hours
(3) less inclined to take risks (3) being available outside of work hours
(4) complacency (4) High expectations
(5) a decline in overall productivity and efficiency (5) make ends meet
(6) Less stress and burnout (6) Lack of boundaries
(7) Higher levels of productivity (7) set specific work hours
(8) Higher levels of engagement (8) designate a physical space
(9) Higher levels of motivation (9) Prioritize self-care
(10) Greater job loyalty (10) Develop time management skills
(11) reach their maximum potential (11) Communicate with colleagues and employers
(12) less open to feedback or constructive criticism (12) Outsource or delegate
2.3 2.4
(1) industry-specific knowledge (1) take risks
(2) avoid costly mistakes and excess processes (2) have technical expertise
(3) lower turnover rates (3) masculine traits and stronger physique
(4) strong work ethic (4) understand and relate to others
(5) Mentoring (5) careful and thorough
(6) Resistance to change and new technology (6) value the inputs of other members
(7) prone to illness or injury
(8) Higher salary expectations
(9) Adaptability
(10) inject new life and motivation
(11) Tech-savviness
(12) High turnover rate
2.5
(1) relevant to their role
(2) a deeper understanding of the challenges
and opportunities
(3) make informed decisions
(4) resilience
(5) self-awareness
(6) empathy
(7) adaptability
(8) listen to and address the concerns and ideas
(9) build trust and foster positive relationships
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Unit 5: EDUCATION
As introduced in Chapter 1, education is one of the fundamental rights of human beings and a significant factor
contributing to the social and economic development of a country. In the world of constant change today, what
opportunities and challenges is education facing? Is a traditional education system still appropriate for the values
that younger generations are pursuing? This chapter will provide readers with different perspectives on some
education-related topics, such as: Who should be eligible for scholarships? Should education be universal for all citizens
or only focus on the younger generation? What factors contribute to the effectiveness of the learning process?
Well-rounded education or a
narrow range or subjects
Government grants/School scholarships
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SCHOLARSHIPS KEY WORDS
Some people believe that scholarships should be given to • scholarship: học bổng
students who make progress because these scholarships • make progress: có sự tiến bộ
serve as encouragement for them to continue striving towards • promote equity: thúc đẩy sự công bằng
their goals and promote equity in a society where not all • have equal opportunities: có cơ hội
students have equal opportunities for education. Some như nhau
students face financial strains or geographical difficulties, • financial strains: những sự khó khăn về
which make it difficult for them to access comprehensive tài chính
education. Therefore, they may take longer to become the • geographical difficulties: khó khăn đi
best or a better version of themselves. Moreover, providing lại do địa hình
scholarships for those who make progress in their studies • become the best or a better version:
also contributes to diversity because everyone can come trở thành phiên bản tốt hơn hoặc tốt nhất
from different backgrounds, such as low-income families, • diversity: sự đa dạng
single-parent families, or those with strengths in sports, etc. • the best-performing students: học sinh
This creates a society where anyone who strives to có thành tích tốt nhất
make progress can receive recognition for their efforts • recognition: sự công nhận
through scholarships. • commitment : sự cam kết
• have outstanding talent and skills: có
On the other hand, the best-performing students certainly tài năng và kĩ năng nổi trội
deserve scholarships. This is seen as a recognition for • raise the reputation: nâng danh tiếng
their effort and commitment to excellence, as well as an • create innovations and breakthroughs:
encouragement to continue striving for excellence. These tạo ra những phát minh và sự đột phá
students not only have outstanding talent and skills but also
can contribute a lot to the school and society in the future.
They are the ones who help raise the reputation of the school
compared to other competitors and may even be the ones who
will create innovations and breakthroughs for the country
in the future. Therefore, it is essential to have rewards to
recognize their efforts.
SUMMARY
Scholarships should be given to students who make progress to promote equity and provide encouragement.
Best-performing students deserve recognition and rewards for their talent and commitment. Scholarships contribute
to diversity and help raise the reputation of schools and society.
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Equity
MAKE
PROGRESS
Diversity
SCHOLARSHIPS
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reduce social disparities. Illiterate people suffer many forms • better health outcomes: sức khỏe tốt hơn
of inequality and discrimination , such as those related to • enhance democratic participation: tăng
gender, race, and job opportunities, and education is one way cao sự tham gia dân chủ
to help reduce these disparities. For example, when girls are • critically analyze issues: có năng lực
given the same opportunities as boys to access education, it phân tích vấn đề
can help break down gender stereotypes and promote • community decision-making process:
gender equality. quá trình ra quyết định của cộng đồng
• more informed and active citizens: những
Moreover, education is linked to better health outcomes công dân có kiến thức và chủ động
because it provides individuals with knowledge about health
practices like hygiene, disease prevention, or the importance
of good nutrition. For example, educating people on the
importance of washing hands before eating can help reduce
the spread of diseases, while teaching people about healthy
eating habits can help prevent chronic illnesses such as
obesity and diabetes.
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DIFFICULTIES KEY WORDS
Although providing universal education can bring out many • limited cognitive abilities: khả năng nhận
benefits, it is costly and ineffective if governors fail to thức giới hạn
recognise below difficulties in providing education for adults • comprehend new concepts: hiểu những
who are illiterate: khái niệm mới
• Limited cognitive abilities: As people age, their cognitive • limited time: giới hạn thời gian
abilities can decline, making it difficult for them to • have full-time jobs and family
comprehend new concepts and remember information. responsibilities: có công việc toàn thời
This can make it challenging for them to learn new skills gian và trách nhiệm gia đình
or pursue advanced education. For example, an older adult • have a negative attitude: có thái độ
may struggle with a new computer program or have tiêu cực
difficulty understanding complex financial concepts.
• Limited time: Many adults have full-time jobs and family
responsibilities, leaving them with limited time to attend
classes regularly or engage in home study. This can make
it difficult for them to commit to a structured educational
program or complete assignments on time. For example,
a working parent may struggle to balance a job, childcare
responsibilities, and coursework.
• Lack of motivation: Many adults who did not have positive
experiences with education in the past may lack confidence,
or have a negative attitude towards learning. This can make
it difficult for them to engage with educational opportunities
or pursue new skills. For example, an adult who struggled
with math in school may feel discouraged and believe that
they will never be able to learn math, even if they have the
opportunity to try again.For example, an adult who struggled
with reading in school may be reluctant to join a literacy
program for fear of being judged by others.
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INVEST IN YOUNG GENERATION KEY WORDS
Resources are limited, so not every country can meet all the • a competitive workforce: nguồn nhân lực
educational needs of every social group. In some cases, doing cạnh tranh
so would result in wasting resources. The reasons are varied, • flexible in their mindset: linh hoạt trong
as some individuals may lack the motivation to learn or have suy nghĩ
too little time to focus on studying, among others. Therefore, • receptive to new concepts: cởi mở với
most countries are focusing their resources on nurturing the các khái niệm mới
younger generation, who will create a competitive workforce • better retention: trí nhớ tốt hơn
and contribute to breakthroughs for the country in the future,
as they are flexible in their mindset, easily receptive to new
concepts, have more time for learning, and better retention.
SUMMARY
Universal access to education breaks the cycle of poverty, reduces social disparities, improves health outcomes,
and enhances democratic participation. However, difficulties in providing education for illiterate adults include lim-
ited cognitive abilities, limited time due to work and family responsibilities, and lack of motivation and confidence.
Therefore, governments often iInvest in the young generation, which can create a competitive workforce and fosters
breakthroughs due to their flexibility, receptiveness to new concepts, and better retention.
Lack of motivation
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Importance of learning core subjects and acquiring
soft skills
necessary for further learning and specialized fields. hiểu và hòa nhập với thế giới
• Academic opportunities: For example, proficiency in
English literature can also pave the way for academic
pursuits. Students with a strong grasp of English literature
may choose to pursue degrees in literature, linguistics, or
related fields. This can lead to opportunities for research,
teaching at the university level, or pursuing advanced
degrees such as a Master's or Ph.D. in English literature,
which can open up further academic and research career paths.
• Career opportunities: A person who demonstrates a deep
understanding of English literature and language can
pursue a career as an English teacher, teaching language
skills, literature analysis, and creative writing. They can also
explore opportunities in fields such as publishing, journalism,
writing, or even working as a literary critic or editor.
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For example, studying natural phenomena, such as weather
patterns, can significantly enhance critical thinking and
problem-solving skills. Weather patterns are influenced
by numerous factors, including temperature, air pressure,
humidity, and wind patterns. By studying these factors,
individuals develop critical thinking skills to understand the
cause-and-effect relationships that govern weather
phenomena. They learn to analyze the interplay of variables,
identify connections, and predict how changes in one factor
can affect the overall weather conditions. Furthermore,
weather forecasting often involves solving complex problems,
such as predicting severe weather events or determining the
best course of action during extreme weather conditions.
Individuals must assess risks, evaluate available data, and
make informed decisions. Critical thinking skills come into
play as they analyze multiple factors, consider potential
outcomes, and develop strategies to mitigate risks or respond
effectively to weather-related challenges.
communication skills, including reading, writing, speaking, coherently: trình bày rõ ràng, thuyết phục
and listening. These skills are crucial for expressing ideas và mạch lạc
clearly, persuasively, and coherently, enabling individuals to • in various settings: trong nhiều ngữ cảnh
communicate effectively in various settings. Take learning khác nhau
literature as an example. Literature classes often involve
group discussions and analysis of literary works. Engaging in
these discussions requires active listening skills as individuals
must listen attentively to others' perspectives, ideas, and
interpretations. Through this process, individuals develop the
ability to comprehend and respond to different viewpoints
effectively. Moreover, literature often presents complex
themes, symbolism, and literary techniques. When reading and
analyzing literary works, individuals learn to listen critically
and attentively to identify and interpret these elements. This
skill translates into everyday situations, where individuals
become more adept at listening to nuances, subtext, and
implicit messages in conversations.
PASS EXAMS
Learning core subjects is important for students to succeed in
exams and competitions. Core subjects, such as mathematics,
science, language arts, and social studies, provide a foundation
of knowledge and skills that are often tested in various academic
assessments and competitions. For example, the national
exam is a significant milestone for Vietnamese students as it
determines their eligibility for higher education institutions. A
strong foundation in core subjects plays a key role in achieving
high scores and securing admission to prestigious universities.
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AT SCHOOL KEY WORDS
Soft skills are important in schools because they foster • communication: kỹ năng giao tiếp
effective communication, teamwork, and personal • teamwork: làm việc nhóm
development. For example, in a group project, a student with • personal development: phát triển cá nhân
strong communication skills may take the lead in organizing • building relationships: xây dựng mối
and facilitating team discussions. By actively listening to their quan hệ
teammates' ideas, summarizing key points, and encouraging • leadership: khả năng lãnh đạo
participation, they create an environment where all members • problem-solving skills: kỹ năng giải
feel valued and engaged. This collaborative approach leads quyết vấn đề
to better coordination, innovative solutions, and improved
project outcomes.
AT BUSINESS
In business settings, soft skills are crucial for building
relationships, leadership, and problem-solving skills. For
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example, effective communication skills allow employees
to convey their ideas, listen to colleagues, and engage in
productive discussions, fostering a positive work environment.
Leadership skills help individuals inspire and guide their teams,
while problem-solving skills facilitate creative and efficient
solutions to complex issues.
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Extracurricular activities
Extracurricular activities further contribute to the development
of soft skills. Competitions, whether academic or skill-based,
challenge students to utilize problem-solving abilities, work
collaboratively with others, and manage their time effectively.
At home
From Parents
Parents play a crucial role in nurturing soft skills in their • engage in meaningful conversations:
children. Engaging in meaningful conversations is one way tham gia vào các cuộc trò chuyện ý nghĩa
to foster open and respectful communication. By creating a • foster open and respectful
safe and supportive environment, parents can encourage their communication: tạo dựng giao tiếp mở
children to express themselves, actively listen to others, and và tôn trọng
empathize with different perspectives. • role models: hình mẫu
• adopt and apply: áp dụng và thực hiện
Parents can also serve as role models by demonstrating • household duties: việc nhà
effective communication, conflict resolution, and time • personal care: chăm sóc bản thân
management skills. When children observe these skills in
action, they are more likely to adopt and apply them in their
own lives.
Household Duties
Engaging in household duties provides valuable opportunities
for students to develop various soft skills. Involving students
in meal preparation, fosters responsibility, organization, and
creativity. It teaches them the importance of planning, following
instructions, and working with precision. When cooking
is done collaboratively with family members, it promotes
teamwork, cooperation, and effective communication.
Additionally, assigning household chores to children instills
valuable skills like time management, organization, and a
sense of responsibility. By completing tasks efficiently and
taking ownership of their responsibilities, students learn the
importance of accountability and contributing to the
well-being of the family.
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Personal Care
Parents can encourage the development of soft skills
through personal care activities. Guiding students to dress
appropriately for different occasions cultivates skills related
to self-presentation, attention to detail, and professionalism.
For example, by understanding the importance of dressing for
success, students learn to express themselves appropriately
and make positive impressions. Encouraging personal
grooming habits, such as taking care of hygiene and
appearance, promotes self-confidence, self-care, and attention
to detail. Students develop a sense of pride in their personal
presentation and understand the significance of self-image in
various social contexts.
SUMMARY
Learning core subjects like mathematics, science, language arts, and social studies provides a foundation of knowledge
for understanding the world. It offers academic and career opportunities, develops critical thinking and problem-solving
skills, enhances communication abilities, and helps students succeed in exams and competitions. Meanwhile, soft
skills are crucial for communication, teamwork, and personal development. Students can develop them through
discussions, presentations, group projects, non-academic subjects, and extracurricular activities. At home, parents
can nurture soft skills through conversations, household duties, and personal care. These skills prepare students for
success in school, business, and life.
Foundation of Knowledge
Pass exams
CORE
SUBJECTS AND
SOFT SKILLS At school
Soft skills
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Well-rounded education or specializing in certain subjects?
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and professional lives. For instance, a student with knowledge đổi trong tương lai và thị trường việc làm
of both economics and environmental science may better • balanced development: sự phát triển
understand the implications of economic policies on cân bằng
sustainable development. • nurturing their social, emotional, and
physical well-being: phát triển cả về sức
Critical thinking skills khoẻ xã hội, cảm xúc và thể chất
Studying diverse subjects encourages students to approach
information from multiple perspectives and think critically.
When exposed to different viewpoints and interpretations,
students learn to analyze and evaluate ideas, evidence, and
arguments. For example, studying literature exposes students
to various literary techniques and themes, enabling them to
critically analyze the motivations and symbolism within a text.
This fosters creativity and the capacity to think outside the box,
as students explore alternative solutions and perspectives.
Such critical thinking skills are essential for problem-solving,
decision-making, and engaging in meaningful discussions on
complex issues.
Balanced development
A well-rounded education goes beyond academic subjects and
include the holistic development of students. It recognizes the
importance of nurturing their social, emotional, and physical
well-being alongside their academic growth. Schools that
prioritize a balanced education provide opportunities for
students to engage in extracurricular activities, sports, and
community service. For example, participating in team sports
can develop teamwork, leadership, and resilience, while
involvement in community service promotes empathy, social
responsibility, and a sense of civic duty. This holistic approach
ensures that students receive comprehensive development,
preparing them not only for academic success but also for a
well-rounded and fulfilling life.
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DRAWBACKS
Time constraints
One drawback of a well-rounded education is the time constraints • time constraint: ràng buộc thời gian
it poses. With a wide range of subjects to cover, students • in-depth study: nghiên cứu chuyên sâu
may find themselves with limited time for in-depth study. For • personal exploration: khám phá cá nhân
instance, in a curriculum that includes a diverse set of subjects • compete in highly specialized fields:
like mathematics, science, literature, history, and art, students cạnh tranh trong những lĩnh vực
may only have a limited amount of time for specialization in chuyên môn
each subject. This can result in a surface-level understanding • resource allocation: phân bổ nguồn lực
of certain topics and restrict the time available for students to • qualified teachers, facilities, and
pursue their specific interests or passions. Additionally, the material: giáo viên chất lượng, cơ sở vật
busy schedule may leave little time for relaxation and personal chất và giáo trình
exploration, potentially increasing stress levels among students. • education relevance: tính ứng dụng, sự
liên quan về kiến thức
Lack of expertise • align with real-world challenges or
While a well-rounded education provides students with a immediate career needs: liên kết với
broad knowledge base, it may fall short in terms of providing những thách thức hiện tại và nhu cầu
the depth of knowledge and expertise required in certain công việc trực tiếp
specialized fields. For example, a student with a well-rounded • question the practical application: nghi
education in various subjects may not possess the specialized ngờ về tính ứng dụng
skills and knowledge needed for specific professions such
as engineering, medicine, or computer programming. In
these cases, students may need to pursue further education
or training to acquire the necessary expertise. The lack of
specialization in a well-rounded education can potentially
limit career options or make it more challenging to compete
in highly specialized fields.
Resource allocation
Providing a well-rounded education requires adequate
resources, including qualified teachers, facilities, and
materials. However, limited resources can pose a challenge
to delivering a comprehensive education across various
subjects. For instance, a school may face budget constraints
that affect the availability of specialized teachers or necessary
equipment for certain subjects. This can result in an uneven
quality of education across different disciplines, with some
subjects receiving more attention and resources than others.
As a result, students may not receive the same level of
instruction or support in all areas, potentially compromising
the depth and quality of their education.
Education relevance
In some cases, the subjects included in a well-rounded
education may not directly align with real-world challenges
or immediate career needs. While the breadth of knowledge
gained from a well-rounded education can be valuable,
students may question the practical application of certain
subjects in their future endeavors. For example, a student
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pursuing a career in computer science may question the
relevance of studying literature or art. Although these subjects
can contribute to a well-rounded individual, students may
perceive them as lacking immediate practicality or relevance
to their desired career path.
Career preparation
Focusing on specific subjects allows students to tailor their
education to align with their career aspirations. For instance,
a student with a passion for finance may choose to specialize
in accounting, economics, and financial management. This
focused education equips them with the necessary skills
and knowledge required for a successful career in finance,
increasing their employability in the financial sector.
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Efficiency
By concentrating on specific subjects, students can optimize
their learning journey and achieve greater efficiency. They can
allocate their time and resources to deepen their understanding
in areas of interest, rather than spreading themselves thin
across a wide range of subjects. This targeted approach
enables them to develop a comprehensive understanding of
their chosen field in a more focused and efficient manner.
DRAWBACKS
Narrow perspective
Education focusing on specific subjects may limit students' • Future uncertainties: sự không chắc chắn
exposure to a broad range of disciplines and perspectives. For cho tương lai
example, a student who solely focuses on studying engineering • undergo significant changes: có sự thay
may have limited exposure to the arts, humanities, or social đổi mạnh mẽ
sciences. This narrow perspective can hinder their ability to • become less relevant: không còn phù hợp
see the interconnectedness of different fields and may result • vulnerable to job market disruptions: dễ
in an incomplete understanding of complex issues that require bị ảnh hưởng bởi sự gián đoạn thì trường
interdisciplinary perspectives. làm việc
• transition into different fields: chuyển
Limited skill set sang ngành khác
Specialized education can lead to a narrower skill set, as
students may primarily focus on acquiring technical or
subject-specific knowledge. While expertise in a specific field
is valuable, it is important to develop a range of skills that are
transferable across various domains. For instance, a student
who solely focuses on computer programming may not have
the opportunity to develop strong communication, leadership,
or problem-solving skills that are essential in many professions.
Future uncertainties
Focusing on specific subjects may present challenges if the
chosen field undergoes significant changes or becomes less
relevant in the future. Technological advancements and shifts
in industries can quickly render certain specialized skills
obsolete. For example, advancements in automation may
impact the demand for certain specialized roles, potentially
leaving individuals with a limited skill set vulnerable to job
market disruptions. Or If their specialized field experiences
limited job prospects or saturation, it may be challenging for
them to transition into different fields or pursue alternative
career paths. For instance, a student who specializes in a
niche area of biology may face limited job opportunities if that
field becomes highly competitive or experiences a decline
in demand.
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SUMMARY
A well-rounded education provides a broad knowledge base, critical thinking skills, versatility, and balanced development.
However, it may have drawbacks such as time constraints, lack of expertise in specialized fields, resource allocation
challenges, and irrelevance to immediate career needs. A narrow range of education offers specialized knowledge,
career preparation, and efficiency. However, it may result in a narrow perspective, limited skill set, and uncertainties
regarding future relevance.
NARROW RANGE
Narrow perspective
Drawbacks Limited skill set
Future ucertainties
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SHAPE THE CULTURAL IDENTITY KEY WORDS
Teaching students national areas of study plays a significant • national areas of study: các môn học về
role in helping them develop a strong connection with their kiến thức trong nước
cultural heritage, values, traditions. For example, by introducing • shape the cultural Identity: định hình bản
literature knowledge of their own country, children can gain sắc văn hoá
insights into the stories, myths, and historical events that • a strong connection : sự gắn kết chặt chẽ
have shaped their cultural identity. In a Vietnamese literature • cultural heritage, values, traditions: di
class, students may study works such as "The Tale of Kieu" sản văn hóa, giá trị, truyền thống
by Nguyen Du, which help students explore themes of love, • a sense of national pride and identity:
sacrifice, and the challenges faced by women in Vietnamese lòng tự tôn bản sắc dân tộc
society in the past. Through such literature, students can
develop a sense of national pride and identity, understanding
the unique experiences and perspectives of their own country.
CONTEXTUAL UNDERSTANDING
Teaching students national areas of study plays a significant • contextual understanding: hiểu tình hình
role in helping them understand the present situations of the hiện tại
country, then making wise decisions. For example, learning
about the national economy situation allows individuals to
comprehend the factors that shape their country's economic
well-being. It equips them with knowledge about the functioning
of the domestic economy, government policies, and economic
indicators, enabling citizens, entrepreneurs, and policymakers
informed decision-making. Additionally, it allows individuals to
navigate personal financial decisions, understand the impact
of economic events on their lives, and actively participate in
discussions and debates surrounding economic policies.
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This exposure to rich literary expressions and vocabulary
can improve their communication and comprehension skills
within their own cultural and linguistic community.
students to issues that may not be prevalent in their own học về kiến thức nước ngoài
country but are common in other nations. This exposure helps • not be prevalent in one’s own country:
broaden their knowledge of the world and be open to different không phổ biến ở trong nước
perspectives. For example, by studying literature from different • fosters empathy: thúc đẩy sự đồng cảm
countries, students can gain insights into the social, political,
and cultural challenges faced by people in those societies.
They can explore themes such as oppression, discrimination,
or environmental concerns that may not be prevalent in their
own country. This understanding allows students to develop
a deeper appreciation for the complexities of global issues
and fosters empathy towards individuals from diverse
backgrounds.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
Secondly, as students engage with diverse issues from • social responsibilities: trách nhiệm xã hội
international subjects, they become aware of their • take collective action: chung tay làm gì
responsibilities beyond themselves. They recognize the
interconnectedness of global problems and understand the
importance of taking collective action to address them. For
instance, studying global environmental issues can raise
students' awareness of the importance of sustainable practices
and the need for global cooperation to combat climate change.
They may become advocates for environmental conservation
or actively engage in initiatives that promote social justice and
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equality. This sense of responsibility towards the community,
the environment, and other entities empowers students to
contribute positively to the world around them.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Lastly, understanding the culture and history of a foreign • a competitive edge: lợi thế cạnh tranh
country can provide individuals with a competitive edge in • multinational companies: công ty đa
multinational companies and international contexts. When quốc gia
working with colleagues or clients from different cultural
backgrounds, having knowledge and respect for their culture
can help establish effective communication and build strong
relationships. For example, a business professional who has
studied the customs and traditions of a foreign country will
be better equipped to navigate cultural nuances and avoid
misunderstandings. This enhances their ability to collaborate
with international partners, negotiate business deals, and
succeed in the global marketplace.
SUMMARY
Studying national areas of study shapes cultural identity, provides contextual understanding, and enhances language skills.
International areas of study broaden knowledge, foster social responsibilities, and offer job opportunities through a global
perspective, diverse perspectives, and cultural understanding.
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Factors contributing to effective learning
interactive activities or hands-on experiences, students may strategies: chiến lược giảng dạy đa dạng
struggle to maintain focus. On the other hand, when teachers và tập trung vào học sinh
adopt diverse and student-centered teaching strategies,
such as project-based learning or collaborative group work,
students tend to become more engaged and attentive.
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DISTRACTIONS FROM THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY KEY WORDS
AND SOCIAL MEDIA • distractions: những nhân tố gây sao nhãng
Distractions have become increasingly prevalent in today's • resist the lure of smartphones: kháng lại
digital age, and students themselves can contribute to their sự lôi cuốn của điện thoại thông minh
lack of focus by succumbing to these distractions. With the • check notifications: kiểm tra thông báo
widespread use of technology and social media, students • browse social media feeds: lướt dòng tin
often find it challenging to resist the lure of their smartphones tức mạng xã hội
or other digital devices during class. The temptation to check • divert attention away: điều hướng sự chú
notifications, browse social media feeds, or play games can ý đi nơi khác
divert their attention away from the lesson. For instance, a • establish clear technology usage policies:
student may lose focus during a lecture and spend valuable lập ra luật sử dụng thiết bị công nghệ rõ ràng
class time scrolling through social media instead. To mitigate • incorporate interactive technology tools:
this, teachers can establish clear technology usage policies tích hợp các công cụ mang tính tương tác
and incorporate interactive technology tools in their lessons
to harness students' attention and keep them engaged.
STUDENT ENGAGEMENT
Student engagement plays a vital role in their ability to • student engagement: sự tham gia của
concentrate and retain information. When students feel học viên
disconnected from the subject matter or have limited • interaction: sự tương tác
opportunities for interaction, their attention may waver. • hands-on activities: hoạt động thực tế
Passive learning environments where students are mere
observers can lead to reduced focus. Conversely, when
students are actively involved in discussions, hands-on
activities, and problem-solving tasks, they are more likely
to remain attentive. For example, a literature class that
incorporates group discussions, debates, and creative writing
exercises can foster student engagement and maintain their
focus throughout the lesson.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
Students with learning difficulties, such as attention-deficit/ • health conditions: các vấn đề sức khỏe
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or other cognitive challenges, • individualized support and lessons
face additional obstacles to maintaining focus in a traditional tailored: sự hỗ trợ cá nhân hóa và bài học
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classroom setting. These students may require individualized được điề chỉnh đặc biệt
support and lessons tailored to their specific needs. For
instance, a student with ADHD may benefit from seating
arrangements that minimize distractions or additional breaks
during long instructional periods. By providing necessary
accommodations and differentiated instruction, teachers
can help these students stay engaged and focused on their
learning goals.
FAMILY PROBLEMS
Outside of the classroom, students' home and personal life • family separation or parental abuse: sự
circumstances can affect their ability to focus in school. chia ly hay ngược đãi từ gia đình
Challenges such as family separation or parental abuse can
impact their emotional well-being and cognitive functioning.
For example, a student dealing with a family crisis may find
it challenging to concentrate on academic tasks. Teachers
and school staff can provide support and resources to help
students cope with these challenges and create a supportive
learning environment.
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PEER INFLUENCE • peer influence: ảnh hưởng từ bạn
Peer influence also plays a role in students' focus. If students trang lứa
are surrounded by classmates who are disinterested or • disinterested: không thích học
disruptive, it can hinder their ability to concentrate and stay • disruptive: ngỗ nghịch
on task. For example, a student sitting next to a disruptive
peer may become easily distracted and find it challenging
to maintain focus on the lesson. By promoting a positive
and respectful classroom culture, teachers can mitigate the
negative impact of peer influence on students' concentration.
SUMMARY
Teaching methods and the relevance of the curriculum can impact students' focus. Distractions from technology and
social media, student engagement, and health conditions can also affect concentration. Moreover, environmental
factors like the learning space, family problems and peer pressure can create distractions. To improve their focus,
creating interactive and student-centered teaching strategies, establishing clear technology usage policies, and addressing
individual needs should be taken into consideration. Additionally, providing a conducive learning environment,
offering support for personal challenges, and promoting a positive classroom culture can also enhance concentration.
Teching methods
SCHOOL
WHAT AFFECTS
STUDENTS Student engagement
STUDENTS' LEARNING?
Health conditions
Learning space/classroom
ENVIRONMENT
Family problems
FACTORS
Peer influence
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Whether online learning can replace schools
The question of whether online learning can completely replace traditional schools is a complex one. While online
learning offers several advantages such as flexibility, access to a wide range of resources, and the ability to learn at
one's own pace, it also has certain limitations that make it difficult to fully replace the traditional school setting.
