Professional Documents
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2019 SPRING
Prof. D. J. LEE, SNU
Chap. 22
COST CURVES
Average cost & Marginal cost
§ Total cost function can be derived from the cost
min. problem: c(w1,…,wn, y)
§ Various costs can be defined based on the total
cost function
• variable cost, fixed cost,
• average cost, marginal cost,
• long-run cost, short-run cost
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Average cost & Marginal cost
§ Let x f : vector of fixed inputs, x v : vector of variable factors
(
w = wv , w f )
§ Short-run cost function
( ) ( )
c w, y, x f = wv × x v w, y, x f + w f × x f
wf × xf
• Short-run average fixed cost (SAFC): y
2
Average cost & Marginal cost
3
Average cost & Marginal cost
• SR Cost function: ( )
c w, y, k = w k 1
a
× y + w2 k
a
1- a
æ yö a w2 k
SAC = w1 ç ÷ +
èkø y
1- a
æ yö a
SAVC = w1 ç ÷
èkø
wk
SAFC = 2
y
1- a
1 æ yö a
SMC = w1 ç ÷
a èkø
4
Cost curves (Geometry of costs)
§ Total cost function can be derived from the cost
min. problem: c(w1,…,wn, y)
§ Assume that the factor prices to be fixed, then
c(y).
§ Total cost, c(y), is assumed to be monotonic in y.
§ Various cost curves: Average cost curve, Marginal
cost curve, LR cost curve, SR cost curve etc.
§ How are these cost curves related to each other?
5
Cost curves (Geometry of costs)
§ SR Average cost
• SR total cost = VC + FC: c ( y ) = cv ( y ) + F
• SAC = SAVC + SAFC
c ( y ) cv ( y ) F wv × x v ( w, y, x f ) w f × x f
= + = +
y y y y y
U-shaped
SAC
6
Cost curves (Geometry of costs)
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Cost curves (Geometry of costs)
AC decreasing AC increasing
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Cost curves (Geometry of costs)
MC(y)
§ Example
• SR total cost function: c ( y ) = y2 +1
• Variable cost: cv ( y ) = y 2
• Fixed cost: c f ( y ) = 1
AVC ( y ) = y 2 / y = y
AFC ( y ) = 1/ y
AC ( y ) = y + 1/ y
MC ( y ) = 2 y
10
Cost curves (Geometry of costs)
1- a -b
AC ( y ) = Ky a +b
K 1-aa+-bb
MC ( y ) = y
a+b
a -1 1
1
c ( y ) = Ky + F
a
1- a
F
AC ( y ) = Ky a
+
y
11
Cost curves (Geometry of costs)
13
Long-run vs. Short-run Cost Curves
Þ cs ( y, k ( y ) ) : LR cost function
( )
c ( y ) £ cs y, k * for all level of y
( ) ( )
c y* = cs y* , k * when k * = k y* ( )
14
Long-run vs. Short-run Cost Curves
( )
argmin SAC y, k * = ymin
(
Note that LAC ( ymin ) ¹ SAC ymin , k * , )
SAC(ymin)
LAC(ymin)
(
that is, LAC ( ymin ) £ SAC ymin , k * )
ymin
15
Long-run vs. Short-run Cost Curves
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Long-run vs. Short-run Cost Curves
§ LR marginal cost
• When there are discrete levels of the fixed factor, the firm will
choose the amount of the fixed factor to minimize costs.
• Thus the LRMC curve will consist of the various segments of
the SRMC curves associated with each different level of the
fixed factor.
18
Long-run vs. Short-run Cost Curves
§ LR marginal cost
• This has to hold no matter how many different plant sizes
there are !
Cost
SACs
LAC(y)
y
19
Short-Run & Long-Run Marginal Cost Curves
Cost
SRMCs LMC(y)
LAC(y)
y
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Long-run vs. Short-run Cost Curves
§ LR marginal cost
• LR cost function
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