Chapter 9

PETE 343
PETROLEUM RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING - I
WATER INFLUX
Fall 2023 - 2024 Chapter-9

WATER INFLUX
Many reservoirs are bounded on a portion or all of their

peripheries by water bearing rocks called aquifers.
The aquifers may be so large compared with the reservoirs they

adjoin as to appear infinite for all practical purposes, and they
may range down to those so small as to be negligible in their
effect on reservoir performance.
Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 2

WATER INFLUX
In response to a pressure drop in the reservoir, the aquifer reacts

to offset, or retard, pressure decline by providing a source of
water influx or encroachment by
• expansion of the water;
• expansion of other known or unknown hydrocarbon
accumulations in the aquifer rock;
• compressibility of the aquifer rock; and/or
• artesian flow, which occurs when the aquifer rises to a level
above the reservoir, where it outcrops or not, and whether
or not the outcrop is replenished by surface water.

WATER INFLUX
To determine the effect that an aquifer has on the production
from a hydrocarbon reservoir, it is necessary to be able to
calculate the amount of water that has influxed from the aquifer.
Choosing an appropriate model for water influx involves many

uncertainties.
Some of these include the size and shape of the aquifer and
aquifer properties such as porosity and permeability.
Normally, little is known about these parameters largely because

the cost to drill into the aquifer to obtain the necessary data is
not often justified.

The van Everdingen and Hurst Edge-Water Drive Model
Consider a circular reservoir of radius ro in a horizontal, circular
aquifer of radius re, which is uniform thickness, permeability, and
porosity, and in rock and water compressibilities.
van Everdingen, A.F., Hurst, W., "The Application of the Laplace Transformation to Flow Problems in Reservoirs",
Trans. AIME (1949), 186, 305.

The radial diffusivity equation expresses the relationship between
pressure, radius, and time for a radial system, where the driving
potential of the system is the water expandability and rock
compressibility:
𝜕 2 𝑃 1 𝜕𝑃 ∅𝜇𝐶 𝜕𝑃
2
+ =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑡
k = average aquifer permeability, D;
t = time, sec;
φ = aquifer porosity, fraction;
μ = water viscosity, cP;
ct = aquifer compressibility, 1/atm;
r = radius, cm;
P = pressure, atm.
This equation is generally solved for what is referred as the constant

terminal rate case.
The constant terminal rate case requires a constant flow rate at the
inner boundary, which is the well bore when an oil well is opened up
on production.
In this solution it is desirous to know the pressure behavior at various

points in the reservoir because a constant flow of fluid comes into the
well bore from the reservoir.

In the description of water influx from an aquifer into a reservoir there

is greater interest in calculating the influx rate rather than the pressure
drop.
This leads to the determination of the influx as a function of a given

pressure drop at the inner boundary of the system.
The diffusivity equation is applied to the aquifer where the inner

boundary is defined as the interface between the reservoir and the
aquifer

With the interface between the reservoirs as the inner boundary,
the pressure at the inner boundary remains constant and
the flow rate as it crosses the boundary is observed with time.
Mathematically
P = constant = Pi - ΔP at r = ro
where ro is a constant and is equal to the outer radius of the reservoir
(i.e., the original water-oil contact). The pressure must be determined
at this original oil-water contact.
van Everdingen and Hurst solved the diffusivity equation for this
condition, which is referred to as the constant terminal pressure case
Initial condition:
P = Pi for all values of r
Outer boundary condition:
For an infinite aquifer: P = Pi at r = 
P
For a finite aquifer: =0 at r = re
r

Let’s define the following dimensionless parameters:
With the dimensionless parameters, the diffusivity equation becomes:
2 PD + 1  PD =  PD
 r 2D rD rD t D

van Everdingen and Hurst solved the radial diffusivity equation for the
aquifer-reservoir system by applying the Laplace transformation and
converted their solutions to dimensionless, cumulative water influx
values
We = UP WeD
U = water influx constant, cm3/atm;

f = encroachment angle / 360;
h = aquifer thickness, cm.

