FEATURES yr ae NN Medes Uoyeteasie snares (10 ox) * Blood vessels can be grouped as \ follows ~ Arteries carry blood away from the heart. (leur ond mss tae 2-10 em) ~ Arterioles are the smallest arteries | that deliver blood to capillaries. ' ~ Capillaries are the smallest vessels Seal atenes (11-2 ex) that exchange nutrients between blood ‘ and tissue. | =Venules are the smallest veins that J receive blood from capillaries — 0 Ateriole (10-100 pm) en” blood toward heart | 08 0 Capiares (4-10 yn)ENDOTHELIUM | PPE SS / + Vascular endothelium is a lining en of internal surface of cardiovascular system » Vascular endothelium is a simple squamous epithelium. | + Endothelium consists of endothelial cells » Endothelial cells are flattened, elongated and polygonal cells. H&E staining: In transverse section, endothelial cell shows small quantity of cytoplasm and elongated, flat, densely stained nucleus.[Basic STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS | / Histologically, blood vessels show \ ~ three basic layers in their ansverse section | - Tunica intuuma - Tunica media - Tunica adventutia (tunica = coat)© The numca intima 13 the innermost Layer of the blood veswel = Tema intuma conssts of endothelium, subendothellal connective tissue and internal elastic lamina (inside outwards), © The endothelaun conusts of simple squamous epitheliam (cadothvelial celle\endotheliocytes) resting on the basal lamina * Endothehocytes are flat, elongated potygonal cells that are onented parallel to the direction of blood Now © The subendothelial connective tissue consists of lose connective Uussue conlammg collagen and elastic fibers ‘© Internal elastic membrane consuts of many fenestrated elastic sheets. It in a prominent identification feature tn vein and aot 1m the artersea. ¢ The presence of fenestrabons of elastic sheets permits tramammnon of cutnents to the outer wall of the blood vessels from ats lumenIt is the middle layer of the blood vessels. © It consists of concenme layers of spirally onented smooth muscles. ¢ The smooth mmscles show elongated nucleus. © Elastic Mbers are present in the form of fenestrated sheets. © Tunica media of the arteries are thicker and contains more smooth muscles than that of the ‘Vvelns. External elastic lamina separates tunica media from tunica adventitia.NTITIA__ j * Tunica adventitia ts the oufermost layer o\ blood vessels. © Tunica adventitia 13 a connective tissue layer that consists of collagen fibers, few fine elastic Gbers. © Vasa vasorum are the fine network of small blood vessels that supply the wall of the blood vessel. * Nervi vasorum ore the unmyelinated Postganglionic [jWmpaviPUATneryennbers) that release norepinephrine and pte vasoconstncton.o — w D a w > a ° ° a [) uw ° w 5 o z oO 8 o < o Wall of blood vessel “Se Tunica intima Endothelium - Simple squamous epithelium Subendothelial connective tissue - Loose connective tissue sheets Tunica media Tunica adventitia 1. Smooth muscle - Fibroblasts fibers - Collagen fibers - Concentrically/ - Elastic fibers spirally arranged ~- Vasa vasorum - Produce collagen, - Nervi vasorum elastin 2. Fenestrated elastic . Internal elastic lamina sheets - Fenestrated elastic 3. External elastic lamina - No fibroblasts‘CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSELS _| Large arwres (conducting ences) oruarie: (eeduum arenes) Small arteries Arerioles Capiaries © The copillanes form » network of vessels m the seus and ase the site for exchange of mumrecmma Contessa capilarisa Perescrated copilicrtes Simusoid of strazaidal capullaries VEINS = Vew are grouped amo four groups based on thes ze as follows Venules (diameter 0 | om) ‘Small vous (diaumewr < 1 mm) Medium vers (diameter 1~10 mm) Large veus (Siameter > 10 cum)ELASTIC ARTERIES Elasuc artery is also called as Large artertes or conducting arteries. © Examples: Aor, Pulmonary trunk, Brachiocephalic artery, Common carotid artery, Subclavian artery, Common