The Foundations of Nationalism and Globalism

The opposing ideologies of nationalism and globalism have had a major impact on world
history, politics, and society. While globalism encourages cooperation and interconnectedness
among nations, nationalism emphasizes the interests and identity of a particular nation.
Numerous significant individuals, occasions, and movements have emerged throughout history,
shaping and defining both nationalism and globalism. The nationalist vs. globalist conflict, a
major political issue today, has historical underpinnings that have influenced socioeconomic
disparities, global integration, and national identities.

The following key figures have influenced these two political ideologies; Giuseppe
Mazzini (1805-1872): Mazzini was a leading figure in the Italian Risorgimento movement who
supported Italian unification and sparked nationalistic feelings. His support for the idea of a
unified Italy sparked nationalist aspirations, which were prevalent across numerous regions that
had not yet been brought together under a single political entity. Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948):
Gandhi was a major supporter of Indian nationalism and led the campaign of nonviolent
resistance against British colonial rule. His contributions to the fight for India's independence
resonated with people outside of the Indian subcontinent, spurring a number of national
liberation movements around the world and fostering a sense of pride in one's national identity.
The following key events have influenced these two political ideologies; French Revolution
(1789-1799): The rise of contemporary nationalism was sparked by the French Revolution.
During this time, ideas like popular sovereignty and individual rights were articulated, which
fueled a sense of community and shaped national identity. Furthermore, nationalism's core
principles of independence and self-determination were sparked by the revolution's anti-
monarchist sentiments. Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989): The fall of the Berlin Wall signaled the
end of the Cold War and was a pivotal moment in the globalization process. The two Germanies
were brought together by this event, which also aided in the process of reunification,
demonstrating the effectiveness of détente and international cooperation. Globalism achieved
victory with the fall of the Berlin Wall, which promoted greater economic, cultural, and political
integration. The following key movements have influenced these two political ideologies; Pan-
Africanism: Pan-Africanism, as exemplified by figures like Kwame Nkrumah, Patrice
Lumumba, and Marcus Garvey, sought to bring all people of African descent together. By
encouraging unity among nations vying for independence and opposing colonial rule, this
movement aimed to promote a sense of shared identity and pride. Pan-Africanism is a prime
example of how nationalism, anti-colonial struggles, and international cooperation coexist.
European Union (EU): A notable illustration of globalism in action is the creation and ongoing
growth of the European Union. The EU now represents transnational cooperation, promoting
open borders, free trade, and shared governance. It was originally intended to be an economic
and political union to avert another devastating war. It serves as an example for those who want
more global integration while preserving unique national identities. Additionally, the historical
developments contributed to the emergence of the nationalist vs. globalist divide in
contemporary politics is the devastating effects of World Wars I and II stoked nationalist
sentiments even more and prepared the way for populist leaders to gain power. These wars tore
countries apart, causing disillusionment, economic instability, and a decline in trust in
international organizations. In response to this unpredictability, nationalism developed with the
goal of defending national interests and sovereignty while frequently undermining the idea of
international cooperation. The emergence of far-right ideologies in Europe during the interwar
years and the current resurgence of nationalist movements are both examples of post-war
nationalism.

In conclusion, numerous influential people, occasions, and movements have influenced

nationalism and globalism, each having a lasting effect on the ideologies and their development.
The interaction between these people, occasions, and movements has influenced history,
highlighting the possibility of peaceful coexistence between nationalism and globalism as well as
the ongoing pursuit of a common destiny for humans. Historical events that have shaped national
identities, global integration, and economic disparities have had a significant impact on the
nationalist vs. globalist divide in contemporary politics. This divide has emerged as a result of
the legacies of colonization, the effects of world wars, economic globalization, and the function
of international institutions. By comprehending the historical causes of this conflict, we can have
intelligent discussions and work to find a compromise that takes into account both national
interests and international cooperation.
ESSAY 1 SOURCES:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Young-Italy

