Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT)

College of Engineering & Technology Mechanical Engineering Department

Course title: Heat Transfer Course code: ME 431

Sheet 4: Forced Convection

Physical Mechanism of Convection

1. During air cooling of potatoes, the heat transfer coefficient for combined convection, radiation, and evaporation
is determined experimentally to be as shown Consider a 10-cm-diameter potato initially at 20 ◦ C with a thermal
conductivity of 0.49 W/m·◦ C . Potatoes are cooled by refrigerated air at 5 ◦ C at a velocity of 1 m/s. Determine
the initial rate of heat transfer from a potato, and the initial value of the temperature gradient in the potato at the
surface.

19-8 Heat transfer coefficients at different air velocities are given during air cooling of potatoes. The initial
rate of heat transfer from a potato and the temperature gradient at the potato surface are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Potato is spherical in shape. 3 Convection heat transfer
coefficient is constant over the entire surface.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the potato is given to be k = 0.49 W/m.C.
Analysis The initial rate of heat transfer from a potato is

As  D 2   (0.10 m) 2  0.03142 m 2
Air
Q  hAs (Ts  T )  (19.1 W/m2 .C)(0.03142 m 2 )(20  5)C  9.0 W V = 1 m/s
T = 5C
where the heat transfer coefficient is obtained from the table at 1 m/s Potato
velocity. The initial value of the temperature gradient at the potato Ti = 20C
surface is

 T 
q conv  q cond  k    h(Ts  T )
 r  r  R
T h(Ts  T ) (19.1 W/m 2 .C)(20  5)C
   585 C/m
r r R k (0.49 W/m.C)

2. An average man has a body surface area of 1.8 m2 and a skin temperature of 33 ◦ C . The convection heat
transfer coefficient for a clothed person walking in still air is expressed as h = 8.6=0.53 for 0.5 < V < 2 m/s,
where = is the walking velocity in m/s. Assuming the average surface temperature of the clothed person to be
30 ◦ C , determine the rate of heat loss from an average man walking in still air at 10 ◦ C by convection at a
walking velocity of (a) 0.5 m/s, (b) 1.0 m/s, (c) 1.5 m/s, and (d) 2.0 m/s.

1
 The rate of heat loss from an average man walking in still air is to be determined at different walking
velocities.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Convection heat transfer coefficient is constant over the
entire surface.
Analysis The convection heat transfer coefficients and the rate of heat losses at different walking velocities
are

(a) h  8.6V 0.53  8.6(0.5 m/s)0.53  5.956 W/m2 .C

Ts = 30C
Q  hAs (Ts  T )  (5.956 W/m2 .C)(1.8 m 2 )(30  10)C  214.4 W Air
V
(b) h  8.6V 0.53  8.6(1.0 m/s)0.53  8.60 W/m2 .C T = 10C

Q  hAs (Ts  T )  (8.60 W/m2 .C)(1.8 m 2 )(30  10)C  309.6 W

(c) h  8.6V 0.53  8.6(1.5 m/s)0.53  10.66 W/m2 .C

Q  hAs (Ts  T )  (10.66 W/m2 .C)(1.8 m 2 )(30  10)C  383.8 W

(d) h  8.6V 0.53  8.6(2.0 m/s)0.53  12.42 W/m2 .C

Q  hAs (Ts  T )  (12.42 W/m2 .C)(1.8 m 2 )(30  10)C  447.0 W

Flow Over Flat Plates

3. Engine oil at 80 ◦ C flows over a 6-m-long flat plate whose temperature is 30 ◦ C with a velocity of 3 m/s.
Determine the rate of heat transfer over the entire plate per unit width

19-14 Hot engine oil flows over a flat plate. The rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plate is to be
determined. 19-2
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Recr = 5105. 3 15
Radiation effects are negligible.
Properties The properties of engine oil at the film temperature of (Ts + T)/2 = (80+30)/2 =55C = 328 K
are (Table A-13)

