1

FACULTY OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

ISLAMIC SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA

ABD 8033

MOTIVATIONAL ENHANCEMENT THERAPY

AND RELAPSE PREVENTION

‘RECOVERY CAPITAL, RECOVERY PRINCIPLE

AND RECOVERY PATHWAYS’

Prepared For

PROF MADYA DR. MOHAMAD ISA BIN AMAT

Prepared by
NUR HANISAH BINTI JAMAIN
2221080
SURAYA BINTI MOHD FODZI
2221146
AMIRTHA A/P RENGASAMY
3221143
 2

Contents Pages

1.0 Introduction 3

2.0 Recovery Capital 3

3.0 Recovery Principle 6

4.0 Recovery Pathway 10

5.0 Conclusion 13

6.0 References 13
 3

1.0 INTRODUCTION OF RECOVERY

The process of recapturing well-being, steadiness, or standard working taking after a

misfortune, ailment, damage, or challenging circumstance is known as recuperation. It is

concerned with recapturing physical, mental, enthusiastic, or social well-being.

The course from mental ailment to a full and profitable life is known as mental well-

being recuperation. It entails symptom management, coping strategy development, receiving

appropriate support, and working towards personal goals. Recovery in mental health is

frequently viewed as an individual and unique process that emphasizes hope, empowerment,

self-determination, and social inclusion.

Recovery can also refer to several other aspects of life, such as addiction recovery, in

which people work to overcome substance misuse and build a healthy lifestyle. According to

SAMHSA (2019), recovery is a process of change through which individuals improve their

health and wellness, live self-directed life, and strive to reach their full potential.

2.0 RECOVERY CAPITAL

Recovery capital refers to the internal and external resources that persons have or can access

to assist with their addiction recovery. It is a notion that acknowledges the various dimensions

and sources of assistance required for successful rehabilitation.

SAMHSA (2019) categorizes recovery capital into four major dimensions. They are home,

health, community, and purpose. Having a stable and safe place to live ensures the client can

continue on the path of recovery. Health is important in overcoming or managing one’s

 4

disease(s) or symptoms and making informed, healthy choices that support physical and

emotional well-being. Besides that, having relationships and social networks that provide

support, friendship, love, and hope encourages addicts towards the path of recovery.

Conducting meaningful daily activities, such as a job, school volunteerism, family caretaking,

or creative endeavors, and the independence, income, and resources to participate in society

gives purpose to recovery.

Whereas, White & Cloud (2008) created a three-domain recovery capital with community

recovery capital, personal recovery capital, and family or social recovery capital.

2.1 Community Recovery Capital

Community recovery capital references culturally appropriate, community-based recovery

supports. Cultural capital acknowledges the importance of cultural and communal resources

in the rehabilitation process. Cultural beliefs, values, traditions, spirituality, and availability of

culturally relevant services and supports are all important. Individuals can take strength and

resilience from their cultural heritage and community relationships, which can have a

substantial impact on their recovery journey, according to cultural capital.

2.2 Personal Recovery Capital

Physical and human capital are grouped as one domain under personal recovery capital. This

envelops a person's physical and mental well-being. It incorporates appropriate eating,

workout, suitable rest, and common physical condition. Physical capital is crucial for

restoration since it makes strides in common well-being and gives the vitality and strength
 5

required to keep recuperation exercises going. Human capital is characterized as the

information, abilities, and individual traits that individuals have or can secure to help in their

recuperation. Instruction, professional preparation, work abilities, problem-solving capacity,

self-esteem, and self-efficacy are all portions of the bundle. Human capital makes a difference

individuals make a sense of reason, pick up self-confidence, and take an interest in significant

exercises that empower recuperation.

2.3 Family or Social Recovery Capital

Social capital alludes to the systems, connections, and social underpins that people have in

their lives. This incorporates family, companions, back bunches, 12-step programs,

recuperation communities, guides, and other sources of the social back. Social capital gives

enthusiastic bolster, direction, responsibility, and a sense of having a place, which is crucial

for keeping up recuperation and exploring challenges.

