The Muscular System

Madiha Saleem
RM, BSN, MSN(Scholar)
Dow Institute of Nursing And Midwifery
Dow University of Health Sciences
 Objectives
At the completion of unit learners will be able to:

 Define the following terms fascia, epimysium

perimysium, endomysium, tendons and aponeurosis.

 Describe the location and function of major muscles of:

• The neck
• The face
• The back
• The arms
• The legs

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 Muscular System
• The muscular system is composed of
specialized cells called muscle fibers.

• Their predominant function is contractibility.

• Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs

and blood vessels, are responsible for
movement.

• Nearly all movement in the body is the result

of muscle contraction.
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 Muscular Tissue and Homeostasis

• Muscular tissue contributes to

homeostasis by producing body
movements, moving substance
through the body, and producing heat
to maintain normal body function.

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 Functions of Muscle

Muscle has the ability to contract,

permitting muscles to perform
various functions.

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 Function of Muscles
• Produce movement
• Maintain posture
• Stabilize joints
• Generate heat
 Properties of Muscular Tissue
• Electrical excitability

• Contractility

• Extensibility

• Elasticity
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 Structure Connective Tissue
Coverings
• Fascia
A fascia is sheet or broad band of fibrous
connective tissue that support and surround
muscle and other organ of the body

• Tendon
A tough, cord-like structure made of dense
fibrous connective tissue composed of
parallel bundles of collagens.

Connects muscles to bones

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• Epimysium
A thin covering that is just below the fascia
of a muscle and surrounds the entire
muscle (outer most layer)
• Perimysium
Connective tissue that divides a muscle into
sections called fascicles group of 10 -100 or
muscle
• Endomysium
Covering of connective tissue that
surrounds individual muscle cells

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 Epimysium perimysium and
endomysium
• The epimysium, which surrounds
the muscle; the perimysium, which
surrounds bundles of muscle
fibers; and the endomysium, which
surrounds muscle fibers.

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 Aponeurosis
• An aponeurosis is a type of connective
tissue found throughout the body.

• Aponeuroses provide an attachment point

for muscles to connect to bone, and can also
envelope muscles and organs, bind muscles
together, and bind muscles to other tissues.

• They are important for muscle movement

and posture.

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 Muscles of the neck
• Sternocleidomastoid
Muscles in the neck and upper back used to
move the head.

• Trapezius
This muscle cover shoulder and back of the
neck.

It pulls the head backward, squares the

shoulder and controls movement of
scapula.

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 Muscles of the face
Occipitofrontalis Levator palpebrae superioris
Raises the eyebrows It raises the eyelid
Orbicularis oculi Masseter
Allows the eyes to close Close the jaw
Buccinator Temporalis
Close the jaw Close the mouth and assist
with chewing
Orbicularis oris
Pterygoid
Allows the lips to pucker
It extends from sphenoid bone
to the mandible
Closes the mouth and pulls
the lower jaw forward.
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 Major Skeletal Muscles: Upper
Arm
Pectoralis major Deltoid
 Pulls the arm  Abducts and
extends the arm at
across the chest the shoulder
 Rotates and
adducts the arms Subscapularis
 Rotates the arm
medially
Latissimus dorsi
 Extends and Infraspinatus
adducts the arm  Rotates the arm
and rotates the arm laterally
inwardly
 Major Skeletal Muscles
Upper Arm
Biceps brachii Triceps brachii
Flexes the arm at Extends the arm at
the elbow the elbow
Rotates the hand Supinator
laterally Rotates the forearm
laterally
Brachialis (supination)
Flexes the arm at Pronator teres
the elbow Rotates the forearm
Brachioradialis medially
(pronation)
Flexes the forearm
at the elbow
 Muscles of the Back

Latissimus dorsi Sacrospinalis

arm away from Originates from sacrum
chest extension Contraction causes
Teres major extension of vertebral
It extends, adducts and column
medially rotates the Psoas
arm
It flexes the hip joint
Quadratus
lumborum Trapezius
Muscles of abdominal wall
 Muscles of the Leg
Psoas major and Adductor Group
Adduct the thighs
iliacus Rotate them
Flexes the thigh laterally
Biceps femoris,
Gluteus maximus semitendinosus, and
Extends the thigh semimembranosus
Known as the
Gluteus medius and hamstring group
minimus Flex the leg at the
knee
Abduct the thighs
Extend the leg at
Rotate them medially the thigh
Quadriceps femoris: (Rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus
intermedius)
Extend the leg at the knee

Sartorius
Flexes the leg at the knee and thigh
Abducts the thigh, rotating the thigh laterally but
rotating the lower leg medially

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 References
Tortora J.G, Derkison, B. principle of Anatomy and
physiology (11th Ed) USA john Willey & Sons, inc.

Ross & Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology10th edition.

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