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FLEXIBILITY KEY WORDS
Online learning provides flexibility in terms of time and location. • sacrifice their job: hi sinh công việc
With online courses, students have the freedom to choose • freedom to choose when and where: tự do
when and where they study, eliminating the constraints of trong việc lựa chọn thời gian và địa
traditional classroom-based education. For example, working điểm học
professionals can pursue further education without having • commute long distances: di chuyển xa
to sacrifice their job or commute long distances to attend • balance work, family, and education: cân
classes. They can access course materials and participate in bằng giữa công việc, gia đình và học tập
discussions at their convenience, making it easier to balance • geographical limitations: hạn chế về
work, family, and education. địa lý
• physical disabilities: khó khăn trong vấn
Moreover, online learning provides accessibility to education đề đi lại
for individuals who may have geographical limitations or • from the comfort of their homes: ngay
physical disabilities. Students residing in remote areas tại nhà
or countries with limited educational resources can now • renowned institutions: học viện nổi tiếng
access high-quality courses and programs from renowned
institutions around the world. This opens up opportunities for
individuals who may have otherwise been unable to pursue
their desired field of study. Additionally, people with physical
disabilities or health issues can benefit from online learning
as they can engage in education from the comfort of their
homes, eliminating the barriers posed by physical access to
educational institutions.
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deeper into their subjects of interest and explore a wider • customize learning schedules: cá nhân
range of perspectives. For instance, a student studying history hoá lịch trình học
can access primary source documents, scholarly articles,
and multimedia presentations related to a specific historical
event. Moreover, online learning allows students to customize
their learning schedules to fit their individual needs. They can
reduce the pace of learning whenever they want to slow down
and accelerate parts they have already known about.
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Lastly, not all students have equal access to technology or the
necessary resources for online learning. The digital divide can
create disparities in educational opportunities and hinder the
ability of some students to engage effectively in online education.
SUMMARY
Online learning offers flexibility in time and location, benefiting working professionals and individuals with geographical
limitations or physical disabilities. It enhances the learning experience through access to diverse resources and the
ability to customize learning schedules. However, traditional schools play an indispensable role in facilitating face-to-face
interaction, socialization, and holistic development. They offer extracurricular activities, hands-on experiences, and
access to specialized equipment that are difficult to replicate online. The digital divide can also limit equal access to
technology for all students.
Flexible
ONLINE
TRADITIONAL
Face-toface interaction and socialization
AND ONLINE
LEARNING
Extracurricular activities and opportunities for
physical education, arts, sports, and group projects
TRADITIONAL
Hands-on experiences or access to
specialized equipment
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about the factors affecting the students’ learning
Schools
What affects
Students
students' learning
Environmental factors
1.2. Schools are no longer necessary because children can get so much information available through the Inter-
net, and they can study just as well at home. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
On the other hand, I am convinced that despite how advanced the internet can be, schools still have an important role
to play.
1.3. Many students find it difficult to concentrate or pay attention at school. What are the reasons? What could
be done?
Students' lack of attention during class could stem from several reasons.
2.1. Mind map about the importance of learning national areas of study
Cultural identity
Learning national
Contextual understanding
areas of study
Language and communication
2.2. It is more important for schoolchildren to learn about national literature than world literature. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
On the one hand, learning about national literature come with numerous benefits to students.
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3.1. Mind map about the benefits and drawbacks of learning a narrow range of subjects
Benefits
Learning a narrow
range of subjects
Drawbacks
3.2. Some education systems make students focus on certain subjects at the age of 15, while others require
students to study a wide range of subjects until they leave school. What are the benefits of each system? Which
is better?
On the other hand, students who study only a few subjects have more time for other purposes than those studying
so many.
4.1. Mind map about the reasons of giving grants to top students
4.2. Some people think that schools should reward students who show the best academic results, while others
believe that it is more important to reward students who show improvements. Discuss both views and give your
own opinion.
On one hand, there are several reasons why some people advocate that rewards should be given to students with top
academic results.
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Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using given phrases
2.1. Scholarships
raise the reputation of come from recognition for their effort and
the school different backgrounds commitment to excellence
equity
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2.3. Core subjects and soft skills
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2.4. Well-rounded education and education focusing on a narrow range of subjects
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2.5. National and international areas of study
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2.6. Traditional and online learning
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about the factors affecting the students’ learning
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1.2. On the other hand, I am convinced that despite how advanced the internet can be, schools still have an important
role to play. First, It is important to recognize that children can feel overwhelmed by the abundance of online information,
often not knowing where to begin or how to proceed. If this is the case, this can lead to a frustrating learning experience.
Thus, schools still have a crucial role to play by offering a structured environment and qualified teachers who can
assist students in staying focused on their studies. Furthermore, schools facilitate the development of social skills
through daily interactions with peers and teachers, an aspect that the internet struggles to provide assistance with.
1.3. Students' lack of attention during class could stem from several reasons. To begin with, many students may find
school lessons tedious and irrelevant to their life. For example, when studying science subjects, many students in
Vietnam have to memorize huge amounts of information and complex formulas in order to perform well in the stan-
dardized tests, which can have a negative impact on their interest in science . Furthermore, the lack of attention paid
by students could come from long-term sleep deprivation, which can be the result of a heavy workload combined with
the lure of electronic devices and social media. Many children spend too much time finishing their homework and as-
signments and browsing social media platforms instead of going to bed early to get enough sleep. As a consequence,
they tend to suffer from fatigue and low productivity the next day.
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2.1. Mind map about the importance of learning national areas of study
2.2. On the one hand, learning about national literature come with numerous benefits to students. Firstly, these pieces
of art can enrich student’s skills to use their own language. Indeed, through learning literature of their mother tongue,
students can learn the art of using the language such as the flexibility in the vocabulary highlights used, the syntax of
sentences, and different ways to convey ideas. Hence, linguistic knowledge will gradually be built up and benefit the
students not only in their study but also in social communication. Secondly, national literary works give students an
insight into their own culture. For example, through traditional literature, namely fairy tales, legends and fables, stu-
dents can become familiar with their traditions, native terms and also national values which have been passed
down from generation to generation. As a result, they will naturally develop a sense of national identity and pride.
3.1. Mind map about the benefits and drawbacks of learning a narrow range of subjects
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3.2. On the other hand, students who study only a few subjects have more time for other purposes than those studying
so many. With fewer subjects to learn, they have extra time either for stress relievers such as playing some sport or
taking a rest or for further research related to their chosen subjects. The former activity helps students relieve pressure at
school and recharge their energy, whereas the latter is a good way of reviewing the lesson taught in class. Scientifically,
these activities increase their study efficiency and academic performance, so such an education system is much
better than forcing students to learn various subjects.
4.1. Mind map about the reasons of giving grants to top students
4.2. On one hand, there are several reasons why some people advocate that rewards should be given to students
with top academic results. First, they believe that recognizing and rewarding students who consistently achieve high
grades encourages a culture of excellence and motivates students to strive for academic success. This approach is
often associated with competitive environments where students are encouraged to push their limits and compete
for top positions. Additionally, supporters argue that rewarding academic results can act as an effective way of
identifying and nurturing talented individuals, who can contribute to enhancing reputation for their schools or the
whole nation.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) equity (1) break the cycle of poverty
(2) face financial strains (2) reduce social disparities
(3) come from different backgrounds (3) knowledge about health practices
(4) receive recognition (4) enhance democratic participation
(5) recognition for their effort and commitment (5) more informed and active citizens
to excellence (6) limited cognitive abilities
(6) raise the reputation of the school (7) comprehend new concepts
(7) create innovations and breakthroughs for (8) limited time
the country (9) lack of motivation
(10) flexible in their mindset
(11) better retention
(12) competitive workforce
2.3 2.4
(1) foundation of knowledge (1) broad knowledge base
(2) critical thinking and problem solving (2) approach information from multiple perspectives
(3) communicate effectively in various settings (3) versatility and adaptability
(4) pass exams (4) balanced development
(5) personal development (5) for in-depth study
(6) desirable and competitive in the job market (6) for personal exploration
(7) academic subjects (7) challenging to compete in highly
(8) extracurricular activities (8) specialized fields
(9) engaging in meaningful conversations compromising the depth and quality
(10) role models (9) education relevance
(11) household duties (10) career preparation
(12) personal care (11) optimize their learning journey
(12) render certain specialized skills obsolete
2.5 2.6
(1) shape the cultural identity (1) flexibility
(2) develop a sense of national pride and identity (2) not commute long distances
(3) contextual understanding (3) balance work, family, and education
(4) enhance children's language skills (4) access high-quality courses and programs
(5) issues that may not be prevalent in their from renowned institutions
own country (5) enhance the learning experience
(6) foster empathy towards individuals (6) provide comprehensive and up-to-date information
(7) social responsibilities (7) customize their learning schedules
(8) understand the importance of taking (8) face-to-face interaction and socialization
collective action (9) the cultivation of essential life skills
(9) competitive edge in multinational companies (10) difficult to replicate in an online environment
(11) hands-on experiences or access to
specialized equipment
(12) create disparities
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Unit 6: MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION
Media and communication have become an essential part of our daily lives because they are bringing users unprec-
edented advantages thanks to the continuous development of technology and platforms. However, they also pose
certain challenges to individuals in their work and daily lives. The three most common types of media that test takers
may encounter in the IELTS exam are broadcast media, print media, and the Internet. In this chapter, we will focus on
the most representative forms of media for each of these groups, namely: television for broadcast media, newspa-
pers/books/journals for print media, and finally the Internet and social media, and compare the distinct characteris-
tics of spoken and written communication.
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TV KEY WORDS
TV is a powerful media tool as it is present in almost every • review subjects taught in school: ôn lại
household. As a mass communication tool, TV has the ability những môn học ở trường
to reach a large audience and play an important role in aspects • fall behind: chậm hơn so với lớp
such as learning, working, and entertainment. • imagination and creativity: trí tưởng
tượng và sáng tạo
First, TV can help them review their knowledge of subjects • inspired: được truyền cảm hứng
taught in school. Some students who fall behind in class • write own stories: tạo ra câu chuyện
or have some content that they do not fully understand can • create their own artwork: tạo ra tác
review these lectures to consolidate their knowledge. Currently, phẩm nghệ thuật riêng
Vietnam has implemented study review programs for different • documentary films: phim tài liệu
grade levels on national TV channels such as VTV6, VTV7 to • job-related knowledge: kiến thức liên
serve this target audience. quan đến công việc
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In addition, watching TV also helps viewers develop • strengthen bonding: thắt chặt mối
imagination and creativity. They can be inspired to write quan hệ
their own stories or create their own artwork through stories, • lose track of time: quên mất thời gian
visual illustrations, and emotionally conveyed content on TV trôi qua
products. Some people also use TV as a powerful tool to • exposed to harmful or inappropriate
expand their knowledge. They can watch documentary films content: tiếp xúc với nội dung độc hại
about culture, history, nature both inside and outside the hoặc không phù hợp
country to broaden their knowledge about different countries • imitate: bắt chước
in the world and at the same time, they can learn foreign • negative thoughts and actions: suy nghĩ
languages through international program channels. This also và hành động tiêu cực
applies to those who are already working, as they can use TV
to broaden their understanding not only about issues they are
interested in, but also job-related knowledge.
SUMMARY
Television is a powerful mass communication tool with broad access to audiences, playing a significant role in education,
work, and entertainment. It can help with knowledge revision, creativity, and expanding horizons. However, it can also
distract people from work, expose viewers to harmful content, and reduce physical activity and social interaction.
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PRINT MEDIA
In recent years, print media has been frequently compared to other platforms such as the internet and social media.
Some argue that print media, particularly printed books or newspapers, is no longer necessary as readers can access
information, knowledge, and entertainment through the internet or social media. However, despite acknowledging some
drawbacks, there are still many supporters of these traditional genres based on their advantages.
CUSTOMIZATION
Print media can be personalized to meet the specific needs • customization: cá nhân hoá
and interests of certain groups of readers. This is particularly • meet the specific needs and interests of:
important for older readers who may not be as familiar with đáp ứng nhu cầu và sở thích cụ thể của
electronic devices and prefer to read print materials. A printed
magazine for older adults, for instance, may feature articles
on health, finance, and leisure activities that are tailored to
their specific interests and needs.
TACTILE EXPERIENCE
Many people enjoy the physical experience of reading a print • tactile experience: trải nghiệm về xúc giác
publication, such as the tactile feel of flipping through • flip through pages: lật từng trang
pages or the smell of a freshly printed book. • the smell of a freshly printed book: mùi
hương của sách mới
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DISADVANTAGES KEY WORDS
LIMITED REACH
Print media has a limited reach compared to digital media • limited reach: độ phủ sóng hạn chế
because it is only accessible to those who have physical • residents of a particular area: người dân
access to the publication. For example, a local newspaper may ở một vùng nào đó
only be available to residents of a particular area and may not
be accessible to people who live outside that area.
COST
Print media can be expensive to produce and distribute, which • produce and distribute: sản xuất và
can make it less profitable for publishers. A print magazine phân phối
may require costly printing and shipping fees, which can eat
into the profits of the publisher.
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a result, in-depth coverage or comprehensive information on a
particular topic may be lacking in print media. This limitation
becomes more evident when comparing it to the vast amount
of information available on the internet. For instance, a print
magazine article on a scientific discovery may only provide a
brief overview, while online sources can offer more detailed
explanations, supplementary materials, and links to related
research.
SUMMARY
Print media remains relevant due to its credibility, customization, and tactile experience. However, it may not reach a
larger audience and has slower publication time compared to digital media. It is also expensive to produce and
distribute and hard to track customer data.
Creadibility
BENEFITS Customization
Tactile experience
PRINT
MEDIA Limited reach
High cost
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BENEFITS OF THE INTERNET/SOCIAL MEDIA KEY WORDS
The development of science and technology has opened up
the proliferation of content on the Internet and social media
platforms. These platforms bring many benefits to learners,
workers, and those who want to seek entertainment from
these platforms.
LEARNING
For learners, the online mode offers access to a vast array of • delve deep into subjects of interest: đi
information and resources available on the internet, including sâu vào các chủ đề mà họ quan tâm
data, podcasts, scientific journals, and educational videos. • scheduling and syllabus: lịch học và
This wealth of resources allows learners to delve deep into chương trình học
their subjects of interest and then expand their knowledge base. • a balance between learning goals and
other aspects: cân bằng giữa việc học và
Additionally, online learning provides learners with flexibility các khía cạnh khác
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in terms of scheduling and syllabus. They can explore diverse
perspectives, engage in self-paced learning, and tailor their
educational experience to their specific needs. This flexibility
allows individuals to strike a balance between their learning
goals and other aspects of their lives, enhancing overall
productivity and engagement in the learning process.
WORKING
Similarly, for workers, the adoption of flexible working hours • adjust work schedules: điều chỉnh lịch
in online environments offers numerous benefits. Employees làm việc
have the freedom to adjust their work schedules to better • suit preferences and lifestyle: phù hợp
suit their preferences and lifestyle. This flexibility promotes với sở thích và lối sống
work-life balance, reduces stress levels, and increases • training courses: khoá đào tạo
job satisfaction. For example, full- time working moms can • up-skill or acquire new competencies:
optimize their productivity by choosing the most suitable hours nâng cao kỹ năng hoặc có thêm năng
to focus on tasks. Meanwhile, it still allows them to efficiently lực mới
manage childcare responsibilities while actively completing • stay relevant: duy trì sự phù hợp
their tasks, leading to overall productivity and satisfaction. • personal branding: thương hiệu cá nhân
• showcase expertise, achievements, and
Moreover, online platforms provide workers with access unique qualities: phô bày chuyên môn,
to various training courses that enhance their job-related thành tựu và đặc điểm độc đáo
knowledge and skills. Through online learning platforms, • visibility and professional reputation: độ
employees can conveniently up-skill or acquire new nhận diện và danh tiếng nghề nghiệp
competencies to stay relevant in their respective fields. • shift training activities and business
They can enroll in specialized courses, attend webinars, or discussions to online: chuyển sang họp
participate in virtual workshops to broaden their skill set and hành và đào tạo online
professional development. • save on expenses: tiết kiệm chi phí cho
Furthermore, the rise of social media platforms offers • electricity bills: tiền điện
workers opportunities for personal branding. Individuals • printing documents: tiền in ấn
can showcase their expertise, achievements, and unique • procuring equipment: tiền mua trang
qualities to a wider audience, increasing their visibility and thiết bị
professional reputation. Through strategic online networking,
workers can connect with potential employers, collaborators,
or clients, opening doors to new job prospects, career growth,
and increased income.
ENTERTAINING
Regarding the entertainment aspect, the Internet and social • share the same interest: cùng chung
media platforms provide them with many means to satisfy sở thích
different needs, such as watching movies, having online movie • have a sense of belonging: có cảm giác
platforms like Netflix, watching short content and videos, then thuộc về
having the reel feature of Tiktok and Facebook, etc. Also, on • a personal touch: dấu ấn cá nhân
these platforms, there are many communities that share the
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same interest. Therefore, people can find a group that they
have a sense of belonging to. Finally, the content on these
platforms contributes to promoting creativity in everyone.
Anyone can create content with a personal touch and even
has not existed on these platforms before.
DISTRACTIONS
Another major concern with digital media is the distractions it • the constant influx of notifications and
creates for both learners and workers. With the constant influx messages: sự tràn ngập liên tục của
of notifications and messages from various platforms, people thông báo và tin nhắn
may find it hard to concentrate and stay focused on their tasks.
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For instance, a student might waste hours scrolling through
social media instead of studying, or an employee might get
sidetracked by non-work-related emails and chats, leading to
delays in completing their work. These distractions not only
waste time but can also affect the quality of work and productivity.
CYBERCRIME
Cybercrime is another major risk associated with digital • cybercrime: tội phạm mạng
media. The internet provides anonymity and a large pool of • information leaks: rò rỉ thông tin
potential targets for cybercriminals to exploit. Learners and • identity theft: trộm danh tính
workers are not exempt from these risks and may fall victim • cyberbullying: bắt nạt trực tuyến
to various forms of cybercrime such as information leaks, • befriending bad people online: kết bạn với
identity theft, cyberbullying, or befriending bad people online. người xấu
For instance, a student might share personal information with
a stranger online who may later use it to blackmail or scam
them, or an employee might inadvertently click on a phishing
link, leading to the theft of sensitive company data. These risks
can be mitigated by being cautious when sharing personal
information online, using strong passwords, and being vigilant
for suspicious activities.
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
Copyright infringement has become rampant with the growth • copyright infringement: vi phạm bản quyền
of the internet. Numerous websites offer free electronic • pirated copies: bản lậu
books, which are pirated copies, to boost their web traffic • boost web traffic: tăng lượng người truy cập
and generate revenue through online ads. This unauthorized • generate revenue: tạo ra doanh thu
distribution is challenging to regulate, and the publishing • the publishing industry: ngành xuất bản
industry suffers significant financial losses every year.
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SUMMARY
The internet and social media offer numerous benefits in terms of learning, working and entertainment. However, there
are concerns about the accuracy of information, distractions, and cybercrime risks. Overuse of these platforms may
also lead to a lack of face-to-face connections in real life.
Learning
BENEFITS Working
Entertaining
THE INTERNET/
SOCIAL MEDIA Concerns about the accuracy
PLATFORMS and authenticity of information
Distractions
DRAWBACKS Cybercrime
Copyright ingringement
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Communication: spoken and written form
KEY WORDS
Spoken language and written language are two forms of verbal • convey emotions and slight differences:
communication. truyền đạt cảm xúc và sự khác biệt nhỏ
• create a rapport: tạo mối quan hệ, sự kết
Spoken language can effectively convey emotions and slight nối tốt
differences in the message of the speaker, creating a rapport • clarify misunderstandings and conflicts:
with the listeners. It also allows for two-way communication to giải quyết hiểu lầm và xung đột
clarify misunderstandings and conflicts between the listener • persuasive and influential: thuyết phục
and the speaker. Ultimately, a spoken message can be more và có ảnh hưởng
persuasive and influential in promoting subsequent action. • promote subsequent action: thúc đẩy
hành động tiếp theo
Meanwhile, written language is more precise in terms of • transmission of messages: truyền tải
language, allowing for clear and accurate transmission of thông điệp
messages that can serve as reference or evidence in the • reference or evidence: sự tham khảo
future. Additionally, when a document is in written form, it hoặc bằng chứng
has the ability to reach a wider audience and can be passed • a wider audience: một lượng độc giả
down to future generations. However, the more effective rộng hơn
form depends on the purpose and context. Presenters should • pass down to: truyền lại
consider carefully before choosing the appropriate form
of communication.
SUMMARY
Spoken language conveys emotions and facilitates two-way communication, while written language is more precise and
can reach a wider audience for future reference. Whether one form is effective or not depends on purpose and context.
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about the drawbacks of television and the Internet
Drawbacks of
Television The internet
technology
1.2. Technology has changed the way children spend their free time. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
Firstly, there are several potential disadvantages that could pose a risk to the physical and mental health of children
that get too much screen time or use modern technology irresponsibly.
1.3. Many people think modern communication technology is having some negative effects on social relation-
ships. Do you agree or disagree?
Technology is frequently criticized for contributing to communication issues, primarily due to the isolation it can
create among individuals.
2.1. Mind map about comparison of accessing information on the Internet and the print media
The internet
Accessing
information
Print media
2.2. In the past, people stored knowledge in books. Nowadays people store knowledge on the internet. Do you
think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
On the one hand, storing knowledge on the Internet is greatly beneficial.
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3.1.Mind map about the benefits of the internet or social media platforms to companies
The internet
Shift their training activities
and discussions online
3.2. Research shows that business meetings, discussions and training are happening online nowadays. Do the
advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
There are numerous benefits associated with the growing trend of companies shifting their training activities and
business discussions to online platforms.
4.1. Mind map about comparison between spoken and written communication
Spoken form
Which is more
powerful tool?
Written form
4.2. Spoken communication is more powerful than written communication. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?
On the one hand, speaking is an extremely effective and efficient mode of communication in certain contexts.
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Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
2.1. Television
update job-related knowledge reduce time for physical review the knowledge of
activities and social interaction subjects taught in school
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2.2. Print media
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2.3. The Internet/ social media platforms
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2.4. Spoken and written communication
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about the drawbacks of television and the Internet
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1.2. Firstly, there are several potential disadvantages that could pose a risk to the physical and mental health of children
that get too much screen time or use modern technology irresponsibly. Studies have shown that children who spend
too much time playing computer games, watching TV, and using the internet spend less time playing sports or doing
outdoor activities and are therefore at a higher risk of suffering from obesity, sleep disorders, and physical development
issues. Overexposure to such technologies can also impact a child’s mental health in the form of impaired cognitive
development and academic performance, behavioural issues, anxiety, hyperactivity, and poor social skills. That being
said, such risks can be mitigated through parental intervention and supervision.
1.3. Technology is frequently criticized for contributing to communication issues, primarily due to the isolation it can
create among individuals. It is common to observe friends meeting at a café, yet engrossed in their phones instead
of engaging with one another. Similarly, parents and children often spend their evenings immersed in social media
rather than fostering meaningful interactions. Additionally, conflicts that arise online highlight another limitation.
People struggle to effectively convey their emotions and attitudes through text, leading to misunderstandings and
arguments. These challenges arise from the misuse of tools intended to facilitate communication.
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2.1. Mind map about comparison of accessing information on the Internet and the print media
2.2. On the one hand, storing knowledge on the Internet is greatly beneficial. To begin with, the Internet allows people
to access knowledge from an immense number of sources. With the help of search engines like Google or Firefox,
internet users can explore content on various topics with a couple of mouse clicks. Therefore, they can get access
to information immediately anywhere, which is cheaper, much more convenient and time-saving compared to looking
for the same amount of knowledge from printed books. In addition, knowledge on the Internet is stored in different
formats, which helps learners absorb the information more effectively. Unlike books, which present information in the
form of texts or images only, the Internet provides learners with knowledge in both texts and digital forms like audio
or videos. Auditory learners, for example, would find learning via podcasts, which are common on many websites,
more useful than reading books.
3.1. Mind map about the benefits of the internet or social media platforms to companies
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3.2. There are numerous benefits associated with the growing trend of companies shifting their training activities
and business discussions to online platforms. Firstly, it provides employees with enhanced flexibility and control over
their schedules, reducing unnecessary stress levels and thereby increasing their productivity. For example, working
mothers find this particularly advantageous as it allows them to efficiently manage childcare responsibilities while
actively participating in meetings to stay updated on company developments. Moreover, this online mode of opera-
tion enables companies to save on expenses related to electricity bills, printing documents, and procuring equipment
for conducting meetings or training sessions.
4.1. Mind map about comparison between spoken and written communication
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4.2. On the one hand, speaking is an extremely effective and efficient mode of communication in certain contexts.
Oral communication enables people to emotionally connect with their listeners. The tone of someone’s voice can
powerfully convey a wide range of emotions, and that is why some people are able to inspire and influence others
simply through a powerful speech, or a song, or piece of poetry. Secondly, misunderstandings can also be easily
prevented when people interact face to face. For example, if one person is confused about what the other is saying,
he can immediately ask for further explanation to ensure that their message is completely understood.
Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) review the knowledge of subjects taught in school (1) credibility
(2) develop imagination and creativity (2) go through several stages of censorship and
(3) learn foreign language (3) editing
(4) update job-related knowledge (4) customization
(5) strengthen bonding (5) tactile experience
(6) distract from study or work (6) limited reach
(7) lose track of time (7) slow production time
(8) expose to harmful or inappropriate content (8) less interactive and appealing
(9) reduce time for physical activities and (9) to produce and distribute
social interaction limited amount of information in print
2.3 2.4
(1) a vast array of information and resources available (1) create a rapport
(2) flexibility in terms of scheduling and syllabus (2) clarify misunderstandings and conflicts
(3) enhancing overall productivity and engagement (3) promote subsequent action
(4) adjust their work schedules (4) more precise
(5) increase job satisfaction (5) reference or evidence
(6) access to various training courses (6) passed down to future generations
(7) stay relevant
(8) personal branding
(9) increasing their visibility and professional reputation
(10) save on expenses
(11) satisfy different needs
(12) share the same interest
(13) concerns about the accuracy and authenticity
of information
(14) influx of notifications and messages
(15) copyright infringement
(16) the publishing industry suffers
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Unit 7: TECHNOLOGY
We are living in an era where technology is rapidly developing and facilitating many breakthroughs in many
aspect of life. Humans have exploited and utilized many scientific and technological advances to improve their lives.
However, these developments are also gradually putting humans in unprecedented disadvantages. Chapter 7 will focus
on some prominent scientific and technological advances today: Artificial Intelligence/ Robots, SpaceTech, and
Driverless cars.
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In the previous century, artificial intelligence and robots were just terms appearing in science fiction movies.
However, in the 21st century, these concepts have become ubiquitous as humans realize them into algorithms
and machines that appear in many aspects of life and fields such as manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture,
etc. Why can robots or artificial intelligence be welcomed as they are today?
to robots, allowing humans to focus on more complex and phức tạp và sáng tạo hơn
creative tasks for their development. Meanwhile, AI can help • work constantly and tirelessly: làm liên
humans process big data, saving time for research and tục và không mệt mỏi
development. Secondly, they can also work constantly and • mass production: sản xuất đại trà
tirelessly, making them suitable for mass production or continuous • continuous 24/7 support: hỗ trợ 24/7
24/7 support. In some industries where labor costs are high,
such as data collection, AI can save companies a significant
amount of money that can be invested elsewhere.
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JOB DISPLACEMENT KEY WORDS
However, the superiority of AI and robots is gradually putting • job displacement: sự thay thế công việc
humans at a disadvantage as many jobs are becoming redundant • redundant and disappearing: dư thừa và
and disappearing. For example, bank tellers are facing threats biến mất
from the development of AI and robots. Many banks in some
parts of the world are implementing automated transaction
models because they still serve the needs efficiently like humans
and can operate 24/7 without fatigue.
DEPENDENCE ON TECHNOLOGY
In addition, some individuals are becoming too dependent
on AI and robots, leading to a decline in their abilities and
skills. For instance, many households tend to use robots to do
household chores. This unintentionally creates a false perception
among children that they are not responsible for household
work and lack the skills to do such tasks.
PRIVACY CONCERNS
In some other cases, some businesses using robots and AI • privacy concerns: lo ngại về tính riêng tư
are facing information leaks, which could lead to reputation • reputation damage: sự huỷ hoại danh tiếng
damage and financial loss. • financial loss: thiệt hại tiền bạc
LACK OF EMOTION
Finally, working in an environment only exposed to machines, • insensitive: vô cảm
robots, and AI can lead to a lack of emotion in humans. This
could make these employees insensitive to events in
their lives.
