4 Classification of Adhesives

and Compounds

4.1 Introduction

There are a large number of adhesives on the market. It is helpful to orga-

nize these adhesives in groups with common characteristics to facilitate
their understanding and use. Adhesives can be classified in a number of
ways, although no one classification is universally recognized. Classifica-
tions include source, function, chemical composition, physical form, and
application.

4.2 Adhesive Composition Formulation

Adhesives resemble paints in formulation in that they may contain a number

of components in addition to the adhesive materials, which are also called
the binders. Every component is not found in every adhesive. For example,
all adhesives do not contain a solvent or a filler. The key components that
may be found in commercial adhesives have been defined in this section.

4.2.1 Adhesive Base or Binder

This is the primary component and has the function of forming the bond,
thus holding the substrates together. The binder is generally the compo-
nent from which the name of the adhesive is derived. For example, an
epoxy adhesive may have many components, but the main component is
the binder, that is, the epoxy resin.

4.2.2 Hardener (for Thermosetting Adhesives)

This is a substance added to an adhesive to promote the curing reaction by
taking part through catalysis or cross-linking. Two-part adhesive systems
generally have one part that is the base and a second part that is the hard-
ener. Upon mixing, a chemical reaction takes place that causes the adhesive
to solidify. A catalyst is sometimes incorporated in an adhesive formula-
tion to speed up the reaction between the base and the hardener. Very small
amounts of catalyst are required, compared to the principal components
such as base and hardener.

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