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi/Resistance-and-results

https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/french-revolution

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50013048

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Africanism

https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Union

https://studymind.co.uk/questions/to-what-extent-was-nationalism-the-main-cause-of-wwi
 Economic Implications of Nationalism and Globalism

Nationalism and Globalism have been at odds with one another ever since the start of
modernity. Globalism encourages interdependence and cooperation between countries, whereas
nationalism emphasizes the interests and autonomy of individual nations. At the national and
international levels, both ideologies frequently influence policies and practices and have
significant economic repercussions. The ideologies of nationalism and globalism have long
influenced trade policies, cross-border collaboration, and global economic growth. Although
these two ideologies are frequently depicted as competing forces, they can actually work well
together in some situations.

Nationalism, as a philosophy, a nation's citizens' interests and welfare should take

precedence over those of other nations. Nationalism can result in the implementation of
protectionist trade policies like tariffs and import restrictions. These regulations aim to protect
domestic industries and encourage job growth, but they may also obstruct trade and economic
cooperation abroad. Protectionism may be used by nations with nationalist agendas to shield
their industries from foreign competition, which limits access to new markets, lowers trade
volumes, and ultimately limits economic growth. In contrast, globalism places a strong emphasis
on how interconnected all nations are and the value of working together to solve problems that
affect all of humanity. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and other international economic
institutions should be created, and trade restrictions should be reduced or eliminated. Embracing
globalism enables nations to gain access to more markets, diversify their investment portfolios,
and foster innovation and knowledge sharing. As a result, globalism promotes economic growth
and strengthens intergovernmental cooperation through increased trade volume and the creation
of regional and international trade agreements. It is crucial to remember that the impact of
nationalism and globalism on trade policies, cross-border collaboration, and economic growth
depends on the context. Protectionist policies are frequently implemented by developing
countries to support domestic industries and lessen the risks brought on by globalization. On the
other hand, developed countries are more likely to support globalism and free trade to increase
their market reach and secure economic advantages due to their established industries and greater
access to capital. Nationalism, the ideology focusing on the interests of one's own nation, has
several potential advantages. Firstly, it promotes a sense of unity and pride among the citizenry,
consequently fostering stronger social cohesion and stability. This can lead to policymakers
embracing policies that prioritize domestic industries and protect domestic workers, ultimately
providing job security and raising living standards. For example, The "America First" policy
under the Trump administration is illustrative of the advantages of nationalism. The imposition
of tariffs on imports aimed to protect American industries, reduce outsourcing, and promote
domestic manufacturing. By prioritizing national interests and reviving industries, the policy
aimed to stimulate economic growth, increase employment opportunities, and support domestic
investments. On the other hand, the emphasis on international collaboration and interdependence,
known as globalism, has significant benefits as well. Access to a bigger market opens up new
growth and expansion opportunities for domestic businesses. Economies can gain from increased
specialization, economies of scale, and efficiency by taking part in international trade. Globalism
also promotes the flow of money and information, which makes it possible to share technological
advancements, innovations, and expertise. For example, the formation of the European Union
(EU) exemplifies the advantages of globalism. The EU facilitated the creation of a single market,
promoting free trade and the freedom of movement of goods, services, and people. This
integration strengthened economies by providing access to a larger consumer base, resulting in
increased trade, foreign direct investment, and improved economic performance. Nationalism
has a few of disadvantages as well. It can, first and foremost, result in protectionism, which
stifles free trade and restricts access to international markets. This can stifle innovation and
economic growth by preventing some industries from gaining from new technologies or
economies of scale. Nationalistic sentiment also runs the risk of escalating inter-national conflict,
hindering international cooperation, and discouraging foreign investment. For example, the
United Kingdom's decision to leave the EU, commonly known as Brexit, serves as a case study
highlighting the disadvantages of nationalism. While driven by a desire to prioritize national
sovereignty, Brexit has threatened the economic stability and growth of the UK. The separation
from the single market has led to significant disruptions, increased trade barriers, reduced foreign
direct investment, and a decline in economic confidence. Critics contend that globalism's reliance
on global interdependence and cooperation may conflict with national interests. It exposes
domestic industries to more intense global competition, which has a negative impact on
employment and stagnates wages, especially for lower-skilled workers. Additionally, because the
advantages of economic integration are frequently distributed inequitably, globalism may be
linked to income inequality.