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SUMMARY
AI and robots increase efficiency and productivity, improve the level of accuracy, enhance customer experience, and
enhance safety in harsh environments. However, they also lead to job displacement, skills decline, and a lack of
emotion in humans and privacy concerns.
AI/ROBOTS
Job displacement
Dependence on technology
DRAWBACKS
Privacy concerns
Lack of emotion
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WHY IS SPACE TECH IMPORTANT?
Space technology is crucial for various reasons, including
scientific exploration, national security, environmental
monitoring, communication, and economic development.
to explore the unknown and conduct research that can't be điều chưa biết đến
performed on Earth. It has led to numerous discoveries and • not performed on Earth: không thể làm
advancements in fields such as astronomy, astrophysics, and trên Trái đất
planetary science. For example, the Hubble Space Telescope • discoveries and advancements: khám
has contributed significantly to our understanding of the phá và tiến bộ
universe and the formation of galaxies.
NATIONAL SECURITY
National security is another crucial reason for investing • national security: an ninh quốc gia
in space technology. Satellites are used for intelligence • satellites: vệ tinh
gathering, communication, and navigation, making them vital • intelligence gathering: thu thập thông tin
for national security. For example, satellites provide crucial tình báo
information for military and intelligence operations, such as • communication: viễn thông
monitoring missile launches, tracking troop movements, and • navigation: định vị
detecting nuclear weapons tests.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Space technology also plays a vital role in environmental • environmental monitoring: giám sát
monitoring. Satellites equipped with sensors can collect data môi trường
on various environmental factors, such as air quality, ocean
currents, and weather patterns. This information is then used
to predict and prevent natural disasters, monitor climate
change, and assess the impact of human activities on the
environment.
COMMUNICATION
Communication is also a significant application of space • television and radio broadcasting: phát
technology. Satellites are used for television and radio sóng truyền hình và đài phát thanh
broadcasting, and internet connectivity. They have made • internet connectivity: kết nối internet
it possible to communicate globally in real-time and have
revolutionized the way we connect with each other.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Finally, space technology has enormous potential for
economic development. It has led to the creation of various
industries, such as space tourism, and has resulted in
numerous technological advancements that have benefited
various industries, such as transportation, energy, and
healthcare. For example, NASA's research on materials used
in space has led to advancements in implantable medical
devices and firefighting gear. Another excellent example is
GPS, which was originally developed for space exploration. It
is now widely used in various services such as taxi and delivery
services like Uber or Grab, as well as in navigation systems for
cars and smartphones.
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HIGH COST KEY WORDS
One of the primary reasons is the high cost of developing • funding: tài chính
and launching space missions, which requires significant • a well-trained workforce: nhân lực trình
funding, advanced technology, and a well-trained workforce. độ cao
Developing space infrastructure requires a large investment, • space infrastructure: cơ sở hạ tầng
which many countries may not have the resources to allocate. không gian
• long-term planning and researching: sự
Furthermore, space technology often requires long-term lên kế hoạch và nghiên cứu dài hạn
planning and researching, which can be challenging for
countries facing economic instability or political uncertainty.
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS
Additionally, space technology development involves • international collaborations: sự cộng tác
international collaborations, and some countries may not thế giới
have the necessary diplomatic relationships or expertise to • diplomatic relationships: quan hệ
participate in these collaborations. An example of this could ngoại giao
be North Korea, which has limited diplomatic relationships
with many countries and is subject to sanctions that prevent
it from accessing advanced technologies and participating in
international collaborations, including those related to space
technology development.
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SUMMARY
Space tech is important for scientific exploration, national security, environmental monitoring, communication, and
economic development. However, challenges include high costs, the need for international collaborations, and
prioritizing other sectors.
Scientific exploration
National security
Communication
Economic development
SPACE TECH
High cost
Long-term planning
DIFFICULTIES researching and testing
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Future of vehicles: driverless cars
Many people think that self-driving cars are still a far-fetched idea. However, with the rapid development, this concept
has become a reality in the 21st century. This type of vehicle brings unprecedented advantages to human life.
obstacles better, react more quickly, and make fewer mistakes. vật thể và vật cản
For example, a self-driving car can detect a pedestrian walking • react more quickly: phản ứng nhanh hơn
in the street at night, while a human driver might not see them. • eliminate human errors: loại bỏ lỗi do
Self-driving cars also eliminate the risk of human errors such con người
as distracted driving, speeding, and driving under the influence
of alcohol or drugs.
ENHANCE MOBILITY
Secondly, self-driving cars offer a new level of mobility for • enhance mobility: nâng cao khả năng
people with disabilities or limited mobility. These individuals di chuyển
may find it difficult or impossible to drive themselves, use • disabilities or limited mobility: người bị
public transportation, or rely on others for transportation. khuyết tật hoặc hạn chế về đi lại
Self-driving cars can provide greater independence and
freedom of movement for these individuals, as they can travel
safely and comfortably to their destination without assistance.
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traffic jams and minimize their impact on the environment. This • less time wasted in traffic: ít tốn thời gian
also leads to a reduction in fuel consumption and air pollution, • lower carbon emissions: ít khí thải hơn
resulting in a healthier and more sustainable environment.
ERRORS
Non-driving vehicles raise concerns about their dependability, • dependability: tính đáng tin cậy
particularly in the event of technical glitches, such as • technical glitches: sự cố kỹ thuật
malfunctioning navigation systems, which could put
passengers in both the vehicle and surrounding traffic in
danger. Tesla, a leading company in the development of self-
driving cars, has faced complaints about the reliability of their
vehicles, leading to skepticism about their ability to function
consistently in different weather and road conditions.
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SUMMARY
Self-driving cars offer increased safety, enhanced mobility, and reduced congestion and emissions. However, potential
drawbacks include increased unemployment, risks of hackers, and concerns about dependability and technical glitches.
Increase safety
Errors
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GOVERNMENT KEY WORDS
Government control of scientific research can have both • stability and long-term support: sự ổn
positive and negative effects. định và hỗ trợ dài hạn
• basic research: nghiên cứu cơ bản( tiền
On the one hand, government funding can provide stability and đề cho các nghiên cứu khác)
long-term support for scientific research that might not be • immediate practical application: tính áp
financially viable for private companies. This allows researchers dụng thực tiễn ngay lập tức
to focus on basic research that may not have an immediate • reliable and ethical methods: phương
practical application but can lead to major discoveries down pháp đáng tin cậy và có đạo đức
the line. For example, government funding played a crucial role • criminal activity: hoạt động/ mục đích
in the development of the Human Genome Project. In addition, phạm tội
scientific studies controlled by governments will ensure that • political influence and bias: ảnh hưởng
reliable and ethical methods are used, and minimize the risk và thiên kiến chính trị
of these studies being used for criminal activity. For instance, • political priorities: các ưu tiêu chính trị
studies related to nuclear power or weapons must be carried • a narrowing research agendas: sự hạn
out or supervised by governmental organizations to protect a hẹp của các chương trình nghiên cứu
country from terrorism or other warfare. • the suppression: sự đàn áp
• go against government interests: đi
On the other hand, government control of scientific research ngược với lợi ích của chính phủ
can lead to political influence and bias. Governments may
be more likely to fund research that aligns with their political
priorities rather than research that is objectively important.
This can result in a narrow research agendas and a lack of
funding for important areas of study. Additionally, political
influence can result in the suppression of research that goes
against government interests.
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PRIVATE COMPANIES KEY WORDS
Private companies have abundant funds for scientific • private companies: các doanh nghiệp
research in areas that are directly applicable to their business tư nhân
operations, which can lead to the quick development of new • abundant funds: ngân sách dồi dào
products or services. For example, pharmaceutical companies • business operations: hoạt động
may fund research in drug development, while technology kinh doanh
companies may fund research in artificial intelligence or • driven by profit motives: được thúc đẩy
robotics. bởi động cơ lợi nhuận
• immediate financial return: lợi ích tiền
However, private companies are typically driven by profit bạc ngay lập tức
motives, which means that they may not fund research that • have conflicts of interest: có xung đột
does not have an immediate financial return. This can lead lợi ích
to a lack of funding for basic research or research that is now • prioritize business interests over the
essential for the public. Basic research is important because quality: ưu tiên lợi ích kinh doanh hơn là
it provides the foundation for applied research, which can lead chất lượng sản phẩm
to new technologies or products in the long term. Without • unfavorable research findings: các kết
basic research, there would be limited scientific innovation quả nghiên cứu không thuận lợi cho sản
and progress. phẩm hoặc dịch vụ của họ
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INDIVIDUALS KEY WORDS
Individuals can play a crucial role in scientific research through • citizen science projects: các dự án khoa
citizen science projects or personal funding of research. học có sự tham gia của công chúng
• personal funding: đóng góp cá nhân
Citizen science projects allow members of the public
to contribute to scientific research by collecting data or
participating in experiment samples. These projects can cover
a broad range of topics, such as tracking bird migrations
or monitoring air quality, and involve various levels of
participation. For example, some projects may only require
individuals to download an app and report their observations,
while others may involve more hands-on participation, such as
collecting samples or conducting experiments.
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SUMMARY
Government control of scientific research can provide stability and funding, ensuring reliable methods and protecting
against criminal use. However, it can also result in political influence, bias, and a narrowing of research agendas, sup-
pressing dissenting studies. Private companies have funds for research applicable to their operations but may prioritize
profit, leading to limited funding for basic research and potential conflicts of interest, while Individuals contribute to
scientific research through citizen science projects and personal funding, enabling public participation and supporting
research of personal interest
SCIENTIFIC PRIVATE
Driven by profit motives
RESEARCH COMPANIES
INDIVIDUALS
Personal funding
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
AI/Robots Drawbacks
1.2. Some people believe that developments in the field of artificial intelligence will have a positive impact on our
lives in the near future. Others, by contrast, are worried that we are not prepared for a world in which computers are
more intelligent than humans. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
On the one hand, there are some compelling grounds why AI might become a threat to human survival.
AI/Robots Benefits
2.2. Different types of robots are developed which are good friends to us and help us both at home and work. Is
this a positive or negative development?
On the flip side, there are several advantages to using robots and machines.
3.2. In the future, all cars, buses and trucks will be driverless. The only people traveling inside these vehicles
will be passengers. Do you think the advantages of driverless vehicles outweigh the disadvantages?
I support the idea of promoting the use of driverless cars as they can help to decrease accidents caused by human
errors and reduce the expenses of maintaining traffic facilities.
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4.1. Mind map about the importance of space tech
4.2. Some people think that space exploration is a waste of resources while others think that it is essential for
mankind to continue to explore the universe in which we live. Discuss both views and give your own opinions.
Despite the high cost of space programmes, I believe that they should be continued because the advanced technology
developed for space exploration has practical applications in everyday life.
5.1. Mind map about the important role of government in scientific research
4.2. Some people think that space exploration is a waste of resources while others think that it is essential for
mankind to continue to explore the universe in which we live. Discuss both views and give your own opinions.
I believe that governments should play the leading role in performing research due to a number of reasons.
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
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2.2. Space Tech
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2.3. Self-driving cars
eliminate the risk of less time wasted enhance mobility economic disruption
human errors in traffic
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2.4 Scientific research
have abundant funds driven by profit motives stability and long-term support
minimize the risk of these political influence and bias impact the quality
studies being used for and reliability
criminal activity
the quick development of new citizen science projects not have an immediate
products or services practical application
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about the drawbacks of AI and Robots
1.2. On the one hand, there are some compelling grounds why AI might become a threat to human survival. First, the
superiority of AI and robots is gradually putting humans at a disadvantage as many jobs are becoming redundant
and disappearing. Take bank tellers as an excellent example. Many banks in some parts of the world are implementing
automated transaction models because they still serve the needs efficiently like humans and can operate 24/7 without
fatigue and tuition. Second, machines might be able to carry out some jobs which are time- consuming and
labor-intensive if companies use human workforce. For example, tasks such as assembling in factories or data
collecting now can be assigned to robots.
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2.2. On the flip side, there are several advantages to using robots and machines. For instance, they can provide
emotional and physical support to the elderly, as demonstrated by Telenoid, a humanoid robot in Japan. Thanks to its
advanced artificial intelligence, Telenoid can understand social cues like body language and tone of voice, allowing it
to engage in conversations with humans and reduce feelings of loneliness and stress among senior citizens.
Additionally, robots can free humans from tedious and repetitive manual labor, allowing them to focus on more
innovative and creative work, such as problem-solving and adapting to changing circumstances. For example, in
manufacturing plants, assembling in factories can be assigned to robots, allowing humans to focus on programming
and monitoring the robots.
3.2. I support the idea of promoting the use of driverless cars as they can help to decrease accidents caused by
human errors and reduce the expenses of maintaining traffic facilities. Reckless driving behaviors such as speeding
and driving under the influence of alcohol often result in many road accidents, which can be reduced by the use of
automated cars. Although driverless cars may still have technical errors, they are less frequent, and human drivers
are usually responsible for incidents with these cars. Furthermore, the use of automated cars can help people with
mobility disabilities, especially the elderly and non-licensed drivers, have freedom of movement, as they can travel
safely and comfortably to their destination without assistance.
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4.2. Despite the high cost of space programmes, I believe that they should be continued because the advanced
technology developed for space exploration has practical applications in everyday life. For instance, GPS, originally
developed for space exploration, is now widely used in various services such as taxi and delivery services like Uber or
Grab, as well as in navigation systems for cars and smartphones. Additionally, satellites equipped with sensors can
collect data on various environmental factors, such as air quality, ocean currents, and weather patterns. This information
is then used to predict and prevent natural disasters, monitor climate change, which can help save many lives.
5.1. Mind map about the important role of government in scientific research
5.2. I believe that governments should play the leading role in performing research due to a number of reasons. Firstly,
scientific research is the key to finding solutions to long- term concerns of society. Thorough medical research, for
example, needs to be conducted by governments to develop vaccines against AIDS. Research into renewable energies
is also crucial to dealing with global warming. These kinds of research require a great deal of spending and long- term
support, which can only be afforded by the government. In addition, scientific studies controlled by governments will
ensure that reliable and ethical methods are used, and minimize the risk of these studies being used for criminal
activity. For instance, studies related to nuclear power or weapons must be carried out or supervised by governmental
organizations to protect a country from terrorism or other warfare.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) increase efficiency and productivity (1) explore the unknown
(2) focus on more complex and creative tasks (2) conduct research that can’t be performed
(3) mass production on Earth
(4) improve the level of accuracy (3) national security
(5) enhance customer experience (4) collect data on various environmental factors
(6) reduce the feelings of loneliness and stress (5) communication
(7) work in harsh environments (6) space tourism
(8) job displacement (7) a well-trained workforce
(9) a decline in their abilities and skills (8) research and testing
(10) privacy concerns (9) involve international collaborations
(11) lack of emotion (10) prioritize other sectors
2.3 2.4
(1) increase safety (1) stability and long-term support
(2) detect objects and obstacles better (2) not have an immediate practical application
(3) eliminate the risk of human errors (3) minimize the risk of these studies being used
(4) enhance mobility for criminal activity
(5) optimize traffic flow (4) political influence and bias
(6) less time wasted in traffic (5) have abundant funds
(7) increase unemployment (6) the quick development of new products or services
(8) economic disruption (7) driven by profit motives
(9) vulnerable to hacking and cyber attacks (8) impact the quality and reliability
(10) concerns about their dependability (9) citizen science projects
(11) technical glitches
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Unit 8: CRIME
Crime is a current and complex issue that affects the lives of people worldwide. Despite the remarkable development
of technology and society, the 21st century still witnesses many types of crimes occurring daily. In this chapter, read-
ers will learn about the reasons for committing crimes and some possible solutions for different types of offences.
Additionally, this chapter provides readers with insights into the type of crime that has emerged in the technology
era - Cybercrime.
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BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REASONS KEY WORDS
First, some individuals are born with genetic disorders that • biological and psychological reasons:
make them vulnerable to diseases such as poor impulse nhân tố sinh lý và tâm lý
control, hormone imbalances, or brain injuries. This makes • genetic disorders: rối loạn gen
them unable to think and act like other individuals in society • think and act like other individuals: suy
and unable to control these thoughts and actions, making nghĩ và hành động như người khác
them prone to making mistakes and committing crimes in life. • control thoughts and actions: kiểm soát
suy nghĩ và hành vi
Secondly, some psychological disorders can also be a factor • personality disorders: rối loạn nhân cách
that leads to criminal behavior. They may have personality • empathy: sự đồng cảm
disorders that lead to a lack of empathy with objects and • morality: đạo đức
events in life, resulting in a lack of morality in their actions and • negative interpretations: diễn giải sự việc
thoughts. In addition, they may experience too much pressure một cách tiêu cực
during their development, leading to anxiety and depression, • go against social norms: đi ngược tiêu
and negative interpretations of events in their lives. Finally, chuẩn xã hội
some individuals have thoughts and behaviors that go against • inappropriate language: ngôn ngữ không
social norms and criticize these norms in an extreme way by phù hợp
using inappropriate language. Worse still, these individuals • rebel: nổi loạn
may have a desire to rebel and engage in opposing behaviors • opposing behaviors: hành vi chống đối
when suppressed
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NURTURING ENVIRONMENT KEY WORDS
Nurturing environments play a crucial role in individuals' • nurturing environment: môi trường
development, and negative experiences in the family, nuôi dưỡng
neighborhood, and school can have long-lasting negative • poor parenting: kỹ năng nuôi dạy con kém
effects on their lives. • guidance and emotional support: sự
• The family is the first place where children learn about hướng dẫn và hỗ trợ về mặt cảm xúc
the world and themselves. Poor parenting can lead to a • parental abuse: bị lạm dụng, ngược đãi
lack of guidance and emotional support toward the children. từ cha mẹ
Additionally, parental abuse, whether physical or emotional, • family separation: sự ly tán của gia đình
can have severe long-term effects on the child's mental • violence or drug use: bạo lực và
and physical health and lead to antisocial behaviors and nghiện thuốc
thoughts. Family separation is another factor that can lead • bullying : sự bắt nạt
to negative outcomes, such as low self-esteem and feelings • academic failures: thất bại trong mảng
of abandonment. học tập
• The neighborhood also has a significant impact on
individuals' development, especially when it comes to
exposure to violence or drug use. Living in a place where
such activities are prevalent can make individuals more
likely to imitate those behaviors.
• Schools are another nurturing environment that can shape
individuals' development. Bullying is a prevalent issue in
schools, and those who experience physical, emotional,
or psychological harm may develop a hostile attitude
toward their peers. Additionally, harsh discipline can lead
to negative attitudes, leading students to drop out or seek
revenge. Academic failures can also result in low self-esteem,
peer pressure, and a tendency to copy others' performance,
regardless of its negative impact.
FINANCIAL BURDENS
Financial burdens can lead to criminal behaviors because • financial burdens: gánh nặng tài chính
they create stress, anxiety among individuals who are already • make quick money: kiếm tiền nhanh
vulnerable. These negative emotions can drive people to seek • make ends meet: xoay sở đủ sống
out ways to make quick money, even if it means resorting to • low self-esteem: lòng tự trọng và tự
illegal means. For instance, a person who is unable to find a tin thấp
job or make ends meet may turn to theft or drug dealing as a • a sense of worthlessness: cảm giác
means of survival vô dụng
.
Additionally, the financial strain can also lead to low self-esteem
and a sense of worthlessness. This can make individuals feel
like they have nothing to lose and choose to lead a criminal
life. They may believe that they are already at rock bottom, and
there is no way to improve their situation, so they take risks
and engage in criminal behavior.
INEQUALITY
When individuals are denied access to resources that they • denied access to resources: bị từ chối
need to survive, such as healthcare, water, and sanitation, they tiếp cận các nguồn lực
may feel that the system is against them, leading to a sense • have nothing to lose: không có gì để mất
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of injustice. This can lead to resentment and anger, which can • a sense of injustice: cảm giác bất công
manifest in criminal behavior.
SUMMARY
Biological and psychological reasons for criminal behavior include genetic disorders, psychological disorders, and
a tendency to go against social norms. Socio-economic factors, such as nurturing environments, poor parenting,
exposure to violence, and academic failures, can contribute to criminal behavior. Financial burdens and inequality
can create stress, low self-esteem, and a sense of injustice, pushing individuals towards criminal acts as a means of
survival or rebellion.
Genetic disorders
BIOLOGICAL &
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Personality disorders
CAUSES
Nurturing environment
Inequality
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Effectiveness of common practices of dealing
with crimes
Resolving and reducing crime is one of the top priorities of every country. There are many proposed and applied meth-
ods; however, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is important to consider which method is
appropriate in certain circumstances, or to combine multiple methods to achieve the most effective results.
dangerous criminals such as murderers, kidnappers, and tách biệt những tên tội phạm cực kỳ
rapists from society, thereby maintaining peace and security nguy hiểm
for innocent citizens. Besides, removing these individuals from • maintain peace and security: duy trì sự
society helps prevent them from causing further harm and yên bình và an toàn
provides a sense of justice for the victims and their families. • a sense of justice: sự công bằng
• a deterrent: biện pháp ngăn chặn
Additionally, this solution acts as a deterrent. When these • the loss of freedom: sự mất tự do
individuals know they can be imprisoned, they may consider • a miserable life in jail: có một cuộc đời
the loss of freedom and a miserable life in jail, causing them khốn khổ trong tù
to abandon criminal behavior. • provoke violent thoughts and plans: kích
động những suy nghĩ và kế hoạch tàn bạo
However, despite its effectiveness in preventing crime, the • form alliances: hình thành băng đảng
imprisonment of dangerous criminals also has its drawbacks. • learn new criminal behaviors: học những
hành vi phạm tội mới
First, housing dangerous criminals together may provoke • face social isolation: đối mặt với sự xa
violent thoughts and plans for revenge if they are released. This lánh từ xã hội
is because, in prison, criminals may form alliances with other • re-integrate into society: tái hòa nhập với
prisoners and learn new criminal behaviors. As a result, they xã hội
may leave prison even more dangerous than when they entered. • reoffend: tái phạm
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to stigmatize and reject ex-convicts, making it challenging
for them to reintegrate into society. This social isolation can
result in a lack of support and a limited number of employment
opportunities, leading to a higher chance of reoffending.
behavior is to send offenders to rehabilitation centers. This tâm/ chương trình cải tạo
approach can provide a number of advantages. • juveniles or good-time prisoners: tù nhân
thanh thiếu niên hoặc những tù nhân cải
First, it may help offenders, particularly juveniles or good-time tạo tốt
prisoners with positive attitudes and behaviors, to overcome • counseling and therapy: tư vấn và trị liệu
physical and mental challenges. These programs offer • understand the consequences of their
various forms of support, including counseling and therapy, actions: hiểu được hậu quả hành vi của họ
to help individuals address underlying issues and develop • vocational training programs: chương
healthier mindsets. By addressing their emotional well-being, trình học nghề
rehabilitation centers contribute to the overall reintegration • deeply ingrained criminal behaviors:
of young individuals into society. For example, counseling hành vi tội phạm ăn sâu
sessions can help offenders understand the consequences • intensive intervention: sự can thiệp
of their actions, develop empathy towards others, and learn mạnh mẽ
effective problem-solving skills. • specialized treatment: sự chữa trị
chuyên môn
Second, rehabilitation centers may offer vocational training • substantial cost: chi phí đắt đỏ
programs to help individuals learn new skills that can aid in • limit the availability: giới hạn sự sẵn có
their transition back into society. For instance, vocational • exacerbate disparities: làm trầm trọng
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training programs may include courses in carpentry, computer thêm sự chênh lệch
programming, culinary arts, or automotive repair, depending • overcrowding and understaffing: sự đông
on the interests and aptitudes of the participants. This enables đúc và thiếu nhân lực
them to acquire valuable skills that can lead to meaningful • personalized attention: sự chú ý cho mỗi
employment opportunities upon their release. cá nhân
• adequate supervision: sự giám sát đủ
However, there are also potential drawbacks to this solution.
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EDUCATION KEY WORDS
Education is a crucial solution in reducing crime in society. • parental courses: các khóa học làm
Education can be divided into three levels: family, school, and cha mẹ
government. • laws and values: luật và các giá trị
• community activities: hoạt động
At the family level: cộng đồng
• Parental courses: Parents who lack experience in parenting • promote education programs: thúc đẩy
should consider participating in parental courses. These chương trình giáo dục
courses can teach them valuable skills on how to communicate
effectively with their children, how to manage behavioral
problems, and how to provide a safe nurturing environment.
They can also learn how to foster positive relationships
with their children and promote healthy development.
• Teach children about laws and values: Parents have a
crucial role in instilling values in their children. This includes
teaching them about the laws that govern society and the
consequences of breaking those laws. Parents should also
impart values such as honesty, respect, and responsibility to
their children, which are essential for building good
character and preventing criminal behavior.
• Provide a safe and nurturing environment: A safe
and nurturing environment is crucial for a child's healthy
development. Parents should create a home environment
that is free from physical, emotional, and psychological
abuse. They should also provide a supportive atmosphere
where children feel valued, loved, and understood. This
can help prevent children from seeking suppor t from
negative sources, such as gangs or other criminal activities.
• Encourage community activities: Parents can encourage
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their children to participate in community activities such
as volunteering, sports, and other extracurricular activities.
This can promote a sense of belonging and unity within the
community and provide opportunities for children to develop
positive relationships and skills that can help prevent
criminal behavior.
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USING TECHNOLOGY KEY WORDS
• Surveillance cameras or CCTV can be installed in public • surveillance cameras or CCTV: camera
places to deter criminal activity and assist police in giám sát an ninh
identifying suspects through recorded images if a crime • deter criminal activity: ngăn ngừa hoạt
does occur. Compared to the past, law enforcement had động phạm tội
to rely on people's memories, which often were not • identify suspects: nhận diện nghi phạm
very reliable. • DNA technology: công nghệ DNA
• Furthermore, DNA technology has been a game-changer • carries an one's unique genetic information:
in solving crimes and bringing justice to victims. DNA, mang thông tin về gen duy nhất của mỗi
which carries an individual's unique genetic information, cá nhân
can serve as a powerful tool in identifying suspects, linking • DNA profiling / DNA fingerprinting: mẫu
them to crime scenes. For instance, DNA profiling, also xét nghiệm DNA
known as DNA fingerprinting, is the process of analyzing • mobile apps: ứng dụng điện thoại
specific regions of an individual's DNA to create a unique • report suspicious behavior: báo cáo về
genetic profile. This profile can be compared with DNA các hành vi đáng nghi
evidence found at a crime scene to identify or exclude potential • receive alerts: nhận cảnh báo về tội phạm
suspects. DNA profiling is widely used in criminal investigations
and has led to numerous successful identifications.
• Mobile apps also can be developed that allow citizens to
report suspicious behavior or to receive alerts about crime
in their area. These apps often provide anonymous reporting
options and geolocation features, enabling law enforcement
to respond quickly. One notable example is the "See
Something, Say Something" campaign in the United States,
which encourages citizens to report suspicious activities
via a mobile app or hotline.
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COLLABORATION KEY WORDS
• Seek professional help: If parents are unable to address • seek professional help: tìm kiếm sự giúp
their children's potential for criminal behavior, they should đỡ chuyên nghiệp
seek professional help. This may include counseling, therapy, • collaboration with law enforcement
or other forms of intervention. Professional help can provide agencies: phối hợp với các cơ quan thực
parents with the necessary tools and resources to help their thi pháp luật
children overcome any challenges they may be facing and • collaboration between governments: sự
prevent criminal behavior from developing. cộng tác giữa chính phủ các nước
• Collaboration with law enforcement agencies: Schools
should work closely with local law enforcement agencies
to prevent criminal behavior. This can include partnering
with police officers to provide educational programs on
crime prevention to respond to emergency situations. By
collaborating with law enforcement, schools can create a
safe and secure learning environment for their students.
• Collaboration between governments: International criminal
activity poses a significant threat to society. Governments
should work together to prevent such activities from
occurring. This can include sharing information, intelligence,
and resources to combat criminal organizations that operate
across borders. Governments can also work together to
create international laws and treaties to prevent international
criminal activity.
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SUMMARY
Imprisonment isolates dangerous criminals, maintains peace, and acts as a deterrent. However, it can lead to violent
alliances, learning of new criminal behaviors, and social isolation upon release, increasing the chances of reoffending.
Rehabilitation centers offer counseling, therapy, vocational training, and support to help offenders overcome challenges
and develop skills for reintegration. However, effectiveness varies, cost and resource limitations exist, and overcrowding
and understaffing hinder personalized attention and treatment quality.
