Modul- CD

Euclideam Al2thm:
one o the banic tebriawo 9 wrbon e o EucLlean

6
agorrthm
Evcldean algrrtbm s a Smyple piocedwre letomia
te G cD tw o
prme wmb ene on Comsn
twotwo Jnteger ou

akor S 1
+veJteg
Hene cwe use the patcten Gcd Ca, ) ,
Go c t a t Commen diuiso atb sthe T
Jntcgn tas diude bot a db
the two numbhs then e is he
7 a + b ane

divis o aadb
Comon
ane atest
heakest

div'So) be
be. PoStve
PoSiti ve
n
e caad
Ae6C omnen
r s

Gcd Ga6)=
Gcd Ca, b) g
Cd Hcd Ca, ) = 9 Cd

12
9cd 6o, -24) =

Cc gcd C6o, 24)

Gacd C2, )
()
so d i so 2 1 3
i , 2 , 4, 87
diuisor
t hta
h
aneatd Commen eivya
2
Gcd (2, 8 ):
.
Gcd C1,1S)
3
S duiSoy
b19,1, 25 30, So
cUISr dISo 1h 2

Gc(o, 15a) |l6

 Probems
Euckdia
) Detemin c qcd C655, 1205) usinq
algornttm Smalden numbe
Smaden
Bde Looge by
tep 1
465S)12 075 (2
931o

246
2
RI2365

Sster 2 274)46SsC
2765

R21870

stP3 1 27-65C1

R3-3

Sty 4: 9+s189o (2 4 2
140 R 4o

Sts: 1435C
R 3

Ste6 3S)14C
14O
R6O

GcD 46S5, 1207s): 35|

Remeindan.
Remeidan.

tak i o u hen2cn
o

Here we hawc bo
GeD (iao1, 37 69)
Sol: stPI ) 37-(3(2 2
3402 RI 3 6 6
366

SteP2 346) 170 (4

146 R 23
27
stP3 234-)366 C
23 R3127

129

Stp4 2-1) 23C

12
lo

108)129 C
R 2
21

skep
R63
o3

SteP 3 21 C

3763) = 3
acd (17ol,
ASSian ment :

c d CI6o-19174,
31 62 S82So)
Gind

Anp:
Gcd (i97o, 1066
Sol 1o&6)144o (
o66
StcP1
o
Ri9704

StP2 qo4))6 6 CI

6 2 Rz 162

SteP 3 162)q04 CS
910

R
SteP 4 q4) 162 Ci

68

6a) 74 C
63
2 6
S6 2
26) 8CC2
StP 6 R616

SteP + 6 ) 26 Ci

R o

StP 8 1o)16 C
R G
6
SteP 9: 6) 1o C
R
Step lo 4)6 CI
Rio

S t e n: 2)4 C

2
C1910, 1o66)
GeD

a n t h m e t i c

M o d u l a y

P r o p e r t i y ;

nCa-)
a E bC m o d n )

nis
duisib
b a-
a -

7)
24
(mod a-3 b:24
3E
ec
-3 24

3
Finc an Jntn tthat Sadvfcs

the
e u a t w m

4 Cmod3)
S
n:3
Sol a=s b : 4
PopenkEic

+om Con a>venc

aEb (m odn) J nl t a - b

)
5-
diisibl

6 diisibu

2 sCa)-4

Hen C e = 12

6 Cmod S)
C =
a4; b:6 S
Sol

-Co 6
C1 6 1
2 a) 6 8
3 7C3) - 6 S

22

e1,3
 mod
3) E8
a9b-8 nt
Sol
X
O C6) -

C X
2 C3)- 8
3
2 3

S Cs)-3
3
46
3
6 C6)

47 14c= 12 (mod l8)

18
a-14
- 12
Sel 12 12
4 C

o14 Co)
-12 2
-12
4 C1)
2 4 C 2 ) - 2

3o
12
3 14C3)
-12
4 14 4)
14Cs)/2 2
4C6)12

98

6, 1
Finite Field theom GFCP (e
'S g l wnten
*Ainite ido 6rdn

GE CGalos eld)
ove d g n the
a
ven Pime P
the
of ovden P , F CP) an

nibiell P-13
P-3 tegetie
teget
Jntej o, I.
Set Zp P e n a & m
madulo
Coibh attmetc

0) Stermin e
GE C2)
GE Ce)
oven
uC ble
ed

C) +
iel a) +
Co), &0)
CF C2) 6
1
I
m
m ed2
od2

O+1
6 Co) md2
=

27 2
= It GF )Dmod
Salben ! S 2end

o o ) , ahen l
1 s reducble ot GE Ca
 c) 2+x t|
Sol =
lmod2
Otl :| =7
ca) ot
2
23mocd2
3
= t t
0
Saltien is nen-2no

oua Gela)
t 1 s i-educi
ble
+t

so C) =**+ m od2 : 1
+ =
6 Co)= 2modz2
2

uchle
oven Ge
oe G e &)

i s ed

ASSianmn

obe GA ( )
reducib

A
 Ectended EuCLidecn a lt m

to tnemultipkcckve Jnv e using

e Aavc
Codendaed
Eucldan al-vthm

Multiplatve dnvene:
7 oTo6ind multiplctive nvede S

S SxS

c
m u l t i p l c A l
e pvale o
sis

GIenwn al

cwil not ha
a wwe
e
lti pk'e e
mullipl'cd

e w l l not
wmbns
A L L

mod )0
d o e s t h a a e m u l b i p l c k 1 v e
Jnvese

Ca, 6) = 2
e Cans Cc
GCd

cd Cs,16) 1
Cd Cs, 16) É n u l p l a t e Jnwe
S m e d 1o docst awe
 pxobemy
o-/tmArd
uSinUSinq
C
catendcd E ucldeom Alg
3 modi7
multipkcetIve nvere 8
c
e Us
sh
m odi7
di7
Sd hwe to che ck
Check 3 mo

ne
StcP
m2 oRnot

3 mod 17

3XS+2
C2

2
2
e n
the n c
em s'nd
hen
c g
3 mod (7
ML
£ (2 )
camU)

Re e Ite
Stel2
XSS
2 7 -3
3-2 XKI
Xtended Buctdn Algthm

las
eaueh
eaveh dn
Stac w h
Not
(c
eauati on tan St
Kwe hawc 3
SuPpo se a i Secand
a Seca n d
4 Substitue
aith lant eawtion
ewatOn.
 Fom ew 2
3-2X1 - S u b s i i L d e
cnls)

3 C1a -3 X5)x1
= 3-17XI-3 xSSKI)
3X J
3 17 *I t
3 X 1 1 7 X I + 3 X S

3 +s) -I7-X)
3C
mod 17
3
m Z
m T 3mod/7

3 mod1F

el mod)7
So 3 x6
19 E mod7

isthe M- T 3mod
6

e
eaanc d
i ed n
In cCXm
rot
vepcon
 1- mod 43
( 4 mod 43
hawe to Chek
Sal Stef we

M I oR no
eci
7mod 43

3 17X2 *9

- (a)
9X1+9
-

MT Exit
4 6)
eaw ) , c9,
Rew r t e ,
StcP2
43 -17-X2
SE1-- x I
- 9 XI
algstm
evclkdn
Coten
del

e
aw li
om

Sob sb*e eats)

L

-C17-4x1) x

- I * 1 + 9X1
I
 1*XI
9 CI+1) -
Substikde eau(4)

17xI
x2 -

(43 -14 X2)

- 17X
43 X2-17X
C4 +1)
43 X2 -17

17 C>)
43 X 2 -

=
17(s
S c n 4 be m: . b e cousc-
ne2*e
és)
43 X2 t1*
aeld 243
nunben je, S
n e g t e

