ol= (ial) al gl 59S IN (ger aby ils ant ll) Gal ilo iy how, that, what, when, where, whether, which, who, whom, and why. A noun clause takes the place ofa noun in the sentence 59S sll Save Jag pS aly aad dae Jay 384 58 Gy ytl 4} A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a single-word noun. OS Ban MNSia Samy oh als Jit 55 Gti elie Unie 6 tie 6 apie ined jy alasAAS 0 595 sll el jal ass (8x3 ON) ASH + ail + Jeti + IY) Jel ye alan e Subordinator + subject + verb + remainder of the sentence e Sometimes the subordinator introduces a noun clause that has its own subject and verb: > Nobody knows (why #24! +she Jeli + went Js.) » Tknow (whom s1:/+ you deli+ Jed are looking for) (Stay gl) ALS + Gail + YI Jeti sen! ‘who’, ‘whoever’, ‘what’, ‘whatever, ‘which’, ‘whichever’ > Tcan'ttell you (who *¥! + borrowed Jail + my book 44Sa! ,) $8 Addl beady 516 sl gay Ul who y that Ge Gg kt we AUB Ae oy phy dani, ya ald SII SY US de ghd AB pul ALS py SS GY! 8 (dg) Aa yes tay gg Se Nabi) y LE dine) al diay gf lad gay 5S Gylill OS YVAN Ada edad HN a Ginny pid 5 IS SY yet BANS yt SG y WS Gye GS y sii Leg) cabal GI Adal! Gee ja pd Sy Gyill > Laney College is a school that has a lot of courses > I think that grandparents should help more in raising their grandchildren.(Heat Seth 38) ) Sai Sl osegy Mandl aly png Kee . is unknown. o! . is unknown. 538 usb (His action) was not very polite. (What the man did) was not very polite. ~& When the noun clause is the subject of the sentence, the main verb of the completed sentence is singular in form: (eae AS sis ) be 98s GY pel Adega Jel Ss Ld 35 Gy bao r( .) is not always right. > (fi) is not always right Adtlen Si din, Jel Sa Ll 596 gy ll ny YASS 2655 Lal Jam Ga} «+. does not concem me. up tothem. is none of your business. «iS a private matter. +depends on several things. has not worried me. + is fine with me, aphab ned yallPace 16 Underline the subject of each sentence. Write NC next to those sentences that contain a noun clause rather than a single-word noun, 1. Our discussion was private, 2. Her reasons for being angry surprised me. 3. ‘What she said was rude, 4. Who you are dating is none of my business. 5. Their decision doesn’t concern me. 6. Why she quit her job is a mystery. 7, How they choose to live is up to them. 8. Whether or not she takes that classis her decision. Restate each sentence, using a noun clause as the subject. The underlined words will help you to choose the appropriate subordinator to use. 1, The time of his departure was also a secret. 2. His ignorance of world affairs has surprised everyone in Washington. 3. His reason for taking this trip has been worrying his advisors. 4. The resident decided not to take his wife with him. This surprised everyone. 5. The number of days he will stay is confidential. aphad ined jy h361 Be eee| ae 6 ‘The leaders he will meet with makes everyone nervous. 4. His decision to go alone concerns the members of his cabinet. (Mast S aia 1 ) alll sey ga Hi © know (Ali) © Tknow Abell Syria 5S Gh © Now! understand (it), pu! © Now! understand Adeall Unie 58 gy Dogs ORGS ot 0 RE). TT: «1 Ina reply to a question, the tense of the verb in the noun clause does not change if the main verb of the completed sentence is in the simple present. A. How long Was she there? B. (RRGRERGN how long she {Wij there. A. Where is your mother? B.I sure where she ig right now. BE 3 0). a» 2 If the main verb of the completed sentence is in the simple past, the tense of the verb in the noun clause changes: A: When Will they arrive? B: Nobody [iI me when they {WOuld arrive. ashab iced jy acl SSSdiay ily (Jdssy yer eli Who « (esl oer ger) Dial whom Mas iy GALAN Who Gyeiding Cust Leip + In informal spoken English, ‘who’, although incorrect, appear occasionally instead of ‘whom! . In speech and writing, 'whom' and ‘whomever’ are preferred: ¢ [would accept who you suggest for this job. Informal and incorrect ¢ I would accept whom you suggest for this job, Formal. eg (dais es) elil Who ¢ (estore) Jail Whom © & (Whom is used if the verb in the noun clause has a subject: > Tnever pay attention to whom my roommate telephones. > I never pay attention to who telephones my roommate, (Gab Ys pel 4) Gigs Sea gat all sal dade 