Education plays a crucial role in reducing crime. At the family level, parental courses and teaching children about laws
and values create a nurturing environment. At the school level, integrating lessons on laws and promoting non-violence
enhances safety. At the government level, promoting education programs educates citizens about crime prevention.
Using technology such as surveillance cameras, DNA profiling, and mobile apps helps deter crime, identify suspects,
and enable citizens to report suspicious behavior or receive crime alerts.
Collaboration involves seeking professional help, collaborating with law enforcement agencies, and fostering
collaboration between governments to prevent and address criminal behavior effectively.
Benefits
IMPRISONMENT
Drawbacks
Benefits
REHABILITATION
CENTERS/PROGRAMS
Drawbacks
Family
MEASURES TO
EDUCATION School
SOLVE CRIMES
Government
Mobile apps
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An emerging crime: cybercrime
Cybercrime refers to any illegal activity that involves the use of a computer or the internet. It can include exploiting
vulnerabilities in computer and network systems to steal sensitive information, committing fraud or causing damage
to computer systems. Cybercrime is a serious issue that affects not only individuals and businesses but also many
governments around the world.
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information or personal identification numbers, which they
can use for fraudulent purposes or sell on the dark web
for profit.
• Political motivations: Some cybercriminals may be
motivated by political agendas. They may carry out attacks
against government agencies or businesses that they
perceive as oppressive or unethical.
• Social and psychological factors such as revenge, ego, or
thrill-seeking: Some cybercriminals are motivated by
social or psychological factors, such as the desire for
revenge, ego gratification, or the thrill of carrying out a
successful cyber attack. These individuals may be driven
by personal motivations rather than financial gain or
political beliefs.
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attack on a government agency can erode public trust in the • loss of life: mất mạng
ability of the government to protect sensitive information. • psychological distress and trauma: đau
• Identity theft and loss of personal data: Cybercriminals may khổ và chấn thương tâm lý
steal personal information, such as social security numbers,
credit card details, and passwords, which they can use for
identity theft. For example, if a cybercriminal gains access
to an individual's social security number, they may use it to
open credit accounts in the victim's name, causing
significant financial harm. Similarly, if a cyber attack on a
business results in the loss of customer data, the affected
customers may be at risk of identity theft.
• Disruption to essential services and critical infrastructure:
Cyber attacks on critical infrastructure, such as power grids,
water treatment facilities, or hospitals, can cause significant
disruptions and even endanger lives. For example, if a
cyber attack disrupts the power grid, it can lead to widespread
power outages and disruptions to transportation systems,
businesses, and hospitals.
• Physical harm or even loss of life in extreme cases: For
instance, a cyber attack on a hospital could cause a
malfunction of medical equipment, endangering the lives of
patients. Similarly, a cyber attack on a transportation
system could result in accidents or other incidents that
cause physical harm or loss of life.
• Psychological distress and trauma for victims: Cybercrime
victims can suffer from anxiety, depression, and
post-traumatic stress disorder. One who is harassed online
often suffers from anxiety and stress in their real life.
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SOLUTIONS KEY WORDS
The effects of cybercrime can be severe and far-reaching, • cybersecurity best practices: các cách
affecting individuals, businesses, institutions, and governments: thức tăng cường an ninh mạng
• Financial losses: Cybercrime can result in significant • stringent regulations and legal
financial losses for individuals and businesses. For example, frameworks: các quy định và khung hình
if a cybercriminal steals an individual's credit card information, pháp lý chặt chẽ hơn
they may use it to make unauthorized purchases or withdraw • law enforcement and international
money from the individual's bank account. Similarly, if a cooperation: thực thi pháp luật và hợp tác
business suffers a cyber attack, they may lose valuable data or quốc tế
incur costs related to repairing damage caused by the attack. • cybersecurity technologies and
• Damage to reputation and loss of trust: Cybercrime can infrastructure: công nghệ và cơ sở hạ
damage the reputation of businesses, institutions, and tầng an ninh mạng
governments, resulting in a loss of public trust. For instance, a • transparency and accountability: minh
data breach at a major retailer can lead to a loss of trust bạch và sự trách nhiệm
among customers who may fear that their personal
attack on a government agency can erode public trust in the
ability of the government to protect sensitive information.
• Identity theft and loss of personal data: Cybercriminals may
steal personal information, such as social security numbers,
credit card details, and passwords, which they can use for
identity theft. For example, if a cybercriminal gains access
to an individual's social security number, they may use it to
open credit accounts in the victim's name, causing
significant financial harm. Similarly, if a cyber attack on a
business results in the loss of customer data, the affected
customers may be at risk of identity theft.
• Disruption to essential services and critical infrastructure:
Cyber attacks on critical infrastructure, such as power grids,
water treatment facilities, or hospitals, can cause significant
disruptions and even endanger lives. For example, if a
cyber attack disrupts the power grid, it can lead to widespread
power outages and disruptions to transportation systems,
businesses, and hospitals.
• Physical harm or even loss of life in extreme cases: For
instance, a cyber attack on a hospital could cause a
malfunction of medical equipment, endangering the lives of
patients. Similarly, a cyber attack on a transportation
system could result in accidents or other incidents that
cause physical harm or loss of life.
• Psychological distress and trauma for victims: Cybercrime
victims can suffer from anxiety, depression, and
post-traumatic stress disorder. One who is harassed online
often suffers from anxiety and stress in their real life.
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SUMMARY
Causes of cybercrime include lack of cybersecurity awareness, interconnectivity of devices, anonymity online,
financial gain, political motivations, and social/psychological factors such as revenge and thrill-seeking. The effects
of cybercrime include financial losses, damage to reputation and loss of trust, identity theft, disruption to essential
services and critical infrastructure, physical harm, and psychological distress. Solutions include increased awareness
and education, stricter regulations, improved law enforcement and international cooperation, investment in cybersecurity
technologies, and greater transparency and accountability.
Political motivations
Financial losses
Government
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
Family
Nurturing
Neighborhood
environments
School
1.2. Parents should get punishments in some ways if their children break the law. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?
On the one hand, it is understandable why parents should be partly accountable for their children's illegal behaviors.
Surveillance cameras/CCTV
Using
DNA technology
technology
Mobile apps
2.2. The crime rate nowadays is decreasing compared to the past due to advanced technology which can pre-
vent and solve the crime. Do you agree or disagree?
To start with, modern technology and tools have greatly helped solve crimes more quickly and accurately.
Neighborhood
Socio-economic
Financial burden
factors
Inequality
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3.2. Some people believe that a crime is a result of social problems and poverty, others think that crime is a
result of a bad person's nature. Discuss and give your opinion?
On the other hand, I hold the view that social problems and poverty play a significant role in determining
criminal activities.
4.1. Mind map about the benefits and drawbacks of imprisonments and rehabilitation programs
Benefits
Imprisonment
Drawbacks
Benefits
Rehability programs/centers
Drawbacks
4.2. Young people who commit crimes should be treated the same as as adults who commit crimes. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
On the contrary, I strongly believe that young offenders should not face the same punishments as adults.
Lack of cybersecurity
awareness and education
Political motivations
5.2. Many people today are worried about cybercrime, such as hacking and identity theft. What problems does
cybercrime cause, and what solutions can you suggest for ordinary people and businesses to take?
Technological advancements have given rise to a new form of criminal activity called cybercrime. With the prevalence
of online transactions,
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Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
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2.2. Measures to solve crimes
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2.3. Cybercrime
financial gains relative ease of desire for revenge, physical harm or even
anonymity online ego gratification, or loss of life
the thrill
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about nurturing environment leading to crime
1.2. On the one hand, it is understandable why parents should be partly accountable for their children's illegal
behaviors. First, children’s antisocial behaviors could be traced back to a dysfunctional family with parental abuse,
family separation or parents who put too much academic pressure on their children. These generally share one
feature in common which is a lack of care toward children’s emotions. Due to this unhappy childhood, children
become more vulnerable to cognitive distortion; they tend to have low-esteem, think more negatively, feel worthless,
and consider social offenses a way to prove their worth to the world. Second, many full-time working parents tend to
ignore the importance of guiding their offspring, making them grow without the ability to distinguish right and wrong
and form false ideology. Therefore, these children are likely to commit crimes, either minor crimes such as shoplifting
or serious ones like raping.
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2.2. To start with, modern technology and tools have greatly helped solve crimes more quickly and accurately. In the
case of less serious offenses like burglary, CCTV cameras can assist the police in identifying the criminals through
recorded images. In the past, law enforcement had to rely on people's memories, which often weren't very reliable. For
more serious crimes, technological advancements play a crucial role in bringing justice to the victims. For example,
in Texas, a 35-year-old cold case was recently solved using DNA technology. When the crime was first investigated
in 1986, they didn't have advanced forensic techniques, but many years later, the use of new tools in crime science
helped bring justice to the case.
3.2. On the other hand, I hold the view that social problems and poverty play a significant role in determining criminal
activities. Firstly, poverty stands out as one of the persistent issues contributing to crime. When people struggle to
make ends meet, they may feel compelled to engage in unlawful acts, whether minor or serious, in order to provide
for themselves and their families. This is evident in certain underdeveloped regions like Rio De Janeiro in Brazil, where
crime rates have been steadily increasing in recent times. Moreover, individuals who are exposed to a troubled social
environment may become familiar with unlawful conduct, which can make it more convenient for them to participate
in criminal actions later in life. For instance, a youngster who grows up in a community plagued by drug-related
issues might be more likely to become involved in drug trafficking, as they have witnessed drug abuse and addiction
as commonplace.
4.1. Mind map about the benefits and drawbacks of imprisonments and rehabilitation programs
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5.1. Mind map about the causes leading to cybercrimes
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5.2. Technological advancements have given rise to a new form of criminal activity called cybercrime. With the prev-
alence of online transactions, individuals with malicious intent can breach someone's account and manipulate digital
transactions, redirecting funds to their own bank accounts rather than the intended recipients. A less severe form of
cybercrime involves the theft of personal information, which is then sold to third parties. In some cases, these third
parties may be legitimate advertising companies, while in the worst scenarios, they can be deceitful individuals
commonly known as catfishes. To illustrate, several fraud cases occurred in Vietnam, targeting middle-aged women
who were deceived out of substantial sums by pretending to be their children or relatives online.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) genetic disorders (1) isolate extremely dangerous criminals
(2) unable to control thoughts and actions (2) loss of freedom
(3) personality disorders (3) provoke violent thoughts and plans
(4) lack of empathy (4) face social isolation
(5) negative interpretations of events in their lives (5) counseling and therapy
(6) go against social norms (6) vocational training programs
(7) poor parenting (7) deeply ingrained criminal behaviors
(8) parental abuse (8) substantial cost
(9) feeling of abandonment (9) overcrowding and understaffing
(10) exposure to violence or drug use (10) parental courses
(11) bullying (11) teach children about laws and values
(12) harsh discipline (12) encourage community activities
(13) academic failures (13) integration of lessons on laws and crime prevention
(14) seek out ways to make quick money (14) enhancement of safety and security measures
(15) denied access to basic resources (15) surveillance cameras or cctv
(16) a sense of injustice (16) report suspicious behavior
2.3
(1) lack of cybersecurity awareness and education
(2) increasing interconnectivity of devices
and networks
(3) relative ease of anonymity online
(4) financial gains
(5) political motivations
(6) desire for revenge, ego gratification, or the thrill
(7) financial losses
(8) damage to reputation and loss of trust
(9) identity theft and loss of personal data
(10) disruption to essential services and
critical infrastructure
(11) physical harm or even loss of life
(12) adopt best practices
(13) more stringent regulations and legal frameworks
(14) technologies and infrastructure
(15) greater transparency and accountability
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Unit 9: TRAVEL AND TOURISM
For many decades, tourism has witnessed continuous development and has become one of the fastest-growing eco-
nomic sectors in the world. In addition, air, road and water transportation technologies have contributed to making
travel easier than before. In this chapter, "Travel and tourism" refers to some concepts such as "gap year" and traveling
for work, study or leisure. This chapter will focus on the advantages of travel for work, study or leisure and disadvan-
tages of taking a gap year as well as tourism.
TRAVEL AND
Drawbacks of taking a gap year
TOURISM
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BROADEN PEOPLE’S HORIZONS KEY WORDS
Traveling abroad, whether for study, work, or leisure, can have • broadens one's horizons: mở mang
a significant impact on a person's life. đầu óc
• not found in books or on the internet:
One of the most significant benefits is that it broadens one's không có trong sách hoặc trên mạng
horizons by exposing them to new cultures, perspectives, and • beliefs and values: niềm tin và giá trị của
people from different backgrounds. This exposure can help người khác
individuals encounter different ways of living, they become • learn first-hand: học trực tiếp
more open-minded, and they start to see the world from • an assessment of the world: sự đánh giá
different perspectives. They gain a better understanding of the về thế giới
commonalities and differences that exist between cultures,
which ultimately helps them appreciate and respect other
people's beliefs and values.
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MAKE DISCOVERIES KEY WORDS
This is the purpose of scientists and explorers when they go • make discovery: khám phá
to an untouched place. In fact, humans only have knowledge • discover unknown species and things:
of about 5% of the organisms in the world and there are still khám phá về những điều chưa biết
many things such as folk healing methods that are unknown.
For example, traditional healers in the Amazon rainforest may
use certain plants or other natural substances to treat various
ailments. By studying these traditional remedies, scientists
may be able to develop new medicines that are more effective
and have fewer side effects than existing drugs.Therefore,
these trips can help them discover unknown species and
things, which can contribute to many industries, especially in
biotechnology and medicine.
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ENHANCE WELL-BEING KEY WORDS
Another benefit of traveling abroad for study, work, or travel • enhance well-being: gia tăng cảm giác
is the positive impact on an individual's well-being. The hạnh phúc và thỏa mãn
experience of making new friends in a foreign land can be a • expand their social circle: mở rộng mối
life-changing experience, providing an opportunity for quan hệ xã hội
individuals to expand their social circle, gain a sense of • step out of comfort zones: bước ra khỏi
belonging, and improve their mental health. According to vùng an toàn của bản thân
a study published in the Journal of Travel Research, travel • boost confidence: tăng sự tự tin
experiences lead to an increase in happiness and satisfaction
in life, even after returning home. This is because traveling
provides a sense of adventure and excitement, which can help
individuals break out of their routines and find new passions
or interests.
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SUMMARY
Traveling abroad broadens horizons via exposure to new culture, perspectives, people and knowledge that is
not found in books, promotes skill acquisition including soft skills and language, fosters discoveries, boosts the
economy by creating more jobs and supporting other sectors, and finally enhances well-being.
culture
Expose to perspectives
different people
BROADEN PEOPLE'S HORIZONS
Job opportunities
BOOST ECONOMY
Support other economic sectors
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Drawbacks of taking a gap year
delay in academic or career progress. For students, this break quá trình học tập hoặc làm việc bị gián đoạn
can disrupt their education timeline, leading to a postponed • disrupt education timeline: ngắt quãng
graduation or challenges in readjusting to academic routines chương trình học
upon their return. As a result, they can fall behind with their • postpone graduation: trì hoãn tốt nghiệp
peers when they return to school. Similarly, workers may • readjust to academic routine: thích nghi
experience a setback in their career advancement due lại với lộ trình học tập
to the gap in employment history and the need to rebuild • setback in career advancement: trở ngại
professional momentum. trong thăng tiến
• rebuild professional momentum: xây
dựng lại các dấu mốc sự nghiệp
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EXPOSED TO DANGEROUS SITUATIONS KEY WORDS
Depending on the activities and destinations chosen during • exposed to dangerous situations: tiếp xúc
the gap year, there is a possibility of being exposed to với các tình huống nguy hiểm
dangerous situations. Traveling to unfamiliar places or
engaging in adventurous activities can come with inherent
risks, including accidents, health issues, or encountering
unsafe environments. For example, a student who takes a
gap year to work abroad may find themselves in a difficult
work environment where they are expected to work long hours
or do physically demanding tasks. This can have a negative
impact on their physical and mental health, leading to injury, or
burnout. In some cases, students who travel or take a gap year
may also be exposed to dangerous environments that threaten
their health and safety. For example, they may be recruited for
illegal or unsafe jobs, or be exposed to hazardous chemicals
and substances. These situations can have serious long-term
consequences, such as chronic health problems, injuries, or
even death
SUMMARY
Taking a gap year can disrupt educational timelines, hinder career advancement, cause financial strain, and pose
risks such as accidents, health issues, and unsafe environments.
Students
DELAYED ACADEMIC
OR CAREER PROGRESS
Workers
Accidents
EXPOSED TO
Health issues
DANGEROUS SITUATIONS
Unsafe environments
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Drawbacks of travel and tourism
vận tải
One of the main issues is pollution. The transportation • emits greenhouse gases: thải ra khí
sector, a vital component of travel, emits greenhouse gases nhà kính
that contribute to climate change. Additionally, the waste • tourists and the hospitality industry: du
generated by tourists and the hospitality industry pollutes khách và các cơ sở lưu trú
the soil and air, leading to environmental degradation. In • cruise travel: du lịch bằng tàu thuỷ
particular, cruise travel has been known to contaminate • contaminate water bodies: làm ô nhiễm
water bodies, which can have detrimental effects on marine các nguồn nước
creatures and ecosystems.
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ECONOMY KEY WORDS
In terms of the economy, tourism is becoming a major industry • uncontrollable factors: nhân tố không
in many countries and cities. However, dependence on this kiểm soát được
sector can make the economy vulnerable to uncontrollable • disease outbreaks: bùng nổ dịch bệnh
factors such as disease outbreaks or natural disasters. • drive up the cost: đẩy giá lên cao
For instance, during times of epidemics or pandemics • pose economic challenges: gây khó khăn
like the COVID-19 crisis, travel restrictions and decreased kinh tế
tourist arrivals can cause a severe economic downturn in • widen income disparities: tăng chênh
destinations heavily reliant on tourism. Similarly, natural lệch thu nhập
disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or tsunamis
can disrupt tourism activities and infrastructure, leading to
significant economic setbacks. Besides, the development
of tourism can drive up the cost of goods and services in
destinations. As the tourism industry flourishes, demand for
various products and services, including accommodations,
food, and transportation, increases. This surge in demand
can lead to inflationary pressures, causing prices to rise. The
higher cost of living can pose economic challenges for local
residents, particularly those with lower incomes. It can also
contribute to widening income disparities, as the benefits of
tourism may not be evenly distributed among the population,
with wealthier individuals and businesses often reaping the
greatest benefits.
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between locals and tourists can lead to misunderstandings • authenticity: tính chân thực
and conflicts. Cultural clashes may arise when tourists do • cultural clashes: sự xung đột văn hoá
not adhere to local customs or fail to respect the cultural • adhere to local customs: tuân theo phong
norms of the destination. This can create hostility and tục địa phương
tension between the local population and tourists, especially • respect the cultural norms: không tôn
when cultural differences are not adequately understood or trọng tiêu chuẩn xã hội địa phương
respected. Conflicts over resources, such as overcrowding at • hostility and tension: sự thù địch và
popular tourist sites, can further exacerbate these tensions. căng thẳng
SUMMARY
Travel and tourism have negative environmental impacts, such as pollution and resource depletion. The economy
can be vulnerable to factors like disease outbreaks, and tourism can drive up costs and widen income disparities.
Cultural erosion, clashes, and disrespectful behaviors by tourists can harm local traditions and customs.
Pollution
ENVIRONMENT
The depletion of resources
Poor behaviors
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.2. Some people think that it is not necessary to go to other countries to study other cultures. We can learn from
books, films and the internet. Do you agree or disagree?
On the other hand, I believe that it is better for learners to pay a visit to the country whose culture they want to know
more about.
Drawbacks Culture
2.2. Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, international tourism
creates tension rather than understanding between people from different cultures. To what extent do you agree
or disagree with this opinion?
There are indeed several instances where international travel creates social conflicts.
3.1. Mind map about the economic advantage and environmental disadvantage of tourism
Economy
Tourism
Environment
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3.2. More people than ever before are traveling to other countries now. Why? Is this a positive development or
negative development?
I believe the prevalence of cross-border trips brings about both positive and negative effects on society.
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
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2.2. Drawbacks of taking a gap year
setback in their
career advancement
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2.3. Drawbacks of travel and tourism
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about the benefits of studying abroad
1.2. On the other hand, I believe that it is better for learners to pay a visit to the country whose culture they want to
know more about. Although abundant, the information provided by books and movies might soon be out-of-date or
not updated yet because the world is always changing, and therefore, what was written or recorded a long time ago
can hardly ensure its accuracy. For instance, new fashion trends and new words are invented every year, so learners
ought to travel to learn what local people actually wear and speak in contemporary society. Besides, traveling abroad
for study often requires individuals to step out of their comfort zones, and this can be an excellent opportunity to
boost one's confidence. For example, a student studying abroad may have to navigate an unfamiliar educational
system, communicate in a new language, or adapt to a new cultural context. Such challenges may initially be
intimidating, but as individuals overcome them, they often become more resilient, self-assured, and adaptable.
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2.2. There are indeed several instances where international travel creates social conflicts. First, due to cultural
differences, it is crucial for travelers to do their research beforehand to avoid offending local customs. For instance, in
some cultures, showing the soles of your feet is considered disrespectful, so a traveler should avoid doing so in those
countries. Second, conflicts over resources due to tourism could also be the factor leading to the tension. Take the
water scarcity issue in some tourist destinations as an example. Tourists consume significant water for their needs,
such as bathing, laundry, and swimming pools. In areas where water is already a scarce resource, the increase in
demand caused by tourism can exacerbate the situation and cause conflicts with the local community who also
depend on the same water resources for their daily needs.
3.1. Mind map about the economic advantage and environmental disadvantage of tourism
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3.2. I believe the prevalence of cross-border trips brings about both positive and negative effects on society. In terms
of economy, with many travelers coming to a country, the demand for housing and food here will likely grow, so local
people can earn a great amount of money through providing shelters and selling their traditional cuisines. For instance,
Thailand is a country that welcomes millions of travelers from around the world annually, thanks to which the tourism
industry here can flourish. Many Thai residents working in this industry now have escaped poverty, avoid unemployment
and enjoy a better quality of life. However, when it comes to the environmental aspect, travel and tourism generate
significant pollution of water, air, and land. The use of transportation means such as planes, trains, ships, and buses,
for example, releases enormous amounts of greenhouse gases, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) broaden people’s horizons (1) delayed academic or career progress
(2) appreciate and respect other people's beliefs (2) postponed graduation
(3) and values (3) readjust to academic routines
(4) assessment of the world themselves (4) setback in their career advancement
(5) pick up a new language (5) rebuild professional momentum
(6) feedback from native (6) financial constraints
(7) adaptable and versatile (7) exposed to dangerous situations
(8) make discoveries
(9) boost economy
(10) enhance well-being
2.3
(1) pollution
(2) emits greenhouse gases
(3) contaminate water bodies
(4) the depletion of resources
(5) disease outbreaks
(6) drive up the cost of goods and services
(7) widening income disparities
(8) erode local traditions and customs
(9) modify their cultural practices
(10) cultural clashes
(11) not adhere to local customs
(12) disrespect sacred places
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Unit 10: HEALTH
In today's fast-paced world, maintaining good health has become increasingly crucial. Our well-being encompasses
not only physical fitness but also mental and emotional balance. In this chapter, readers will discover some common
modern health problems including sedentary lifestyle, overconsumption of sugary food or fast food, exposure to
computer games, health problems due to pollution and prevalence of cosmetic surgeries. Also, this chapter covers
how to lead a healthier lifestyle by playing sports and doing exercise.
The sedentary lifestyle is becoming increasingly common due to the development of science and technology and
changes in work and daily life.
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CAUSES KEY WORDS
TECHNOLOGY • sedentary lifestyle: lối sống thụ động
The widespread use of technology, such as smartphones, • widespread use of technology: sự sử
tablets, and computers, has made it easier and more dụng công nghệ rộng rãi
convenient for people to do work, communicate, and be • online streaming services: dịch vụ
entertained without having to move much. With the rise of streaming trực tuyến
online streaming services and video games, people can spend
long hours sitting in front of screens without realizing how
much time has passed.
LACK OF MOTIVATION
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Some people may not feel motivated to exercise or be active
due to a lack of interest or enjoyment in physical activities.
The perceived effort and discomfort of exercise can also be a
deterrent for some people.
HEALTH ISSUES
Certain health conditions, such as chronic pain or injuries, • chronic pain: bệnh mãn tính
may make it difficult for people to engage in physical activity. • injuries: chấn thương
Some people may also be discouraged from being active due
to obesity, which can lead to decreased mobility and joint pain.
Mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, can
also affect a person's motivation and energy levels, leading to
a more sedentary lifestyle.
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devices causes constant brain activity and stress, which can
lead to psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression,
and other behavioral disorders.
electronic devices such as phones, computers, and televisions. giảm thời gian sử dụng thiết bị điện tử và
Taking breaks from screen time can help reduce eye strain, thêm thời gian nghỉ ngơi
fatigue, and improve posture. It can also encourage people to • engaging in regular physical activities
engage in physical activities and social interactions, which are such as walking: tham gia hoạt động thể
essential for a healthy lifestyle. chất như đi bộ
• participating in group sports or joining a
ENGAGING IN REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES fitness club: tham gia vào hội nhóm, câu
SUCH AS WALKING lạc bộ thể thao
This involves engaging in regular physical activities such as • maintain a healthy weight: duy trì cân
walking, jogging, swimming, or cycling. Physical activity can nặng khoẻ mạnh
help maintain a healthy weight, reduce the risk of chronic • switching between sitting and standing
diseases such as heart disease and diabetes, and improve workstations: chuyển đổi giữa trạng thái
mental health. Walking is a simple and effective way to ngồi và đứng khi làm việc
increase physical activity and can be done anywhere and at • stretch and move: giãn cơ và di chuyển
any time.
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Group sports such as basketball, volleyball, or soccer can help
improve cardiovascular fitness, coordination, and teamwork
skills. Fitness clubs offer a variety of activities such as
weightlifting, yoga, or aerobics, which can help improve overall
fitness and health.
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SUMMARY
Technology, lack of time, urbanization, lack of motivation, and health issues contribute to a sedentary lifestyle. A sed-
entary lifestyle reduces the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively, limits physical tasks, causes stress-re-
lated disorders, affects their personal and academic schedules, and isolates individuals from society. To combat
a sedentary lifestyle, it is important to reduce screen time, engage in regular physical activities such as walking,
participate in group sports or join a fitness club, and make changes in work habits by switching between sitting and
standing workstations while taking breaks to stretch and move.
Technology
Lack of time
CAUSES Urbanization
Lack of motivation
Health issues
Physical health
Mental health
SEDENTARY EFFECTS
Affect their personal and
LIFESTYLE
academic schedules
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The excessive consumption of sugary food or fast food
candies, chocolates, sodas, and fast food like hamburgers and và tiện lợi
hotdogs, make them a popular choice for many people. They • grocery stores: cửa hàng tiện lợi
are widely available in grocery stores, vending machines, and • vending machines: máy bán nước tự động
street vendors and fast-food restaurants, making it easy for • street vendors and fast-food restaurants:
people to satisfy their cravings at any time. quán hàng rong và nhà hàng thức ăn nhanh
• addiction: sự gây nghiện
ADDICTION • stimulate the reward center: kích thích
Sugary foods and fast food are often high in calories and trung tâm kích thích sự thoả mãn
unhealthy fats, sodium, and added sugars that can be • release dopamine: giải phóng dopamine
addictive. When consumed, they stimulate the reward center • feel stressed and anxious: cảm thấy căng
of the brain, releasing dopamine and causing a pleasurable thẳng và lo âu
sensation. This can lead to cravings for more sugary foods • boost their energy: tiếp thêm năng lượng
and fast food, making it challenging to resist them. Moreover, • create a cycle of emotional eating: tạo ra
many people turn to sugary foods and fast food as a form of chu kỳ ăn uống theo cảm xúc
temporary pleasure and comfort when they feel stressed and • awareness and education: nhận thức và
anxious, or want to boost their energy. The reason why people sự giáo dục
turn to these foods in times of stress or emotional distress • poor food choices: lựa chọn thức ăn kém
is because they can trigger the release of certain feel-good • overconsumption: ăn quá nhiều
chemicals in the brain, such as dopamine and serotonin.This
can create a cycle of emotional eating, where sugary foods
are used as a coping mechanism.