In general, nationalism and globalism are key forces in the development of trade
agreements, international cooperation, and economic expansion. While globalism promotes
interconnected economies and free trade, nationalism prioritizes domestic interests and protects
national industries. Finding a balance between the two strategies is essential for sustainable
growth and cooperation in a world that is becoming more interconnected because both have
benefits and drawbacks. Recognizing the value of both nationalism and globalism while working
to reduce any potential negative effects is necessary for managing trade policies, maximizing
international collaboration, and promoting economic growth.
Both nationalism and globalism have potential benefits and drawbacks that affect economies
around the world. It becomes clear that a balanced approach is necessary by looking at real-
world case studies like the US, the EU, the UK's Brexit, and NAFTA. Fostering economic
growth, job opportunities, and general prosperity depends on striking a balance between
embracing international cooperation and defending national interests. Successful economic
policies should balance the benefits of nationalism and globalism while minimizing the
drawbacks of each.
ESSAY 2 SOURCES:

https://kellogg.nd.edu/sites/default/files/old_files/documents/262.pdf

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102405

https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Advantages-And-Disadvantages-Of-Nationalism

https://books.openedition.org/ceup/575?lang=en

https://scholar.dominican.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=barowsky-school-of-
business-faculty-scholarship

https://www.britannica.com/summary/European-Union

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit#:~:text=Factors
%20inclUnion
 Nationalism, Identity, and Populism

Nationalism, identity, and populism are interconnected ideas that have attracted a lot of
attention and influence in the current political environment on the international scale. These three
concepts are interconnected in a complex, multifaceted way, with each concept influencing and
shaping the others. While populism uses this shared identity to gain support, nationalism uses it
to foster a community identity. It is crucial to realize that this relationship is not necessarily
advantageous or disadvantageous and that its effects can vary depending on the situation and
how it is applied. At its core, nationalism is based on the concepts of shared identity and
allegiance to a nation-state. It frequently places an emphasis on ethnic, cultural, and historical
traits that set one group apart from another. Nationalism gives a community's members a shared
set of morals and customs, fostering a sense of pride and belonging. This sense of belonging
serves as a unifying force and can motivate people to defend and advance the interests of their
country.

The fundamental idea behind nationalism is the conviction that one's country is superior
and deserving of special consideration or autonomy. The concept of a shared collective identity,
which includes national emblems, history, language, culture, and heritage, is frequently at the
center of it. The nationalist movement places a high value on identity because it serves as a
catalyst for mobilization and unites people around shared goals. In order to promote a sense of
community and unity among their supporters, nationalists use identity politics to emphasize
specific markers of identity, such as religion, ethnicity, or language. A political ideology known
as populism aims to mobilize the masses in opposition to the ruling class or established
institutions. It frequently uses the grievances of marginalized people or groups to gain support
from the general public. As nationalist movements frequently use populist tactics to energize the
populace, nationalism and populism frequently cross paths. Nationalist-populist leaders gain
credibility and support from disenchanted citizens looking for change by posing as the voice of
the people and promising to uphold and advance national interests. To advance its goals, the
nationalist movement takes advantage of the interaction between nationalism, identity, and
populism. It bases its political goals and rhetoric on maintaining cultural values and safeguarding
national identities. Nationalist leaders incite feelings of fear, xenophobia, and protectiveness
among their followers by capitalizing on a shared sense of identity and highlighting perceived
threats to it. They make the claim that they stand up for national identity in the face of
globalization, immigration, or international cooperation's potential to dilute or erode cultural
values. Identity politics, which focus on issues affecting particular groups based on their
ethnicity, religion, gender, or other characteristics, frequently converges with nationalist
ideologies. Nationalism places a strong emphasis on the unity, prosperity, and goals of a
particular nation or group. As a result, identity politics offers nationalist leaders a fertile ground
for exploitation of resentments and support-raising. Due to its emphasis on popular will and
opposition to established elites, populism, a phenomenon that transcends conventional left-right
political divisions, aligns with nationalist tendencies. Populist movements typically target the
economically marginalized and disenfranchised by directing their resentments toward a
"outsider" group. Divides within societies are frequently made worse by the rise of nationalist
leaders propelled by identity politics and populism, widening chasms between various racial,
ethnic, or religious groups. This may result in social disintegration, hostility, and a loss of social
cohesiveness. By encouraging protectionist policies, undermining efforts at international
cooperation, and inciting xenophobia, the emergence of nationalist leaders can deteriorate
relations between nations. Trade frictions, strained diplomatic ties, and rising geopolitical
tensions could all result from this.