  867 kg/m 3   123 10 6 m 2 /s

k  0.141 W/m.C Pr  1505

Analysis Noting that L = 6 m, the Reynolds number at the end of the plate is Oil
V = 3 m/s
Ts = 30C
V L (3 m / s)(6 m) T = 30C
Re L    146
.  105
 123  10 6 m2 / s
which is less than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have laminar
flow over the entire plate. The average Nusselt number and the heat L=6m
transfer coefficient are determined using the laminar flow relations for
flow over a flat plate,
hL
Nu   0.664 Re L 0.5 Pr 1/ 3  0.664(146
.  105 ) 0.5 (1505)1/ 3  2908
k
k 0141
. W / m.  C
h  Nu  (2908)  68.3 W / m2 .  C
L 6m
The rate of heat transfer is then determined from Newton's law of cooling to be
Q  hAs (T  Ts )  (68.3 W/m2 .C)(6 1 m 2 )(80 - 30)C = 2.0510 4 W  20.5 kW

4. The local atmospheric pressure in Denver, Colorado (elevation 1610 m), is 83.4 kPa. Air at this pressure and
at 30 ◦ C flows with a velocity of 6 m/s over a 2.5-m × 8-m flat plate whose temperature is 120 ◦ C . Determine
the rate of heat transfer from the plate if the air flows parallel to the (a) 8-m-long side and (b) the 2.5-m side.

19-4
17

2
 Chapter 19 Forced Convection

19-15 The top surface of a hot block is to be cooled by forced air. The rate of heat transfer is to be
determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds Air
number is Recr = 5105. 3 Radiation effects are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas V = 6 m/s Ts = 120C
with constant properties. T = 30C

Properties The atmospheric pressure in atm is

L
1 atm
P  (83.4 kPa)  0.823 atm
101.325 kPa
For an ideal gas, the thermal conductivity and the Prandtl number are independent of pressure, but the
kinematic viscosity is inversely proportional to the pressure. With these considerations, the properties of air
at 0.823 atm and at the film temperature of (120+30)/2=75C are (Table A-22)
k  0.02917 W/m.C
   @1atm / Patm  (2.046 10 5 m 2 /s) / 0.823 = 2.486 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr  0.7166
Analysis (a) If the air flows parallel to the 8 m side, the Reynolds number in this case becomes
V L (6 m/s)(8 m)
Re L    1.93110 6
 2.486 10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow.
Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the average heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate
are determined to be
hL
Nu   (0.037 Re L 0.8  871) Pr1 / 3  [0.037(1.93110 6 ) 0.8  871]( 0.7166)1 / 3  2757
k
k 0.02917 W/m.C
h  Nu  (2757)  10.05 W/m2 .C
L 8m
As  wL  (2.5 m)(8 m) = 20 m 2
Q  hA (T  T )  (10.05 W/m2 .C)(20 m 2 )(120 - 30)C  18,096 W  18.10 kW
s  s

(b) If the air flows parallel to the 2.5 m side, the Reynolds number is
V L (6 m/s)(2.5 m)
Re L    6.034  10 5
 2.486  10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than the critical Reynolds number. Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow.
Using the proper relation for Nusselt number, the average heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate
are determined to be
hL
Nu   (0.037 Re L 0.8  871) Pr1 / 3  [0.037(6.034  10 5 ) 0.8  871]( 0.7166)1 / 3  615.1
k
k 0.029717 W/m.C
h  Nu  (615.1)  7.177 W/m2 .C
L 2.5 m
As  wL  (8 m)(2.5 m) = 20 m 2
Q  hA (T  T )  (7.177 W/m 2 .C)(20 m 2 )(120 - 30)C  12,919 W  12.92 kW
s  s

5. Consider a hot automotive engine, which can be approximated as a 0.5-m-high, 0.40-m-wide, and 0.8-m-long
rectangular block. The bottom surface of the block is at a temperature of 80 ◦ C and has an emissivity of 0.95.
The ambient air is at 20 ◦ C , and the road surface is at 25 ◦ C . Determine the rate of heat transfer from the
bottom surface of the engine block by convection and radiation as the car travels at a velocity of 80 km/h.
Assume the flow to be turbulent over the entire surface
19-5 because of the constant agitation of the engine block.
18