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LACK OF AWARENESS AND EDUCATION
Many people may not be aware of the negative effects of
overconsumption of sugary foods and fast food, such as
weight gain, tooth decay, and an increased risk of chronic
diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain types
of cancer. Lack of education on nutrition and healthy eating
habits can lead to poor food choices and overconsumption of
sugary foods and fast food.
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Addiction • diabetes: bệnh tiểu đường
Certain highly processed foods, particularly those high in • cardiovascular disease: bệnh tim mạch
sugar, can trigger reward centers in the brain, leading to • nutritional deficiencies: thiếu dinh dưỡng
cravings and potentially addictive eating patterns. • digestive issues: vấn đề tiêu hoá
PHYSICAL HEALTH
Weight gain and obesity
Sugary foods and fast foods tend to be calorie-dense and
can contribute to weight gain and obesity when consumed
in excess.
Nutritional deficiencies
These types of foods often lack essential nutrients such
as vitamins, minerals, and fiber, leading to imbalances and
deficiencies in the diet.
Digestive issues
Fast food, in particular, tends to be high in unhealthy fats,
refined carbohydrates, and low in fiber, which can result
in digestive problems like constipation, bloating, and an
increased risk of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Sugar taxes động các chiến dịch giáo dục
Governments can impose taxes on sugary drinks and snacks • regulate food marketing: điều chỉnh tiếp
to discourage consumption. By increasing the cost of these thị thực phẩm
products, people, especially low income populations will be • limit the promotion: giới hạn sự quảng bá
less likely to buy them. • replace sugary snacks with healthier
options: thay thế đồ ăn vặt nhiều đường
Education campaigns thành các lựa chọn tốt cho sức khoẻ hơn
Governments can launch public education campaigns to raise • read food labels: đọc nhãn thực phẩm
awareness about the negative health effects of excessive • cut back gradually: giảm dần dần
sugar consumption and promote healthy eating habits. • eat a balanced diet: ăn chế độ ăn cân đối
Regulation of food marketing
Governments can regulate food marketing to limit the
promotion of sugary foods and drinks to children. This can
include restrictions on the use of cartoon characters or
celebrities in advertisements for sugary products, limits
on the placement of sugary products in grocery stores, and
requirements for food and beverage companies to disclose
nutritional information on their products. By limiting the
exposure of children to advertisements for sugary products,
governments can help reduce the demand for these products
and promote healthier eating habits.
INDIVIDUALS
On the other hand, individuals have their own ways to reduce
the sugary intake.
Replace sugary snacks with healthier options
Instead of reaching for sugary snacks like candy or cookies, try
snacking on fruits, vegetables, nuts, or seeds. These options
will provide you with important nutrients while also helping to
satisfy your sweet cravings. Besides, sugary drinks like soda,
energy drinks, and sports drinks are major contributors to
sugar intake. Try switching to water, sparkling water, herbal
tea, or unsweetened beverages instead.
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SUMMARY
The availability and convenience of sugary foods and fast food, their addictive properties, and lack of awareness and
education contribute to overconsumption and poor food choices. Overconsumption of sugary food and fast food can
lead to mood swings, cognitive impairment, addiction, weight gain, increased risk of chronic diseases, nutritional
deficiencies, and digestive issues. To combat this, governments can reduce sugary food consumption through sugar
taxes, education campaigns, and regulating food marketing while iIndividuals can replace sugary snacks, read food
labels, cut back gradually, and eat a balanced diet.
CAUSES Addiction
Mood swings
Mental health Cognitive function
Addiction
OVERCONSUMPTION
OF SUGARY FOOD OR EFFECTS
FAST FOOD Weight gain and obesity
Chronic diseases
Physical health
Nutritional deficiencies
Digestive issues
Impose taxes
Governments Launch public education campaigns
Regulate food marketing
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Computer games: why are they so popular?
engaging in outdoor activities. With computer games, children yêu cầu nhiều về thể chất
do not need to go outside or exert themselves physically to • availability: sự có sẵn
have fun. They can sit in one place for hours, playing games • computer or gaming console: máy tính
without any demanding physical activity. hoặc máy chơi game
• specialized equipment or training: thiết bị
The availability of computers and gaming consoles has made chuyên dụng hay đào tạo chơi
it easier than ever for children to access and play games. • online multiplayer options: những chế độ
Many households have at least one computer or gaming nhiều người chơi trực tuyến
console, and there are often multiple devices available for • social outlet: giao lưu xã hội
use. This means that children can easily spend several hours • appeal: sự thu hút
a day playing games without the need for any specialized • engaging and immersive: hấp dẫn và
equipment or training. chìm đắm
• engrossed in a game: bị cuốn vào game
Online multiplayer options in computer games can help
children connect with other players from around the world and
work together to achieve goals within the game. However, this
type of social outlet is limited to online interactions and does
not provide the same benefits as face-to-face interactions
with peers.
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imagination and curiosity of children, and encourage them to
spend the whole day playing to discover all the story endings.
several negative effects on both physical and mental health. tương tác trực tiếp với bạn bè
• excessive video game usage: việc chơi
One of the most prominent effects is obesity. Spending long game quá nhiều
hours in front of the computer screen reduces physical activity • academic performance: thành tích
and can lead to weight gain. According to a study conducted học tập
by the American Heart Association, children who spend more • successfully combat: cai nghiện
time playing video games have a higher body mass index thành công
(BMI) than those who engage in physical activities such as
sports. As a result, obesity can increase the risk of chronic
health problems such as diabetes and heart disease.
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overall well-being. According to the World Health Organization,
video game addiction can lead to depression, anxiety, and
other mental health problems. It will cost a lot of money and
effort to successfully combat this addiction.
SUMMARY
The convenience and availability of computer games, along with their engaging and immersive nature, contribute to
children spending more time indoors, lacking physical activity and interest in other activities.Playing video games
instead of sports can lead to obesity, poor social skills, lower academic performance, and addiction.
Convenience
Availability
CAUSES
A social outlet
Appeal
PLAY COMPUTER
GAMES
Obesity
Addiction
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Pollution leading to health deterioration
Pollution is a major cause of health deterioration worldwide, with exposure to various forms of pollution leading to
a range of health problems and illnesses. Air pollution is the most prevalent and concerning form of pollution, with
millions of people worldwide exposed to unsafe levels of particulate matter and other pollutants. However, water
pollution, air pollution, and noise pollution can also have significant impacts on human health.
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pollution. The high concentration of vehicles in cities leads to và thuốc diệt cỏ
the release of pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen • contaminate soil and water sources: làm
oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants can cause ô nhiễm đất và nước
respiratory diseases like asthma and bronchitis, as well as • the accumulation of harmful chemicals in
cardiovascular problems including heart attacks and high food crops: tích tụ chất độc hóa học trong
blood pressure. The proximity of busy roads to residential areas các cây lương thực
further exposes residents to harmful pollutants, increasing • hormonal imbalances: sự mất cân bằng
their susceptibility to respiratory infections and allergies. hóc-môn
• tourism and industrial activities: du lịch
Agricultural practices also contribute to pollution and và các hoạt động công nghiệp
subsequent health issues in urban areas. The use of pesticides • noise-related health effects: ảnh hưởng
and fertilizers in farming can contaminate soil and water sources, do tiếng ồn
leading to the accumulation of harmful chemicals in food • household pollution: ô nhiễm do hoạt
crops. When consumed, these pollutants can adversely affect động sinh hoạt
human health, potentially causing digestive problems, hormonal • inefficient cooking: cách thức nấu ăn
imbalances, and even an increased risk of certain cancers. không hiệu quả
• heating methods: hệ thống nhiệt
Tourism and industrial activities in urban areas also • inadequate ventilation: thông gió không đủ
contribute to pollution and subsequent health problems. • solid fuels: nhiên liệu rắn
The tourism industry, which often relies on transportation
and accommodation facilities, generates significant air and
noise pollution. The exhaust emissions from tour buses,
airplanes, and cruise ships contribute to respiratory issues
and noise-related health effects such as stress and sleep
disturbances. Similarly, industrial activities in urban centers
release pollutants like sulfur dioxide, and heavy metals into
the environment. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can
lead to respiratory ailments, skin irritations, and an increased
risk of cancer among residents.
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GOVERNMENTS KEY WORDS
Governments have the responsibility to create and enforce • create and enforce regulations: tạo ra và
regulations to address pollution. This includes setting thực thi luật lệ
standards for emissions and waste disposal, monitoring • set standards: thiết lập các tiêu chuẩn
pollution levels, and imposing penalties for non-compliance. • emissions and waste disposal: khí thải và
Governments can also fund research and development of xử lý chất thải
sustainable technologies and incentivize businesses to adopt • monitor pollution levels: theo dõi mức độ
eco-friendly practices. For instance, in Thailand, the Pollution ô nhiễm
Control Department has set air and water quality standards, • penalties: hình phạt
implemented waste management regulations, and introduced • non-compliance: sự vi phạm
programs to encourage public participation in environmental • fund research and development of
protection efforts. The government has also established sustainable technologies: đầu tư vào
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the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization nghiên cứu và phát triển công nghệ bền vững
to promote greenhouse gas reduction projects and support • incentivize: khuyến khích
sustainable development. • adopt eco-friendly practices: dụng các
phương pháp thân thiện với môi trường
POLITICIANS • advocate for environmental policies and
Politicians can advocate for environmental policies and regulations: ủng hộ chính sách và quy
regulations that address pollution. They can introduce định về môi trường
legislation that promotes renewable energy, reduces • sustainability efforts: các nỗ lực bền vững
greenhouse gas emissions, and supports sustainable practices. • commercial waste: chất thải thương mại
Politicians can also raise awareness of environmental issues • energy efficiency: năng lượng hiệu quả
and encourage public engagement in sustainability efforts.In • eco-friendly materials: nguyên vật liệu
Malaysia, politicians have promoted sustainable practices and thân thiện với môi trường
environmental awareness campaigns, such as the "No Plastic • carpooling: đi chung xe.
Bag Day" campaign to reduce plastic usage. • sustainable practices: cách kinh doanh
bền vững
ORGANIZATIONS
Organizations can implement sustainable practices and
technologies to reduce pollution. This includes reducing
commercial waste, increasing energy efficiency, and using
eco-friendly materials. For example, the clothing company
Patagonia has implemented sustainable practices in their
supply chain, such as using recycled materials and reducing
water usage.
INDIVIDUALS
Individuals can adopt eco-friendly habits, and support
environmentally conscious businesses and policies. This
includes reducing energy usage at home, using public
transportation or carpooling, and purchasing products
from companies with sustainable practices. For example,
individuals can reduce their plastic usage by bringing reusable
bags to the grocery store and supporting companies that use
eco-friendly packaging.
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SUMMARY
Vehicular emissions, agricultural practices, tourism and industrial activities, and household pollution are the main
causes of pollution in urban areas. These contribute to respiratory ailments, cardiovascular problems, digestive is-
sues, hormonal imbalances, and an increased risk of cancer among city dwellers. To reduce the negative impacts of
pollution, governments must create and enforce regulations, while politicians advocate for environmental policies,
organizations should implement sustainable practices, and individuals can adopt eco-friendly habits and support
businesses with sustainable practices.
Vehicular emissions
Agricultural practices
CAUSES
AND EFECTS
Tourism and industrial activities
Household
POLLUTION AND
HEALTH PROBLEMS
Government
Politicians
SOLUTIONS
Organizations
Individuals
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The prevalence of cosmetics surgeries
Cosmetic surgery is a popular solution for people who want to enhance their physical appearance. While there are
many reasons why people choose to undergo these procedures, the most common ones can be categorized into
medical issues, social pressure, idolization, and career requirements.
birth defects or physical injuries that can negatively affect khiếm khuyết
their appearance and self-esteem. For example, someone with • improve their appearance: cải thiện
a cleft lip or palate may choose to undergo cosmetic surgery ngoại hình
to improve their appearance and boost their confidence. • social pressure: áp lực xã hội
Similarly, someone who has been in an accident that resulted • promote certain beauty standards: thúc
in facial scarring may opt for cosmetic surgery to minimize the đẩy các tiêu chuẩn làm đẹp nhất định
scars and improve their appearance. • idolization: thần tượng hoá
• look up to celebrities or public figures:
SOCIAL PRESSURE ngưỡng mộ những người nổi tiếng hoặc
Social pressure is another factor that drives many people to người của công chúng
undergo cosmetic surgery. The media frequently promotes • career requirements: yêu cầu công việc
certain beauty standards, including ideal body shapes, • step into or prolong their careers: bắt đầu
trendy skin tones, and height. These beauty standards can be hoặc kéo dài sự nghiệp
unrealistic and unattainable for many people, leading them to
feel insecure about their appearance. As a result, they may
choose to undergo cosmetic surgery to conform to societal
expectations and feel more confident in their appearance.
IDOLIZATION
Idolization is another reason why people choose to undergo
cosmetic surgery. Many individuals look up to celebrities
or public figures and want to emulate their appearance. For
example, someone may want to have Angelina Jolie's lips or
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Kim Kardashian's hourglass figure. In some cases, individuals
may undergo cosmetic surgery to achieve these desired
features and look like their idols.
CAREER REQUIREMENTS
Finally, some careers require individuals to have a certain
appearance. For example, models, actors, and performers
often need to have a specific look to succeed in their careers.
In some cases, cosmetic surgery may be necessary to step into
or prolong their careers. For instance, a model may undergo a
breast augmentation to meet the industry's beauty standards
and increase their chances of success.
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NEGATIVE
Health risks
One of the most significant health risks associated
with cosmetic surgery is the potential for postoperative
complications. For example, a person may experience
excessive bleeding, infection, or scarring after a procedure.
These complications can be severe and may require additional
medical treatment, which can be costly and time-consuming.
Another negative consequence of cosmetic surgery is that it
can become addictive for some people, leading to a financial
strain. For example, someone may undergo a nose job, then
decide they want a breast augmentation and liposuction, and
so on. These procedures can be expensive, and people may
find themselves spending large amounts of money to achieve
their desired appearance. This can lead to significant financial
strain, especially if a person becomes addicted to cosmetic
surgery and continually undergoes procedures they don't
necessarily need.
SUMMARY
Cosmetic surgery is sought for medical issues like birth defects or injuries, social pressure, idolization, and career
requirements. Cosmetic surgery can positively enhance appearance and self-esteem, making individuals more em-
ployable. However, it carries health risks, financial strain, and perpetuates unrealistic beauty standards that reinforce
stereotypes and contribute to discrimination.
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Medical issues
Social pressure
CAUSES
Follow their idols's steps
COSMETIC
SURGERY
Enhance appearance
Positive
More employable in
some careers
EFFECTS
Health risks
Negative
Perpetuate unrealistic
beauty standards
Playing sports or doing exercise has numerous benefits for both physical, mental health and social health and skills.
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WEIGHT MANAGEMENT KEY WORDS
One of the most significant benefits of playing sports or • weight management: kiểm soát cân nặng
exercising is weight management. Regular physical activity • burn calories: đốt cháy calo
helps burn calories and maintain a healthy weight. For • achieve weight loss goals: giúp đạt mục
example, running, swimming, or cycling can burn a significant tiêu giảm cân
number of calories, which can help individuals achieve their • strengthen bones and muscles: làm chắc
weight loss goals. cơ và xương
• bone density: tăng mật độ xương
STRENGTHENING BONES AND MUSCLES • develop osteoporosis: mắc bệnh
Another important benefit of playing sports or exercising is loãng xương
strengthening bones and muscles. Regular physical activity • muscle mass: khối cơ
can help increase bone density, which can reduce the risk of • muscular endurance: sức bền cơ bắp
developing osteoporosis later in life. Additionally, exercising • lower blood pressure: giảm huyết áp
can build muscle mass and improve muscular endurance, • heart disease: bệnh tim
which can benefit individuals in various aspects of life. For • improve insulin sensitivity: tăng độ
example, a person who regularly exercises may have an easier nhạy insulin
time lifting heavy objects or performing physically demanding • chronic conditions: bệnh mãn tính
tasks.
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SOFT SKILLS KEY WORDS
Playing team sports or engaging in group exercise activities • effective communication: kỹ năng giao
can have a significant impact on developing soft skills. tiếp hiệu quả
• Effective communication is a critical aspect of playing team • work collaboratively: hợp tác với nhau
sports or engaging in group exercise activities. When • develop leadership skills: phát triển kỹ
playing sports, individuals must communicate effectively năng lãnh đạo
with their teammates to ensure that everyone is on the • foster a sense of support: thúc đẩy tinh
same page and working towards a common goal. Effective thần hỗ trợ
communication involves not only speaking clearly but also
actively listening to others and responding appropriately.
Through participating in team sports, individuals can
develop effective communication skills that can benefit
them in various aspects of life.
• Team sports or group exercise activities also provide
opportunities to work collaboratively with others. By
working together towards a shared goal, individuals learn
how to coordinate their efforts, share responsibilities, and
provide support to their teammates. Collaborative work
requires individuals to be open-minded, respectful, and
willing to compromise. By developing these skills, individuals
can become more effective team members in their personal
and professional lives.
• In addition to communication and collaboration skills,
participating in team sports or group exercise activities
can also help individuals develop leadership skills. In a
team or group setting, individuals often take on different
roles, and some may emerge as leaders. Being a leader
involves taking responsibility, making decisions, and
motivating others towards a shared goal. By participating
in team sports or group exercise activities, individuals have
the opportunity to develop and practice their leadership
skills, which can benefit them in their personal and
professional lives.
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• Finally, participating in team sports or group exercise
activities can also foster a sense of support. Being part of
a team or group means that individuals are accountable to
others, and in turn, can receive support from their teammates.
This support can be emotional, practical, or motivational,
and can help individuals persevere through challenges
or setbacks.
SUMMARY
Playing sports or exercising offers numerous physical health benefits, such as weight management, strengthening
bones and muscles, and reducing the risk of various health conditions. Additionally, it positively impacts mental
health by releasing endorphins and fostering social connections. Furthermore, team sports and group exercise
activities contribute to the development of soft skills like effective communication, collaboration, leadership, and a
sense of support.
Weight management
PHYSICAL
Strengthening bones and muscles
HEALTH
Releasing endorphins
PLAYING SPORTS MENTAL
DOING EXERCISE HEALTH
Effective communication
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about the solutions to deal with overconsumption of sugary food or fast food
Overconsumption of
Solutions
sugar or fast food
1.2. Scientists agree that people are damaging their health by eating too much junk food. Some people think that
the answer to this problem is to educate people. Others think education will not work. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.
On the one hand, there are some compelling reasons why education plays a crucial role in helping people reduce the
junk food consumption.
Overconsumption of
Resons
sugar or fast food
2.2. People are having more and more sugar-based drinks. What are the reasons? What are the solutions to
make people drink less?
There are two main reasons why sugar-based drinks are consumed in large amounts everyday.
3.1. Mind map about the reasons of the prevalence of playing computer games among children
3.2. Today many children spend a lot of time playing computer games and little time on sports. Why is it? Is it a
positive or negative development?
To begin with, most computer games these days are highly interactive and allow players to immerse themselves in a
complex storyline and control characters at their own will.
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4.1. Mind map about the importance of playing sports
4.2. Some say that sports play an important role in society. Others, however, think that it is nothing more than a
leisure activity. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
I entirely agree with people who consider sports to be a prominent factor in the development of society.
Causes
Pollution
Effects
5.2 Living in big cities is bad for people's health. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
There are some reasons why city life has some negative effects on people’s health.
6.2. An increasing number of people are choosing to have cosmetic surgery in order to improve their appearance.
Why do people have operations to change the way they look? Do you think this is a positive or negative development?
Firstly, there are a number of reasons why people are choosing to have plastic surgery procedures.
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Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
switch between
sitting and standing
workstations
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2.2. Overconsumption of sugary food or fast food
impose taxes Eat a balanced diet limit the promotion Read food labels
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2.3. Playing computer games
engaging and immersive connect with other players lower academic achievement
around the world
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2.4. Pollution
support environmentally the use of solid fuels respiratory ailments inefficient cooking
conscious businesses
and policies
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2.5. Cosmetic surgeries
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2.6. Playing sports and doing exercise
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about the solutions to deal with overconsumption of sugary food or fast food
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1.2. On the one hand, there are some compelling reasons why education plays a crucial role in helping people reduce
junk food consumption. First, if people are instructed to read food labels, they can identify foods that are high in added
sugars and other unhealthy ingredients. Additionally, education can help people be conscious of the importance of
having a healthy diet so that they are likely to replace sugary snacks and sweeteners with healthier options, such as
fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. By making these small but impactful changes, individuals can gradually reduce
their consumption of junk food and improve their overall health and well-being.
2.2. There are two main reasons why sugar-based drinks are consumed in large amounts everyday. Firstly, such drinks
provide extra energy and stimulate the reward center of the brain, helping consumers maintain high concentration
necessary for their work. Most modern jobs are becoming more and more demanding and require people to spend
greater effort to succeed, consequently leading to the popularity of sugar-based drinks. Secondly, the increased
consumption of sugar-based drinks is linked to consumers’ lack of awareness and knowledge of a healthy diet and
lifestyle as well as the dominance of fast food in the food industry. That is why sedentary lifestyles and convenient
but nutrient-poor meals which include sugar-based drinks like Coca-Cola or Pepsi are being favored by a large number
of people.
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3.1. Mind map about the reasons of the prevalence of playing computer games among children
3.2. To begin with, most computer games these days are highly interactive and allow players to immerse themselves
in a complex storyline and control characters at their own will. For instance, Mortal Kombat 11 allows players to easily
change the outcomes of the story based on the character chosen, which can trigger the imagination and curiosity of
children, and encourage them to spend the whole day playing to discover all the story endings. The second reason
for the popularity of computer games over sports is the sedentary lifestyle favoured by a large number of children,
especially those living in big cities. Compared to sports, computer games are less physically demanding, and
therefore draw much more attention from these lazy, inactive children.
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4.2. I entirely agree with people who consider sports to be a prominent factor in the development of society. Play-
ing sports regularly is associated with better physical and mental health and contributes to boosting performance
at work. Regular physical activity helps burn calories and maintain a healthy weight and, at the same time, release
endorphins, which are chemicals in the brain that help reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure and motivation.
That is why many successful business figures, no matter how hectic their schedules may be, still adhere to regular
exercise routines.
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5.2. There are some reasons why city life has some negative effects on people’s health. To begin with, due to high
volumes of traffic, large quantities of pollutants are being released into the atmosphere, causing the degradation of
air quality, which is said to be a significant contributor to various types of respiratory disease, such as lung cancer.
Moreover, city dwellers also suffer from water pollution from industrial and domestic waste. Many reckless factories
discharge untreated wastewater, chemicals, and other pollutants into water sources while irresponsible residents and
tourists dump waste directly into the rivers near their homes. These can lead to the spread of waterborne diseases,
which can cause illness and long-term health problems, such as cancer, reproductive problems, and developmental
issues in children.
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6.1. Mind map about the causes of having cosmetic surgery
6.2. Firstly, there are a number of reasons why people are choosing to have plastic surgery procedures. The most
common reason today is to enhance one’s appearance in order to boost their self-esteem and feel more confident and
happy within themselves. Whether someone is unhappy about the size of their breasts, the shape of their nose, or the
way their skin has lost its youthful appearance, plastic surgery has helped millions of people around the world to feel
better about themselves and their appearance. Furthermore, some careers such as models, actors, and performers
require individuals to have a pleasing appearance; therefore, they often invest money in cosmetic surgery, which may
be necessary to step into or prolong their careers.
Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) Technology (1) Availability and convenience
(2) the rise of online streaming services and (2) stimulate the reward center
video games (3) boost energy
(3) demanding workload (4) Lack of awareness and education
(4) lack of green spaces, sidewalks and bike lanes (5) mood swings
(5) lack of motivation (6) fatigue
(6) injuries (7) decreased memory
(7) weaker metabolism (8) Weight gain and obesity
(8) reduce stamina (9) cardiovascular disease
(9) constant brain activity and stress (10) Nutritional deficiencies
(10) not concentrate on learning (11) Digestive issues
(11) lose confidence in communication (12) impose taxes
and connection (13) launch public education campaigns
(12) reduce screen time and take breaks (14) limit the promotion
(13) switch between sitting and standing (15) Read food labels
workstations (16) Eat a balanced diet
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2.3 2.4
(1) without any demanding physical activity (1) vehicular emissions
(2) without any specialized equipment or training (2) respiratory ailments
(3) connect with other players around the world (3) cardiovascular problems
(4) engaging and immersive (4) agricultural practices
(5) chronic health problems (5) the accumulation of harmful chemicals in
(6) poor social skills food crops
(7) lower academic achievement (6) relies on transportation and
(8) addiction accommodation facilities
(9) money and effort to successfully comba (7) household
(8) inefficient cooking
(9) the use of solid fuels
(10) set standards for emissions and waste disposal
(11) impose penalties for non-compliance
(12) incentivize businesses to adopt
eco-friendly practices
(13) raise awareness of environmental issues
(14) reduce commercial waste
(15) reduce energy usage at home
(16) support environmentally conscious businesses
and policies
2.5 2.6
(1) medical issues (1) weight management
(2) social pressure (2) strengthening bones and muscles
(3) ideal body shape (3) increase bone density
(4) idolization (4) perform physically demanding tasks
(5) career requirements (5) lower blood pressure
(6) rebuilt self-esteem (6) release endorphin
(7) more employable (7) the opportunity to connect
(8) postoperative implications (8) provide a sense of belonging
(9) addictive (9) effective communication
(10) reinforce stereotypes (10) work collaboratively
(11) discrimination (11) leadership
(12) foster a sense of support
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Unit 11: BUSINESS
Consumer behavior in shopping has evolved with the rise of online platforms alongside traditional brick-and-mortar
stores. In both cases, advertising plays a crucial role in influencing consumer choices, as businesses use various channels
to promote their products and create brand awareness. Furthermore, the availability of imported goods and services
provides consumers with a diverse range of choices, allowing them to access unique and culturally diverse products that
may not be readily available locally. The combination of online and traditional shopping, along with targeted advertising
and the accessibility of imported goods, offers consumers a rich and dynamic shopping experience. This chapter will
cover the pros and cons of advertising, online and traditional shopping, and lastly imported goods and services.
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FOR THE CUSTOMERS KEY WORDS
Advertising can bring many benefits to customers, one of • first-time buyers: người mua sản phẩm
which is raising awareness about products and services. For của nhãn hàng lần đầu tiên
first-time buyers, advertising can be a valuable tool to learn • learn about products or services : biết
about products or services they may not have known existed thêm về sản phẩm
before. By promoting the unique features and benefits of a • potential customers: khách hàng tiềm năng
product or service, advertising can help attract new customers • invoke curiosity: khơi gợi sự tò mò
who may not have otherwise discovered the offerings. For • perception of a brand or product: nhận
example, an advertisement for a new restaurant in town can thức về nhãn hàng hoặc sản phẩm
pique the interest of someone who has never heard of it • existing customers: khách hàng hiện tại
before, leading them to try it out and become a loyal customer. • inform about innovative features: thông
báo về những đặc điểm cải tiến
Advertising can also invoke curiosity among potential • promote loyalty: thúc đẩy sự trung thành
customers, affecting their perception of a brand or product. với nhãn hàng
By presenting a message that captures their attention or • deals and discounts: các giao dịch và sự
highlights a unique feature, advertising can create a positive giảm giá
impression that lingers with potential customers. For example, • price-sensitive customers: khách hàng
a clever ad campaign for a new car model that highlights its quan tâm về giá
eco-friendliness could capture the attention of environmentally
conscious consumers, leading them to consider the brand
when making their next car purchase.
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on new offerings or improvements, advertising can help retain
existing customers who might otherwise look for alternative
options. For instance, an advertisement for an upgraded
version of a popular smartphone may remind current users to
upgrade their devices to access the latest features.
Advertising can also help advertisers build trust and goodwill hàng mới
with their target audience. By showcasing testimonials, • channels and platforms: các kênh và các
reviews, and social proofs, advertisers can provide evidence nền tảng
of their brand's quality and reliability. For example, Coca- • differentiate their brand from competitors:
Cola's "Share a Coke" campaign encouraged consumers to phân biệt nhãn hàng với đối thủ cạnh tranh
share their experiences with the product on social media • become a leader: trở thành người dẫn
using a personalized Coke bottle. This campaign generated a đầu, tiên phong
significant amount of user-generated content, helping to build • a competitive edge: lợi thế cạnh tranh
trust and goodwill with consumers. • feedback, data, insights: phản hồi, dữ liệu
và những góc nhìn
Advertising allows advertisers to reach new audiences
through different channels and platforms. By advertising
on social media, search engines, television, radio, and other
platforms, advertisers can connect with potential customers
who may not have been aware of their brand previously. For
example, Amazon's advertising platform allows sellers to
target specific audiences based on their search history and
browsing behavior, helping them to reach new customers who
may be interested in their products.