58 ine Harry is not responsible for (Alex's decision); Harry is not responsible for (UREUAIGMURERGGNOMON Jal) Gal Jie 58 ou She was looking at (my painting) She was looking at (UNAMMGREN) yal) apa) Ups 55 os yea ey saPage [6s underline the object of each sentence. Write NC next to those sentences that contain jnoun clause rather than a single-word noun, 1 don’t know the answer, I like where she lives. I can’t tell you what the answer is, T don’t know him, I don’t understand why they feel this way. Hove their apartment, Do you remember what her name is? She hasn’t decided when she will tell her boss. PNAK AYN Answer the questions using a noun clause as the object of each sentence. 1. A. Who had a part last nee B. I don’t know -----— 2. A. Where was it? B, I have no idea ----------------—-, 3. A. When did it start? B. [can’t tell you —a-eoe=e-e————, apiab ned jg daePage [69 4. A. When was it over? B. 1 can’t say ---------------. ares 5, A. how did Reza get home? B. 1 don’t know ---------------------- a, a . A. Do you know whether or not he enjoyed the party? B. He didn’t tell me -------- 7. A. did he know about the party before last night? B. I really don’t know ------++-----------------==-, 8. A. How long will he be gone? B. He didn’t tell me ----------------eeseseoee, Restate cach sentence, using a noun clause as object of the preposition, She was looking at my painting. T was worried about his health. The teacher wasn’t interested in his excuses. Nobody can depend on Jim’s promises. Her parents didn’t approve of her decision. Pen =1'm sure (RRERETSICCEED Jackson is happy (fit OUsmReed NO Cone) aad Cpe Wyld 26h pay that gh path lal JS) inal ALS ada, 'm sure HBIISUCEE Jackson is happy JOWBreed 10 Come) Combine the sentences making the first sentence into a noun clause used after the adjective in the second sentence, He always denies it. We are aware. He doesn’t think anybody sees him. I’m sure. He has never studied for an exam. His roommate is certain. Cheating doesn’t bother John. We are all convinced. He thinks cheating is acceptable. I’m sure. Yawype=tg Bane Syl pag Sl pM Gian ll ever Lal nad Saw Whoever, whomever, wherever, whenever, whatever, whichever, however. se ine yg tl JS Whoever and whomever mean any person, ia I Wherever means any place. Bagh Whenever means any time, ay gl Whatever means anything. (dagen cay Ay gle Mia gale pt) et sl Whichever means any possibility. (Aes Natu gh) seer gt gl However, means any manner, (Yeaglt) de gh Jil. whomever \aiy delill Whoever; GAD whoever Gye Jes 0YL Li © I would accept whoever you suggest for this job. Informal and incorrect © I would accept whomever you suggest for this job. Formal and correct e Whomever the company hires should be willing to travel. Formal and correct © Whoever he knows should be invited, Informal and incorrect (D> gh de) olyis golds 55 Gli ata 9 5 LW jus pV however ysl ade Be careful not to confuse however when it is used to introduce a noun clause and however when it is used as a conjunctive verb. However you cook that meat) is all right with me. (Noun Clause) I'll help you to cook it; fowWeVer] I don’t like rare meat. (GUMUAGHVSNUNEE) 55,8 any ay I Lay jt any gay be 3985 gl a phased jy slaslPage {7 Complete the sentences using an —ever word, 1. A. can I leave now? B, -------------—-- you want to leave is okay with me, 2. A. What should I do about my problem? 6.-------------------- we go makes no difference to me. (Deb aah gh) dyed 5s gl Ld that iad cs ETBHAE can often be omitted when it introduces a noun clause used as object of the verb > We assumed (that) our son was sick. > [hope (that) we will tell the truth soon. >» I'm convinced (thet) she's unhappy. (dad oany 61) Jeti jo'6 cyt Ll that Uda push Le "Phat? cannot be omitted when it introduces a noun clause used as subject of the sentence, * That’ as subject of the sentence emphasizes the information in the noun clause aphaP ined jy lardPage 173 > That he had lied to us was unbelievable. > That we accepted his apology made him feel better. w Mla get Ja yiy that #91 > (That he had lied to us) was unbelievable, (Formal) Sele ly it leaded AU yy 58 oy: esti > > Itwas unbelievable (That he had lied to us). (Informal) > (That we accepted his