3
 Chapter 19 Forced Convection

19-20 A car travels at a velocity of 80 km/h. The rate of heat transfer from the bottom surface of the hot
automotive engine block is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The critical Reynolds number is Recr = 5105. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The flow is turbulent over the entire surface because of the constant
agitation of the engine block. L = 0.8 m
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of
(Ts + T)/2 = (80+20)/2 =50C are (Table A-22) Engine block
k  0.02735 W/m.C
Air
  1.798  10 -5 m 2 /s V = 80 km/h Ts = 80C
T = 20C  = 0.95
Pr  0.7228

Analysis Air flows parallel to the 0.4 m side. The Reynolds number in this case is
V L [(80  1000 / 3600) m/s](0.8 m)
Re L    9.888  10 5
 1.798  10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than the critical Reynolds number. But the flow is assumed to be turbulent over the entire
surface because of the constant agitation of the engine block. Using the proper relations, the Nusselt
number, the heat transfer coefficient, and the heat transfer rate are determined to be
hL
Nu   0.037 ReL 0.8 Pr1 / 3  0.037(9.888  105 )0.8 (0.7228)1 / 3  2076
k
k 0.02735 W/m.C
h  Nu  (2076)  70.98 W/m2 .C
L 0.8 m
As  wL  (0.8 m)(0.4 m) = 0.32 m 2
Q conv  hAs (T  Ts )  (70.98 W/m2 .C)(0.32 m 2 )(80 - 20)C = 1363 W
The radiation heat transfer from the same surface is
Q rad  As  (Ts 4  Tsurr 4 )  (0.95)(0.32 m 2 )(5.67  10 -8 W/m2 .K 4 )[(80 + 273 K) 4 - (25 + 273 K) 4 ]
 132 W
Then the total rate of heat transfer from that surface becomes
Q total  Q conv  Q rad  (1363  132)W  1495 W

Flow across Cylinders and Spheres

6. A long 8-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is 90 ◦ C passes through some open
area that is not protected against the winds. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length
when the air is at 1 atm pressure and 7 ◦ C and the wind is blowing across the pipe at a velocity of 50 km/h.

19-35 A steam pipe is exposed to windy air. The rate of heat loss from the steam is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of (T s + T)/2 = (90+7)/2 = 48.5C are
(Table A-22)
Pipe
k  0.02724 W/m.C D = 8 cm
Air
  1.784  10 -5 m 2 /s V = 50 km/h
Ts = 90C

Pr  0.7232 T = 7C

Analysis The Reynolds number is

19-12
V D [(50 km/h)(1000 m/km)/(3600 s/h)](0.08 m) 25
Re    6.228  10 4
 1.784  10 5 m 2 /s
The Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is
4/5
hD 0.62 Re 0.5 Pr1 / 3   Re  5 / 8 
Nu   0.3  1    
k 
1  0.4 / Pr 2 / 3 
1/ 4
  282,000  
4/5
 5/8 
0.62(6.228  10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7232)1 / 3   6.228  10 4 
 
 0.3  1  159.1

1  0.4 / 0.72322 / 3
1

/ 4   282,000


 

The heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate become
k 0.02724 W/m.C
h Nu  (159.1)  54.17 W/m2 .C
D 0.08 m
As  DL   (0.08 m)(1 m) = 0.2513 m 2
Q conv  hAs (Ts  T )  (54.17 W/m 2 .C)(0.2513 m 2 )(90 - 7)C = 1130 W (per m length)

7. A stainless steel ball (ρ = 8055 kg/m3 , Cp = 480 J/kg · ◦ C ) of diameter D = 15 cm is removed from the oven at
a uniform temperature of 350 ◦ C . The ball is then subjected to the flow of air at 1 atm pressure and 30 ◦ C with

4
 a velocity of 6 m/s. The surface temperature of the ball eventually drops to 250 ◦ C . Determine the average
convection heat transfer coefficient during this cooling process and estimate how long this process has taken.

19-36 A hot stainless steel ball is cooled by forced air. The average convection heat transfer coefficient and
the cooling time are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The outer surface temperature of the ball is uniform at all times.