1 7 mud 43
Cshen e
- S + 43
=
3

+17 x3>
243 x 2
/ 7 - mod 43

38 s m
m o d 43
Veni cO
mod 43
14x3 E l
646 E mod 3

. 1 mod 43
'33 S
th mT

eiked jnRonn
hveb
C)20 mod 94

20 X4 +1
9-
Sol5tcP 1
- X I + 3
e
20
XS+2 -3
-(
3 t ht n
hn
ut M &
Re mandn
mandon
& Re
wm w
G
2 0m o d 1 H G,
2),
ear
),
un'te

R e
2 0 X4

20
xS
7 - 3
2 2 x1

S) .-
e aw
-om
caw
3 2.X Suhskte

3
-
Ca3xs) x i
XSXI)
C1-x1
- 3

3
3x1 17 *)+3XS
-

1
3C1+) - x
btitde
cav 6)
 (20-17X) X6 - 1+X1
(1
|7-x|
6 17 K6
-
-

20X

6 -

17 C 6+1)
20x
ox6
-
17 (7)
S u bs u t d e cau)

2 2 0 x 6 -c
t20 X28

206+ 29 ) -
q+X 7
9 x

2o C3 4 =
20 C3 4)
+ 17 X
mod H

+ A
modg-
= 2o(3 4
20 mod
20mod
H
7 |
the M-
S

s's Imods T6 mods8

1+ mui

Verlica
9+
20 34 3l m od
G805I mod 9

s tAe m-T 20 moe 99-

34
 Pal nomial Arithmebie
Find Gicdlat),ba) (o aa) =2'+ +2 +z t2++1
bc Jan C2o14)
Sal
SteP 1: Divide a a by ba) Hene P tiens Prponc
0
in GFCa).
meann mod 2
+ *++ta+

+ t1
Hene ae have p e 2
Chen v o thc adolten is
2 is O oven GFC2)
z+**1{R)

StcP2 Divid ba) b R

3
22

Gcd Laca), b J
= t+
Find Gcd Fala), b 6or a a)= z tet 1
bCoc) + + l
Jkvide a e ) b C
Sol SteP1
C+T
* +og t c2

7Ctl

RI
t
Stee 2:

SteP3

. Gcd [a , bC)= R2 )

Gcdla a), ba) : 1

 DiviSibikb ard the DiVISI onalgorithmn

DviSibi ty
that a nen-2eo d i d e a a=mb
w e Gan
Some m Csho apb a Jreg m
*Jteg
there iS no rmanda On divISiCn
dvides a
we aho sq tad b is a diso
bla b divde, a

Senee Propodies divsibik 6o

a l , tben a tl
até
al b bla, then
b t 0 dv be alC
a l b ble en

b l 9 blh ,
#en Cmgtnk) a anbitainkege
m g bX9, 6o Seme
m&n

then 915 ae
bl9,
m

Inegen h6
m +hh =
mbg tnbh1
bX ngi +Ok)
mg +oh
bvid
 DiSi Gn alg0
1bhm 2
na tube
tie
n
* Guven a n t v e Jtey,
n 4
a
ar
n we
we divde
Inte en a, i 4 integ -etna'nden

J t e c a v o i cod
a n ta

Rcmen den enn

C S dwe

Groups,Args elbs
'th furdamatal
ani
in 4 (ied
Gorop s, makhemnsb

eloments a broncb
a ehra
a bt r a c t
cen
Con
b e omb1ned
be ondinad
St
he
Too.clomets
the 7 i - d clomenb
Thi-d
obtavn

man acy o

ooYS: is
S ome time 5 dente, by t s
GrouP a, wih abina
A Se elementS

lenobed b " ordene

odoes
)
p a r l a , b)
parla,
each

a
oCke cw th
tat
clemnt s
in G
 blns to Gz, hen a b
Clossura CA):IZ a b
In G
iS als o
ac l l a,C
a, , in Cin
Ca b)c o(or
CA2):a.c6. =
ASSoCiatsvcve

an
eomena e Cn
t's
Thene
elchmentCAs)
7Tderi a in G
a o all
z
e.a
Such t a t ae
is a
eac a i nG , t a e
7Invey e CAL): 6o aa: aa =e
hot
Sucl
elcmenta a in C a, 6 nG
all
b bb .aa
ab=
a
SCammut
e t u e CAS: dements
denerts i& is
is
unbeer
S
snt
nete unb
has and the o d e
aa
Grop
* p
be
a te numb elemeals
to the
Said bo e
S
ewal
u n be
uP
oupgouP 1s
othoras e
I
zoup.
In n c

by
Rin2 'R
Sometmc
timc dero ted
Cwt
ath
ARng elemetts

s a S add'th n tmulkpl'ata
7R, +,Xj
R,+ alle
Opo ati ony

bina
R 15 an
Ab elan 7
h AS Chm go4)
oci t r A t
R S is e
M) cloguna urd en muhipleobicn: I a b beln to e
a o in R.
then ab is

M 2 ) ASsocatiueyamultiplaen

c inR
Cal)c o a a, ,
a Cbc)
Jaus
(M 3) Dihibutivc (rall a,6, e in R at
a lh+c)
e ab t
in
cLc+bc k- ald a, b,
c

ab).c =
multipl éat1n
M4) Cemmutatibu6
all a, b in R
ab b a o
7M) mubiptcaive dendiby
in R Sved & a t
eloment 1
an
rs R
Thene
a Gor al a in

du
d us
soo)r : ehen a:0
2eno a s then
,O, he
M ) No and
and
ab
InR

a, b
T
T
O.
 Field
*A Field F S Sometlmes denbesby{F,tX
S a Set, o/ edoments cth 2 binr pentons

m u l t i r l e t iOnSuc a all
cdolt cn
a,b, c n the a l l o ng Azióms u
obey
F an ntegal dom an: that
CA-M6): 5

acions A rough A m
F Sati'ies
t o g M6)
(m ) multipkcaiwe Jnvese
e x ceptE 0 hne is
o ack lement
a In F
Such ha
ain F
1
aa = a )
a

als
a C")
a aC )
danas by
Diusr on S

Finte e l l
a CuCalL wle in many
Finte iells
pto 7plic agttm

Ehe wmben
f e ield
ord must be Patu a
in
the e l s
elomenks
P-lme P whoe
i s a He J n g e

p-me umbe P e e
D
the
7he dvSo

Pibsof
1
 n
e birite e l do 9noplly
Cur tlcn ay GF CP'
oalois velin.hehor of h
C tcandy
mathcmatican cho t died nibeelh.
dene a t
a Gnven pime 'p
wc
6
6iote i e l l S the don P, GFCP)
dndegen o, 1: P-1
is c S 21p
p n o t 1 Ono modulo
tgethor t h atbmetic

artbmctic opentions eUR

Jn GCa)
a below
w m n m a r ' 2 a o d

ti en
XoR oPnti
dolol
mltiplieti on- ogical Anp

x
o o
oLo
ate.fed
Connuot
Jn oden to mult have
i p-Ima, aFCP)
h n PP
P.
d DPertr'c

he ollng
P elmento
GF CP Corsits

X
X aRedeina
enatr
en +
Th op
Set

Tho perations c a a dckan, Sib, Mul dusion

One Pormes
Cnthoutd Jeav n
eaUInq
St othe tan O has a

Each c emet oo the

multipkcadi ve nvOse
 Modalan AHtneti c

T a is an negen ardn S a ASitiue

be b e remainda
1rte we dine am od'n o
Cahene a is divded b 'n
Jrdeg*a n t s Celle te moduls

an t

al]
ar a n J xn + Camodn)

e D 1 mod 7 eL -1lmo dt

Conguence ¥
propirdie
P
PrPorpbrtto
o,
kae lon
Congn enCes nCa-s)
a b (modn)
rk
( impke b = a dmodn)
Cmedn)
aEb (mod n)
a sb Cmodn)

bEC Cmodn )
a C Cmodn)
 modulan anthmatie opeub ons 2
* mod n openato- maps all Jden In o a
1 Cn-1
Se o 1ntegan {o,
medulan
Uttmetic exbito t lpr
ProPentt cn