ihac artery, + Diameter is more than 10 mm. * These artenes convey blood from heart to the muscular artenes hence also called conductng arteries Function as a diastolic pump| STRUCTURE OF ELASTIC ARTERY _ | + Histologically, the wall of clastic artery shows three layers: tunica mtima, tunica media and tunica adventitia TUNICA INTIMA © Tunica intima consists of endothelium wubendothelial connectrve tissue and internal elastic lamina. * Bidothelinon - ample squamous epithelium + Subendovhelial connective tissue * Iraernal elastic laminaTunica media Ut ts chickest layer in the wall of artencs. + 1 consists of many layers of vascular smooth muscles and fenestrated elastic lamellae (sheets), * Vascular smooth muscles + Voscular smooth omscles produce elastin and collagen. Layers of ampoth muscle fibers are separated from each other by concentne fenestrated sheets of elasun Both intemal and external elastic lamellae are not clearly differentiated from other elastic lamellae of tunica mediaTunica adventitia Tunica adventitia of the elastic artery is relatively thin. Tt consists of longindinally runing collagen fibers It also shows fibroblasts macrophages and fine elastin fibers. It also contains Vasa vasorum Nervi VasorumElasticllarge artery (Conducting vessels) ’ ' ' Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia ~ Relatively thin=< MUSCULAR ARTERIES _—> * Medium-sized arteries and have a diameter of 2- 10 mm, (External carotid, brachial, femoral artenes) + These arteries distnibute blood to the tissues; hence, also called distributing arteries. + The prominent feature of muscular artenes is the presence of more number of smooth muscles and less amount of elastic material In tunica media * Because of less amount of elastic material in tunica media, the internal elastic lamina (part of tunica intima) can be easily identified * Smooth muscles regulate the amount of flow through these arteries by contraction (vasoconstriction) and relaxation (vasodilatation)STRUCTURE OF MUSCULAR ARTERIES E OF MUSCULAR ARTERIES | The clastic artenes gradually change unto muscular arteries thia change includes mainly 1) decrease m the diameter, 2) decrease m the umber of elazhc fibers, 3) merease im the amount of smooth muscle m tursca media Structurally, the muscular artery conmste of tunica misma, tunica media and tunica adventina Tanica intima * It consists of endothelrum. subcadothelial connective tissue and internal clastic lamina © Endothelium Subondothelial connective issue is sparse (very less) * Internal elastic lamina \s prominent.(Structure of Muscular Arteries ] + Tunica media Lumen of anery { + Tunica media (predominantly) consists of Cote veer eee concentric smooth muscle fibers. > | r + Small number of elastic fibers and collagen | BUSSE) ym nS fibers. EEN (7 + The smooth muscle cells are connected by gap junctions for rapid and coordinated contraction. * External elastic lamina.[STRUCTURE OF MUSCULAR ARTERIES | Lumen of arery | / Tunica adventitia ° It consists of connective issue, | + Tunica adventitia of the muscular artery is relatively thicker than elastic arteries. + Tunica adventitia also shows Ie 17 vasa vasorum and nervi = vasorum. | t Smooh Tunica Extnmal Tunica cia cena Seda elasiic mina commInternal elastic lamina Endothelium ts Tonica inuma~ OS a Tunica media + Se Pa FS eI aM SAN a Tunica externa- Smooth muscles Collagen fibers Medium-sized (muscular) artory (thick tunica media)Tunica media Elastic artery Muscular artery Significant amount of Sabendothelial subendotbelial connective connective (issue © Gnmue 15 present. scanty. Insernal elastic lamina is pot Internal elastic clearly idea fiable lamina 1s clearty visible, Many thick fenestrated elastic Very less amount of Jaminae are present. elastic fibers present. Smooth muscles ore present Many layers of ERIE) «inbetween smooth muscles are ‘elastic lamanse. present. Tt relatively thin layer of Mt in relatively