Properties The average surface temperature is (350+250)/2 = 300C, and the properties of air at 1 atm
pressure and the free stream temperature of 30C are (Table A-22)
k  0.02588 W/m.C
  1.608  10 -5 m 2 /s Air D = 15 cm
5 V = 6 m/s Ts = 350C
   1.872  10 kg/m.s T = 30C
 s , @ 300C  2.934  10 5 kg/m.s
Pr  0.7282 D

Analysis The Reynolds number is

V D (6 m/s)(0.15 m)
Re    5.597  10 4
 1.57  10 5 m 2 /s
The Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is determined to be

 
1/ 4
hD  
Nu   2  0.4 Re 0.5  0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4   
k  s 

 
1/ 4
 1.872  10 5 
 2  0.4(5.597  10 4 ) 0.5  0.06(5.597  10 4 ) 2 / 3 (0.7282) 0.4  5

  145.6
 2.934  10 
Heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.02588 W/m.C
h Nu  (145.6)  25.12 W/m 2 .C
D 0.15 m
The average rate of heat transfer can be determined from Newton's law of cooling by using average surface
temperature of the ball
As  D 2   (0.15 m) 2 = 0.07069 m 2
Q ave  hAs (Ts  T )  (25.12 W/m2 .C)(0.07069 m 2 )(300 - 30)C = 479.5 W
Assuming the ball temperature to be nearly uniform , the total heat transferred from the ball during the
cooling from 350 C to 250 C can be determined from
Qtotal  mC p (T1  T2 )

D 3  (0.15 m) 3
where m  V    (8055 kg/m3 )  14.23 kg
6 6
Therefore, Qtotal  mC p (T1  T2 )  (14.23 kg)(480 J/kg.C)(350 - 250)C = 683,249 J

Then the time of cooling becomes

Q 683,249 J
t    1425 s  23.75 min
Q 479.5 J/s

8. A heating system is to be designed to keep the wings of an aircraft cruising at a velocity of 900 km/h above
freezing temperatures during flight at 12,200-m altitude where the standard atmospheric conditions are 55.4 ◦ C and
18.8 kPa. Approximating the wing as a cylinder of elliptical cross section whose minor axis is 30 cm and
disregarding radiation, determine the average convection heat transfer coefficient on the wing surface and the
average rate of heat transfer per unit surface area. 19-27
40

5
 19-44 An aircraft is cruising at 900 km/h. A heating system keeps the wings above freezing temperatures.
The average convection heat transfer coefficient on the wing surface and the average rate of heat transfer
per unit surface area are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The wing is approximated as a cylinder of elliptical cross section whose minor
axis is 30 cm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of (T s + T)/2 = (0-55.4)/2 = -27.7C are
(Table A-22)
k  0.02152 W/m.C
  1.106  10 -5 m 2 /s
18.8 kPa
Pr  0.7422 V = 900 km/h
T = -55.4C
Note that the atmospheric pressure will only affect the kinematic
viscosity. The atmospheric pressure in atm unit is
1 atm
P  (18.8 kPa)  01855
. atm
101.325 kPa
The kinematic viscosity at this atmospheric pressure is
  (1.106 10 5 m 2 /s)/ 0.1855  5.96110 5 m 2 /s
Analysis The Reynolds number is
V D (900  1000/3600) m/s(0.3 m)
Re    1.258  10 6
 5.961  10 5 m 2 /s
The Nusselt number relation for a cylinder of elliptical cross-section is limited to Re < 15,000, and the
relation below is not really applicable in this case. However, this relation is all we have for elliptical shapes,
and we will use it with the understanding that the results may not be accurate.
hD
Nu   0.248 Re0.612 Pr1/ 3  0.248(1.258  10 6 ) 0.612(0.724)1/ 3  1204
k
The average heat transfer coefficient on the wing surface is
k 0.02152 W/m.C
h Nu  (1204)  86.39 W/m2 .C
D 0.3 m
Then the average rate of heat transfer per unit surface area becomes
q  h(Ts  T )  (86.39 W/m2 .C)[0 - (-55.4)] C  4786 W/m 2

9. A long aluminum wire of diameter 3 mm is extruded at a temperature of 370 ◦ C . The wire is subjected to cross
airflow at 30 ◦ C at a velocity of 6 m/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the wire to the air per meter
length when it is first exposed to the air.