The dimensionless water influx WeD (tD) is frequently presented in
tabular form as a function of tD for a range of ratios of the aquifer to
reservoir radius reD = re/ro, for radial aquifers.
WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD

WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD

EXAMPLE - 1
Calculate the water influx after 100 days, 200 days, 400 days, and
800 days into a reservoir the boundary pressure of which is
suddenly lowered by 10 psi from 2734 psia to 2724 psia
∅ = 0.20 𝑘 = 83 𝑚𝐷 𝐶ҧ = 8 × 10−6 1/𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑟𝑜 = 3000 𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑒 = 30000 𝑓𝑡 𝜇 = 0.62 𝑐𝑃
𝜃 = 360 ℎ = 40 𝑓𝑡
𝑟𝑒 30000
𝑟𝐷 = = = 10
𝑟𝑜 3000
𝑘𝑡 83ൗ 𝑡
𝑡𝐷 = = 1000
∅𝜇𝐶𝑟ҧ 𝑜2 0.2 × 0.62 × 8 × 10−6 × 14.7 × 3000 × 3000 × 30.48 × 30.48
t in seconds

EXAMPLE - 1
WeD
WeD
t (days) t (sec) tD
100 8640000 5.88 tD < 15 Infinite aquifer
400 34560000 23.53 tD > 15 Finite aquifer
t (days) tD WeD
100 5.881531 5.07
200 11.76306 8.43
400 23.52612 13.90
800 47.05225 22.75
360
𝑈 = 2 × 3.14 × × 0.2 × 40 × 30.48 × 8 × 10−6 × 14.7 × 3000 × 30.48 2
360
𝑈 = 1505720453 cm3/atm

EXAMPLE - 1
WeD
WeD
t (days) t (sec) tD
We = UP WeD
10
𝑊𝑒 = 1505720453 × 14.7
× 5.07 = 5193199116 cm3
𝑊𝑒 = 32661 bbl
t (days) tD WeD We (bbl)

100 5.881531 5.07 32661
200 11.76306 8.43 54307
400 23.52612 13.90 89546
800 47.05225 22.75 146559

In the preceding section and the example, the calculated cumulative

water into a reservoir was due to an instantaneous pressure drop
applied at the outer boundary.
In the more practical case of history matching the observed reservoir

pressure, it is necessary to extend the theory to calculate the cumula-
tive water influx corresponding to a continuous pressure decline at
the reservoir aquifer boundary.

The recommended method of approximating the continuous pressure
decline, by a series of pressure steps is illustrated in the following
Figure .
P1, P2 … Pn are the

pressures at the original
water-oil contact, at the
times t1, t2 … tn

Figure .
𝑃𝑗−1 + 𝑃𝑗
𝑃ഥ𝑗 =
𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃1 2
𝑃1 =
2
𝑃1 + 𝑃2
𝑃2 =
2
𝑃2 + 𝑃3
𝑃3 =
2

Figure .
𝑃𝑗−1 − 𝑃𝑗+1
∆𝑃 = 𝑃ഥ𝑗 − 𝑃𝑗+1 =
2

The cumulative water influx We at some arbitrary time T, which
corresponds to the nth time step, is obtained by the superposition
∆𝑃0 𝑊𝑒𝐷 𝑇𝐷 + ∆𝑃1 𝑊𝑒𝐷 𝑇𝐷 − 𝑡𝐷1 + ∆𝑃2 𝑊𝑒𝐷 𝑇𝐷 − 𝑡𝐷2

𝑊𝑒 𝑇 = 𝑈
+ … … … … … ∆𝑃𝑛−1 𝑊𝑒𝐷 𝑇𝐷 − 𝑡𝐷𝑛−1

EXAMPLE - 2
Calculate the water influx at the third and fourth quarter years of
production for the reservoir shown in Figure
∅ = 0.209 𝑘 = 275 𝑚𝐷 𝐶ҧ = 6 × 10−6 1/𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 1216 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 250000 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝜇 = 0.25 𝑐𝑃
𝜃 = 180 ℎ = 19.2 𝑓𝑡
Pres, ave
t (days) PWOC (psia)
(psia)
0.0 3793 3793
91.3 3786 3788
182.6 3768 3774
273.9 3739 3748
365.2 3699 3709
456.5 3657 3680
547.8 3613 3643

EXAMPLE - 2
Calculate the water influx at the third and fourth quarter years of
production for the reservoir shown in Figure
∅ = 0.209 𝑘 = 275 𝑚𝐷 𝐶ҧ = 6 × 10−6 1/𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 1216 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 250000 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝜇 = 0.25 𝑐𝑃
𝜃 = 180 ℎ = 19.2 𝑓𝑡
1 2𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟𝑜
2 𝑟𝑜 =
2 𝜋
2 × 1216 × 43560
𝑟𝑜 = = 5808.5 𝑓𝑡
3.14
1 2 × (1216 + 250000) × 43560

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠 + 𝐴𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟𝑒2 𝑟𝑒 = = 83486.8 𝑓𝑡
2 3.14