thick comnectrve ussue_ layer of fibroclastic Conmechye tixswe Aorta, common —carvtd, Bruchal artery, pulmonary trumk —and_fomorn! artery subclavian artenes be 'ARTERIOLES e Muscular arteries divide and redivide to give mse to a as called arterioles (diameter < 100 jum). * Distally the arterioles form capillary plexuses. e Arterioles are grouped as | Muscular or large arterioles: diameter S0—100 pm. Terminal arterioles: diameter less than 50 pm. | Re }| Structure of Arteriole | © The anenole consis of tumca tana tumca meds anc] - tunica adventitia Smoot musce cel Conectun tae © Vascular reristance bh: w~yt, 2 Tunica adventitia | wz \ © then commectrve tisvue layer that separate artenole from adjacent structure. 1 may not be clearly drstingwshable Endothelium + Astenoles regulate blood flow through capillary plexus © Amenole increases vascular reustance eee | asst \ © qubendathelal cosnectre tise NV Tunica media ( (¢ 3 Sp | + 3 ca uve toc, cacularly arranged vascular moots | () x ON © Precapillary sphincter hyd | VS Arterioie/ © Veins carry blood towards the heart © Based on the diameter, the veins are classified as: venules, smal) ves, medium | veins and large veins Veaules and small vexns = The emallest veins are called venules. They collect blood from capillanes © The diameter of vemule 1s 0.1 mm or leas | © The venules are of two types | - Post-capillary venules (10-$0 jum diameter) \ Muscular verules ($0-100 jum diameter)(MEDIUM VEINS y oN Motaum vem ()-10 cam Guumeter) thows peorty Mdentifiahie \\ afl Gree layers of russel tanicd mmm tunica mosia and omen advectina TUNICA NTDIA const of endothe, basal Lemma, Os wbeodomela! comectve swat ans daxcomimacus «sternal lasac tama TUNICA MEDIA 1 then 208 comnts of few layers of smocth muscle ceD. TUNICA ADVENTITIA &s a Quck layer of connective \ismue contammy cofagen sud efasie: fibers Modium vam accompany the medumauzed arenes; for ‘cample, radial vein. tial vein, popliteal vein and 20 on Medium veins chow presence of waives @ thes tumen to prevent rerograde (backward) flow of tise venous valves are more m vems of the lower heb to cousteract the eftect of party * Anois examapie Vemaral vein, soperiar mesenteric Yeia, Exdohefum Tuncameda Tuna atventita Smooth muscle cels (Cah, eosnophiic) RS ae: SICAL ial ff antes of eotagen fers ee ee ee eeLARGE VEINS | oad en —————————— tome = The large vem (>10 mm dummeter) shows presence af all three layers | of vessels: tamica tatina, tumsca media and tumuca adventitia | ‘Tunica intima Tomca intima conusts of vascular endothelnum basal Lamma and | | theo sudendothelsal connective Usxue | + The subendothelial connective tisme contams few smooth muscle cella ‘Tunica media | } 2 commis of concentncally arranged amooth rmuxcle cells, collagen | fibers and fibroblasts. * Boundary betwoen tunica media and tumca eet decade, ‘Tunica adventitia | © Mis the thickest layer of the large ven | © I conmsts of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle cella @ Italso contains collagen fibers, elastic fibers and fibroblaste Examples superior vena cava, interior vena cava. | i onaTwnicainfima Tunica media ‘Tunica adventitia Endotieium = Retaively hiner Longidnal + Basdlamna ——thanedventéa smooth muses + Tin bende Feu soc mace - Fen easier, | connacine fssue ces, brblasts, and. colagen fibers, -Fewsmooh cufagenfers and fbvobas's | sceWALL LUMEN INTERNAL cLasTic Lana _| TUNICA MEDIA SVEN Thinner dan cry Oval, cirenbar. patent (open) | Celtayoed. trvegmiar | Well defied w medvum ani Abwemt oct cot small arene ioe | Thicker Gan vems | Timmer than artcrren 11 Thacker dum adventina of Thames than advert of h arenes | sein FES, c7paaej rane Panag palin smooth amscle cells amf/of smooth amacle cells, elastic Sher collagen fibers and smooth muuscles and clastic fibers =a ‘© Large veins) {AM} layers of vessel are well lo umall and medium afined. jmwed vena, al) duce |layere of vemel are not Clearty ideutified.