19-38
51

6
 19-45 A long aluminum wire is cooled by cross air flowing over it. The rate of heat transfer from the wire
per meter length when it is first exposed to the air is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of
(Ts + T)/2 = (370+30)/2 = 200C are (Table A-22)
k  0.03779 W/m.C
  3.455  10 -5 m 2 /s 370C D = 3 mm
Pr  0.6974

Analysis The Reynolds number is Aluminum wire

V D (6 m/s)(0.003 m)
Re    521.0
 3.455  10 5 m 2 /s V = 6 m/s
T = 30C
The Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is determined to be
4/5
hD 0.62 Re 0.5 Pr1 / 3   Re  5 / 8 
Nu   0.3  1    
k 
1  0.4 / Pr 2 / 3
1/ 4
   282,000  
4/5
(0.6974)1 / 3   521.0  
0.5 5/8
0.62(521.0)
 0.3  1      11.48
 
1  0.4 / 0.69742 / 3
1 / 4
  282,000  

Then the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate from the wire per meter length become
k 0.03779 W/m.C
h Nu  (11.48)  144.6 W/m2 .C
D 0.003 m
As  DL   (0.003 m)(1 m) = 0.009425 m 2
Q conv  hAs (Ts  T )  (144.6 W/m2 .C)(0.009425 m 2 )(370 - 30)C = 463.4 W

10. A 0.4-W cylindrical electronic component with diameter 0.3 cm and length 1.8 cm and mounted on a circuit
board is cooled by air flowing across it at a velocity of 150 m/min. If the air temperature is 40 ◦ C , determine the
surface temperature of the component.

19-53 A cylindrical electronic component mounted on a circuit board is cooled by air flowing across it. The
surface temperature of the component is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the film temperature to be 50C. The
properties of air at 1 atm and at this temperature are (Table A-22) Air
V = 150 m/min
k  0.02735 W/m.C
T = 40C Q
  1.798  10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr  0.7228 Resistor
0.4 W
Analysis The Reynolds number is D = 0.3 cm
V D (150/60 m/s)(0.003 m)
Re     417.1
 1.798  10 5 m 2 /s
The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is
4/5
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr1 / 3   Re  
5/8
hD
Nu   0.3      
 
1 
19-39 
k 1  (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3
1/ 4
  282,000  
4/5
52
(0.7228)1 / 3   417.1  
0.5 5/8
0.62(417.1)
 0.3  1      10.43

1  (0.4 / 0.7228) 2 / 3
1 /

4
  282,000  
The heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.02735 W/m.C
h  Nu  (10.43)  95.09 W/m2 .C
D 0.003 m
Then the surface temperature of the component becomes
As  DL   (0.003 m)(0.018 m)  0.0001696 m 2
Q 0.4 W
Q  hAs (Ts  T ) 
 Ts  T   40 C +  64.8C
hA (95.09 W/m2 .C)(0.0001696 m 2 )

11. Consider a 50-cm-diameter and 95-cm-long hot-water tank. The tank is placed on the roof of a house. The
water inside the tank is heated to 80 ◦ C by a flat-plate solar collector during the day. The tank is then exposed
to windy air at 18 ◦ C with an average velocity of 40 km/h during the night. Estimate the temperature of the tank
after a 45-mm period. Assume the tank surface to be at the same temperature as the water inside, and the
heat transfer coefficient on the top and bottom surfaces to be the same as that on the side surface.

7
 Flow in Tubes
12. Air enters a 20-cm-diameter, 12-m-long underwater duct at 50 ◦ C and 1 atm at a mean velocity of 7 m/s, and
is cooled by the water outside. If the average heat transfer coefficient is 85 W/m2 ·◦ C and the tube temperature
is nearly equal to the water temperature of 5 ◦ C , determine the exit temperature of air and the rate of heat
transfer.

19-68 Air flows inside a duct and it is cooled by water outside.

The exit temperature of air and the rate of heat transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the duct is constant. 3 The
thermal resistance of the duct is negligible.