2.4 Summary of Recovery Capital

The term "recovery capital" refers to a framework of interest in the field of addiction

treatment and recovery. Five characteristics are seen throughout the literature (Hennessy,

2017). Representing rehabilitation as an ongoing process. The recovery capital market is fluid,

with several opportunities for resource buildup and depletion. As a result, individuals have

varying degrees of recovery capital at different times, which is determined by a variety of

interacting circumstances. Furthermore, recovery capital resources interact with one another

to generate more or less recovery capital. Recovery capital is made up of various resources

at the individual, micro, and meso levels, all of which should be evaluated collectively. Indeed,

analogous to the concept of therapeutic landscapes of recovery, the concept of location and
 6

the resources embedded in certain places are crucial to comprehending recovery capital.

Finally, one's socioeconomic standing frequently correlates with the quantity of recovery

capital one possesses.

3.0 RECOVERY PRINCIPLE

Recovery has been identified as a primary goal for behavioral health care. A working definition

of recovery from mental disorders and/or substance use disorders. A process of change

through which individuals improve their health and wellness, live a self-directed life and strive

to reach their full potential. There are four major dimensions that support a life in recovery:

Health, Home, Purpose, and Community.

3.1 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF RECOVERY

3.1.1 Recovery Emerges from Hope

The belief that recovery is real provides the essential and motivating message of a better

future that people can and do overcome the internal and external challenges, barriers, and

obstacles that confront them. Hope is internalized and can be fostered by peers, families,

providers, allies, and others. Hope is the catalyst of the recovery process.

3.1.2 Recovery Is Person-Driven

Self-determination and self-direction are the foundations for recovery as individuals define

their own life goals and design their unique path(s) toward those goals. Individuals optimize

their autonomy and independence to the greatest extent possible by leading, controlling, and

exercising choice over the services and support that assist their recovery and resilience. In so

doing, they are empowered and provided the resources to make informed decisions, initiate

recovery, build on their strengths, and gain or regain control over their lives.
 7

3.1.3 Recovery Occurs Via Many Pathways

Individuals are unique with distinct needs, strengths, preferences, goals, cultures, and

backgrounds including trauma experiences that affect and determine their pathway(s) to

recovery. Recovery is built on the multiple capacities, strengths, talents, coping abilities,

resources, and inherent value of each individual. Recovery pathways are highly personalized.

They may include professional clinical treatment; use of medications; support from families

and in schools; faith-based approaches; peer support; and other approaches. Recovery is

non-linear, characterized by continual growth and improved functioning that may involve

setbacks. Because setbacks are a natural, though not inevitable, part of the recovery process,

it is essential to foster resilience for all individuals and families. Abstinence from the use of

alcohol, illicit drugs, and non-prescribed medications is the goal for those with addictions. The

use of tobacco and nonprescribed or illicit drugs is not safe for anyone. In some cases,

recovery pathways can be enabled by creating a supportive environment. This is especially

true for children, who may not have the legal or developmental capacity to set their own

course.

3.1.4 Recovery Is Holistic

Recovery encompasses an individual’s whole life, including mind, body, spirit, and community.

This includes addressing: self-care practices, family, housing, employment, transportation,

education, clinical treatment for mental disorders and substance use disorders, services and

supports, primary healthcare, dental care, complementary and alternative services, faith,

spirituality, creativity, social networks, and community participation. The array of services and

supports available should be integrated and coordinated.

3.1.5 Recovery Is Supported by Peers And Allies

Mutual support and mutual aid groups, including the sharing of experiential knowledge and

skills, as well as social learning, play an invaluable role in recovery. Peers encourage and
 8

engage other peers and provide each other with a vital sense of belonging, supportive

relationships, valued roles, and community. Through helping others and giving back to the

community, one helps one’s self. Preproperated supports and services provide important

resources to assist people along their journeys of recovery and wellness. Professionals can

also play an important role in the recovery process by providing clinical treatment and other

services that support individuals in their chosen recovery paths. While peers and allies play

an important role for many in recovery, their roles for children and youth may be slightly

different. Peer supports for families are very important for children with behavioral health

problems and can also play a supportive role for youth in recovery.