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innovation and design, helping to differentiate it from other
technology brands.
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the promises that the goods or service make, creating • promote stereotyping: thúc đẩy sự
disappointment and dissatisfaction for the customer. The rập khuôn
advertising industry is highly competitive, and some advertisers • reinforce the existing social norms,
resort to misleading information to attract customers and gain prejudices: củng cố các tiêu chuẩn xã hội
an edge over their competitors. For example, an advertisement và định kiến hiện có
for a weight loss supplement may make claims that are not • incur a higher price: chịu mức giá cao hơn
supported by scientific evidence, leading customers to waste • pass the advertising expense to customers:
their money on a product that does not work. chuyển chi phí quảng cáo qua cho
khách hàng
Advertising can also create a sense of need or urgency,
encouraging customers to squander on necessary things.
For instance, an advertisement for a limited-time sale might
create a sense of urgency, leading customers to purchase a
product they may not have needed otherwise. Such tactics can
lead to overspending and financial strain on the customer.
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can lead to a backlash from the public. In such cases, the
public may react negatively, leading to a negative impact on
the brand image. For example, advertisements that objectify
women or perpetuate racial stereotypes can lead to backlash
from consumers, leading to a negative impact on the brand.
SUMMARY
Advertising benefits customers by raising awareness, invoking curiosity, informing about new features, and offering
deals. For companies, advertising increases brand recognition, builds trust, reaches new audiences, differentiates
from competitors, and provides valuable feedback and insights. However, advertising drawbacks for individuals in-
clude intrusiveness, misleading information, promoting unnecessary spending, stereotyping, and higher prices. For
companies, drawbacks include high costs, ineffectiveness, and the potential for backlash due to inappropriate or
offensive advertisements.
Customers
BENEFITS
Companies
ADVERTISMENT
Customers
DRAWBACKS
Companies
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Commerce: online shopping and traditional shopping
Shopping can take many forms and each type attracts different types of people. However, people often divide it into
two major types: Online shopping and Traditional shopping. "Online shopping" is the form of shopping through websites,
shopping apps or online stores on social platforms. Meanwhile, "Traditional shopping" is the form of shopping that
goes to brick-and-mortar outlets such as shops, malls, supermarkets, markets,... These two forms have their own
advantages and disadvantages and are suitable for the preferences and needs of different types of people.
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BENEFITS OF SHOPPING ONLINE KEY WORDS
Online shopping has become increasingly popular due to the • convenience: sự thuận tiện
many benefits it offers. • shop anytime, anywhere: mua sắm mọi
lúc, mọi nơi
Convenience • wait in long lines: chờ đợi trong hàng dài
One of the primary benefits is convenience. Online shopping • deal with the hassle of crowded stores:
allows customers to shop anytime, anywhere from the comfort đối mặt với sự rắc rối của những cửa hàng
of their own home. This means that they don't have to wait in đông người
long lines or deal with the hassle of crowded stores, making it • busy people: những người bận rộn
an ideal option for busy people who have limited time to spare. • mobile disabilities: người có sự bất tiện
Additionally, online shopping is particularly suitable for people trong việc đi lại
with mobile disabilities, such as the disabled or the elderly, • better deals and discounts: ưu đãi và
who may have difficulty physically visiting a physical store. giảm giá
• compare prices across multiple retailers:
Better deals and discounts so sánh giữa những cửa hàng khác nhau
Another major benefit of online shopping is promotions. Many • easy access to information: dễ dàng tiếp
online retailers offer better deals and discounts than their cận thông tin
brick-and-mortar counterparts. This is because online retailers • product descriptions: mô tả sản phẩm
have lower overhead costs and can pass those savings onto • recommendations: các khuyến nghị
customers. • a greater selection: nhiều sự lựa chọn hơn
• more inventory on hand: có nhiều hàng
Compare prices sẵn trong kho
With online shopping, customers can easily compare prices
across multiple retailers to find the best deal.
A greater selection
Finally, online shopping offers a greater selection. Customers
are not limited to the shelves of a single store, and online
retailers typically have more inventory on hand than their
brick-and-mortar counterparts. This means that customers
have a wider variety of products to choose from, and they are
more likely to find the specific item they are looking for.
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One of the main disadvantages of online shopping is the • fake websites: các trang web giả
additional cost for shipping. Some retailers offer free shipping, • use tactics: sử dụng thủ thuật
but others may require a minimum purchase amount or charge • steal personal and financial information:
a flat rate. This can be a deterrent for shoppers who are trying đánh cắp thông tin và tài chính cá nhân
to save money, especially if the shipping fees end up being • longer wait times for delivery: chờ lâu để
more expensive than the products themselves. được giao hàng
• delay: sự trì hoãn
Impulse buying • interfere with a shopper's schedule: cản
Another potential drawback of online shopping is that it can trở kế hoạch của người mua
encourage people to buy more than they actually need. With
just a few clicks, shoppers can easily add items to their virtual
shopping carts without taking the time to consider whether
they really need or can afford them, leading to overspending.
Fraud
Online shopping also comes with a risk of fraud. Scammers
can create fake websites or use tactics to steal personal
and financial information from real shoppers. This can result
in identity theft, unauthorized charges, and other forms of
fraud. Shoppers should always be cautious when providing
their information online and only use reputable retailers and
payment methods.
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BENEFITS OF TRADITIONAL SHOPPING KEY WORDS
While online shopping has become increasingly popular, there • see and touch products: ngắm và chạm
are still some benefits to traditional shopping that customers vào sản phẩm
should consider. • interact with employees and other
shoppers: tương tác với nhân viên và
Personal experience những người mua hàng khác
One of the main advantages of traditional shopping is the • guidance: sự hướng dẫn
personal experience. When shopping in physical stores, • opinions and advice: các ý kiến và
customers can see and touch products, giving them a better lời khuyên
sense of what they are buying. For example, when shopping • immediate gratification: sự hài lòng ngay
for clothing, customers can try on items to check for fit and lập tức
quality. This helps them make better purchasing decisions. • take their items home immediately: mang
về nhà ngay lập tức
Social interaction • bargaining: sự trả giá
Traditional shopping also provides social interaction.
Customers can interact with employees and other shoppers
to gain insights into products and services. Employees can
provide guidance and recommendations based on their
expertise and experience, while other shoppers can offer their
opinions and advice. This creates a sense of community and
fosters relationships that online shopping cannot replicate.
Immediate gratification
Another benefit of traditional shopping is immediate
gratification. Customers can take their items home
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immediately after making a purchase, rather than having to
wait for shipping. This is particularly important for customers
who need the product urgently or simply do not want to wait
for delivery.
Bargaining
Finally, traditional shopping provides the opportunity for
bargaining. Customers can negotiate with sellers to get
better deals, which can save them money. For example, when
purchasing a large ticket item like a car or a piece of furniture,
customers can often negotiate the price to get a better deal.
This is not an option when shopping online, as prices are
typically fixed.
consuming. To find what you want, you may need to visit không gian trưng bày và trữ hàng hạn chế
multiple stores, which can take a lot of time. Additionally, you • display a fraction of the products: trưng
may need to wait in line to check out, which can add to the bày chỉ phần nhỏ sản phẩm
overall time spent shopping. • limited hours of operation: giờ hoạt động/
mở cửa giới hạn
Limited accessibility
Moreover, traditional shopping has limited accessibility. If you
live in remote areas, it can be challenging and costly to travel
to the nearest shopping center or mall. This is particularly
true for those who do not have access to a private vehicle.
Furthermore, people with disabilities or limited mobility may
also find it difficult to navigate crowded stores or climb stairs.
Limited variety
Furthermore, traditional shopping has limited variety. Physical
stores have a limited showroom and inventory space, meaning
that they can only display a fraction of the products that are
available for purchase. This is particularly true for smaller
stores or boutiques that have limited space. Customers may
not be able to find the exact product they want, or they may
have to settle for a less desirable alternative.
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frustrating for those who need to make last-minute purchases
or have unexpected shopping needs.
SUMMARY
Advertising benefits customers by raising awareness, invoking curiosity, informing about new features, and offering
deals. For companies, advertising increases brand recognition, builds trust, reaches new audiences, differentiates
from competitors, and provides valuable feedback and insights. However, advertising drawbacks for individuals
include intrusiveness, misleading information, promoting unnecessary spending, stereotyping, and higher prices. For
companies, drawbacks include high costs, ineffectiveness, and the potential for backlash due to inappropriate or
offensive advertisements.
Personal experience
Social interaction
Benefits
Immediate gratification
Bargaining
TRADITIONAL
Time-consuming
Limited accessibility
Drawbacks
Limited variety
Limited hours of operation
SHOPPING Convenience
Better deals and discounts
Easily compare prices across
Customers
multiple retailers
Limited variety
Limited hours of operation
ONLINE
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Goods and services imports
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health and prevent diseases. xuất nội địa
REDUCE RISKS • transportation: ngành vận tải
Another benefit of imports is that it can help to reduce risks for • retail: bán lẻ
businesses. By diversifying their supply chain and sourcing
materials or goods from multiple countries, businesses can
mitigate the risk of supply chain disruptions or political
instability in any one country. For example, if a business
sources all of its raw materials from a single country and that
country experiences a natural disaster or political unrest, the
business could be severely impacted. By diversifying their
supply chain through imports, businesses can spread their
risk and minimize potential disruptions.
JOB CREATION
Finally, imports can also create jobs in a variety of industries.
By importing raw materials or finished goods, businesses can
create jobs in transportation, logistics, and retail. Additionally,
by increasing their competitiveness in the global market
through imports, businesses can grow and create new jobs
in their core industries. For example, a clothing manufacturer
may import raw materials from multiple countries, but then
use those materials to produce clothing domestically, creating
jobs in both the importing and manufacturing sectors.
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DRAWBACKS KEY WORDS
Imports can have some drawbacks that can affect a country's • outflow of foreign exchange: dòng ngoại
economy and society in various ways. tệ ra
• the country's foreign exchange reserves:
CAUSE AN OUTFLOW OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE dự trữ ngoại hối quốc gia
Importing goods and services from other countries means that • currency devaluation: sự mất giá tiền tệ
the country's money is flowing out to pay for those imports. • a trade deficit: thâm hụt thương mại
This can lead to a decrease in the country's foreign exchange • dependence on foreign supplies: sự phụ
reserves and currency devaluation. The outflow of foreign thuộc vào nguồn cung nước ngoài
exchange can also lead to a trade deficit, which means that • vulnerabilities in the supply chain: sự dễ
a country is importing more than it is exporting, leading to an tổn thương trong chuỗi cung ứng
imbalance in the economy. For example, if a country like the • affect domestic culture and values: ảnh
United States imports more oil than it exports, it will have to hưởng văn hoá và giá trị trong nước
pay for the imports in foreign currency, which can lead to a • decline in demand for domestic products:
decline in the value of the U.S. dollar. sự giảm nhu cầu hàng nội địa
• local industries: kinh tế địa phương
DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN SUPPLIES
When a country imports a significant portion of its goods and
services from other countries, it becomes dependent on those
foreign supplies. This dependence can create vulnerabilities
in the supply chain, especially during times of political or
economic instability. For instance, when a country relies
heavily on oil imports from other nations, it may face supply
disruptions and price fluctuations due to geopolitical tensions
or natural disasters in the exporting countries.
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SUMMARY
Imports help businesses cut manufacturing costs, improve efficiency, reduce risks, increase variety, and create jobs.
However, they can lead to an outflow of foreign exchange, dependence on foreign supplies, and impact domestic
culture and industries.
Job creation
IMPORTS
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.2. In some countries, shopping online is replacing shopping at the store. Do you think it is a positive or
negative development?
On the one hand, there are some compelling reasons why education plays a crucial role in helping people reduce the
junk food consumption.
Imports Benefits
2.2. In many countries, more and more people choose to buy imported food rather than food produced locally.
Why do people buy imported food? What could be done to encourage people to buy local food?
There are some reasons behind the trend of prioritizing imported food.
3.2. Some people say advertising has positive economic effects. Others think it has negative social effects because
it will make people dissatisfied with who they are and what they have. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
On the one hand, advertising has negative impacts on the societal level.
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4.1. Mind map about the positive impacts of advertising
Customers
Advertising Benefits
Advertisers
4.2. The society would benefit from a ban on all forms of advertising because it serves no useful purpose, and can
even be damaging.
It is ill-founded to claim that commercials are purposeless and detrimental to consumers and businesses.
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
2.1. Advertisement
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2.2. Shopping
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2.3. Imports
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about the benefits and drawbacks of online shopping
1.2. On the one hand, there are some benefits of online shopping. Firstly, it is a convenient and cost-effective way of
shopping since customers can purchase products in the comfort of their homes without the need to physically visit
stores or malls. Popular websites like Amazon and eBay offer a wide range of products for easy online purchase,
saving time and travel expenses. Secondly, online shopping provides customers with a broader selection of options,
allowing them to compare various brands and products. This is particularly useful when comparing shoes, such as
Converse and Vans, which can be challenging to do in physical stores.
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2.2. There are some reasons behind the trend of prioritizing imported food. Firstly, having access to a wide variety
of foods from different regions can provide people with a highly nutritious diet that can help to promote health and
prevent disease. For example, some kinds of nutrient-rich berries that can only be grown in Asia can now be enjoyed
by people all over the world. Furthermore, with such a growing interest in exotic foods and food culture, people can
experience a range of cuisine without leaving their own town or city.
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3.2. On the one hand, advertising has negative impacts on the societal level. First, it creates new desires and promotes
a culture of stereotyping, leading individuals to feel dissatisfied with what they have and undervalue their current
possessions. Take an advertisement for cosmetic surgery as an example. This advert may reinforce certain physical
appearances such as a high nose or a slim figure as a norm, which make people feel inferior if they fail to possess
these features or have unrealistic expectations. Second, advertising can also create a sense of need or urgency,
encouraging customers to squander on necessary things. Such behaviours, in the long term, lead to overspending and
financial strain on the customer.
4.2. It is ill-founded to claim that commercials are purposeless and detrimental to consumers and businesses. On
the customer level, advertising can be a valuable tool to learn about products or services they may not have known
existed before or invoke curiosity among potential customers, thereby affecting their perception of the brand. For
example, a clever ad campaign for a new car model that highlights its eco-friendliness could capture the attention of
environmentally conscious consumers, leading them to consider the brand when making their next car purchase. On
the business level, advertising can help them differentiate their brand from competitors and become a leader in their
industry. For instance, Apple's "Think Different" campaign positioned the brand as a leader in innovation and design,
helping to position itself among other technology brands.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) first-time buyers (1) shop anytime, anywhere
(2) potential customers (2) easily compare prices across multiple retailers
(3) existing customers (3) product descriptions
(4) promote loyalty (4) more inventory on hand
(5) deals and discounts (5) additional cost for shipping
(6) increase brand recognition (6) Impulse buying
(7) build trust and goodwill (7) steal personal and financial information
(8) reach new audiences (8) interfere with a shopper's schedule
(9) create a competitive edge (9) see and touch products
(10) feedback, data, insights (10) Social interaction
(11) interrupt users’ experience (11) guidance and recommendations
(12) misleading information (12) Immediate gratification
(13) squander on necessary things (13) Bargaining
(14) promote stereotyping (14) Time-consuming
(15) put a strain on the budget (15) live in remote areas
(16) a backlash (16) Limited hours of operation
2.3
(1) cut down manufacturing cost
(2) stay competitive in global market
(3) improve efficiency and productivity
(4) focus on their core competencies
(5) diversify their supply chain
(6) increase variety and choice
(7) not produced domestically
(8) an outflow of foreign exchange
(9) currency devaluation
(10) dependence on foreign supplies
(11) affect domestic culture and values
(12) negative impact on local industries
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Unit 12: HISTORIC-CULTURAL VALUES
Historical and cultural values play an important role in shaping our society and preserving our heritage. These values
are reflected in our traditions, arts, music, literature, and other forms of cultural expression. However, in recent times,
there has been a decline in the recognition and preservation of these values. Many people are more focused on modernity,
technology, and materialism, and have become disconnected from their cultural roots. This has led to a loss of traditions,
customs, language, and other aspects of our cultural heritage. In Chapter 12, learners will explore the decline of some
aspects in culture and history such as the gradual disappearance of minority languages, the disappearance of some
traditional customs and practices, the emergence of digital museums, and finally, globalization - a factor contributing to
the aforementioned phenomena.
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MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION KEY WORDS
As people move from rural to urban centers, they often adapt • migration and urbanization: sự di cư và
to new circumstances and lose touch with their cultural roots. sự đô thị hoá
They may adopt new customs and ways of living that are • adopt new customs and ways of living: áp
more in line with urban living, leaving behind their traditional dụng phong tục và lối sống mới
customs and practices. For example, in rural areas, traditional • the breakdown: sự phá vỡ
crafts were once a way of life, with families passing down their • traditional social structures: các cấu trúc
skills and techniques from generation to generation. However, xã hội
many young people are leaving their rural communities and • family ties: mối quan hệ gia đình
moving to cities to pursue other careers. As a result, the • individualism and personal success: tính
knowledge of traditional crafts is not being passed down to cá nhân và sự thành công bản thân
younger generations. • globalization: sự toàn cầu hoá
• cultural assimilation: sự đồng hoá văn hoá
Furthermore, urbanization can lead to the breakdown of • changing values and attitudes: các giá trị
traditional social structures and family ties, which can further và thái độ thay đổi dần
erode cultural traditions. As people become more focused • gender roles: vai trò giới tính
on individualism and personal success, they may be less • lifestyles and beliefs: lối sống và niềm tin
interested in maintaining their cultural heritage. • technological advancements: sự tiến bộ
về công nghệ
GLOBALIZATION • social media and instant messaging:
Globalization has significantly impacted cultural practices mạng xã hội và tin nhắn tức thì
and traditions across the world. With increased access to • a fast-paced modern lifestyle: lối sống
communication and transportation, people are exposed to hiện đại và nhanh
a wide range of ideas and lifestyles. This exposure to new
cultures can have a positive impact by promoting cultural
understanding and appreciation. However, it can also lead to
cultural assimilation, where traditional practices and customs
are replaced by modern ones. One way in which globalization
has impacted traditional practices is through the spread of
Western fashion and fast food. As people are exposed to
Western styles of dress and cuisine, they may begin to adopt
these practices instead of their traditional ones. For example,
in many parts of the world, traditional clothing is being
replaced by Western-style clothing. This has led to the decline
of traditional dress, which is unique to specific cultures and
regions. Similarly, traditional cuisine is being replaced by fast
food and other Western-style dishes, leading to a decline in
the traditional recipes that have been passed down through
generations. Many traditional customs are even modified for
commercialization, such as the lion dance in Vietnam. This
tradition, previously only performed by professional martial
artists during special occasions, is now often poorly performed
by amateurs at tourist sites across the country.
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based on gender distinctions may have lost their relevance.
In some cultures, traditional gender roles dictate that women
should not work outside the home, but as more women have
entered the workforce, these practices have become less
common. Additionally, changing attitudes towards issues such
as sexuality, religion, and politics can also lead to a decline in
traditional customs and practices. As people become more
accepting of different lifestyles and beliefs, they may be less
interested in maintaining practices that are based on strict
cultural norms.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
Technological advancements have changed the way we
live and behave, and this can have an impact on traditional
customs and practices. For example, the rise of social media
and instant messaging has led to a decline in face-to-face
communication, which can erode traditional customs that rely
on personal interactions.
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practices, many Indigenous Australians have lost a sense of
cultural identity and connection to their heritage.
SOCIAL DISINTEGRATION
Traditions and customs provide a sense of belonging and
social cohesion. When these traditions decline, it can lead
to social disintegration and a breakdown of community. This
can have negative consequences on the social fabric of a
society, leading to increased social isolation, loneliness, and
even violence. In Vietnam, the traditional practice of the Tet
holiday, also known as Lunar New Year, has been a central
part of social life for generations. The Tet holiday is a time
for family reunions, ancestral worship, and the exchange of
gifts. However, in recent years, with the rise of urbanization
and globalization, the traditional practices of Tet have been in
decline. Many young people now choose to travel or celebrate
the holiday in a Westernized way, which often means forgoing
the traditional practices that were once central to the holiday.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Many traditions and customs are associated with local
economies, such as crafts, festivals, and food production.
When these traditions decline, it can have a negative impact
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on local economies and lead to unemployment and poverty. In
many rural areas of Mexico, traditional crafts such as weaving,
pottery, and woodworking are in decline. This has led to a loss
of local economic opportunities and an increase in poverty
and unemployment. Additionally, many traditional festivals
and celebrations that support the local economy have been
canceled or scaled back due to changing cultural norms and
urbanization.
SUMMARY
Migration, urbanization, globalization, changing values, and technological advancements contribute to the decline
of traditional customs and practices worldwide. The decline of traditional customs and practices leads to a loss of
cultural identity, social disintegration, loss of historical knowledge, and negative economic impact.
Globalization
CAUSES
Changing values and attitudes
Technological advancements
Social disintegration
EFFECTS
Loss of historical knowledge
Economic impact
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The decline of minority languages and the
prevalence of English-a global language
instance, in Vietnam, most of the national TV channels cultural practices: di dời hoặc bỏ những
broadcast in the Kinh language, which is the majority language, tập tục văn hoá truyền thống
while channels that use minority ethnic languages are few and • passed down to future generations: được
receive little attention. As a result, minority languages may chuyển sang thế hệ tương lai
struggle to maintain their vitality and attract new speakers. • inadequate opportunities to learn and
use in schools or on media platforms:
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS không có đủ cơ hội để học và sử dụng ở
Another significant cause of the decline of minority languages trường và trên các phương tiện truyền thông
is demographic factors, such as population decline. If the
number of people speaking a minority language decreases
rapidly, the language may face difficulties in maintaining
the number of speakers and its importance. In some cases,
the loss of speakers of a minority language may be due to
migration, urbanization, or low birth rates. For example, the
indigenous languages of the Americas were threatened by
European colonization, which caused the deaths of millions
of indigenous people, reducing the number of speakers and
ultimately contributing to the decline of their languages.
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CHANGES IN CULTURE AND THE ECONOMY
Changes in culture and the economy can also have an impact
on the vitality of a minority language. If a group of people who
speak a minority language are forced to relocate or abandon
their traditional cultural practices, then the language may no
longer be passed down to future generations. This can result
in the loss of the language and culture altogether. For instance,
in some regions of Africa, colonialism and the introduction of
Western cultural values led to the suppression of indigenous
languages and customs. As a result, some of these languages
have become endangered or have already gone extinct.
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Most scientific and academic publications are written in • international business: kinh doanh
English, and researchers from different parts of the world quốc tế
often use English to communicate their findings, making it • no confusion between parties: không có
easier to share knowledge across borders. English is also sự nhầm lẫn giữa các bên
the language of the internet, which has further facilitated the • streamline processes: hợp lý quy trình
sharing of information and ideas. làm việc
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EFFECTS OF H AVING A COMMON L ANGUAGE KEY WORDS
The adoption of a single common language can have far-reaching • the loss of cultural heritage: đánh mất
consequences, including the loss of cultural heritage. bản sắc văn hoá
• accurately conveyed: truyền tải chính xác
Culture, traditions, and identity within a community are • less diverse and vibrant world: thế giới ít
conveyed via language. When a language is no longer used đa dạng và màu sắc hơn
or valued, these essential aspects of a society cannot be • social exclusion: sự tách biệt xã hội
accurately conveyed, leading to a less diverse and vibrant • poverty or marginalization: sự nghèo đói
world. The loss of cultural heritage happens, eroding the hoặc cho ra rìa
beauty and uniqueness that arises from linguistic diversity. • economic disadvantages: bất lợi về kinh tế
• sustain their life: duy trì cuộc sống
Another significant impact of having only one common language
is social exclusion. Without the ability to communicate with
others, individuals find themselves increasingly isolated
within society. This isolation can result in various forms of
disadvantage, such as poverty or marginalization.
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SUMMARY
Migration, urbanization, globalization, changing values, and technological advancements contribute to the decline
of traditional customs and practices worldwide. The decline of traditional customs and practices leads to a loss of
cultural identity, social disintegration, loss of historical knowledge, and negative economic impact.
Demographic factors
THE DOMINANCE
Renowned institutions and university
LANGUAGE OF A COMMON
predominantly operate in English
LANGUAGE
-ENGLISH
Economic disadvantages
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Traditional museum and digital museum
With the development of science and technology today, many forms have been transferred digitally, and museums
are no exception. However, traditional museums and digital museums still have some differences in many aspects.
of being in the museum provides a sense of scale, texture, and details: cảm nhận về tỷ lệ, kết cấu và các
other details that cannot be replicated digitally. Guided tours chi tiết khác
can provide additional information and context to visitors, • guided tours: chương trình tham quan có
enhancing the overall museum experience. For example, the hướng dẫn
Louvre in Paris is a traditional museum that attracts millions • additional information and context: thêm
of visitors every year. The museum's vast collection of art and thông tin và ngữ cảnh
artifacts includes famous works like the Mona Lisa, Venus de • travel to the physical location: di chuyển
Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace. Visitors can see đến địa điểm thực tế
these works in person, allowing them to appreciate their size, • fragile and require limited access: mong
colors, and textures in a way that is impossible through digital manh , dễ vỡ và chỉ cho giới hạn tiếp xúc
media. Additionally, the Louvre offers guided tours and audio
guides that provide visitors with additional information about
the exhibits, making the visit more informative and engaging.
Traditional museums also provide a social experience, allowing
visitors to share the experience with friends and family.
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DIGITAL MUSEUMS KEY WORDS
On the other hand, digital museums offer accessibility and • affordability: khả năng chi trả
affordability, allowing visitors to explore exhibits from • explore exhibits from anywhere: xem
anywhere in the world. Visitors can view high-resolution triển lãm ở bất cứ nơi đâu
images and virtual tours of exhibits, providing a detailed view • view high-resolution images and virtual
of artifacts and exhibits. Interactive features such as quizzes tours: thưởng thức các hình ảnh và các
and games can make the visit more engaging and educational. chuyến tham quan ảo với độ phân giải cao
Digital museumdis can reach a wider audience and provide • interactive features: các tính năng tương tác
greater exposure for cultural heritage. For example, the British • replicate the physical sense: bắt chước
Museum in London has created a digital museum called the những cảm nhận thực tế
Google Cultural Institute. • copyright: bản quyền
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SUMMARY
Imports help businesses cut manufacturing costs, improve efficiency, reduce risks, increase variety, and create jobs.
However, they can lead to an outflow of foreign exchange, dependence on foreign supplies, and impact domestic
culture and industries.
Guided tours
PHYSICAL
Expensive and time-consuming
MUSEUMS
Crowded
MUSEUMS
DIGITAL
Interactive features
MUSEUMS
Copyright
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Globalization: advantages and disadvantages
As mentioned above, globalization is no longer a new concept in today's society. Although it is the cause of the de-
cline and gradual disappearance of some customs, traditions, and languages in some countries, it certainly brings
many significant advantages.
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ADVANTAGES KEY WORDS
FOSTERING ECONOMIC GROWTH • international trade, investment: đầu tư và
One of the most significant advantages of globalization is thương mại toàn cầu
that it fosters economic growth by promoting international • access larger markets: tiếp cập với thị
trade, investment, and job creation. Globalization has enabled trường lớn hơn
businesses to access larger markets and lower-cost resources, • access to new knowledge and technology:
allowing them to increase production and reduce costs. For tiếp cận với kiến thức và công nghệ mới
example, the rise of free trade agreements has facilitated the • the advancement of various fields: sự
growth of global supply chains, allowing companies to access phát triển của nhiều ngành
new markets and customers. As a result, many developing • spread of cultural practices, languages,
countries have experienced significant economic growth and and traditions across borders: lan truyền
poverty reduction. các tập tục văn hoá, ngôn ngữ và truyền
thống toàn thế giới
AC C E S S TO N E W K N O W L E D G E • interconnected world: thế giới kết nối hơn
A N D T E C H N O LO G Y • integrate into the global working
Another advantage of globalization is that it enhances access environment: hội nhập vào môi trường
to new knowledge and technology through exchange programs toàn cầu
and international collaboration. Globalization has enabled the • cultural conflicts: xung đột văn hoá
rapid dissemination of ideas, knowledge, and technological • address global issues: giải quyết vấn đề
innovations across borders. For instance, international toàn cầu
students can now study in universities around the world • humanitarian aid: hỗ trợ nhân đạo
and bring back valuable knowledge and skills to their home
countries. Moreover, international collaboration in research
and development has led to the advancement of various fields,
including medicine, engineering, and technology. For example,
the Human Genome Project, which involved scientists from
many countries around the world, led to the mapping of the
entire human genome, providing a wealth of information that
has been used to develop new diagnostic tools, treatments,
and medications for a range of genetic diseases.