Properties The properties of air at the anticipated average temperature of 30C are (Table A-22)
  1.164 kg/m 3 Te
C p  1007 J/kg.C
Analysis The mass flow rate of water is
 D 2 
m  Ac Vm    Vm
 4 
  12 m
(0.2 m) 2 5C
 (1.164 kg/m 3 ) (7 m/s) = 0.256 kg/s
4
Air
As  DL   (0.2 m)(12 m) = 7.54 m 2 50C
7 m/s
The exit temperature of air is determined from
( 9.09)( 7.54)

 hAs /( m
 Cp )
Te  Ts  (Ts  Ti )e  5  (5  50)e ( 0.256)(1007)
 8.74C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat transfe r are
Te  Ti 8.74  50
Tln    16.59C
 Ts  Te   5  8.74 
ln  ln


 Ts  Ti   5  50 
Q  hAs Tln  (85 W/m 2 .C)( 7.54 m 2 )(16.59C)  10,6333.41 10 4 W  10,633 W  10.6 kW

13. Cooling water available at 10 ◦ C is used to condense steam at 30 ◦ C in the condenser of a power plant at a rate
of 0.15 kg/s by circulating the cooling water through a bank of 5-m-long, 1.2-cm-internal-diameter thin copper
tubes. Water enters the tubes at a mean velocity of 4 m/s, and leaves at a temperature of 24 ◦ C . The tubes are
nearly isothermal at 30 ◦ C . Determine the average heat transfer coefficient between the water and the tubes,
and the number of tubes needed to achieve the indicated heat transfer rate in the condenser.

19-56
69

8
 19-69 Steam is condensed by cooling water flowing inside copper tubes. The average heat transfer
coefficient and the number of tubes needed are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the pipe is constant. 3 The
thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible.

Properties The properties of water at the average temperature of (10+24)/2=17C are (Table A-15)
  998.7 kg/m 3
C p  4184.5 J/kg.C
Steam, 30C
Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 30C is h fg  2431 kJ/kg .
Analysis The mass flow rate of water and the surface area are
24C
 D 2  Water
m  Ac Vm   Vm
 10C D = 1.2 cm
 4  4 m/s
(0.012 m) 2
 (998.7 kg/m 3 ) (4 m/s) = 0.4518 kg/s L=5m
4
The rate of heat transfer for one tube is
Q  m
 C p (Te  Ti )  (0.4518 kg/s)( 4184.5 J/kg.C)( 24  10C)  26,468 W

The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are
Te  Ti 24  10
Tln    11.63C
 Ts  Te   30  24 
ln  ln 
 Ts  Ti   30  10 

As  DL   (0.012 m)(5 m) = 0.1885 m 2

The average heat transfer coefficient is determined from
Q 26,468 W  1 kW 
Q  hAs Tln  h      12.1 kW/m .C
2
As Tln (0.1885 m 2 )(11.63C)  1000 W 
The total rate of heat transfer is determined from
Q total  m
 cond h fg  (0.15 kg/s)( 2431 kJ/kg)  364.65 kW

Then the number of tubes becomes

Q 364,650 W
N tube  total   13.8
Q 26,468 W

14. Combustion gases passing through a 3-cm-internal diameter circular tube are used to vaporize waste water at
atmospheric pressure. Hot gases enter the tube at 115 kPa and 250 ◦ C at a mean velocity of 5 m/s, and leave
at 150 ◦ C . If the average heat transfer coefficient is 120 W/m2 ·◦ C and the inner surface temperature of the tube
is 110 ◦ C , determine (a) the tube length and (b) the rate of evaporation of water.

19-57
70

9
 19-71 Combustion gases passing through a tube are used to vaporize waste water. The tube length and the
rate of evaporation of water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the pipe is constant. 3 The
thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 Air properties are to be used for exhaust gases.