apology) made him feel better. (Formal) > Itmade him feel better (That we accepicd his apology.) (Informal) > Itisa fact that the world is facing a food shortage. (Informal) > Itis true that many people are starving. (Informal) the fact WAS 153 ,, That (2 gail Dla sill ALaall it San y > The fact that he had lied to us was unbelievable. > The fact that we accepted his apology made him feel better. > The fact that everyone refused to attend the meeting took us by surprise, Combine the sentences, using a noun clause beginning with ‘that’ as subject of the sentence, Michael Jordan has become a millionaire. This doesn’t surprise anyone. He is known all over the world. This is a fact. Michael Jordan has done some TV commercials, This is not strange. Many companies use famous people to sell their products on TV. This is not unusual, Pepe apiab od fy sla6)wpe guppy Le) yan Dad gn ay 55 Qt Aa 1 eB ce Bal a (ing gt YIN GAS sgt Yael ) BMI 8 518 gy dll When these verbs have a noun clause as direct object, they require the base form of the verb TERS BESS OE TE > The teacher recommends that she fj to the hospital. > The nurse has insisted that Jean’s husband the room. > The teacher demanded that Ahmed [J in college early tomorrow. ghee ABS Gail Jab LS mot Uiedad ep phil! Magy The negative is formed by putting ‘not’ before the verb in the noun clause: > The doctor advised that she not in the hospital. > The teacher recommends that shi to work, (demand and command ta a) deal) Jail) Jab should pada : peat! ye he hil gs In informal English, the auxiliary {ShOwId sometimes precedes the verb in the noun clause: > ‘The doctor advised that she S002 [EBB in the hospital. in college early tomorrow, incorrect > The teacher demanded that Ahmed shoul pees Jab psd, had Jo aS) (an adjective complement ) tinal! Si paid dine 2 gle 548 QyUdly it is necessary that, it is important that, it is essential that, it is vital that: {tis important that you [lf here tomorrow. © It is vital that she [fl to hospital today. peed toed jy lasPage [5 Combine the sentences, using the type of clauses indicated in parentheses. In some sentences two types of clauses are required. nN . Yesterday we had a review of clauses. Everyone understood the review, (adjective clause) . We had had the review, Everyone told the teacher this. They felt much better about the clauses. (adverb clause + noun clause as object) . Some students went into the lounge. They relaxed or did homework there. (adjective clause) . The grammar teacher gave Miwako copies of an additional exercise. She had forgotten to give the exercises to the students. They left the grammar class. (adjective clause + adverb clause) . Miwako had given everybody a copy of the exercise. They went to their reading class. (Adverb clause) . The students felt more secure in using the clauses. This greatly pleased our teacher. (adjective clause or noun clause as subject) . Jose said this. He had always had trouble with clauses. He was studying in his country.(noun clause as object + adverb clause) apiab ed slaelPage [76 Section 1 Jdentify the function of the noun clause in each sentence below. 1 . Although I’m going to be an engineering student, | have always been interested in how people leam languages. . I don’t know why this subject has always fascinated me. . That speaking a language always precedes writing it is obvious because children understand what their parents say before they learn to write. . Nevertheless, I’m always surprised at how many words a one-year-old child knows. . Language learning research reports that all languages have a lot in common. . For example, I’m certain that every language has a way to express time. . I really don’t remember when I spoke my first word. . However, I’m sure that I said something very interesting. Section 2 Restate the sentences, using a noun clause as subject of each sentence. 1 2. 3. My first word as a child was probably mama. The reason most children learn this word first is obvious. ‘The way most children pronounce the words of their language is always musing. The age at which a child speaks his or her first words is very important. Einstein didn’t speak until he was three years old. This surprises me. apiae ehfyslael