EXAMPLE - 2
𝑟𝑒 83486
𝑟𝐷 = = = 14.3 ~ 15
𝑟𝑜 5808.5
tD < 100 Infinite aquifer

EXAMPLE - 2
𝑘𝑡 275ൗ 𝑡
𝑡𝐷 = = 1000
∅𝜇𝐶𝑟ҧ 𝑜2 0.209 × 0.25 × 6 × 10−6 × 14.7 × 5808.5 × 5808.5 × 30.48 × 30.48
t in seconds
t (days) t (sec) tD
91.3 7888320 15
182.6 15776640 30
273.9 23664960 45
365.2 31553280 60
456.5 39441600 75
547.8 47329920 90

EXAMPLE - 2
WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD WeD

EXAMPLE - 2
t (days) tD WeD PWOC (psia) DP (psi)

0 0 0 3793 0.0
91.3 15 9.949 3788 2.5
182.6 30 16.742 3774 9.5
273.9 45 22.897 3748 20.0
365.2 60 28.691 3709 32.5
456.5 75 34.247 3680 33.0
547.8 90 39.626 3643 34.0
3793 − 3788 3788 − 3748

∆𝑃1 = = 2.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∆𝑃3 = = 20.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2 2
3793 − 3774 3774 − 3709

∆𝑃2 = = 9.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∆𝑃4 = = 32.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2 2

EXAMPLE - 2
180
𝑈 = 2 × 3.14 × × 0.209 × 19.2 × 30.48 × 6 × 10−6 × 14.7 × 5808.5 × 30.48 2
360
𝑈 = 1061741086 cm3/atm
t (days) tD WeD PWOC (psia) DP (psi)

0 0 0 3793 0.0
91.3 15 9.949 3788 2.5
182.6 30 16.742 3774 9.5
273.9 45 22.897 3748 20.0
365.2 60 28.691 3709 32.5
456.5 75 34.247 3680 33.0
547.8 90 39.626 3643 34.0
2.5 9.5 20.0

𝑊𝑒,3𝑟𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1061741086 × × 22.897 + × 16.742 + × 9.949
14.7 14.7 14.7
𝑊𝑒,3𝑟𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 29993932878 𝑐𝑚3 =186641 bbl

The Approximate Water Influx Theory of Fetkovich for Finite Aquifers
Fetkovich proposed an approximate method for the calculation of
water influx using:
- An aquifer mass balance and
- An equation that describes the flow rate from the aquifer
He wrote the equation for the flow of aquifer water into a
hydrocarbon reservoir similar to the flow of oil from a reservoir into
a well.
𝑑𝑊𝑒
𝑞𝑤 = = 𝐽 𝑃ഥ𝑎 − 𝑃
𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑚3
𝑞𝑤 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑐𝑚3/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐽 = 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡, 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃ഥ𝑎 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟, 𝑎𝑡𝑚
Fetkovich, M.J., "A Simplified Approach to Water Influx Calculations-Finite Aquifer Systems", JPT (July 1971), 814-828.

Average pressure in the aquifer, 𝑃ഥ𝑎 , can be evaluated using the
simple aquifer material balance
𝑊𝑒 = 𝐶ҧ 𝑊𝑖 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃ഥ𝑎
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟, 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑊𝑒 𝑊𝑒
𝑃ഥ𝑎 = 𝑃𝑖 1 − = 𝑃𝑖 1 −
𝐶ҧ 𝑊𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑊𝑒𝑖
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑊𝑒𝑖 = 𝐶ҧ 𝑊𝑖 𝑃𝑖
𝑊𝑒𝑖 = the initial amount of encroachable water and

represents the maximum possible expansion of the aquifer, cm3

𝑃𝑖
𝑃ഥ𝑎 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑊
𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑃ഥ𝑎 𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝑑 𝑃ഥ𝑎

=− 𝑜𝑟 =−
𝑑𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊𝑒
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝑑𝑃ഥ𝑎

= 𝐽 𝑃ഥ𝑎 − 𝑃 and =−
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝑑 𝑃ഥ𝑎
𝐽 𝑃ഥ𝑎 − 𝑃 = −
𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑃
𝑑𝑃ഥ𝑎 𝐽𝑃𝑖 𝑡
න =− න 𝑑𝑡
𝑃𝑖 𝑃ഥ𝑎 − 𝑃 𝑊𝑒𝑖 0