Properties The properties of air at the average temperature of (250+150)/2=200C are (Table A-22)
C p  1023 J/kg.C
R  0.287 kJ/kg.K
Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 1 atm or 100C is h fg  2257 kJ/kg .
Analysis The density of air at the inlet and the mass flow rate of exhaust gases are Ts=110C
P 115 kPa
   0.7662 kg/m3
RT (0.287 kJ/kg.K)(250  273 K)
150C
Exh. gases
 D 2 
m  Ac Vm   Vm 250C D =3 cm
 5 m/s
 4 
(0.03 m) 2 L
 (0.7662 kg/m 3 ) (5 m/s) = 0.002708 kg/s
4
The rate of heat transfer is
Q  m
 C p (Ti  Te )  (0.002708 kg/s)(1023 J/kg.C)( 250  150C)  276.9 W

The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are
Te  Ti 150  250
Tln    79.82C
 Ts  Te   110  150 
ln  ln 
 Ts  Ti   110  250 

Q 276.9 W
Q  hAs Tln 
 As    0.02891m 2
hTln (120 W/m2 .C)(79.82C)
Then the tube length becomes
As 0.02891 m 2
As  DL 
 L    0.3067 m  30.7 cm
D  (0.03 m)
The rate of evaporation of water is determined from
Q (0.2769 kW)
Q  m evap h fg 
 m evap    0.0001227 kg/s = 0.442 kg/h
h fg (2257 kJ/kg)

15. Water is to be heated from 10 ◦ C to 80 ◦ C as it flows through a 2-cm-internal-diameter, 7-m-long tube. The
tube is equipped with an electric resistance heater, which provides uniform heating throughout the surface of
the tube. The outer surface of the heater is well insulated, so that in steady operation all the heat generated
in the heater is transferred to the water in the tube. If the system is to provide hot water at a rate of 8 L/min,
determine the power rating of the resistance heater. Also, estimate the inner surface temperature of the pipe at
the exit.

19-59
72

10
 Chapter 19 Forced Convection

19-73 Water is to be heated in a tube equipped with an electric resistance heater on its surface. The power
rating of the heater and the inner surface temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The surface heat flux is uniform. 3 The inner surfaces of the
tube are smooth.
Properties The properties of water at the average temperature of (Resistance heater)
(80+10) / 2 = 45C are (Table A-15)
  990.1 kg/m 3 Water
10C D = 2 cm
k  0.637 W/m.C 3 m/s 80C
   /   0.602  10 -6 m 2 /s
L
C p  4180 J/kg.C
Pr  3.91
Analysis The power rating of the resistance heater is
  V  (990.1 kg/m3 )(0.008 m 3 /min)  7.921 kg/min  0.132 kg/s
m

Q  m
 C p (Te  Ti )  (0.132 kg/s)( 4180 J/kg.C)(80  10)C  38,627 W

The velocity of water and the Reynolds number are

V (8  10 3 / 60) m3 / s
Vm    0.4244 m / s
Ac  (0.02 m) 2 / 4
Vm Dh (0.4244 m/s)(0.02 m)
Re    14,101
 0.602 10 6 m 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
Lh  Lt  10D  10(0.02 m)  0.20 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent
flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hDh
Nu   0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4  0.023(14,101) 0.8 (3.91) 0.4  82.79
k
Heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.637 W/m.C
h Nu  (82.79)  2637 W/m2 .C
Dh 0.02 m
Then the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit becomes
Q  hA (T  T )
s s ,e e

38,627 W  (2637 W/m 2 .C)[ (0.02 m )( 7 m )](Ts  80)C

Ts ,e  113.3C

16. Consider the flow of oil at 10 ◦ C in a 40-cm-diameter pipeline at an average velocity of 0.5 m/s. A 300-m-long
section of the pipeline passes through icy waters of a lake at 0 ◦ C . Measurements indicate that the surface
temperature of the pipe is very nearly 0 ◦ C . Disregarding the thermal resistance of the pipe material, determine
(a) the temperature of the oil when the pipe leaves the lake and (b) the rate of heat transfer from the oil.