At last, the nationalist movement serves as an important intersection of nationalism,

identity, and populism in modern politics. Nationalist leaders are strengthened, their supporters
are mobilized, and political discourse is influenced by the exploitation of a shared national
identity and populist appeals. While this interaction has the potential to strengthen marginalized
communities' bonds and sense of empowerment, it can also give rise to exclusion, prejudice, and
social discord. Policymakers must navigate this complex environment and strike a balance that
combines the power of national pride with inclusivity and respect for all citizens as societies
wrestle with the complexities of their national identities. The connection between populism,
identity politics, and the rise of nationalist leaders has profound implications for both domestic
and global politics. To gain support, these leaders take advantage of societal divisions, cynicism
toward established institutions, and worries about cultural preservation. But the effects are
severe, leading to increased social division, the demise of democratic institutions, and strained
relations with other countries. To promote more inclusive, progressive, and cooperative political
environments, it is essential for policymakers, civil society, and voters to recognize and
comprehend these dynamics.
ESSAY 3 SOURCES:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nana.12689

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12116-021-09337-6

https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bonikowski/files/bonikowski_et_al._-
_populism_and_nationalism_in_a_comparative_perspective.pdf

https://www.thebalancemoney.com/nationalism-definition-examples-pros-cons-
4149524#:~:text=Nationalism

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033542

https://jsis.washington.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Task-
Force_C_2018_Pekkanen_robert.pdf
 Globalism and International Institutions

Globalism is the term used to describe the expanding interdependence and interconnection
of different countries, economies, societies, and cultural traditions. As it emphasizes the
necessity of international cooperation and collaboration among nations to address shared global
challenges, it has significantly influenced the development of international institutions and
governance structures. International organizations like the United Nations (UN), World Trade
Organization (WTO), and regional alliances have all suffered significant effects from the rise of
globalist policies in recent decades. While globalism suggests a connected world where people
work together to find solutions to common problems, it has unavoidably impacted these
organizations' goals, organizational structures, and frameworks for cooperation.