TCamodn) + CbmodnTmod n Cat bmod n

nodn
2 ICam odn) Cbmodn)Jmodn
-
Ca-5)
A Cbmodn) 7modn CaXb)
med
Camo do)

amodn + b mod n
Cat)mod n
n a t n trJb t kn) m o d
2 (atn, t CR-t J)n) med
Cnat ) modn

Camedn) t Cb modh, |hodn

Dne bmodn ab

Crite CL
C C an

66r Some JnicgK.

nbtkn
 Ecampes

1 1m o d 8 : 3
0
ISmoc

addiao nmodd+IJmodi)mods
Sel
3 +2)mo d?

(11+ mod 3
26 nod
2

Cumad-
ISnad) rod
Srab'on .
C - S ) mod
- 4 mad

-+

ISmod ) mod&
(11 m o d 3

3 mod

mod 3
imed P) x(S ma)
multiplcakian:

21moc &
 P - o p n t t eo
moduC O n anttmetic 6o (2
Jrte g
ens in 2n
lauuy:
() Commutatib e
modn
(z} u)
a)modn modn
Cwtoc) modn ( t w)

lawS
(2) ASSoCs at i ve
w+ Cot)
modn
=
C w ) +9|modn modn
l X Cc+ 9)J
YCw+c) Xy]mo dn
:

Dist>ibukivc Las:
bc+ DJmodn
= 2Cux D+ Cwx yJned
Cwx

(4) Tdentics CUmodn

(otw)modn

mod n
CU m o d n
Ca
C i ) m a c d n =

s)Addibc Jrvese -u):

thee e cSts a 2 Such a b

oeach w E2,,
Cw+2 S O modn
 The Edended Eualidean Adgoitfm ** 2
Ecterda
Euclican algaithm Is used
Comput adion n the o snte iebs
anca
ob nd

alashms Seh a RSA

n Encpti o n
ctende
a b the
en lnteaens calerlede eneu
Evctdean algottn onty rot

Corm m o n dui
a d, bu alyo olbonl nteyr)z
falloewinq euvekaen.
ta Sati
atb d a ed Cah
a , b-+>1 Y axtb
atbz
a3t3

Yh at

i
a tg- a+1

In cu)
Sub tibtn
YCa-tb~t-)-(asi tb9-a
aCc-2 aixi)+b(9:-2-V;3i-)
axs+%y;
 multipkeikive rvne 3
Finobra
a 4 b . reletiueg. Prme than ha
mulkpbcckiue dvos e modulo a'
a
bia
Co ve dkgen
abz aa
b b c l mod a

d b La
a aa Prime .nunbu
raakae
hanea gcd

Cab
abc+ =d - g cd
gcd Cab) 1 arthg 2
Ilac tod a)
+ (y modJmoda : 1mod a
+Cbmeda) z 1

Cm be uSe to
Evclidim Ago thm
Erlended
2,
melkipe cotue Jvoe
dtemine
e

Ertendej Euoldion Algortn

+On app
to
Caw

metb d
a o i t m
lel
he
n2
 1) For an GaFCS) on the Set 2s Cs is apme )
Cwit addition multipl ct1on oPen tous

GECs) . 1 3, 43
addition

o 23 4 Smodszo

2 3 4 |o
2 2 3 4o||
.3+4moe S: Fmod
3 3 4 2

multipl cation

XD 234

23
2 o24
3 2 3 x3: q
3 qmoeS
4o43 2
addiave Jnvese
4t1:S Smods 2 o
ao23 2t3 5=Smod5 ao
-a 01432 3+2 SASmasSao

mulbipleat ive Jnuene

4t:S>Srads20
XE1ElmodS 1
234 2x3 6 6 mods = 1
3 2 6 6modF = 1
 GFC+) B2)
Sol Cf C) ={ o, , 2, 3, 4, 63
Adiin m ad t
multipUt codon mod
2-
2 3 o Te
oo2 3 |6 23
3 s o 224|6 3
2234 o 3 6|2 LE_
33 s6o 2 26 3
6 2
2 45 ol'o 32
6
Jnvee mod 72
additve nvenpe mod mutb pk'cative

o
-a ol6 32

EC
ASS anment
SL
 MIOD

1) 久『
塗o。) b
70父< b

인4

2) b
14 cob
tkeh 스

및,)29乙l

02. 2

1• 0石경q23
26
 tnod
45

1
-) 32 m 2十
•父十
)•사o十서0卍

),가91h9!4牙
0•11 91들기217)(*十 13

1
 C CCe -5a31 c: p h e-"

c =E 12) CP -ł-k) rnocl 26 p &îôn

p- CC— k) m ou 2-6 l) ec-)-čp

enco- P Ćîc.9n cf
PVQc.Gn e
Ć_e-n CJ'
O-)hc..me k )S 3

e nc.—yg :

4-.ezŁĐ m = )Q

IO c

12
 c C---Yd
p
20

-22-1-

r7Q3Z p—Q-eGn )
k = lo

ID CC —k) m.oel 2

9—mog

2 c

19

vetp
 c--r)C c.)S}n c c aoe-h C IQÅe.-.h

P k)rnoÅ (

Ch (
Iq

pc

TM Z G P D GS X C PGA/

c-4PkQ-h
(6)
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ー いc も m。
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PSEUDO-RANDOM-SEQUENCE GENERATORS AND
STREAM CIPHERS

MODULE – 3 (PART –B)

STREAM CIPHERS USING LFSRS

• combination generator
• clock-controlled generators
• clocking
• LFSR-based ciphers are generally implemented in hardware, electronics logic symbols
GEFFE GENERATOR
GENERALIZED GEFFE GENERATOR
JENNINGS GENERATOR
BETH-PIPER STOP-AND-GO GENERATOR
ALTERNATING STOP-AND-GO GENERATOR
THRESHOLD GENERATOR
SELF-DECIMATED GENERATORS
MULTISPEED INNER PRODUCT GENERATOR
SUMMATION GENERATOR
DNRSG(DYNAMIC RANDOM-SEQUENCE
GENERATOR)
GOLLMANN CASCADE
SHRINKING GENERATOR
SELF-SHRINKING GENERATOR
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o 6

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ECmo
d1)
E mod

+2
532 10x53
1o XS3 +2
S3
2
2
S3
s32 X 4 ' mod

E (0x]6 mod
S32
1 6 mod
Leant csidve a a
Smod1
S32 nwmben

4
 C2) 201 m o d 11
3

Se a mod P)
E mOc
3
E I mOd 1
3

201 l o X20+
1 oX 2 0 + |
2

3 3
2o

(32 mod 1

2. i
= med
20
3 3 mod 1/
3

38
mod
) 33
P- P)
Sof
a (med
3
3 6 mod

38 6 X 6+2
 6X 6+ 2

=(3) )mod 7

) ) mod1-

3
Fama theohcm
a 2 , P=1 unng

P- E C m ocl P)
a
(mod (mod 17
6 mod 17
E

s-em
Emat
un
mod 17
() S
E I m n a d 7

a
Sot
1 E mod|

2
6

16x3 t 2
16X3+2
2
mod 17-
C a Ca)
( C4) mod
4 mod17
37moda USinj1 Fcmay aorem vtu aP

1P- CmodP)
C

I (mad 41)
3
M o d q i

a3 P=s

a E (modP)
Sol
3 S

E Cmod s
3
3 E md.S

Fonmts thorem
20 1 Si
8 mod
SL P- I mod
C

El mad19

20 19 Xi t 2

mod19
s . 2S.

