EXPERIMENT 1

ACIDITY
APPARATUS:
1. Bure e
2. Beaker
3. Conical Flask
4. Measuring Cylinder
5. Erlenmeyer flask
6. Dropper
7. Funnel
8. Retort Stand with clamp
9. Porcelain tile
10. Wash Bottles

REAGENTS:
1. Sodium Hydroxide (0.02N, NaOH) Titrant.
2. Phenolphthalein Indicator.
3. Dis lled Water.

PROCEDURE:
1. A 25 mL water sample was diluted with an equal volume of dis lled water, and the resul ng
mixture was measured and transferred into an Erlenmeyer flask.
2. Phenolphthalein was introduced into the diluted water sample, with precisely two drops being
added.
3. The bure e was filled with 0.02N NaOH solu on and trated ll the colour of solu on changes
to faint pink colour.
4. The volume of tra on consumed was recorded and the acidity calculated using the equa on
Acidity = 𝑥𝐷

RESULTS:
ACIDITY TEST

Titra on 1 Titra on 2 Titra on 3

Sample No. 1 Sample No. 2 Sample No. 3 Indicator Used
Final Bure e Reading (ml) 3.90 4.30 4.60 phenolphthalein
Ini al Bure e Reading (ml) 3.40 3.90 4.30 phenolphthalein
Volume of 0.025N NaOH 0.50 0.40 0.30 phenolphthalein
used (ml)
CALCULATIONS
ACIDITY TEST
. . .
Average Volume of 0.025N NaOH used (ml) = = 0.4𝑚𝑙

Acidity = 𝑥𝐷

Where,

A = ml. tra on for sample = 0.4ml

N = Normality of NaOH solu on = 0.02N

D = Dilu on Factor = =2

Therefore,
. .
Acidity = 𝑥 2 = 16𝑚𝑔/𝐿CaCO3
 EXPERIMENT 3
TOTAL HARDNESS
APPARATUS:
1. Bure e
2. Beaker
3. Conical Flask
4. Measuring Cylinder
5. Erlenmeyer flask
6. Dropper
7. Funnel
8. Retort Stand with clamp
9. Porcelain tile
10. Wash Bottles

REAGENTS:
1. Eriochrome Black-T
2. EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra-acetate dihydrate) solu on
3. Buffer Solu on
4. Dis lled water

PROCEDURE:
1. A 25 mL water sample was diluted with an equal volume of dis lled water, and the resul ng
mixture was measured and transferred into an Erlenmeyer flask.
2. 2ml of buffer solu on were introduced into the diluted sample.
3. An indicator, specifically 0.1 g of Eriochrome black T, was added. The solu on exhibits a wine-red
colora on.
4. The bure e was filled with a standard EDTA solu on.
5. The content was trated using the EDTA solu on. The endpoint was indicated by a color change
from wine red to blue.
6. The volume of tra on consumed was recorded.

RESULTS:

TOTAL HARDNESS TEST Titra on 1 Titra on 2 Titra on 3

Sample No. 1 Sample No. Sample No. 3 Indicator Used
2
Final Bure e Reading (ml) 9.90 13.70 17.60 Eriochrome black
Ini al Bure e Reading (ml) 5.90 9.90 13.70 Eriochrome black
Volume of EDTA solu on 4.00 3.80 3.90 Eriochrome black
used (ml)
CALCULATIONS
TOTAL HARDNESS TEST
. . .
Average Volume of EDTA solu on used (ml) = = 3.9𝑚𝑙

Total Hardness = 𝑥𝐷

Where,

A = ml. tra on for sample = 3.9ml

N = Normality of EDTA Titrant = 1ml

D = Dilu on Factor = =2

Therefore,
.
Total Hardness = 𝑥 2 = 156𝑚𝑔/𝑙 as CaCO3
 EXPERIMENT 4
CALCIUM HARDNESS
APPARATUS:
1. Bure e
2. Beaker
3. Conical Flask
4. Measuring Cylinder
5. Erlenmeyer flask
6. Dropper
7. Funnel
8. Retort Stand with clamp
9. Porcelain tile
10. Wash Bottles

REAGENTS:
1. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
2. EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra-acetate dihydrate) solu on
3. Murexide Indicator
4. Dis lled water

PROCEDURE:
1. A 25 mL water sample was diluted with an equal volume of dis lled water, and the resul ng
mixture was measured and transferred into an Erlenmeyer flask.
2. 2ml of Sodium Hydroxide NaOH solu on were introduced into the diluted sample.
3. An indicator, specifically 0.1 g of Murexide mixture, was added.
4. The bure e was filled with a standard EDTA solu on.
5. The content was trated using the EDTA solu on. The endpoint was indicated by a color change
from pink colour to purple.
6. The volume of tra on consumed was recorded.

RESULTS:

CALCIUM Titra on 1 Titra on 2 Titra on 3

HARDNESS TEST Sample No. 1 Sample No. Sample No. 3 Indicator Used
2
Final Bure e Reading (ml) 2.10 2.50 3.20 Murexide
Ini al Bure e Reading (ml) 1.50 2.10 2.50 Murexide
Volume of EDTA solu on 0.60 0.40 0.70 Murexide
used (ml)
CALCULATIONS
CALCIUM HARDNESS TEST
. . .
Average Volume of EDTA solu on used (ml) = = 0.57𝑚𝑙

Calcium Hardness = 𝑥𝐷

Where,

A = ml. tra on for sample = 3.9ml

N = Normality of EDTA Titrant = 1ml

D = Dilu on Factor = =2

Therefore,
.
Calcium Hardness = 𝑥 2 = 22.8𝑚𝑔/𝑙 as CaCO3