Globalism has forced the UN to give urgent global issues like combating climate change,
reducing poverty, and resolving conflicts top priority. The organization is now an advocate for
sustainable development goals and concentrates on forging an international accord on crucial
issues. Globalist policies have encouraged greater cooperation between member nations and
international organizations, enabling the UN to serve as an essential forum for multilateral
discussion and decision-making. Due to varying national interests, geopolitical rivalries, and veto
powers that affect decision-making, the UN has difficulty enforcing resolutions and preserving
international peace. This makes it difficult for the UN to implement globalist policies
consistently. By lowering trade barriers, advancing free trade agreements, and resolving trade
disputes through the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism, globalism has pushed nations
towards greater economic integration. Global economic growth and development have been
boosted by this strategy. The WTO has developed into a crucial forum for setting international
standards in a number of economic fields, ensuring fair competition, and enhancing market
access for both developed and developing countries. The WTO's effectiveness has been
hampered by some nations' reluctance to fully embrace globalist policies, which has resulted in
drawn-out negotiations and ineffective enforcement mechanisms. Furthermore, the WTO's
ability to maintain an open and inclusive global trading system has been put to the test by the rise
of protectionism in recent years. Regional alliances like the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN), the European Union (EU), and the African Union (AU) have developed and
grown stronger as a result of globalist policies. These alliances promote regional stability and
prosperity by fostering economic integration, political cooperation, security coordination, and
regulatory harmonization. Regional alliances are collaborating more with international
organizations to address global issues. This alliance supports the successful implementation of
globalist policies and strengthens the voice of regions within international organizations.
Regional alliances may occasionally put regional interests first, making it harder to reach a
consensus on a global level. This can make it more difficult for them to respond in unison to
global issues, especially when regional conflicts occur. Strategic collaboration between various
nations with divergent priorities and value systems is a requirement of globalism. This frequently
makes it more difficult to reach agreement on important issues like climate change, where
different nations may be at different stages of economic development or depend on different
types of fossil fuels. It takes open communication, diplomacy, and inclusive decision-making
processes to resolve divergent priorities. Resource allocation is one of the biggest problems that
globalism has to deal with. National governments work to balance scarce resources while
effectively addressing numerous international issues at once. Prioritizing these issues is difficult
due to the limited financial and human resources, particularly in developing nations, which calls
for a more equitable distribution of resources and financial aid. In order to address global
challenges, globalism enables nations to collaborate and share resources, knowledge, and
expertise. By utilizing collective action, nations can take advantage of economies of scale, pool
resources, and create all-encompassing strategies that more effectively combat problems like
climate change, human rights violations, and threats to international security. In order to build a
world that is secure and sustainable, effective transnational cooperation is necessary. Nations can
share knowledge and successful tactics from around the world and learn from one another
through globalism. Collaboration makes it possible to spread cutting-edge ideas, technologies,
and policy tools that speed up the resolution of global problems. Cooperation between nations
with different perspectives fosters learning from one another and speeds up constructive change.

In conclusion, it is undeniable that globalist policies have changed intergovernmental

institutions like the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and regional alliances. They
have sparked increased engagement, collaboration, and unified strategies to tackle global
challenges. However, there are still restrictions, which illustrate how difficult it is to balance
domestic priorities with international goals. To maximize the beneficial effects of globalist
policies, these organizations must continuously adapt to changing global realities and strike a
balance between inclusivity, sovereignty, and effectiveness. While there are problems with
globalism that cannot be ignored, there are also significant opportunities for addressing
important global problems like climate change, human rights, and international security. Nations
must work together effectively, cross ideological barriers, and put broad global interests ahead of
narrow national interests in order to take full advantage of these opportunities. We can only build
a world that is resilient to climate change, upholds human rights, and ensures everyone's global
security through collective action and cooperation. We can help future generations live better
lives by embracing globalism.
ESSAY 4 SOURCES:

https://www.wzb.eu/system/files/docs/ipl/gg/globalization_and_global_governance.pdf

https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/the-role-of-international-institutions-in-globalisation-
9781843764694.html

https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/2011-12-cdac/
Globalization-and-International-Relations-Lianna-Amirkhanyan.pdf

https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=ijgls

https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/entities/publication/427cc373-ada6-448f-bfa6-
8aaee56873ed#:~:text=The%20analysis%20finds%20that%20globalization,general%20level
%20amongst%20the%20states.

https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/who_we_are_e.htm#:~:text=Negotiating
%20trade%20rules&text=Where%20countries%20have%20faced%20trade,protect
%20consumers%20or%20the%20environment.

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30224/regional-cooperation-changing-
world.pdf

https://kellogg.nd.edu/sites/default/files/old_files/documents/262.pdf

https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/041200to.htm

https://velocityglobal.com/resources/blog/globalization-benefits-and-challenges/
#:~:text=Companies%20see%20many%20aspects%20of,and%20differences%20in%20cultural
%20expectations.