Smodl4
E Hmodl! 9
 Eolen Totient ncdion
Eule totie on ction ittcn an pin)

deined an Jumben Posiiuc integn sm

than n d el ativ el Pame to n

Ps) , 2, 33

Each element n the Sets a Co-PImL g

S
GCD Olhose 2 umbo = 1
Co-Pime
5,13= s33 1
4,23 543
(9 C)= 2, 3, 4, S}

l6) 1, 53 =2
nis a Pime numb then
NOTE hen

Cwe haveCP) =P- 6dtn)=

C3 +) 37- 1 = 3

C31) = 36
 have Pime numbe P q eth
SOpPosc we

Pt then;

g) o (P) * # C )

PCn) (p-1) * #l-1)

9tomine l3s)
umb
u b..
a
Phme
iS not
So 35s
= 1
Gcd C S )
C3 s)
C3S)
Cs)

lt-) *# ( s )
C6)* C4)

OR
2, 3, 4, 6, P, 4, 1, 12, 13, 16, 1?, 8,
,
22, 23, 24, 26, 2, 9, 3 3322,
19,
33, 3 3 24
Cas) =24
e Detenmine pC21)

not a Pme no
Sol 21 S

Ca) acd C3, 2)=

CeD C3,

l3-1) #lt )

12
Cei)
R

2, 4, S, 8, 10, 1", 15, 1617, 19 20- 12

C21)=

) p(u)
A S s i g n m n t

Y) C22)
pl23
 Euln te oem

th o cv a¢n
Euln theorem stadon
thot anceAativcl PHMe

B)1(modn)
to tent n i o
eulens
cwhene Cn)

pro Prime
eum
becuis
bec
Prime
true nis
eawcctienen ()is hol d.
thorem hal
thiwrem
Fenma
Cn-1) d
Co)
o m eulos
u n c i coy
totientunceion

len
numbe ve ndeg ev
inleger
Cn) is the Pme o n'
ane
eldivei
than n
thad
Lob ellad a
Such Integen
ConSden SOE

E C1, C2
R
Uniwc +Uc
element
9; R
R IS a

Cach
Xn tan
wth Gcd (oei n)
ntego
multip
each eemerd by
eish ew 2)
m o d u l o

aramodn)
m odn),
S Ca C a g n )modn)
 11

Sis a Dcnmutalien R

Rcapon
Beccus ca
ais reldivel Pime
to n
S elativel pime
ton
at: must albo be relative Pime
a
S a e inkegens
So l l the
membu

Jem thon 'n thet a relati ve

Pime
dupke-tc nS

(2)Thone ae

plo)
(acimadn) T7 i

1 c (modn)

ETc mod Ca)

TT DCi
C
ic

Cn ICmodn)
 12
Testing Bimale
Primal-is an
0 o detenminin q
cuhcth en nTput nunba is Pme
Capkogmaphie algotmA, i t is nccma

Slet on mo>c lesng PHn numbey

c roolem
So aced cith tank ltenmvy
Cohth a given ag numbe S Pame

hot

) m l l - Rabin algortbm

Tis
Tkis aoitm is sed to test a onae
unbenor- Paimait
Positive integ en n>3 con be CopeMeday
hst, Ar
-I- 2

wo Propendie Prme ni9.

 (13)

Two P>opertico P m t n9.

D
Phopoty 1:
Posibruc
T-P is a Pm n. ord a is
Iteg Len tom P
then eitn
amod =I| 4 only i
amodP:

Po amode) amod)
) C) : C-) C-)

: ( amodP -0 0
anhick is
2 (ared)1
a modP - II tan
amod P:i
6R)amedP-l
tve n
pofert 2
Pm ne eato Eon 2
be
Je p
a

Co coite
we
P>2
K d
P-I 2a wi kyo, aa o
Inlegn in thu o n g e
bc ar
e a

I 4 a P-1 then One bha slaing

modulo
aisiS Congwent to 1
amod (or) ewivlontay

aEmodP)
 a 2 4)
2) one the numbon a, a , a k-1
2)
Congruent to ImoduRo p

-
Pro Fermats thekem C
EI Cmodn)
k
n i s phime, we hawe P-I =
Co kT P-
a
maodP= a
tmodP- 1
w e Jook at the Sewen tu wmbem
2
am odP, a madP, maP
2k-Ja
mOd, a
2Ka
madP
we knetha the lant wmbe in tte tera
Jsthan valve 1

cach umben in t e & t is the Savale Peurou

humb

olonoi1 pssibikes must be v e

COne the
ivs rwmbe on the kst, 4 eyoe !
(A 7e
The
numben On t s t eawals to 1
SabSeawet
(D) ome wnben On st does Aot ewal 1,

od Pdoen dwal to 1
but ils Sauan
oA m e r t

itvc o the ( Pofpeno ma-wmbes

0
unber ttak
ened, cw
kT the n Setie
the Cond ion iS P,
Contedo on cemes
In ti canc the t +
P-
 Problen 15

) n:a9 Chcek t s humben LS Pnme 6R) not

S -I 2 a

29-1 2
29A

NOW wc hawe to

28 ( ) 28 C
k: 2
2 3.5 CX
3

SteP2 Sles m gdej a

Selee min wmb

m P <a <n -1
a2 we haue bo t e b/w 2 to 99|

Std3: bo a modh

be 2 mod 29 bo: +i - 1
bo 12 assi ble Pimn n.
b bo modn Com poSite no.

b: (12) mod 29
+ Compasi te No.

b= 29mod 2q P i m o No
when tun Cwe t wnb
Cuhich s Aev then mod rumbes
TEiS oa Pima No (ie Jem thon 1) then Ce cu/ tc
do-
2 n 2a1

S n-)
=
2
2211 2v
2

1O

ve hwe nd k
226
2 o (2
K2, avsSS 220 27S

tak blw 2 4 2 0
we awe t

a s

a
stP3 . bo a modn

osi n
SS we cmt So we
bo mod 221->
S Calc
b 112
b bo mod 22
bi =C112) mod 22
bi 8 modizi

61 169

62 b mod 22
be 1S+|
 2
22/
b3 (ba)mod
b= 1smod 2
bs 18

byb mod22
b 18)mod 22
|b
not Pm
221 Is a

s eliurib ,19, 17, 22

221

3 s6
Sal 0-1 =
2
S1-1=2

S0 (2) 3 s 2

3
S6

S6o 3

SteP :
a2
kare
Eotoe bw 2 ¢ S6o
Hen
Henc we
 mod n (18
SteP 3 Do a

3S
mad S61
bo 2
bo 263

b (bo)mod n

b
b 146
2. dn
bab1 mo

2
br= 6 ) mads/

b
b3 modn
b3 ( c o d S 6

PHm
S i s a net
CompoS: te .