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PROMOTING CULTURAL DIVERSITY
AND UNDERSTANDING
Globalization has also promoted cultural diversity and
understanding by facilitating the mixing of people and ideas
from different backgrounds. Globalization has encouraged the
spread of cultural practices, languages, and traditions across
borders, contributing to a more diverse and interconnected
world. For example, the rise of cultural exchange programs,
such as study abroad programs, has allowed students to
experience different cultures firsthand, leading to greater
understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity.
A D D R E S S G LO B A L I S S U E S
Finally, globalization has promoted global cooperation in
addressing global issues such as environmental problems,
health problems, and humanitarian aid. Globalization
has created platforms for international cooperation and
negotiation, enabling countries to work together to address
global challenges that require collective action. For instance,
international organizations such as the United Nations
and the World Health Organization have facilitated global
cooperation on issues such as climate change, public health,
and humanitarian aid, resulting in significant progress in
addressing these issues.
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DISADVANTAGES KEY WORDS
THREATEN LOCAL TRADITIONS AND • threaten local traditions and national
NATIONAL IDENTITY identity: đe doạ truyền thống địa phương
One disadvantage of globalization is that it can threaten local và bản sắc dân tộc
traditions and national identity. As foreign culture spreads • foreign culture spreads: văn hoá ngoại
around the world, traditional clothing, languages, and lifestyles bang lan truyền
tend to disappear. For example, in Vietnam, the rise of • more familiar with foreign cultures and
foreign entertainment, such as Korean dramas and American languages: quen thuộc hơn với văn hoá
movies, has led to a growing interest in and consumption of và ngôn ngữ nước ngoài
foreign media among young people. As a result, many young • harsher competition for jobs: sự cạnh
Vietnamese people have become more familiar with foreign tranh việc làm gay gắt hơn
cultures and languages than their own traditional culture. Or • move their operations to countries with
this can be seen in Asian countries where transcontinental lower labor costs: chuyển cơ sở vận hành
expansion of powerful Western-based corporations run their đến những nước có nhân công thấp tiền
branches. Those organizations often require their staff to • unemployed: thất nghiệp
wear dress shirts and pants to work, which gradually reshapes • harm the environment: làm tổn hại đến
fashion patterns of the indigenous. môi trường
• international travel: đi lại quốc tế
H A R S H E R C O M P E T IT I O N F O R J O B S • overpopulation: sự bùng nổ dân số
Another disadvantage of globalization is that it can lead • climate change and environmental
to harsher competition for jobs. As companies move their degradation: sự biến đổi khí hậu và xuống
operations to countries with lower labor costs, workers in cấp môi trường
developed countries can find themselves unemployed. This
can be seen in the United States, where many manufacturing
jobs have moved to China and other countries in Asia. This has
led to job losses and economic insecurity for many workers.
H A R M T H E E N V I R O N M E NT
Globalization can also harm the environment by increasing
international travel and overpopulation. As more people
travel around the world, they contribute to climate change
and environmental degradation. The increased movement of
goods and people has also led to overconsumption and the
depletion of natural resources. This can be seen in many cities
around the world, where pollution levels are high and natural
habitats are being destroyed to make way for new developments.
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SUMMARY
Globalization fosters economic growth, knowledge exchange, and cultural diversity. However, it threatens local
traditions, leads to job competition, and harms the environment through overconsumption and climate change.
ADVANTAGES
Promote cultural diversity and understanding
GLOBALIZATION
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about causes leading to the decline of some traditions and customs
1.2. It is inevitable that traditional cultures will be lost as technology develops. Technology and traditional cul-
tures are incompatible. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?
With the advancement of technology, some traditional practices have been declined and abandoned.
Globalization Disadvantages
2.2. Some people say that the increasing business and cultural contact between countries is a positive development,
while others think that many countries will lose their national identities as a result. Discuss both views and give
your own opinion.
Expanding cultural exchange and international trade could potentially lead to the erosion of national identities for a
few reasons.
3.1. Mind map about the effect of the decline of minority languages and the dominance of a common language
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3.2. A few languages are increasingly spoken in different countries, while the usage of others is rapidly declining. Is
this a positive or a negative development?
Despite the great convenience of sharing common languages, the fact that other languages are less spoken can bring
several drawbacks.
Museums Digital
4.2. Some people claim that public museums and art galleries will no longer be necessary because people can see
historical objects and works of art by using a computer. Do you agree or disagree?
On the one hand, it is understandable why some people argue that physical exhibitions are obsolete.
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
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2.2. Language
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2.3. Museums
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2.4. Globalization
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about causes leading to the decline of some traditions and customs
1.2. With the advancement of technology, some traditional practices have been declined and abandoned. In the past,
people lived in close-knit communities in villages and towns and had a strong sense of identity based on shared
customs and beliefs. However, as communication, transportation, and manufacturing technologies improved, many
people migrated to cities in search of better opportunities. As a result, their children and subsequent generations have
lost touch with their hometown communities and often feel little connection with their extended family members and
family traditions and customs as well. Furthermore, in the fast-paced modern lifestyle, people may simply not have
the time to maintain and practice traditional customs which require a great deal of time and effort. Instead, they
prioritize convenience and efficiency thanks to the use of technology.
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2.2. Expanding cultural exchange and international trade could potentially lead to the erosion of national identities for
a few reasons. Firstly, countries that focus too much on cultural exchange may become flooded with foreign products,
which could lead to younger generations growing up without a clear understanding of their traditional culture. In
Vietnam, the rise of foreign entertainment, such as Korean dramas and American movies, has led to a growing interest
in and consumption of foreign media among young people. As a result, many young Vietnamese people have become
more familiar with foreign cultures and languages than their own traditional culture. Similarly, if a country is too eager
for international trade, its own cultural products may face tough competition from foreign goods. This can be seen in
the United States, where many manufacturing jobs have moved to China and other countries in Asia. This has led to
job losses and economic insecurity for many workers.
3.1. Mind map about the effect of the decline of minority languages and the dominance of a common language
3.2. Despite the great convenience of sharing common languages, the fact that other languages are less spoken can
bring several drawbacks. The first disadvantage is that communities would lose parts of their cultural traditions such
as songs, myths and poetry which are not easily translated into another language. This may in turn affect their cultural
identity, producing a weakened social cohesion as their values and traditions are replaced with new ones. Moreover,
this trend affects not only the local culture within one nation but also the civilization of mankind. If all countries no
longer use their own language but use the same one, this could gradually destroy the cultural diversity of the world.
4.1. Mind map about comparison between physical and digital museums
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4.2. On the one hand, it is understandable why some people argue that physical exhibitions are obsolete. In today's
world, the majority of people own a smartphone or computer, at least. The widespread availability of these smart
devices has made it possible for individuals to view historical artifacts and artworks from the comfort of their own
homes. This is a much more convenient and cost-effective option than physically traveling to a museum, particularly
for individuals residing in remote areas where physical museums are rare or nonexistent. Building and maintaining
a physical museum in such areas can be an expensive endeavor, whereas using smart devices for viewing historical
items and art can be much more economical.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) Migration and urbanization (1) demographic factors
(2) adopt new customs and ways of living (2) government policies and education systems
(3) more focused on individualism and (3) forced to relocate or abandon traditional
personal success cultural practices
(4) Globalization (4) struggle to compete with the resources and
(5) cultural assimilation prestige of the dominant language
(6) gender roles (5) facilitate the sharing of knowledge
(7) Technological advancements (6) renowned institutions and universities
(8) a decline of face-to-face communication (7) predominantly operated in English
(9) prioritize convenience and efficiency no confusion between parties
(10) Loss of cultural identity (8) loss of cultural heritage
(11) Social disintegration (9) less diverse and vibrant world
(12) Loss of historical knowledge (10) social exclusion
(11) poverty and marginalization
(12) hard to sustain life
2.3 2.4
(1) see artifacts and exhibits in person (1) Fostering economic growth
(2) Guided tours (2) increase production and reduce costs
(3) travel to the physical location (3) access to new knowledge and technology
(4) crowded (4) promote cultural diversity and understanding
(5) fragile and require limited access (5) integrate into the global working environment.
(6) explore exhibits from anywhere in the world (6) addressing global issues
(7) Interactive features (7) humanitarian aid
(8) not replicate the physical sense of scale, (8) threaten local traditions and national identity
texture, and other details (9) harsher competition for jobs
(9) copyright (10) unemployed
(11) international travel
(12) climate change and environmental degradation
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Unit 13: ANIMALS
Humans' treatment toward animals is an extremely sensitive topic. We use various animal species, from tiny bacteria
to large animals that have many similarities to us, in many different ways.Therefore, there has been much debate about
the necessity of using animals in researching products that serve humans. In addition, another controversy related to
animals is the presence of zoos today. Some people question whether keeping these wild animals captive is better than
returning them to their natural environment. Chapter 13 on Animals will provide learners with some advantages and
disadvantages of animal experiments and the important role of zoos at various levels.
ANIMALS
Animal zoos
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BENEFITS OF ANIMAL TESTING KEY WORDS
First of all, experimentation on animals for testing new • life-saving drugs: nhiều loại thuốc cứu
drugs or assessing the effectiveness of new products is very sống mạng người
necessary. Indeed, we have historically discovered many • alternatives: biện pháp thay thế
life-saving drugs for humans based on experiments on • immune-related diseases: bệnh liên quan
animals. For example, testing on cows was crucial in creating đến hệ miễn dịch
a vaccine to eradicate smallpox from deadly diseases; or • neuro-related diseases: bệnh liên quan
experiments on dogs helped scientists discover insulin to đến thần kinh.
treat diabetes in the 1920s. • genetic-related diseases: bệnh liên quan
đến di truyền.
In addition, there are no alternatives for complex studies • have a biological and genetic structure:
related to immune-related diseases, neuro-related diseases, có cấu trúc sinh và gen
or genetic-related diseases. Other methods, such as computer • the final stages of testing: những giai
simulations, can only be applied to simple conditions that đoạn cuối của cuộc thử nghiệm
humans have knowledge of. For more complex diseases that
we do not fully understand, such as some types of cancer,
the only way to test effectiveness is through animal testing
because some animals have a biological and genetic structure
similar to humans.
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radiation, genetic modification, or deliberately infected with • genetic modification: sự điều chỉnh về gen
some diseases, leading to risks of cancer and even death. • deliberately infected with some diseases:
bị cố tình lây nhiễm với một số loại bệnh
Their concern and objection also lie in the success rate and • have side effects: có tác dụng phụ
effectiveness of this method. In the United States, many • mass withdrawal: sự thu hồi hàng loạt
people oppose this type of experiment because they witness • contracted in humans: mắc bệnh ở người
an estimated 50-60 million laboratory animals being killed
each year for research purposes. Some research drugs have
many side effects on humans and have experienced mass
withdrawal.
SUMMARY
Animal testing is necessary for discovering life-saving drugs and studying complex diseases with no alternatives.
Animals' biological structure aids research before involving humans in the final stages. However, opponents argue it
violates animal rights, has ethical concerns, and may not accurately represent human reactions.
Human-final stage
ANIMAL TESTING
Morally wrong
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Animal zoos
The zoo we know of today has been prevalent since the 18th century. Some zoos are popular because they bring many
benefits to both humans and animals. However, many zoos also instill fear in humans due to the actions that take
place within them. Regardless of the era, zoos always have their pros and cons.
destruction and the spread of urbanisation. Specifically, trường sống
zoos often participate in conservation programs that aim to • urbanisation: sự bành trướng đô thị
breed endangered animals in captivity and then reintroduce • endangered animals: các động vật có
them back into their natural habitats to help stabilize their nguy cơ bị tuyệt chủng
populations. This is especially important for species that are • breed in captivity: nhân giống trong điều
critically endangered and facing extinction. kiện nuôi nhốt
• reintroduce into their natural habitats:
Moreover, zoos also provide medical care and treatment for thả về lại môi trường sống tự nhiên
animals that may not receive proper care in the wild. In some • stabilize populations: ổn định dân số
cases, animals may have injuries or illnesses that make it • provide medical care and treatment: cung
difficult for them to survive in their natural habitat. In such cấp chăm sóc và chữa trị y tế
cases, zoos can provide a sanctuary for these animals to • receive proper care in the wild: không
recover and receive the medical attention they need. Zoos nhận được sự chăm sóc phù hợp trong
also have veterinary staff who can provide specialized care môi trường tự nhiên
for animals that may not be available in the wild. • veterinary staff: nhân viên thú y
• ecology: hệ sinh thái
Furthermore, zoos provide educational opportunities for
visitors to learn about animals they may have never seen
before. Many zoos offer guided tours, informational displays,
and interactive exhibits that educate visitors about different
species and their habitats. This helps to raise awareness and
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educate the public about the importance of conservation
and environmental protection. Additionally, zoos can also
contribute to scientific research by providing opportunities for
researchers to study animal behavior, genetics, and ecology
in a controlled environment.
role as animal caretakers to exploit and abuse animals for bóc lột
entertainment purposes. This can include forcing animals • perform tricks: biểu diễn xiếc
to perform tricks or live in inadequate living conditions. • live in inadequate living conditions: sống
These practices are unethical and can harm the physical trong điều kiện thiếu thốn
and mental health of animals. • roam and hunt: đi lang thang và săn mồi
• Unsuitable for all species: Not all animals are suited for • aggression: sự hiếu chiến
captive environments, and keeping them in zoos can be • hold small numbers: chứa được số
detrimental to their well-being. For example, large animals lượng nhỏ
such as elephants and big cats need a lot of space to roam • protect the large majority of species: bảo
and hunt, and being confined to a small enclosure can lead vệ được phần lớn các loài
to stress and aggression. • display common or popular species: tập
• Hold small numbers of animals: zoos can only hold small trung vào những loài thông dụng hoặc
numbers of animals and therefore cannot protect the được yêu thích
large majority of species from being hunted or their • biodiversity: đa dạng sinh học
habitats from being destroyed. Therefore, each government
should create and fund conservation programs that help
to stop the destruction of the habitats of endangered
species so that animals can live in their natural state rather
than be locked up in cages for their entire life.
• Limited educational value: While some zoos can offer
valuable educational opportunities, many focus on
displaying common or popular species that may not offer
much in terms of education or conservation efforts. This
can lead to a limited understanding of biodiversity and
can give the false belief that only certain animals are
worth conserving.
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SUMMARY
Zoos preserve endangered animals, provide medical care, and offer educational opportunities. They breed and rein-
troduce species, protect from poaching and habitat destruction, and contribute to scientific research. However, some
zoos engage in abuse and exploitation, confining animals to inadequate conditions. Unsuitable for certain species,
zoos limit educational value and cannot protect the majority of species.
Educational opportunities
ZOOS
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about the drawbacks of using animals for testing medicines and new products
1.2. Some people say that it is necessary to use animals for testing medicines intended for human use. Others,
however, think it is cruel and unnecessary. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
There are two major reasons why some people oppose the idea of using animals for medical experiments.
2.1. Mind map about the benefits of using animals for testing medicines and new products
2.2. Some people say that it is necessary to use animals for testing medicines intended for human use. Others,
however, think it is cruel and unnecessary. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Zoos Benefits
3.2. Some people think that zoos are all cruel and should be closed down. Others however believe that zoos can be
useful in protecting wild animals. Discuss both opinions and give your own opinion.
On the one hand, many people feel that zoos are useful in some regards.
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4.1. Mind map about the drawbacks of zoos
Zoos Drawbacks
4.2. Some people think that zoos are all cruel and should be closed down. Others however believe that zoos can be
useful in protecting wild animals. Discuss both opinions and give your own opinion.
However, while the aforementioned ideas may be true to a certain extent, I believe that zoos are unnecessary for the
following reasons.
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
exposure to high levels have their own rights many side effects on humans
of radiation
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2.2. Zoos
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about the drawbacks of using animals for testing medicines and new products
1.2. There are two major reasons why some people oppose the idea of using animals for medical experiments. Firstly,
they believe that animals also have their own rights, and humans do not have the right to experiment with products
or experiments that pose a risk to the lives of these animals. Every year, many animals are subjected to medical
experimentation and have to suffer physical pain such as exposure to high levels of radiation, genetic modification, or
deliberately infected with some diseases. Additionally, their concern and objection also lie in the effectiveness of this
method. Many diseases are contracted in humans but not in animals. One example is human-specific viruses such
as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). These viruses have evolved to specifically infect human cells and cannot
infect other animals, which makes it difficult to develop animal models for studying and testing treatments for these
diseases. Therefore, even if there is effective research on animals, it may not necessarily be potent for humans.
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2.1. Mind map about the benefits of using animals for testing medicines and new products
1.2. Despite the above mentioned disadvantages, in my opinion, animal testing is necessary. Humans are still reliant
on animal testing for many purposes, including developing new medications and checking the safety of medical
products. In fact, we have historically discovered many life-saving drugs for humans based on experiments on animals.
For example, testing on cows was crucial in creating a vaccine to eradicate smallpox from deadly diseases, or experiments
on dogs helped scientists discover insulin to treat diabetes in the 1920s. More importantly, animals are an indispensable
factor in complex studies related to immune-related diseases, neuro-related diseases, or genetic-related diseases.
Other methods, such as computer simulations, can only be applied to diseases that humans have knowledge of. For
more complex diseases that we do not fully understand, such as some types of cancer, the only way to test effectiveness
is through animal testing because some animals have a biological and genetic structure similar to humans.
361 | ZIM
3.2. On the one hand, many people feel that zoos are useful in some regards. Firstly, zoos can help to preserve endangered
animals by keeping them safe from poachers and other threats, such as habitat destruction and the spread of urbanisation.
Some zoos also run breeding programs in order to try and increase the numbers of some endangered species to avoid
them becoming extinct. Secondly, zoos provide educational opportunities for visitors to learn about animals they may
have never seen before. Many zoos offer guided tours, informational displays, and interactive exhibits that educate
visitors about different species and their habitats. This helps to raise awareness and educate the public about the
importance of conservation and environmental protection.
4.2. However, while the aforementioned ideas may be true to a certain extent, I believe that zoos are unnecessary for
the following reasons. To begin with, zoos can only hold small numbers of animals and therefore cannot protect the
large majority of species from being hunted or their habitats from being destroyed. I believe it is the responsibility
of each government to create and fund conservation programs that help to stop the destruction of the habitats of
endangered species so that animals can live in their natural state rather than be locked up in cages for their entire
life. Furthermore, in many zoos, animals are being mistreated as they are often taken advantage of to perform tricks
or living in inadequate living conditions , which has so far caused many animals in zoos to die because of starvation
and sufferings.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) historically discovered many life-saving drugs (1) help stabilize their populations
(2) no alternatives for complex studies (2) habitat destruction
(3) have a biological and genetic structure similar (3) reintroduce to the wild
to humans (4) have veterinary staff
(4) participate in the final stages of testing (5) educational opportunities
(5) have their own rights (6) study animal behavior, genetics, and ecology
(6) exposure to high levels of radiation (7) abuse and exploitation
(7) genetic modification (8) forced to perform tricks
(8) many side effects on humans (9) a lot of space to roam and hunt
(9) contracted in humans but not in animals (10) hold small numbers
(11) limited educational value
(12) limited understanding of biodiversity
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Unit 14: HOUSING-BUILDING
The design of housing and buildings holds immense importance in creating functional and aesthetically pleasing
spaces. From residential homes to commercial structures, thoughtful design considerations can enhance livability,
efficiency, and overall user experience and the overall community. In this chapter, learners will discover the importance
of function and appearance of a structure, the benefits and drawbacks of two kinds of city- horizontal and vertical
cities, and how the uniformity or uniqueness contribute to the city landscape and other aspects.
Function or Appearance
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INTENDED USE KEY WORDS
On the one hand, the intended use of a building is very • determine related factors: quyết định
important as it will determine many related factors such as những yếu tố liên quan
layout, building materials, and safety procedures. • layout: bố cục
• Layout: An office will require individual workspaces, known • materials: chất liệu
as cubicles, or a coworking space depending on the • safety standards: quy chuẩn an toàn
organizational culture. Besides, functional rooms such as
meeting rooms, restrooms, and dining rooms added to
meet the needs of the company are considered based on
the intended use. For example, a hospital needs patient
rooms, examination rooms, reception areas, etc.
• Materials: A traditional Vietnamese stilt house will require
wood materials to reflect the historical and cultural values
of a certain period. A residential apartment building will be
made of reinforced concrete to ensure safety and stability.
• Safety standards: when designing a building, the intended
use will determine the installation of electrical wiring, fire
exits and equipment, and emergency equipment placement
and design.
such as natural lighting or air circulation. This has a great năng lượng hiệu quả hơn
impact on the mood and health of building users. • natural lighting: ánh sáng tự nhiên
• air circulation: sự lưu thông không khí
ENHANCE WORK PERFORMANCE
Lastly, It provides appropriate spaces and facilities that
support the activities and tasks performed within it. For • enhance work performance: nâng cao
example, a well-designed office building may have ergonomic hiệu suất công việc
workstations, meeting rooms, collaboration spaces, and • support the activities and tasks performed
amenities like a cafeteria or fitness center. Such functionality within: hỗ trợ cho các hoạt động được
improves efficiency, promotes collaboration, and facilitates thực hiện bên trong tòa nhà
smooth workflow, thereby enhancing work performance.
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APPEARANCE KEY WORDS
On the other hand, appearance plays an equally important role • appearance: vẻ bề ngoài
in a building. • break the monotony: phá vỡ sự đơn điệu
• create a more vibrant and interesting
A building that is visually pleasing can help to make a city more cityscape: tạo ra quang cảnh thành phố
attractive, and break the monotony of concrete buildings. This sôi động và thú vị
can help to create a more vibrant and interesting cityscape, • appealing to both residents and tourists:
which can be appealing to both residents and tourists alike. thu hút dân địa phương và khách du lịch
• iconic landmarks and tourist attractions:
In addition to making a city more attractive, buildings with các địa danh mang tính biểu tượng và địa
unique and eye-catching architecture can become iconic điểm du lịch
landmarks and tourist attractions. These types of buildings • impact on the local economy: ảnh hưởng
can have a positive impact on the local economy by attracting nền kinh tế địa phương
visitors, creating jobs, and generating revenue. For example, • increase its own property value: tăng giá
Landmark 81 in Vietnam has become a popular tourist trị tài sản
attraction, with its distinctive design and impressive height • higher demand and higher prices: nhu
drawing visitors from all over the world. cầu và giá tiền tăng
• more income for the owner: nhiều thu
Finally, an aesthetically pleasing building can also increase nhập hơn cho chủ toà nhà
its own property value. Buildings that are well-designed and
visually appealing are generally more desirable, which can
translate into higher demand and higher prices. This can
be beneficial for property owners, who can see an increase
in the value of their investment over time. Additionally, an
aesthetically pleasing building can help to attract more
tenants, which can generate more income for the owner.
However, the one is not necessarily more important than the other. These two factors can be developed at the same
time when constructing a building. The important thing is that the investor should consider which aspect is more
important to them at the present time in order to make the right decisions.
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SUMMARY
The intended use of a building determines layout, materials, and safety standards. It improves quality of life, energy
efficiency, and work performance by providing suitable spaces and facilities while a visually pleasing building en-
hances city aesthetics, attracts tourists, and becomes a landmark. It increases property value, demand, and income
for owners.
FUNCTION OR
APPEARANCE
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Horizontal vs vertical cities: which is better?
Advances in science, technology, and healthcare help people live longer and have healthier lives. However, this raises
concerns about overpopulation. As the population increases, so does the demand for living space. To address a lack
of accommodation in cities, the concept of vertical cities with high-rise buildings emerged. However, in some parts
of the world, some people support horizontal cities. Each type of city planning will be suitable for the characteristics
of each city.
for social interaction, such as parks, public squares, and không gian cộng đồng
pedestrian zones. These spaces often serve as gathering • social cohesion: sự gắn kết
places for people of all ages and backgrounds, promoting • prioritize private spaces: ưu tiên không
social cohesion and a sense of community. In horizontal gian riêng tư
cities, the emphasis on community-oriented spaces can also • a sense of exclusivity: sự riêng tư
encourage people to participate in public life and take an • weakened sense of community: sự gắn
active role in shaping their communities. kết cộng động yếu
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ECONOMY KEY WORDS
In terms of economy, vertical cities can be more economically • accommodate large numbers of people:
efficient due to their ability to accommodate large numbers đáp ứng cho lượng người lớn
of people in a small space.Thus, A vertical city can better • optimize the land use: tối ưu việc sử
optimize the land use. Specifically, high-rise buildings can dụng đất
also provide a significant amount of commercial space, • more land for other purposes: có nhiều
which can attract businesses and create job opportunities đất cho những mục đích khác
for residents. Then, more land can be available for other • crops: các vụ mùa
purposes, such as cultivating crops to meet the growing food • expand streets: mở rộng đường xá
demands or expanding streets to alleviate traffic congestion, • create walkable communities: tạo ra cộng
which enables dwellers to access better public transportation, đồng đi bộ
reduce commuting times and increase productivity. • diverse commercial spaces: không gian
thương mại đa dạng
However, horizontal cities can also be efficient by creating
walkable communities that reduce the need for cars.
Horizontal cities can also offer more diverse commercial
spaces, such as street-level storefronts and outdoor markets,
that promote local business activity.
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SAFETY KEY WORDS
Horizontal cities make it easy for emergency vehicles to • emergency vehicles to navigate: các
navigate through the sprawling urban areas, which can help phương tiện dễ dàng đi vào khu gặp nạn
public safety services to respond quickly to emergencies. • respond quickly to emergencies: giải
Moreover, in horizontal cities, residents often know each other quyết nhanh các trường hợp khẩn cấp
better, leading to increased community engagement, which • know each other better: biết nhau rõ hơn
can help prevent and deter criminal activity. Studies have also • community engagement: sự gắn kết về
shown that horizontal cities tend to have lower crime rates cộng đồng
compared to vertical cities, which can contribute to a safer • prevent and deter criminal activity: ngăn
overall environment. However, with low population density, ngừa và giảm hành vi phạm tội
horizontal cities may not have enough residents to support • low population density: mật độ dân số thấp
robust public safety services, leading to slower response • slower response times: thời gian phản hồi
times and lower levels of safety. thấp hơn
• strict fire safety measures: biện pháp
On the other hand, high-rise buildings in vertical cities phòng cháy chữa cháy nghiêm ngặt
are required to have strict fire safety measures in place, • sprinkler systems: hệ thống phun nước
including sprinkler systems, fire-resistant materials, and • fire-resistant materials: vật liệu chống cháy
other equipment, which can reduce the risk of fire-related • street-level crime: các tội phạm đường phố
injuries and deaths. Also, living in a high-rise building can • evacuate: di tản
reduce exposure to street-level crime, such as muggings • constant maintenance and inspection:
or car theft, since these crimes are less likely to occur on bảo trì và thanh tra liên tục
upper floors. Nevertheless, high population density in vertical • elevators: thang máy
cities can lead to overcrowding, which can increase the risk
of crime and make it more difficult to evacuate in the event
of an emergency. Furthermore, tall buildings in vertical cities
require constant maintenance and inspection to ensure their
structural integrity, and a failure in any part of the building's
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infrastructure can have catastrophic consequences. Finally,
high-rise buildings in vertical cities rely heavily on elevators,
which can be a safety concern in the event of a power outage
or elevator malfunction.
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SUMMARY
Horizontal cities prioritize public spaces, promoting social cohesion. Vertical cities optimize land use, attract businesses,
but lack community spaces. Horizontal cities have lower crime rates but may lack safety services. Vertical cities have
fire safety measures but face risks of overcrowding and power outage. Vertical cities conserve land but contribute to
pollution. Horizontal cities have green spaces but require more land and energy.
SOCIETY
ECONOMY
VERTICAL-
HORIZONTAL
CITIES
SAFETY
ENVIRONMENT
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Uniformity or Uniqueness
Uniformity and uniqueness are two important factors that greatly affect the characteristics and identity of a city.
Although both have advantages and disadvantages, a proper balance between them is crucial in creating a vibrant city
that people want to live, work, and play in.
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a sense of belonging.