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 The Future of the Nationalist vs. Globalist Debate

The nationalist vs. globalist argument has become a hot topic in international politics,
pitting supporters of national interests against those who favor embracing a more interconnected
world. The world's various nationalist sentiments continuing to gain strength is the first possible
trajectory. This resurgence can be attributed to elements like a desire for more sovereignty,
cultural preservation, immigration fears, and economic insecurity. Nationalist movements might
gain more traction, which would change public policy in relation to things like trade,
immigration, and international cooperation. A purely nationalist strategy, however, runs the risk
of escalating divisions and jeopardizing international stability. Alternately, the globalist
viewpoint could come back into favor as a result of the realization that problems are
interconnected and require collective action. Global cooperation may pick up steam as nations
realize that taking only domestic measures will not suffice to address global issues like
pandemics, terrorism, and climate change. This trajectory could be influenced by the
development of global networks and institutions, enabling concerted action to address global
problems. Global politics are significantly shaped by ideologies, which highlight various
viewpoints on governmental structure, societal structures, and international relations. Numerous
factors, such as historical precedents, socioeconomic conditions, technological advancements,
and the propagation of ideas, have an impact on the prominence and development of ideologies.

Ideologies frequently emerge and gain prominence as a result of historical occurrences like
revolutions, wars, or significant socioeconomic changes. For instance, the Industrial Revolution
and the subsequent exploitation of the working class, which sparked socioeconomic unrest and
calls for a more equitable society, can be linked to the rise of communism. Similar to this,
nationalist ideologies were fueled by decolonization movements in the middle of the 20th
century as countries fought for their independence and sense of self. Which ideologies prevail in
international politics heavily depends on socio-economic factors. Ideologies supporting
socioeconomic equality and wealth redistribution frequently gain ground during periods of
economic instability, such as recessions or high unemployment rates. On the other hand,
ideologies emphasizing individualism and free-market capitalism may rule the political scene
during times of economic expansion. Ideologies frequently emerge and develop as a result of
socio-economic disparities and inequality. The ideological divide has created fresh difficulties
for diplomacy. More assertive and unilateral approaches are replacing the multilateralism,
cooperation, and consensus-building norms of traditional diplomacy. Populist leaders frequently
motivated by national interests favor short-term alliances over long-term ones. This change in
diplomatic mindset hinders international negotiations, jeopardizes trust, and reduces the potency
of global frameworks for cooperation. The divide between populism/nationalism and liberal
internationalism has the potential to upset the world order. Increased trade conflicts, protectionist
policies, and resource competition may exacerbate geopolitical tensions. Threats to stability
include nationalism-driven policies like border disputes, territorial claims, and meddling in other
countries' sovereign rights. Additionally, the loss of confidence in established norms and
international institutions may result in a reduction in efforts made in unison to address major
problems like pandemics, terrorism, and climate change.

In conclusion, a variety of factors, such as historical precedents, socio-economic

conditions, technological advancements, and the spread of ideas, have an impact on the
prominence and evolution of ideologies in international politics. By comprehending these
elements, we can better understand the intricate dynamics that underlie the emergence and
demise of ideologies as well as how they adapt to shifting conditions. Studying these elements
will be essential to predicting and comprehending the future development of ideologies and their
influence on global politics as the political landscape of the world continues to change.
Diplomacy, international relations, and global stability are all significantly impacted by the
ideological divide between populism/nationalism and liberal internationalism. The current global
order is under threat as a result of the decline in cooperation and multilateralism and the rise in
unilateralism. In order to maintain peace, stability, and prosperity on a global scale as the world
struggles with the effects of this divide, it is crucial to bridge ideological divides, promote
international dialogue, and find common ground. The ability of states to get past ideological
barriers and cooperate to tackle common problems will determine the nature of the post-
apocalyptic world order.
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https://hbr.org/2020/06/the-false-dichotomy-between-globalism-and-nationalism

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682131/

https://www.e-ir.info/2022/05/15/theories-of-global-politics/

https://www.e-ir.info/2022/05/21/power-and-development-in-global-politics/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society

https://academic.oup.com/book/4506/chapter/146573733

https://www3.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol2_1/Techrenian.htm

https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/10/01/how-to-understand-global-spread-of-political-
polarization-pub-79893