1', 17, 33, Si, I8; 56

561 , 3,
 Chine se Kemoden teorem

Thesrem
e colleki on
Let m, m2. m a
m
rela'vely p-im irteg
PorISc
Con aw e n C e
Then S t

E a2 Cmod ma)
E Cm odm)
nalLo
M=
otren
uniae S
hon a

, a2**

m Omd
Proo Put =
mi , m2

6oY each k , 2,

e M, M

ms) = I 6ov all

Thon Gncd (M ,

be d InvoIe
k modulomk

e ac
Inue e we
Thon deikior
(mod mk).
Mxk E
c M 9 + az M a t : a, M,J-
 Proble
E 24 Crood3S)

ComPosiic t
a
Scol3 15

3 C s X*)
CwC Utc a

mod Cs)
2 9 mod, C .Ce)
rom Ca t)
E 2 9 mod S
2 E 4modS
-

F > o m eaw 3

Imod S
modS

modS
3
1 6 m odS
=

C E 2 mod s
3mods -)
.
F+om eaw 2)

2 7 mod
I mod
Accoding to willsons thcoem 1/

Pm e ond we hac ewh'on

P is aa

i k e xEl mod P thon So4

note

EmodP

C:~) mod P

Cosbe a
E mod Cm

E m od7

-l mod
C a 6 mod

E I mod +
hawc usie m ca (4) 45
c 2mods
OcE mod 7

3 mods

I2mods

moe moc +
3 mod
c E mod
ouu ewation) e
C ChooJe
w e haue
Suppose we chooSe euwobi9n: (22)
3 mod s
Solvc wia Cineo c
6 modt Remeiroden thesrem

sel a3

M= nXn2

M S X *

) M= 3
SteP 2:
M 2

m2 M 35

mod E 3 +x4) = Pmod

m

T mod Se 3

mod 7- E 6 SX(4)=20mod
m2
mod? E 6
SC)
 C93)
29+2o 483

A8-M
h - 3S

3
we Com UC69 Cryewen
x 3 modS 6mod 7
13 6 mod7
13 3 modS

Coet
13 s

27 mod 3S

(13 21 mod 3 J
2 4 moc3S

Corre c nwen
13
 (24)
2) 2 (mod )
3Pnod)
E mod ?)

Sal Cl 2

lz 3
n3 P

M n, x NzX na
M: 5 x 7X
M 280

M 2-8 S6
m
m2 M

M 28 3

m, 9im odE 2
S6 (mods
S(Y) m od s
2

SX2 2
m22nmod7 3 4o(2) mod
4o92mod+ 3 3

40X2J3
 ma 3 mod8 : 7

mod ? =4 35x4rod
35
35C4)|4o
|12 t80 F)4o = 332
.z
332 M
332 28 0
S2
Owr orywe
Cwe Cn

Dc 2med S)
avetion:
c3Cmad z)
Cm od S)

mod 5
Se 2

Sr5 3 mod

S Y med
 E (mod n) (26)
c SCmod)
mod 13
Sol. a 4

n2

a3-6 n33

Step:
ME 0. X na2 X ns
1 X 7X13

m 0o
steP: 2
o o

43
m2.

M oo
13
Step:
qC med E4
Cs modi 4

=S
Cy2) mod7
1243
S
143 (4) me
 (21
9 3 mod 13
mod13 6
7- | S 39
JteP 4
1S6
4SS+ 372 + 53 9
I=1S66 -M
1S6 - loo
OC=s6

Veribou o e n

ueti on EH(mod )
SCmod 7)
6 (mod 13

S6s E4mod 11
s md
6 mod 3
S
 2 Cmod3
( oc
E Cmod 5)
ESCmo d )

Sal a, 2

nz5

3 S
na

M , X n2 X^3
M = 10S

m O S e 3J
3

M loS : 2

m3

3S9 mod3: 2
5 2
3TCI) mo d3

aXI3

2192 mod S E 4

21X4

mod 7 ES
IS3
S C mod S

ISX3 =
 3S+84+1

94

94 M
94- oS

ve
C 2 mod3
u e t On c Sy mods

1 2 mod3
1 mocS
S1 ES mo

3 ) ASSgomak :
Dec 20 1?

2 Cmed 3)
3 CmodS)
2(mod 1)
 Discrete orthm
9iscAe Jogarvtkno oru (ordamertal to a

umben estgorithm J k
oPublie k
i'sorckre 9igital Sianetun algosthm CAsA)

Powe o an
Inteaen, modulo n
ever a d n'
rom
eulens theorem, o
relaivel Pim
a

hena Cn Ealers totient ncon

Jem Bhon n
umbes e inbeges
divee on

oeprerniGn
Len
a a
ConSiden

m E Cmodn)

n
nelekive Pmma, thene
tan oe
16 a dn hat Sdrye
Jcan
one Ineg en
at

e w e t a &n

Conpe
nent or aJrch ew Ca)
posibuvc
Jen
ned to n Sevenak cwa
hol S
ordcn almod n)
The
Componand to whch a belongs Cmod n)
Ct) The

ThAengh o the Peniod 9encabcd

0
 elements f pimitive roats
orden o
Ord %dements

9einihon et n be a Pasikive Intgo

T des
cd Ca, ) =1,
Ord Ca)
derotes
a mo dulo n
Such haE
Th Smaler posibive ntegn
a mod n

Primikava oo ts

P-mu Amo a T'S dm

'P a
Suppo3e
a Such thal
doe not divec

P I m t i ve root moduLo p
isa
Ce)= p-i
ordp la)
=

6
 Proble mb (2)
pimitube Yoot o Pim wnbuh
2 2i5 a

a mod P

a 2,

S moc S

mo d S

3 med
d CL

K
t
2 3
3 &|
h.1r4

ane dstinct 6
ralwc
ralwea

ay > c P c t C A .

baen

2
2modS
9mod SS

mod
mod S
ird Pimidive oots
Sol: is a Pime runbh
i n Relative Prime umbtn e 7
, 2, 3 , s,43
Jed C4, 2) =1
So
1
c d l , 1) :

P
mod P

mod

a mod +

2 3 Cmod
C a aa

332
2
6 3
6 6
661 He.umbe
gendratC a
Henc 3 Soiu
elativl, U Pime

3 S a PR

Here Pimibibc roo

tund PR (3)

6 , 2, 3, 4, 5
Crcd C6, 1 = {'3

teive

th Po5ible P.R
S wiu be
P-
a m0d P

6-
m6

S m Od 6

S mod6 S
mdJ6 25md6
S
s ma 6 = mo d6

smd
snot a P:R
PrmuJUmb@.
a
is n°t
6
 /S3ijnmu)

wnbo
a Pirna
is

P.R 1S
1S a PR
(6) Skou t a t 2 .

atobla Inolcen
C on ud irdec
irdeoc
as
loqaym u
So discrede
a P- od P

mod I
2

mod i) =

8
m o d )

mod l

6 mod

2mod 1)=

m o d!1

moc
Mod
6

od i1
au distin
balve,

is P.R
 ordn dement (Problems)

ordOrd4
2mod

a2

a
a 'h
ElmOdn
rodlo n
mis the
wheru

2 mod7
mod
2 mo +

henC ord 3

m o d
oR orda
D19 a:zE

Sel
a 1 mod n

11
7 49 nod ]9
19
313 3 43 mo
3
daR7 mod 19
 Ord

a 3

aEmod

3
33 3mad+

2 2

3 27 27 moc
4
3 L ?) modq
S
243 43 mod+
33
29 22qmodz 1
3

4 Aan mant
12

ord 13
Anowe
(5) Ord
 oathms medulay Arthmebie )
*ojanithm un eton is the tnvenbe Ccponenkiakion

a umben s dened bothe pouw

hegatm o 1) must be
t
to cskeh Some positiue base Cczcept
te numbu.
rasc d in orda toeqwal

valve
o bane 2 4 6or a

ogy
Properdies
Log aithm inelude

1
kos ) =

+ e3 C2)
RogzL4)
Ro9C9 2)
=

AogC).
rx lo C)

kegen b Satistie
An Som e
Y, henc ogvs CP-D
b Er Cmod P) or
o PAim
onod a
P>mitive
oo &
a
b
An Inegen
Any Cu Cenind Uniwe ecponenk i Sve
Owmb N P,

that.
a'Cmad P)
Ane O i s CP-1)
h a

i is med eo an discrete
Tis C Poncnt
the bane
artm e The um
be (o
og
almod P)
 I) o becu c a modP
Pai m od P:
d e ga,p
d og a, p Ca) E becme a m o d P2 qa