𝑃
𝑑𝑃ഥ𝑎 𝐽𝑃𝑖 𝑡
න =− න 𝑑𝑡
𝑃𝑖 𝑃ഥ𝑎 − 𝑃 𝑊𝑒𝑖 0
𝐽𝑃𝑖 𝑡
ln 𝑃ഥ𝑎 − 𝑃 = − +𝐶
𝑊𝑒𝑖
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑃ഥ𝑎 = 𝑃𝑖 𝐶 = ln 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃
𝐽𝑃𝑖 𝑡
−
𝑃ഥ𝑎 − 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑖
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝐽𝑃 𝑡
− 𝑊𝑖
= J 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑒 𝑒𝑖
𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝐽𝑃 𝑡
− 𝑊𝑖
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 1 − 𝑒 𝑒𝑖
𝑃𝑖

The above equation was derived for a constant inner boundary

pressure. It is necessary to modify this equation to use in a real
situation in which the boundary pressure is varying continuously as
function of time. It should again be necessary to apply the
superposition theorem.
Instead, Fetkovich has shown that a difference form of equation can

be used which eliminates the need for superposition.
𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝐽𝑃 ∆𝑡
− 𝑊𝑖 1
∆𝑊𝑒1 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃1 1 − 𝑒 𝑒𝑖
𝑃𝑖
where 𝑃1 is the average reservoir boundary pressure during the

first time interval ∆𝑡1
For the second time interval t2

𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝐽𝑃 ∆𝑡
− 𝑊𝑖 2
∆𝑊𝑒2 = 𝑃𝑎1 − 𝑃2 1 − 𝑒 𝑒𝑖
𝑃𝑖
where 𝑃𝑎1 is the average aquifer pressure at the end of the first
time interval and is evaluated by
∆𝑊𝑒1
𝑃𝑎1 = 𝑃𝑖 1 − 𝑊𝑒𝑖

In general for the nth time period

𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝐽𝑃𝑖 ∆𝑡𝑛
− 𝑊
∆𝑊𝑒𝑛 = 𝑃𝑎,𝑛−1 − 𝑃𝑛 1 − 𝑒 𝑒𝑖
𝑃𝑖
σ𝑛−1
𝐽=1 ∆𝑊𝑒𝑗
𝑃𝑎,𝑛−1 = 𝑃𝑖 1 − 𝑊𝑒𝑖
𝑃𝑛−1 + 𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
2

Values of the aquifer productivity index J, which depend both on
the geometry and flowing conditions, are listed in the following
table, in Darcy units.
Steady state

EXAMPLE - 3
A wedge shaped reservoir is suspected of having a fairly strong
natural water drive. The geometry of the reservoir-aquifer system
is shown in Figure
∅ = 0.25 𝑘 = 200 𝑚𝐷 𝐶ҧ = 7 × 10−6 1/𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜇 = 0.55 𝑐𝑃 𝜃 = 140 ℎ = 100 𝑓𝑡
𝑁 = 312 × 106 𝑆𝑇𝐵

EXAMPLE - 3

EXAMPLE - 3

EXAMPLE - 3
Calculate the cumulative water influx as a function of time, using
all the reservoir and aquifer data given above by applying the
method of Fetkovitch. Perform the calculations for reD = 5.
Using the method of Fetkovitch the following two equations are

required

− 𝑊
𝑃𝑖
σ𝑛−1
𝑃𝑛−1 + 𝑃𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
2

EXAMPLE - 3
The constant terms required in calculations can be evaluated first
(in Darcy units), for the correct aquifer size, reD = 5, as follows:
𝑊𝑒𝑖 = 𝐶ҧ 𝑊𝑖 𝑃𝑖
𝑊𝑖 = f π 𝑟𝑒2 − 𝑟𝑜2 ℎ∅
𝑊𝑒𝑖 = 𝐶fҧ π 𝑟𝑒2 − 𝑟𝑜2 ℎ∅𝑃𝑖
140 2740
𝑊𝑒𝑖 = 7 × 10−6 × 14.7 × 360 × 3.14 × 5 × 9200 × 30.48 2
− 9200 × 30.48 2
× 100 × 30.48 × 0.25 × 14.7
𝑊𝑒𝑖 = 3.368 × 1013 𝑐𝑚3

EXAMPLE - 3
For a finite radial aquifer, J is given as
140 200
2 × 3.14 × × × 100 × 30.48
𝐽= 360 1000
5 3
0.55 × 𝑙𝑛 −
1 4
𝐽 = 3149.582 𝑐𝑚3Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 /𝑎𝑡𝑚

EXAMPLE - 3
2740
𝐽 𝑃𝑖 3149.582 × 1
= 14.7 = 1.743 × 10−8
𝑊𝑒𝑖 3.368 × 1013 𝑠𝑒𝑐
For t = 1 year
𝐽 𝑃𝑖 ∆𝑡
= 1.743 × 10−8 × 365.2 × 86400 = 0.5499
𝑊𝑒𝑖
𝐽𝑃𝑖 ∆𝑡𝑛
− 𝑊
1 − 𝑒 𝑒𝑖 = 1 − exp −0.5499 = 0.4230