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range of residents and potentially contributing to a more
inclusive and diverse community. Amsterdam, for example,
has a mix of traditional row houses, modern apartments,
and floating homes that cater to different lifestyles and
preferences. For example, the row houses are typically narrow
and tall, designed to fit into the city's small and densely
populated streets, while the modern apartments offer a more
spacious and contemporary living environment. The floating
homes, on the other hand, provide a unique and alternative
housing option for those who prefer to live on the water. By
offering a variety of housing options, Amsterdam has created a
more inclusive and diverse community that can accommodate
residents with different needs and preferences.
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SUMMARY
Uniform cities are well-organized and visually appealing, promoting efficiency, trust, and unity. However, they can lack
diversity and character, resulting in a monotonous environment. Meanwhile, promoting architectural diversity in housing
creates an attractive environment with unique buildings, but it can be challenging to plan and maintain, potentially leading
to higher costs and a lack of community coherence.
Advantages
UNIFORMITY
Disadvantages
UNIFORMITY OR
UNIQUENESS
Advantages
UNIQUENESS
Disadvantages
PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about the roles of the appearance of building design
1.2. When designing a building, the function is normally more important than the outward appearance. Do you
agree or disagree with this idea?
On the one hand, it cannot be denied that a magnificent looking structure can bring a wide range of benefits that
should be taken into consideration.
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2.1. Mind map about benefits and drawbacks of the uniformity of house styles.
2.2. Some people think that newly built houses should follow the style of old houses in local areas. Others think that
people should have freedom to build houses of their own style. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
On the one hand, there are some reasons why all buildings in a particular area should have the same style.
Safety Society
Vertical
city
Environment Economy
3.2. Some people think that it is best to live in a horizontal city while others think of a vertical city. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
A vertical city can better optimize the land use because land on earth will not grow any bigger, while the human pop-
ulation is ever-increasing.
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
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2.2. Vertical and horizontal cities
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2.3. Uniformity and uniqueness
more complex zoning and a visually interesting and lack coherence and unity
building regulations attractive environment
well-organized and efficient a sense of social fragmentation cater for different lifestyles
and preferences
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about the roles of the appearance of building design
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1.2. On the one hand, it cannot be denied that a magnificent looking structure can bring a wide range of benefits that
should be taken into consideration. Firstly, it can remarkably raise its market value, especially a commercial or
shopping center, as it looks more attractive, professional and high-class. The more customers are attracted to the
building, the more profit it can potentially generate, which can benefit the building’s owners enormously. Secondly, a
building with an aesthetic design can contribute a lot to the appearance of a city, and may serve as an attraction to
tourists. For example, many people flock to European cities to enjoy the beauty of Gothic architecture.
2.1. Mind map about benefits and drawbacks of the uniformity of houses styles.
2.2. On the one hand, there are some reasons why all buildings in a particular area should have the same style. Firstly,
when houses look similar it will enhance a sense of community and belonging within a residential area. This is
because a house often reflects the wealth and social status of its owner. If a house looks older, smaller, and less
attractive than others, the people living there may feel inferior and less confident when socialising with their neighbours.
In contrast, a house which stands out in the neighbourhood could potentially make its owner the target of gossip or
burglary. Secondly, when houses share a common design, it will save money for owners because it is unnecessary for
them to hire architects to draw the plan or buy unique materials to build the house.
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3.2. A vertical city can better optimize the land use because land on earth will not grow any bigger, while the human
population is ever-increasing. If tall apartments are erected and chosen as a place of residence, a unit of land can
accommodate a larger number of residents. For instance, instead of allocating 100 miles square of land for the
construction of houses for a population of only 100 households, the government can provide accommodation for ten
times as many when constructing a ten-story apartment. Then, more land can be available for other purposes, such
as cultivating crops to meet the growing food demands or expanding streets to alleviate traffic congestion, which can
address critical issues associated with the overpopulation.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) layout (1) lack community-oriented spaces
(2) materials (2) a weakened sense of community
(3) safety standards (3) promote social cohesion and a sense of community
(4) use energy more efficiently (4) more land for other purposes
(5) enhance work performance (5) expanding streets
(6) break the monotony of concrete buildings (6) create walkable communities
(7) impact on the local economy (7) promote local business activity
(8) increase its own property value (8) have strict fire safety measures
(9) difficult to evacuate
(10) rely heavily on elevators
(11) respond quickly to emergencies
(12) increased community engagement
(13) conservation of natural habitats
(14) compact design
(15) reliance on large amounts of energy
(16) deforestation
2.3
(1) well-organized and efficient
(2) create a sense of order and stability
(3) bridge cultural and social differences
(4) monotonous and dull
(5) a visually interesting and attractive environment
(6) cater for different lifestyles and preferences
(7) more complex zoning and building regulations
(8) lack coherence and unity
(9) a sense of social fragmentation
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Unit 15: URBANIZATION
The world's population is growing at an overwhelming rate, and the global economy is becoming more industrialized
than ever before. As a result, more and more people are moving to cities in search of greater opportunities. This
process is known as urbanization. Moreover, as the population in cities becomes increasingly crowded, there is still
a great demand for people living and working in rural areas to move to the city. This has given rise to a second type
of urbanization, known as urban sprawl, the widespread development of urban areas on undeveloped land near the
city. Chapter 15 will focus on the advantages and disadvantages of cities and urban areas, from which learners can
understand why urbanization or urban sprawl is necessary. In addition, this chapter provides some solutions to one
of the most pressing issues in urban areas: transportation.
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BENEFITS FOR INDIVIDUALS KEY WORDS
City life offers many benefits to individuals, including: • the concentration of companies: sự tập
trung của các công ty
Job opportunities • career advancement: sự thăng tiến trong
One of the main advantages of living in a city is the công việc
concentration of companies and job opportunities available. • higher salaries: lương cao hơn
With many businesses operating in close proximity, city • better benefits and perks: phúc lợi và đặc
residents have access to many employment options, which quyền cao hơn
can lead to career advancement, higher salaries, and better • better facilities and services: cơ sở vật
benefits and perks. For example, New York City is known for chất và dịch vụ tốt hơn
its concentration of financial companies, which offer well- • prestigious schools and universities: các
paying jobs and opportunities for career growth in the finance ngôi trường và đại học danh giá
industry. Similarly, San Francisco is home to many high- • well-equipped teaching equipment and
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tech companies, which provide employment opportunities devices: trang thiết bị dạy học hiện đại
for people with specialized skills in areas such as software • well-qualified teaching staff: giáo viên
engineering and data analysis. chuyên môn cao
• eating and entertaining options: các lựa
Better facilities and services chọn ăn uống và giải trí
Cities tend to offer better facilities and services than rural • larger and more advanced medical
areas, which can lead to a higher quality of life for residents. facilities: cơ sở vật chất y tế rộng rãi và
In terms of education, cities often have prestigious schools tiên tiến hơn
and universities, with well-equipped teaching equipment • more specialist doctors: nhiều chuyên gia
and devices, and well-qualified teaching staff. For example, bác sĩ hơn
Boston is home to some of the best universities in the world, • greater mobility and freedom: sự tự do và
such as Harvard and MIT, which attract students from all over di chuyển tốt hơn
the globe. • broaden individuals' horizons: mở mang
đầu óc
Cities also offer a wide variety of eating and entertaining
options, including cinemas, sports facilities, shopping centers,
and restaurants. For example, Los Angeles has a thriving food
scene, with a wide range of restaurants serving cuisine from
around the world.
Convenient transport
Public transportation in cities tends to be more advanced and
accessible than in rural areas, making it easier for individuals to
get around. This can lead to greater mobility and freedom, and
can make it easier for individuals to access job opportunities,
education, and entertainment. For example, London has an
extensive public transportation system, including the famous
"Tube" subway system, which allows residents to quickly and
easily travel throughout the city.
Diverse culture
Cities tend to be more diverse than rural areas, with people
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from different backgrounds living and working. This can lead
to exposure to different cultures, customs, and perspectives,
which can broaden individuals' horizons. For example,
Toronto is known for its diverse population, with people from
all over the world living and working in the city. This has led
to a rich cultural scene, with festivals, museums, and events
celebrating different cultures and traditions.
workforces, which can be invaluable for companies looking to gần với nhà cung cấp và khách hàng
recruit top talent. The high concentration of skilled workers • reduce transport time and costs: giảm
also means that companies have access to a range of different thời gian và chi phí vận chuyển
skill sets and can benefit from the expertise of specialists in • large storage spaces: kho chứa lớn
their fields. • receive their orders: nhận hàng
• modern infrastructure and amenities: cơ
Proximity to suppliers and customers sở hạ tầng và vật chất hiện đại
Proximity to suppliers and customers is another significant • transport systems: hệ thống giao thông
advantage of city life. Being located in a city reduces transport • communication networks: mạng lưới
time and costs, as shipping routes are shorter and deliveries viễn thông
can be made more frequently. This reduces the need for large • utility services: tiện ích công cộng
storage spaces and makes it more convenient for customers to • brand visibility: sự nhận diện thương hiệu
receive their orders, which can increase customer satisfaction • noticed by potential customers: được
and loyalty. khách hàng tiềm năng chú ý
• the vibrancy of urban living: sự sôi động
Modern infrastructure and amenities của cuộc sống thành thị
The infrastructure and amenities provided by cities, such as
transport systems, communication networks, and utility
services, also make it easier for companies to conduct
business and reach their customers.
Brand visibility
The high visibility of city life means that companies are more
likely to be noticed by potential customers, and can benefit
from being associated with the vibrancy and excitement of
urban living.
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DRAWBACKS FOR INDIVIDUALS KEY WORDS
While city life offers many benefits, there are also several • exhaust fumes from vehicles: khí thải từ
drawbacks that can impact individuals' quality of life. xe cộ
These include: • smoke from factories: khói từ nhà máy
• sewage and waste: nước thải và rác thải
Higher cost of living • higher rates of crime: tỷ lệ tội phạm
One of the most significant drawbacks of living in a city tăng cao
is the higher cost of living. This includes expenses such as • social and economic inequality: bất bình
accommodation, utilities, and food, which can put a financial đẳng về xã hội và kinh tế
burden on individuals and families. For example, San Francisco
is known for its high cost of living, with average rent prices for
a one-bedroom apartment exceeding $3,500 per month. This
can make it difficult for individuals and families to afford basic
necessities, such as housing and food.
Traffic congestion
City life is often worsened by traffic congestion, which can
make it difficult for individuals to get around and can lead to
increased stress and frustration. This can also contribute
to air pollution and carbon emissions, which can impact the
environment and public health. For example, Los Angeles is
notorious for its traffic congestion, with commuters spending
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an average of 119 hours per year stuck in traffic. This can lead
to reduced productivity and a lower quality of life for individuals.
Pollution
Cities are often associated with high levels of pollution,
including exhaust fumes from vehicles, smoke from factories,
and sewage and waste. This can impact individuals' health,
contributing to respiratory problems, heart disease, and other
health issues. For example, Beijing is known for its severe air
pollution, which can lead to increased rates of lung cancer and
other respiratory illnesses. This can be especially harmful to
vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly.
Crime
Cities can also be associated with higher rates of crime, which
can impact individuals' safety and sense of security. This can be
related to social and economic inequality, as well as access
to products and services. For example, Detroit has one of the
highest crime rates in the United States, with a high incidence
of violent crime such as robbery and assault. This can lead to a
sense of insecurity among residents and impact their daily lives.
Fiercer competition
Increased competition is another challenge that companies
face in the city. Hubs of industries in urban areas mean that
there are often many companies competing for the same
market share. This can be particularly challenging for small
businesses, which may struggle to compete with larger
corporations that have more resources and brand recognition.
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RURAL LIFE: BENEFITS KEY WORDS
Living costs • make ends meet: kiếm đủ tiền để duy trì
One of the most significant advantages of living in rural areas is cuộc sống
the lower cost of living. The price of goods and services in rural • exposure to outdoor spaces and nature:
areas is often lower than in urban areas, which makes it easier for tiếp xúc với không gian bên ngoài và không
people to make ends meet. For example, the cost of rent in rural gian xanh
areas is generally much lower than in cities.
Sense of Community
Rural areas are known for their tight-knit communities, where
people often know each other and immediately help people who
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are in need. In small towns, for example, residents frequently
volunteer at local events and support local businesses. This
sense of community is often absent in urban areas, where
people are more likely to lead isolated and disconnected lives.
The close-knit communities in rural areas also provide a sense
of security and belonging for residents.
there are typically fewer businesses and industries in rural phụ thuộc vào xe ô tô và các phương
areas, and those that do exist may not offer the same level of tiện khác
professional development opportunities as larger companies
in urban areas. For example, someone who wants to pursue a
career in tech or finance may find it difficult to do so in a rural
area where those industries are not as prevalent.
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Dependence on cars or other transport
In rural areas, people usually have to rely on cars or other
forms of transportation to get around, as public transportation
is often limited or nonexistent. This reliance on personal
vehicles can lead to higher emissions and contribute to
environmental problems such as air pollution and climate
change. Additionally, the lack of public transportation options
can also create difficulties for those who don't have access to
a car, such as the elderly, people with disabilities, or those with
low incomes. They may struggle to access essential services
or find it challenging to get around for daily activities.
SUMMARY
On the one hand, living in a city offers individuals various benefits, including job opportunities, better facilities and
services, convenient transport, and exposure to diverse cultures. However, there are drawbacks such as a higher cost
of living, traffic congestion, pollution, higher rates of crime, and limited natural space. Meanwhile, city life can offer
many benefits for companies, such as access to a diverse and highly educated workforce, proximity to suppliers and
customers, and infrastructure and amenities. However, there are also challenges, such as higher operating costs and
increased competition.On the other hand, living in rural areas offers lower living costs, exposure to nature, a sense of
community, but limited career options, access to modern facilities, and dependence on personal transport.
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Job opportunities
Better facilities and services
Individuals
Convenient transport
Diverse culture
RURAL LIFE
Limitations in diversity and
career advancement
Limited access to modern facilities
Drawbacks
Less diverse and convenient lifestyles
Dependence on cars or other transport
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The choices of means of transport in cities
Bikes are a cost-effective mode of transportation. Once quả về mặt chi phí
you've purchased a bike, there are no additional costs for fuel, • fossile fuel: nhiên liệu hoá thạch
insurance. This makes them an excellent choice for those who • insurance: bảo hiểm
want to save money on transportation costs.
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higher life expectancy.
DRAWBACKS OF BIKES
A limited range and speed •
However, a drawback of bikes is that they have a limited range • a limited range and speed: không đa dạng
and speed compared to cars or public transport. This makes về chủng loại và hạn chế về tốc độ
them less suitable for long-distance travel. For example, if • less suitable for long-distance travel:
you live in a rural area and need to travel a long distance to get không phù hợp để di chuyển đường dài
to work, a bike may not be a practical option.
uncomfortable and even dangerous in some cases. temperatures: tiếp xúc với mưa, gió, và
thời tiết khắc nghiệt
Limited storage space
Bikes also have limited storage space for carrying goods, which • limited storage space: không gian chứa
can be an issue if you need to transport large or heavy items. đồ hạn chế
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BENEFITS OF CARS KEY WORDS
Convenience • a sense of privacy and security: cảm giác
Cars provide a lot of convenience, as they allow people to travel riêng tư và bảo mật
long distances comfortably and quickly. They also provide
a sense of privacy and security, as drivers can control their
environment and limit their exposure to weather conditions
and potential safety risks.
Versatile
Cars are very versatile and can be used for a variety of • versatile: đa năng
purposes, such as commuting to work, running errands, or • status symbol: biểu tượng địa vị
taking road trips. They also offer more storage space than
bikes or public transport, making it easier to transport large
items or a group of passengers.
Personal reflection
For some people, owning a car is a status symbol that • financial success, independence, and
represents financial success, independence, and freedom. It freedom: thành công về tiền bạc, sự độc
can also be a way to express personal style and taste, as there lập và sự tự do
are many different types of cars with various features and • style and taste: phong cách và sở thích
designs. For example, many people buy high-end luxury cars cá nhân
such as a Rolls Royce or a Bentley as a symbol of their wealth
and success. These cars are often customized to the buyer's
preferences, with unique features such as custom paint jobs,
luxurious interiors, and cutting-edge technology.
DRAWBACKS OF CARS
Cost
Cars are often a significant financial investment, not just in the • depreciate in value: giảm giá trị
initial purchase price but also in maintenance, fuel, insurance,
and repairs. They can also depreciate in value quickly, making
them a less-than-ideal long-term investment.
Environmental impact
Cars are a major source of air pollution and greenhouse
gas emissions, which contribute to climate change and
harm public health. They also require significant amounts of
natural resources and energy to produce and maintain, further
depleting the planet's resources.
Traffic congestion
In urban areas, cars can contribute to traffic and congestion, • environmental impact: ảnh hưởng
which can lead to increased travel times, stress, and reduced môi trường
productivity. They can also pose a safety risk to pedestrians • deplete the planet's resources: làm cạn
and cyclists, as well as to other drivers on the road. kiệt nguồn tài nguyên
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BENEFITS OF MOTORCYCLES KEY WORDS
Affordability • agility and speed: sự nhanh nhạy và tốc
Motorcycles are often less expensive to purchase and độ chạy
maintain than cars, making them a more affordable mode of • navigate through traffic: điều khiển
transportation. They also tend to use less fuel, which can save giao thông
money in the long run.
DRAWBACKS OF MOTORCYCLE
Safety concerns
Motorcycles are more vulnerable to accidents and injuries • lack the protective features: thiếu các
than cars, as riders lack the protective features that cars thiết bị bảo vệ
provide, such as airbags and seat belts. • weather-dependent: phụ thuộc vào thời tiết
• limited storage and passenger capacity:
Weather dependence hạn chế về chỗ chứa và số lượng người đi
Riding a motorcycle is more weather-dependent than driving a
car, as riders are exposed to rain, wind, and cold temperatures.
This can limit the use of motorcycles to certain times of the
year or regions with more moderate climates.
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BENEFITS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT KEY WORDS
Affordability
Public transport is often cheaper than owning and operating a
car, which can save people a significant amount of money over
time. For example, taking the bus or train to work every day
can be much less expensive than driving and paying for gas,
parking, and maintenance.
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during peak commuting hours. This can lead to longer travel
times, stress, and discomfort for passengers. For example,
during rush hour, trains and buses can become so crowded
that people have to stand or squeeze into tight spaces.
Safety concerns
Public transport can also pose safety risks, such as accidents,
assaults, or theft. For example, some subway systems have
high crime rates or are poorly lit, making it dangerous for
passengers to travel at night.
SUMMARY
Bikes have many benefits, including being cost-effective, environmentally friendly, promoting physical activity, and
being easy to park and maneuver. However, they also have some drawbacks, including limited range and speed,
exposure to weather conditions, and limited storage space. Cars offer convenience and flexibility, and are sometimes
seen as a status symbol, but they can be expensive and have a negative impact on the environment and contribute
to traffic and congestion in urban areas. Motorcycles are affordable and maneuverable. However, they pose safety
concerns, have weather limitations, and have limited storage and passenger capacity. Public transport is affordable
and eco-friendly and reduces traffic congestion. However, it can have limited scheduling and route options, be crowded
and uncomfortable, and pose safety concerns.
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A cost-effective mode
Environmentally friendly mode
Benefits
Promote physical activity and good health
Easy to park and maneuver in traffic
BIKES
A limited range and speed
Drawbacks Little protection from the weather
Limited storage space and passenger capacity
Convenience
Benefits Versatile
Personal reflection
CARS
Depreciate in value
Drawbacks Environmental impact
TRANSPORT
Affordability
Benefits
Agility and speed
MOTORCYCLES
Safety concerns
Drawbacks Weather dependence
Limited storage and passenger capacity
Affordability
Benefits Reduced environmental impact
Reduced traffic congestion
PUBLIC
TRANSPORT
Limited scheduling and route options
Drawbacks Crowding and discomfort
Safety concerns
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Solutions for traffic problems in cities
Traffic congestion is inevitable in cities, especially in large and mega-cities. The government has been proposing and
implementing many measures such as expanding more road lanes, building more bridges and roads, promoting the
use of public transportation, etc., to minimize this congestion, thereby enhancing traffic safety on the streets. How-
ever, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the specific situation, the government
will apply different measures and combinations.
DRAWBACKS
However, such a practice can have some negative impacts • low-income individuals and families: cá
on users. nhân và gia đình thu nhập thấp
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One of the main drawbacks of increasing the price of petrol • the financial means to switch: không có
to reduce traffic congestion is the potential negative impact tiền để chuyển sang phương tiện khác
on low-income individuals and families who rely heavily on • public transit: phương tiện công cộng
personal vehicles for transportation. They may not have • unfair: bất công
the financial means to switch to more cost-saving types • political opposition: sự chống đối về mặt
of transportation or may not have access to public transit chính trị
options. This can lead to a decrease in their mobility and
overall quality of life.
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The main advantage of this measure is that it increases the
capacity of roads, which means that more vehicles can travel
on them at the same time. This can reduce congestion, as
there is more space for vehicles to move. It can also reduce
collisions and accidents, as drivers have more space to
maneuver and can avoid collisions more easily.
DRAWBACKS
However, increasing road capacity can also lead to an • increase in travel demand: sự tăng về nhu
increase in travel demand. This is because when there is cầu đi lại
more space on the road, more people may choose to drive
instead of using other modes of transportation. This can
ultimately lead to more congestion on the road, as the
increase in capacity may not be enough to accommodate
the increase in travel demand.
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electric vehicles emit no tailpipe emissions, and hydrogen fuel
cell vehicles emit only water vapor. This can help reduce the
amount of harmful pollutants that are released into the air,
which can have a positive impact on human health.
DRAWBACKS
Discomfort
Public transport can be crowded and uncomfortable, especially • reliability: độ đáng tin cậy
during peak commuting hours. This can lead to longer travel • difficult to plan their trips: khó khăn trong
times, stress, and discomfort for passengers. For example, việc lên kế hoạch chuyến đi
during rush hour, trains and buses can become so crowded • charging or refueling stations: trạm sạc
that people have to stand or squeeze into tight spaces. điện hoặc tiếp thêm nhiên liệu
Reliability
Public transportation schedules may not always be reliable,
which can make it difficult for people to plan their trips
accordingly. This can also be the case for vehicles that use
green fuel sources, as there may not be enough charging or
refueling stations available, which can limit the distance that
these vehicles can travel.
SUMMARY
Increasing petrol prices can reduce traffic congestion by encouraging alternative transportation and carpooling, but
may significantly affect low-income individuals and families, higher transportation costs for businesses, and face
political opposition. While building or widening roads can have some benefits in reducing congestion and improving
safety, it is important to consider the potential drawbacks and negative impacts, such as increased emissions and
the potential for increased travel demand. Encouraging public transportation or green vehicles can reduce cars on the
road, improve air quality, but cost and reliability can limit adoption.
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Benefits Discourage people from driving
INCREASE THE
PRICE OF PETROL Negative impact on low-income
individuals and families
Higher transportation costs for
Drawbacks
businesses
Unfair
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PRACTICE
Practice 1: Draw mind maps using given suggestions and write a paragraph
using ideas from the mind maps completed and the topic sentences below.
1.1. Mind map about the benefits and drawbacks of cities to companies
Companies
Drawbacks Benefits
in cities
1.2. In some countries, governments are encouraging industries and businesses to move out of the cities and into
regional areas. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
A trend toward relocating businesses outside of cities can exert certain negative impacts on businesses.
2.1. Mind map about the benefits and drawbacks of using bicycles
Using
Drawbacks Benefits
bicycles
2.2. In some cities, people are choosing cars instead of bicycles, while in other cities riding bikes are replacing
cars. Why is this the case? Which development do you think is better?
Although aforementioned benefits of cars, bicycles seem a wiser choice in the long term because of the environmen-
tal and health benefits.
3.1. Mind map about benefits and drawbacks of using public transport
Public
Drawbacks Benefits
transport
3.2. Some people believe the government should spend money on building train and subway lines to reduce traffic
congestion. Others think that building more and wider roads is the better way to reduce traffic congestion.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
On the other hand, better public transport systems are beneficial for the environment and people who do not have a
private vehicle.
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4.1. Mind map about benefits and drawbacks of raising the price of petrol
4.2. The best way to solve the world's traffic and environmental problems is to increase the cost of fuel. Do you
agree or disagree and give your own opinion?
On the one hand, the policy of raising the price of fuel may bring about certain benefits in terms of the environment.
The effect of
Drawbacks Benefits
cities on people's health
5.2. Living in big cities is bad for people's health. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Granted, living in cities is advantageous to people’s health to some certain extent.
Practice 2: Complete the mind maps below using the given phrases
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2.2. Means of transport in cities
easy to park and less suitable for agility and speed depreciate in value
maneuver in traffic long-distance travel
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2.3. Solutions for traffic problems in city
political opposition increased price for goods reduce collisions and accidents
and services
not have the financial discourage people from driving increase in travel demand
means to switch
not be enough charging and improve air quality encourage people to carpool
refueling stations available
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KEY
Practice 1:
1.1. Mind map about the benefits and drawbacks of cities to companies
1.2. The main disadvantage of a trend toward relocating businesses outside of cities is that there is a lack of diverse
and highly educated workforces in rural regions, as rural dwellers are less likely to be equipped with a wide range of
vocational skills. Thus, companies may face several problems trying to recruit new employees, and face significant
increases in funding for training new staff. In addition, moving to rural areas would likely put companies at risk as
most potential customers are found in cities. In fact, most customers are not willing to travel a far distance to buy
products and services; as a result, they can switch to other competitors, which can significantly reduce revenue and
therefore lower their profits.
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2.1. Mind map about the benefits and drawbacks of using bicycles
2.2. Although aforementioned benefits of cars, bicycles seem a wiser choice in the long term because of the
environmental and health benefits. First, bikes produce no emissions and require no fossil fuels to operate. This
means they contribute less to air pollution and global warming than cars or public transport. Second, cycling is an
excellent form of exercise because it requires cyclists to use their muscles to ride the bikes. Therefore, this means
of transport can help people maintain good health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes,
and heart disease.
3.1. Mind map about benefits and drawbacks of using public transport
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3.2. On the other hand, better public transport systems are beneficial for the environment and people who do not have
a private vehicle. In fact, some modes of public transport like subways produce less pollutants than cars and other
private vehicles. Therefore, spending money providing people with access to public transport will improve air quality
and reduce pollution. Furthermore, for those who do not have a private vehicle, such as motorbike or car, buses and
subways are a great choice if they have to travel every day.
4.1. Mind map about benefits and drawbacks of raising the price of petrol
4.2. On the one hand, the policy of raising the price of fuel may bring about certain benefits in terms of the environment.
First, should petrol become increasingly expensive, citizens may feel less willing to choose their cars or motorbikes to
commute every day, before growing more interested in public means of transportation that are much more economical.
These public vehicles, able to carry more commuters at a time, can cut down on the quantity of personal transport
as well as the CO2 emissions released into the air. Second, having to spend a larger amount of money affording gas,
people will likely use it in a more careful and less wasteful manner. This can slow down the depletion of non-renew-
able energy resources, such as fossil fuel, which take many million years to recover.
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5.2. Granted, living in cities is advantageous to people’s health to some certain extent. To begin ưith, city dwellers can
easily access fitness centers and recreation centers to improve their physical well-being and relieve stress, whereas
those places might not be provided in the countryside. Besides, compared to those patients living in rural areas, their
counterparts living in cities might be able to have better healthcare access because they typically have larger and
more advanced medical facilities. In fact, cities often have multiple hospitals, medical centers, and clinics, each with
a range of medical services and specialties. This can help patients in the city have timely diagnosis and treatments.
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Practice 2:
2.1 2.2
(1) concentration of companies (1) a cost-effective mode
(2) career development (2) no fossil fuels to operate
(3) education (3) easy to park and maneuver in traffic
(4) prestigious schools and universities (4) less suitable for long-distance travel
(5) healthcare access (5) limited storage space and passenger capacity
(6) diverse culture (6) agility and speed
(7) proximity to suppliers and customers (7) lack the protective features
(8) brand visibility (8) weather dependence
(9) financial burden (9) reduced environmental impact
(10) exhaust fumes from vehicles (10) carry a large number of commuters
(11) higher rates of crime (11) crowding and discomfort
(12) higher operating costs (12) accidents, assaults, or theft
(13) make ends meet (13) a sense of privacy and security
(14) sense of community (14) more storage space
(15) limited access to modern facilities (15) personal reflection
(16) dependence on cars or other transport (16) depreciate in value
2.3
(1) discourage people from driving
(2) encourage people to carpool
(3) not have the financial means to switch
(4) increased price for goods and services
(5) political opposition
(6) reduce collisions and accidents
(7) increase in travel demand
(8) improve air quality
(9) not be enough charging and refueling
stations available
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TÁC GIẢ
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