Conpidee doga, CX)

a mod P

doa, pCY)
a mod P
malbial'cakin
th
the ules modulan
USin g
USin
ymod P L Ce mod P) CHmodP)moe
mod CaoIa,p a)
modP

osap C3)nod) modP

JAoga,Cc)4 dlga,ply))m od
a
Conpide Eule thecm
a
D) Cmod n)
be cxpressed in &
An pesitive Intea en 2 cen

An Cuith Os a í e a )
m 2 t k pn),
Fulen the em
a e a Cmal P) i 2 amod C6)

doga,p (2.3)= Ldloja,p la) +dlog,, (y)

mod #o)

ega Pa) =[rxdloga,e(9) CmodP))

tha analegy bfw troe Joganttt
Thi's dem enytruten
discret logrthns
 RS:A alqorthm

R.S. A A l o t h m :
ALce
Ke e n y aion j

P-1me; Pt
P both

Caleul ate n: PX
dio
eulen to~ied nfnbian
totiend
(P-1)(ay-12
eud
Cal chate cn)
cd Cr,e):
Selecs integ e
1<e < gln)

Calculte d e Cmad den)

* Publc key: PU ie, n
r i v a t e ke PR 1 d, nf
kg:
Encyption b bob cuit Alce Pubte
toct: M <n
Ploin
Mmodn
opher
text C
Publi kes
Akee
Dee peion b1
Caph» besct C

Cmodn
tat M:
pAei'n
 Problerms
P 17 a:l1 ado o
PHm
PHmL w ns
wns 44 aloo

anc
ane
bo t h
bo Pa a
He
SolL
Pt
n PX

n 187
Colclte Cn)
oCn) CP-1) XCA-)

CI-) K'Cu-)
160

Sdeet
inte
int e
1
CpCn), e)
-

gcd
1
cd 160, 7 =

pim
to n) =166 then
' 1a
l tivky

1o,,20,32, 4e 8o
ko 3
, S 8,
I6o 11, 2,
= 1
C16, 1)
cd

e
 3
Calculate d
de mod fCn)
(d peo)
d<l60
cohile s leting
de mod pcn) = /
(23)G mod pch)
l60s
I61 moo

d 23

Publc o Pu , n

Pintek key PR i d, n3
Pa 23, 18 +}

Encyption
Mn
e n tok

M 88

C Mmodn oprb
on lage
ml
use
umbe mato d
C (88)modn

mod lP-
8 74 43 2
C

C1
)ecy Ptio (4)

M: C modn
2.3

M 1 ) rod 18
o mod /2
- a, 72

M 88

P 3, S

n3 X S

n=1S

CP-1) *Ca-1)

Cn)

Cncd (pC),e) =
1
Crcd 8 , 3)
(OR

e-3
 Caleulte d
d emodden) =
(3) C3) mod (8) E
m o d l 8 ) Ei

ld=3
e;3
Hac both e 4 d aneaoma becns
b e c u s ee,
,
nev koPPn
algoittm
In R:S A
clmayp
Conid
Lengert . .

Publc ke Pu =4¬, n3
Pu3,1s}

pasvate ke Pad, n
Pa

En CHPtion :-

tcxt M n
Plein
Cahchis

C M modn

C mod n
od 1
C 4 m

c
 6
Decy1pti on
C modn
M
3
m od

6 4 modiS

P:1, ue13 ;cei/ 6A) Pusic componenk z ll

3 m
n=P
Sol

nE 14
CP-) * Ca-)
C
o T2

GcdCoCn), e)
Grcd C12o, 1)= Jen

demod pen): I

E
mod (izo)
d Cu)
( 6 mad C/20) E
2 mod 120 E
 Publc Key Pie,n 3
P o ,14}
Pivate ke Pa d n3
Pa,1
Enayption
Mmod n
mo d 14
(+)
C lo 6

modn
C
M C1o6) mod 143

od 14 3
Cio 4 m 3 z

2 2 +2'+2

I+2 t ?
mod 143
Co6)
(1o6) * (1o6
1o6ned 143 =
 (10med143 1oc

1 0 6 m o d 1 4 3

32
(o6) mod 43 ( )mad143
3
3)*mad) 43
106 m 143(
19/
od 43
:lo Clo6) A(ioc) m
mod143
(1o6)
)modl43
1O6x
92 *

C1ot)mad 143
(4) P:3, v:lle:t, M:S (1
P V

n 33
Co CP-) Ca)

n)(3-1) * (u-1)

Co) 2x
pCn) 20

Gcd Cpn,c)=
Gacd C20, 7 ) = / | i e n

Calculote d

de mod p e n ) :

El
(2o)
mad
C+)
) medL2)
E1

C) CH)
2 m a d C20) E

Jd3
PubAc key e,n?

Po , 33}
{ d, n}
Peivate key
Pa 3, 33 )
 P t,333
Pa 3 33
E n c Ption

tot : Mn
Plan
3 b e n
M S
C M m o d n

C m33

C= 1

C mod n

M
3
M mad33

MS
S Encyt thu plan terb "How jou? USinhg
an
EnC ad al cedake the dee pt
RA lgs thm
JunJ 2ol
the meNY*
univwe tode.
6 o t ung
havc to enCode plain
StcP 1 c C
te0 decimal digits
A= 26
SPac E 6

R :

2 S7

2 2S

C
ne
66
text
Ho
How
G2 14
20

Ploin o 1 7 o4
22
62
33 14
Pla'n
tex
encd nwnbu

stP2 Bock P 2 066

P1: 3314 P o4 62
P e 2 262
Ciph t
e eo
obs
Hc e
C i p h y
n : 11 23
ent

o n

P 7+3
C M modn

C / 3 3 1 4 )m o d 1 0 2 3 lo2l0

1 4 9q
11o23
mod
C a ( 2 2
62)
/ o 2 3 / 7 P 2

mad
C)
C3
C3 724-

(62 madl a 3
C4 oO3
1003 22
C s = 2 4 1 4
modllo23
)

Cs 223 i 3
modiia3
2064)
C 2
 d
M C medn
Pleinteset:
3314
l1o23
mod
P 1o24) 2262
1
10o23
3
mod

g 4 81)
P 023
S mod 1l
Ps1982) o4 62
med lo23
Io23

nod
2?)
P S
mod llo23
241
Ps 1o032) 2 0 Y

llo23
modllo23

S nad
(223 '

PP
 Diic- Hlman Key Ecchan
Selet Pime numbn 'a
'a
ste 1 ehoase 'o Cwhenc
i s a Pimitive o ot

SteP USa A Ke aencnati Bn

Selet Pivate ke A XA <V
CalcuR ate YA XA
mad a
whne; YA Puhle ke
XA P>ivake ke
A
SteP3 USen B Keg nbón