− 𝑊
𝑃𝑖
3.368 × 1013
∆𝑊𝑒𝑛 = 𝑃𝑎,𝑛−1 − 𝑃𝑛 × 0.4230 = 7.64 × 1010 𝑃𝑎,𝑛−1 − 𝑃𝑛
2740
14.7

EXAMPLE - 3
3.368 × 1013
∆𝑊𝑒𝑛 = 𝑃𝑎,𝑛−1 − 𝑃𝑛 × 0.4230 = 7.64 × 1010 𝑃𝑎,𝑛−1 − 𝑃𝑛
2740
14.7
120
∆𝑊𝑒1 = 7.64 × 1010 × 14.7 = 6.24 × 1011 cm3 = 3924599 bbl

EXAMPLE - 3
σ𝑛−1
6.24 × 1011
𝑃𝑎,1 = 2740 1 − = 2689.23 psia
3.368×1013
𝑃𝑎,𝑛−1 − 𝑃𝑛 = 2689.23 − 2395 = 294.23 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

294.23
∆𝑊𝑒2 = 7.64 × 1010 × = 1.53 × 1012 cm3
14.7

EXAMPLE - 3
6.24 × 1011 + 1.53 × 1012
𝑃𝑎,2 = 2740 1 − 3.368×1013
= 2564.76 psia
𝑃𝑎,𝑛−1 − 𝑃𝑛 = 2564.76 − 2199 = 365.76 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

365.76
∆𝑊𝑒2 = 7.64 × 1010 × = 1.90 × 1012 cm3
14.7

EXAMPLE - 3
6.24 × 1011 + 1.53 × 1012+1.90 × 1012
𝑃𝑎,2 = 2740 1 − 3.368×1013
= 2410.03 psia
.
.

Chapter 9

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Chapter 9

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PETE 343

Fall 2023 - 2024 Chapter-9

Many reservoirs are bounded on a portion or all of their

The aquifers may be so large compared with the reservoirs they

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 2

In response to a pressure drop in the reservoir, the aquifer reacts

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 3

Choosing an appropriate model for water influx involves many

Normally, little is known about these parameters largely because

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 4

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 5

This equation is generally solved for what is referred as the constant

In this solution it is desirous to know the pressure behavior at various

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 7

In the description of water influx from an aquifer into a reservoir there

This leads to the determination of the influx as a function of a given

The diffusivity equation is applied to the aquifer where the inner

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 8

With the interface between the reservoirs as the inner boundary,

the pressure at the inner boundary remains constant and

the flow rate as it crosses the boundary is observed with time.

P = Pi for all values of r

Outer boundary condition:

For an infinite aquifer: P = Pi at r = 

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 10

Let’s define the following dimensionless parameters:

With the dimensionless parameters, the diffusivity equation becomes:

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 11

U = water influx constant, cm3/atm;

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 12

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 13

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 14

∅ = 0.20 𝑘 = 83 𝑚𝐷 𝐶ҧ = 8 × 10−6 1/𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑟𝑜 = 3000 𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑒 = 30000 𝑓𝑡 𝜇 = 0.62 𝑐𝑃

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 15

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 16

t (days) tD WeD We (bbl)

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 17

In the preceding section and the example, the calculated cumulative

In the more practical case of history matching the observed reservoir

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 18

P1, P2 … Pn are the

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 19

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 20

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 21

∆𝑃0 𝑊𝑒𝐷 𝑇𝐷 + ∆𝑃1 𝑊𝑒𝐷 𝑇𝐷 − 𝑡𝐷1 + ∆𝑃2 𝑊𝑒𝐷 𝑇𝐷 − 𝑡𝐷2

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 22

∅ = 0.209 𝑘 = 275 𝑚𝐷 𝐶ҧ = 6 × 10−6 1/𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 1216 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 250000 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝜇 = 0.25 𝑐𝑃

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 23

∅ = 0.209 𝑘 = 275 𝑚𝐷 𝐶ҧ = 6 × 10−6 1/𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 1216 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 250000 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝜇 = 0.25 𝑐𝑃

1 2 × (1216 + 250000) × 43560

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 24

tD < 100 Infinite aquifer

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 25

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 26

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 27

t (days) tD WeD PWOC (psia) DP (psi)

3793 − 3788 3788 − 3748

3793 − 3774 3774 − 3709

Parlaktuna & Sınayuç PETE 343 Fall 2023 – 2024 28