3.1.6 Recovery Is Supported Through Relationship and Social Networks

An important factor in the recovery process is the presence and involvement of people who

believe in the person’s ability to recover; who offer hope, support, and encouragement; and

who also suggest strategies and resources for change. Family members, peers, providers,

faith groups, community members, and other allies form vital support networks. Through these

relationships, people leave unhealthy and/or unfulfilling life roles behind and engage in new

roles (e.g., partner, caregiver, friend, student, employee) that lead to a greater sense of

belonging, personhood, empowerment, autonomy, social inclusion, and community

participation.

3.1.7 Recovery Is Culturally-Based and Influenced

Culture and cultural background in all of its diverse representations including values, traditions,

and beliefs are keys in determining a person’s journey and unique pathway to recovery.

Services should be culturally grounded, attuned, sensitive, congruent, and competent, as well

as personalized to meet each individual’s unique needs.

3.1.8 Recovery Is Supported by Addressing Trauma

 9

The experience of trauma (such as physical or sexual abuse, domestic violence, war, disaster,

and others) is often a precursor to or associated with alcohol and drug use, mental health

problems, and related issues. Services and supports should be trauma-informed to foster

safety (physical and emotional) and trust, as well as promote choice, empowerment, and

collaboration.

3.1.9 Recovery Involves Individual, Family, And Community Strengths and

Responsibility

Individuals, families, and communities have strengths and resources that serve as a

foundation for recovery. In addition, individuals have a personal responsibility for their own

self-care and journeys of recovery. Individuals should be supported in speaking for

themselves. Families and significant others have responsibilities to support their loved ones,

especially children and youth in recovery. Communities have a responsibility to provide

opportunities and resources to address discrimination and to foster social inclusion and

recovery. Individuals in recovery also have a social responsibility and should have the ability

to join with peers to speak collectively about their strengths, needs, wants, desires, and

aspirations.

3.1.10 Recovery Is Based on Respect

Community, systems, and societal acceptance and appreciation for people affected by mental

health and substance use problems including protecting their rights and eliminating

discrimination are crucial in achieving recovery. There is a need to acknowledge that taking

steps toward recovery may require great courage. Self-acceptance, developing a positive and

meaningful sense of identity, and regaining belief in one’s self are particularly important.
 10

4.0 RECOVERY PATHWAY

4.1 NATURAL RECOVERY

Natural recovery does not include formal therapy and a designated support system. The client

often discussed the support of friends and family and the value of education. For example, an

ex-alcoholic may have said “I stopped drinking because I told myself I was going to stop

drinking, but nobody came along the next day and challenged me by doing something that

would cause me to have a drink.” Although he was never in a formal recovery program he had

a strong informal support group of former drinkers, who encouraged him to quit drinking.

4.2 MUTUAL AID RECOVERY

I'm a product of AA for 32 years. I know it works. I see miracles every day. Alcoholism is a

lonely disease, very lonely, and AA provides a fellowship for men and women.” -Substance

Abuse Counselor. For instance, in Malaysia, Twelve-step based mutual aid programs,

including Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Recovery Anonymous (RA). The twelve-step mutual

aid programs are based on the 12 principles of Alcoholics Anonymous and have been adapted

for many other substances and behaviors. In National Anti-Drugs Agency, the client will be led

by a recovery partner such as a Pembimbing Rakan Sebaya (PRS).

4.3 MUTUAL AID GROUPS (NON-12-STEP BASED PROGRAMS)

Participants discussed the value of non-12-step-based mutual aid groups, such as Women for

Sobriety and SMART Recovery. In Malaysia, National Anti-Drugs Agency will develop groups

among women drug addicts and do recovery programs together. These programs differ by not

using the 12 steps as a foundation for their teachings, instead using other core elements to

assist individuals in abstaining from substances.