Selet Pivate key XKs

Clculate Ys modu
SteP : GeneNction Sece t k b usen A
XA
k: ( s nod

StePs Generab'oSecvet kex

e7 sen B
K (A) mod
 Prob e m s C2

0)
SteP:.cwe have to ind Primibiue Root
Sol Fivt
s a PR
2 3 S . o 1Mod 1

2 S 3

PR 0 1 1is 2 6, , 8
weselet)3|

=2
SteP 2 A
XA cwhicd is P>ivate ke
keq Sn A

XA

Xn8
aleuleke Publ'e ke o uS A
A
m oe

YA 2mal
YA 3 Pubic key
StePs Select e o s B
Xg
Calculake
Pub Ae kej uS

mod
Y (2)mod I
Yg
-
Puke key
SteP: 4 CalcuLate
eort ke:
Serolin g Sile Recei L Sida
ka XA
mod V k =A mod a

k: (5) mad k=C moe

we have t ehang seeret keq c

the help d Pubbe 4 pivake Ke
e t is a mmet C k e y
T cald an
Key excehonge agortm
e) Pmmc numba = 353 C4)
Pm itiue Roo 3

233

SSel Calcuete pble ke s A

.A
YA mod

mod
YA (3
(32 mo d 353

CakeRate pbbc kke Sn

mod
2.33
mo.d 3 53
(3)
|Ys 218
 3) mod 33

G 4 t 64 t 3.2+
(3 ( 3 x(3 3 2 3)mod3S

C3) mo d3 S3 = 3

(3 mo djs3

(3 mod 3S3 20
6
(3) mod3S 3 :
(24 mad 33
13
32
3) mod33 (134)mods
140
2
mo
modd353 (140 modass
195

3 4o M8T )mo d 3 S3

I (3 mod3S3
 233 6
mod 3 J 3
C3)
Convct 233 int o Binay

233

233 2364 t32t 8 + 1

3 3
mod 353
3mad3.3

3 ) mod 3 3

209
m od 3S3

( mod3 3
13&
32

(3 m od 3S3
m od 3J3 19
(3
2
(3) mod3S3 33+

3s3
3X20 X140 X)8 SX33})mod
233
mod 33 2 48
 USaA : J 40
A 92

USCn8 4 g 933J
Calculate Secret ked
S erolnS iSi de Recein SHa
A
k-(3 mod K(YA) mad a
233
K (219) mod 3s3 (40) mod 3S3

(31 T : 1 l , 2 , Ya 6 nd Xa:2
XA
mod
S YA
6 2)" mod a
6 (2)"mod 1 meto d

6 (2 mad PueXa | uPto o

n 1
1 y = 19 =O Yg #3;X =

6ind X, XA
XA
Sol mod

XA
6 1 0 ) "mod |1

6 (10) mod 19

mOd

33 10) 9 modl
S mod19
3 Uo
3 3

k: (YA) mod
K(Ys) mod
k: (6) mod l9
K (3 ) 'm od )q
 Xa S Xg 2/2

1nd k, YA, e
A
Sl YA mod

YA ( + ) m o d 7)

YA S
mod

12

g C) mod +

k=Ya) med
k =(Y) mo

12
S) mo d ( 4 ) med +

| k : 3a 30
 (lo)
2 , 4:, Ya9, Ys-3
no ? Xg?
anu p me

pnoue t h t bo keyp
A
Sel A m od
9 (2) "mod
A mod

(2)mod

1XA=
s=)mad

mod
3 (2)
33 (2) mod
3 3
X8
 ( Yb ma L k= (YA) mod
I k =
(9) m od 1)
k -(3) mod
k= 3 k3

Signmenb

4 Xa #S Xs >12
1d Ya Y s k
2 A 1 3
SIned X AS Xe s ¢ Prove th bo
Kansanao m a
 ELiptic CunLe Aithmetic

Elkptia Cwnve: Cptnaph Ece)is a 5Smmtae

pibdie ke enrpt'on
Ecc proude eaval secrity cwith Smalln key Si 2e
a Compane to ASA
v Ece
Ecc uill
wil TmPlemed In
aten cwa1compae
t o Pelioun alyori t m

Ecc is
Shoewi n P in Standandia'en ts
Tnewd:ng the TEGE P 13 63. stord to
pobbe key OPtonPhj
E kie ewue ve
ddinto Peo-m enyrái,
de yptten
ELpE'e cunve S dn b n
eunb on ih
two aable
Co-'eients.

TrayP door byn e n :

hard

es
aiven
is auncien thot is
ea
easy Compte 1n
on direi on, d s dsieult o ComPue n th
opposite ire ebon coithout sPeeiad fantbsn

C alled trap doot

 2)
Iinitg

e iting it
p ie ene
b Some
matemas cd uneas Cubic fun cso.
T ISSmmtic to e-ascid

1 we r a a al'ne 14 touch maium

3 Pointo.
e PeR
bpie cnve e dnad a v diyoont
Van'Ae

ELLpsc Chve Real wmbens

C2 Elpke Cve Ovn 2Ze

EUpbe C ven OU
ELptie Cuveco ove Keal nwmb en -

X Cobia eavatienn 6o lpkie c Le kake

theoecuinq 6otm n own

weierstva eu sab'o

Cohene a, b, C, d, e ane Yca wmbes

q valuer in the real mwmby

T issHreierd to m i& ouree

abans
the arm
Dc+ ae +b

Soid to be cubrc OR degraa

eavatien t

3, hecwse t ghest ponct t Conan is

a 3
dedinikren,, e an ellpk'c cunue ts
Sinale. elem ec denoted C cals
Point at inbits 2 Pont

To PRot Such aCowe wc

Conp ude
Ue3t atb (2)
 Grcometie deseription. of elal:tion -

Rulcs additiBn o

Senve d the .celeltive elenb ty

a A in the ben Cnve, t n 3 peint
Joined y strazt Aine then Sum 3 3i n t s
a

P is a Point, P+0= P
' Ce amum PËO

2. Thnegative ata Pont P s the Pont t

Same Lo ovdinete ottr a ahve
the -Cordhade tha 1s
P , ), then P
vote P+ L-P) P-P =o
3: To add two Points P4 B cutt dened
-Cordn ate, k a e draa a st»a'at kine
betevcen tem Irel Trd Pointg indeeia

To n e etaen thee 7Thre Po/ds

Pte R

To double a Point ,, d-aw the tg

i n 4 bind crthen Pont o IntSetisn
S then + = S
Algebrae. desei pki on e anceltin :

F e r two distint Points,

tat an
P Cp, de)
nen ncgotive o each oto.

The Slope the n e L hat Joim tam

ttam
s A -JP)
- Xp)

One
cwhen
Te IS
ellokie dt
intcr sets th cunve

IS the n otive the Som e7 P ¢ a

Cam epe ss he um R : P+O

p
Chen
= 2P R
P +P
The
3 ocpta
2ocP

3P a (xp-ea)-P
Elpkiee Cven ove Zp

XECC mak use e ipkic Cunue In akic

the. oblen d Ca-icients n e eskrck

t elemento u i t e drold.
lawo famil' lptic cova
Pmc cunbe ovvn 2P

Binas Cuve o GGE C2)

USe a
For PHme Cunve oven 2P, we.

asles ard
Cubic eavatisnIn Guhch Ae
Co-iceds atake On value In he2

St integen -om o torouah P-1.

and in eNeh calcusaaen a Peyo mes
modulo P.

F o r a Bin a Ce dena ove GaPCa

h vasvahln t Co-rciel all boke m
vawe 1n GnF C) d Calcdeh' ona an
Peno med o Gr (2)

ellptie Cun 2
2
mod P ( + awe+b )mad p
 Rule or adalEien.. : C)
P+o= P
a p , ) , ton P+ (tp ,S» )= O
P
P
ThePoint
The , -Sr )s t neaotibe P
derobe -P.

(p.p) P d G.s. Ja) b

TT
3)
(e, Je).
PE-, then R P t
Alewin4 Rle
debemna 6
( p -a ) P mod

Yr( ( )-Se)m adp

whenc mod P P£G

/3 + a modP P=0
(4)
(4) mulbip akion i's dened a e r cakes
ad dib er

eac4P P + P+ P+P
3 Elptic Cuwnvc Ov GF (2)
m
*Fin'te ield G,F (2") Consts 2
Cih ablaen b
elementoy kogether
mwtipai en ophom thet con be de
Oven Paknomialo .

For ellpkic covea

even GF C2"), we

cwkch the Lvannsle,

vainsl,
eavaen in
u s e C o b 1c
valwe
a Co-iiets
olltake "en
G F Cm) o Some umb n
Caleul-tien . ane mad
uSin
rule of vbmebi c in GR G")

Cubic
ewation + +aict

Co-rcetn a 4 6
ements Calculetr on ana
PemaIn GE C)
 or addito
Rulen

then P+ P, p tp):0
P p.gp)
a) {
Th
The Point (z,ep +Jp )
he ne-tue
sk'eh i denote/ a P
P,
P

P
corth P- 4 P then
thin
tm)nse
R P+ = sda)
2

A tA ++ ta

a (*p t *r) +a t
Cwhnc =

()I P- p , Sp) then R= 2 P= e , 2)

1Sdekemined by
A+At a
2

whene = t
 Eptic CUvc Cryptopnaphy

Theae anc Three pplckionn

E n c p t o n / d e a J p h sn

a) Dig tad Sianaturu

Ca ee e an

Analwg De-hikmar ke ehonge -

e Charge USin
Lptic cwve Cen
key
bedone in' t oloing manr

Integen e , cwkch is
First Pick alang 0.
a Pime nunb eR) a n Intcgen

thethe 6tm 2

and pbrc wve Pana mete q 5 o

canaior : ymodp ( a +b)mdP

+
T d n e the elpác ajnsp o Pind,

E
Base Peint 3,) in E Ca, b)
Sesondy
on cllpbie .Cuwve whose ord
Pe]nb
IS ang e valwe N
al
1S a eabor Polnk qennat
enat

t po 1nta Lpbi c ewe.

 (1D
USn A en)ati on
Selet Pintc nA
Calcalate PublcPa PA a X-6

USn enation

Sele Piate

Calculte Publ'c P Ps * G

ke USe A
Cal c u l d On Seu k
K na*Ps
Colculatien Sect ke S B3

k ns PA
Cnllrs Ece Dibie-hellm.
T
Ku Coeepang atm

1S th ava
ene ehan
YThs
D a hellma
USing
kek is Bam So thene

need to tra nd in Seewre Chonne

 Epki c Cuavc EnCyptren De apba 12)

(0) Le the mem e be m

Ce encod ed the plin test memq m
be end an x, y Point Pm
cwilbe CnyDEe
Point Pm ttt
G)T 1S the deP t
ana Caphn teet Jus Seoventay
am tnu2ti n
) T ke eechanq Stem,
dephion Sytem reuie Pont G

Cnep EaCa,6 an Pon m ten,

ellipbie
A Selet Phuate Ke a
) C a Ch usen

genenkes Pble key Pa a * 6

Pmto
To en c
Serd ame eq
()

Ranelom
Choosc
() A Cphen tet C Cor t
Paduce
he
Pu' Points
kG, Pk
F i n oInt
i
the Secon P o l
PntKPa
 (13)
De cyption:
mulbipkies
the CIphun kod. B
To deerypt
n th Pet bby B rP v al
rval

the nt Pon
Secor
Subtraks t ult 6+om
ke
PoInt
Pmt kPe- ngCG

hae Pe (ns G
Pm k Cna n) -
ns Ks)

Pm
 roblemo (14)
Point addition
R
(p, 3)+ (za, Ja) =
a, Ja)
Point mulbipl' cok an

PA na * Puslie PA
Pe ns * Pub'eh
P p+P+P+P
3P P+P P

XA = (A-p -Xe) med P

YR (Xp-XA) -Yp) madP

Find the oPe '

da modp P#

3xp t a mod
2P
) Fa, C) , P: (3 lo), ( a , 7
od'natea t bnd 2P
6ind Co-

E a s C1, 1 Ep
Ep Ca, b
Pis Paime umbe
P 23 a1
P C3, 10)
3p) ( 3 , 1o)

(4, 3) 2
s.Ja) =

caw ) 2 P#

A 3a -ip )mod P
mod 3
3

m od 23

md 23

I m od23 ¥(22 m od 23
moe 23
22*2)mod23 -

t23
 (15)
221 mad 23 mod 23
-4 mod 23 23+1 asho le n

1 be Jen
Show hom 2

1 * 23+ 12
X ( - cp - ) mod P 2
( - 3 - 1 ) meda3
(12 -12 mod23

2
CA (XP Xa) Yp) mod-
e -

(31-)- 1o) moda

6 moda3 ecamPle:
3 mod 3
add + 23
3-7-C2
2 6

add 3

- 7 mod 3 2

R , 20)
61nd (1
2P P-+P
d /3Xp +a mod P
2P
A:f3C3)+ ma 23
2Clo
A 3 Ca)t) d d23
d ( 2 8 ) r o d23
20
2o mod 23
A= 8 mod 23
mod 23
d S X 2o
20 mod23

S ISmad 23 * 23+)

20
a 13

XA C-P-Xa)meda3 13 2t 1S
2

(- 3 3) mod23
-
c e am PAe

S moda 6 21

A 26
S
+

2 lo
R ( -Xa) Yp) mod 23 (18
&37)-lo)mod23
3 mod 23

+23
2

YR 12
e) EC5,4) 6nd Xad YR 31)
P- o, 2), o, 22.

s e E . (S,4) = E Ca5)
b
P Co, 2)
p,9p) =Co 2 -()
o,9)
. a) 2 (2)
e CawaA
w ata S n ) ¢ (2)
2
3p+a mod P
2P
= /3(o* mad
(2
mod

Smods * 4 mud

S * modi
 m od (14)
3

= (S) C3) mod,

X C -
Xp m a P
=((4 ( -) mod
16mod

YR - - mod)r
4 ( - S ) 2 ) mod
- s ) 2 ) rod )y
2 mo d1

R (Xa, Ya = (5,e)
 P- (o,2) A =
(e, 9) (2)
(3 ,

,:(5,4)
Ep Ca, b
S E (s, 4)
P (o, 2)

P,P) 9 2
lo, (o, 9)
(xo,3a) =
o,9) (-(e)
2)
Cau a t a (29 Ule. not eawaK

a- r med
2

d q -

med
..Ido mnatrd R
 Conida eawatven (22)
P= 23 el
33 6 o
2- 8-S)
P 3.S 9 ) 4
nd P+, 2P 2

R)
3. 5 P
Cp
Xo 2-
3
-
Sel
3 3 6 ce
a-3 ba

E la,b) 23 s6,
 P-+
modP

=22

Xa Ya=
2 P : P+ P

2 t

XR S
 CRYPTOGRAPHY
MODULE -5 (ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS)
ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS
N- HASH
N- HASH

• One processing stage of N - Hash

N- HASH
MD5
MD5
SECURE HASH ALGORITHM (SHA)

One SHA operation

ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS USING SYMMETRIC
BLOCK ALGORITHMS
ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS USING SYMMETRIC
BLOCK ALGORITHMS
• Four secure hash functions
ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS USING SYMMETRIC
BLOCK ALGORITHMS
Modified Davies – Meyer
ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS USING SYMMETRIC
BLOCK ALGORITHMS
Tandem Davies – Meyer
ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS USING SYMMETRIC
BLOCK ALGORITHMS
MDC -2
ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS USING SYMMETRIC
BLOCK ALGORITHMS
MDC -4
 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION CODES

Stream Cipher MAC

A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number
generator (CSPRNG)