 11

4.4 FAITH-BASED RECOVERY

Faith in a higher power. It was the main path to overcoming their addictions. Greater purpose

and spiritual or religious force support overcoming their addiction. Faith provides a source of

peace, comfort, and acceptance that helps alleviate addiction’s pain. The religious class will

be carried out by the teacher, which is a teacher appointed by the state government in carrying

out fardhu ain classes as well as training in reciting the Quran. Besides, the i-DEEN program

which emphasizes psychospiritual elements is seen to be effective and successful in helping

the National Anti-Drug Agency (AADK) to increase the client's potential in undergoing the

recovery process. i-DEEN is a new approach highlighted by the agency which is more attentive

and comprehensive covering the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of a

client (Sutekno Ahmad Belon, Director General of AADK).

4.5 CULTURAL RECOVERY

Other participants found cultural support to be pivotal to their recovery process even if the

support was not originally part of their culture. These spiritual supports, the use of cultural

items, and the prohibition of others, such as the use of the Al Quran as well as prayers

among Muslims to get recover. The practice of bathing early in the morning (05.00 am) and

other 40-day practices are also believed to help Muslim clients to recover.

4.6 CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Twelve percent of the participants stated recovery began with an arrest and incarceration.

Referring to the treatment and rehabilitation principle shows that voluntary treatment and

rehabilitation are not necessarily effective. Enforcement methods, arrests, family/employer

referrals, and legislation can impact the level of addict admission, retention in treatment and

recovery, and intervention success.

 12

4.7 OUTPATIENT TREATMENT

Some client gets their recovery by outpatient as their pathway. There was near unanimous

agreement that recovery involves a mental shift gaining, control, self-esteem, and strength.

For example, Recovery Program in AADK involved all elements to enhance client motivation

towards changing their behavior. The statistic in Johor Bharu, a total of 5,219 people received

outpatient treatment at the National Anti-Drugs Agency. they undergo psychosocial treatment

programs such as psychoeducation, early recovery, relapse prevention, support groups, and

others run by district rehabilitation officers.

4.8 INPATIENT TREATMENT

Residential programs with variable lengths of stay and treatment approaches; therapeutic

communities that use participative, group-based approaches; and halfway houses, which

provide a combination of treatment and housing support. The National Anti-Drugs Agency

provides 30 institutional treatment centers to help clients obtain complex recovery. in addition,

there are also non-governmental organizations that build in-patient treatment centers for

clients such as Darul Islah Sabak Bernam.

4.9 BODYWORK

The client can have used bodywork, including yoga, meditation, traditional Chinese medicine,

and addiction energy healing to aid in their healing process. Different types of bodywork taught

relaxation and other techniques that allowed them to overcome a physical need for

substances, while meditation and reflective thinking often provided greater insight. For

example, cupping & traditional herbs.

4.10 OTHER THERAPIES & GIVING BACK

Participants also used a variety of alternative methods/therapies that involve creative

expression in their recovery. For some, art or music was important to their understanding and
 13

healing. Another method that is relevant for substance use disorder (SUD) is music therapy.

Music therapy might be a service provided by the facility that can be incorporated into the

treatment plan. It is advisable to check with various inpatient treatment facilities to see if music

therapy is provided and if music is essential to the patient. For someone with SUD, the feelings

connected to addiction can be debilitating. Many addicts experience feelings of helplessness,

guilt, shame, melancholy, and rage, especially if they believe that their addiction has caused

them to lose touch with significant others, damage their finances, or cause legal or financial

issues. Another therapy that may help is creative writing, though difficult, helped her overcome

her addiction.

5.0 CONCLUSION

The concept of recovery capital emphasizes that successful recovery from addiction not only

depends on individual willpower but also requires access to and utilization of various resources

and supports. By strengthening and mobilizing these different forms of recovery capital,

individuals can increase their ability to overcome addiction, sustain long-term recovery, and

improve their overall quality of life.

It is important to note that recovery principles and pathways are personal and may vary from

person to person. The focus is on helping individuals define and fulfill their path to recovery,

facilitate self-determination, and improve their overall well-being.

6.0 REFERENCE

1. Hennessy, E. A. (2017). Recovery capital: a systematic review of the

literature. In Addiction Research and Theory (Vol. 25, Issue 5, pp. 349–360).
Taylor and Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1297990

2. White, W. L., & Cloud, W. (2008). Recovery Capital: A Primer for Addictions
Professionals.