19-61
74

11
 19-77 Oil flows through a pipeline that passes through icy waters of a lake. The exit temperature of the oil
and the rate of heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the pipe is very nearly 0C.
3 The thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 The inner surfaces of the pipeline are smooth. 5 The
flow is hydrodynamically developed when the pipeline reaches the lake.
(Icy lake, 0C)
Properties The properties of oil at 10C are (Table A-13)
  893.5 kg/m 3 , k  0.146 W/m.C Oil
10C
  2.325 kg/m.s,   2591  10 -6 m 2 /s 0.5 m/s D = 0.4 m
Te
C p  1838 J/kg.C, Pr  28750
Analysis (a) The Reynolds number in this case is L = 300 m
Vm Dh (0.5 m/s)(0.4 m)
Re    77.19
 2591 10 6 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar, and the thermal entry length is roughly
Lt  0.05 Re Pr D  0.05(77.19)( 28750)(0.4 m)  44,384 m
which is much longer than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow, and
determine the Nusselt number from
 0.4 m 
0.065 (77.19)( 28,750)
Nu 
hD
 3.66 
0.065( D / L) Re Pr
 3.66   300 m   24.47
k 1  0.04( D / L) Re Pr2 / 3  0.4 m  
2/3
1  0.04 (77.19)( 28,750)
 300 m  
k 0.146 W/m.C
and h Nu  (24.47)  8.930 W/m2 .C
D 0.4 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of oil
As  DL   (0.4 m)(300 m) = 377 m 2
 D 2   (0.4 m) 2
m  V  Ac Vm    Vm  (893.5 kg/m 3 )
 (0.5 m/s) = 56.14 kg/s
 4  4
(8.930)( 377)

 hAs /( m
 Cp )
Te  Ts  (Ts  Ti )e  0  (0  10)e (56.14)(1838)
 9.68C
(b) The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the oil are
Te  Ti 9.68  10
Tln    9.84C
 Ts  Te   0  9.68 
ln 

ln 
 Ts  Ti   0  10 
Q  hAs Tln  (8.930 W/m 2 .C)( 377 m 2 )( 9.84C)  3.31 10 4 W  33.1 kW

Flow Across Banks of Tubes

17. Combustion air in a manufacturing facility is to be preheated before entering a furnace by hot water at 90 ◦ C flowing
through the tubes of a tube bank located in a duct. Air enters the duct at 15 ◦ C and 1 atm with a mean velocity
of 3.8 m/s, and flows over the tubes in normal direction. The outer diameter of the tubes is 2.1 cm, and the
tubes are arranged in-line with longitudinal and transverse pitches of S L = S T =5 cm. There are eight rows in
the flow direction with eight tubes in each row. Determine the rate of heat transfer per unit length of the tubes,
and the pressure drop across the tube bank.
19-67
80

12
 Combustion air is preheated by hot water in a tube bank. The rate of heat transfer to air and the
pressure drop of air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the tubes is equal to the
temperature of hot water.
Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known. We evaluate the air
properties at the assumed mean temperature of 20°C (will be checked later) and 1 atm (Table A-15):
k = 0.02514 W/m⋅K ρ = 1.204 kg/m3
cp =1.007 kJ/kg⋅K Pr = 0.7309
μ = 1.825×10-5 kg/m⋅s Prs = Pr@ Ts = 90°C = 0.7132
Also, the density of air at the inlet temperature of 15°C (for use in the mass flow rate calculation at the
inlet) is ρi = 1.225 kg/m .3

Analysis It is given that D = 0.021 m, SL = ST = 0.05 m,

Ts=90°C
and V = 3.8 m/s. Then the maximum velocity and the
Reynolds number based on the maximum velocity SL
V=3.8 m/s
become
Ti=15°C
ST 0.05
V max = V= (3.8 m/s) = 6.552 m/s
ST − D 0.05 − 0.021
ST
ρV max D (1.204 kg/m 3 )(6.552 m/s)(0.021 m)
Re D = = = 9077
μ 1.825 × 10 −5 kg/m ⋅ s
The average Nusselt number is determined using
the proper relation from Table 7-2 to be
Nu D = 0.27 Re 0D.63 Pr 0.36 (Pr/ Prs ) 0.25
= 0.27(9077) 0.63 (0.7309) 0.36 (0.7309 / 0.7132) 0.25 = 75.60 D
This Nusselt number is applicable to tube banks with NL > 16. In our case the number of rows is NL = 8, and
the corresponding correction factor from Table 7-3 is F = 0.967. Then the average Nusselt number and
heat transfer coefficient for all the tubes in the tube bank become
Nu D, N L = FNu D = (0.967)(75.60) = 73.1
73.1(0.02514 W/m ⋅ °C)
Nu D , N L k
h= = = 87.5 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
D 0.021 m
The total number of tubes is N = NL ×NT = 8×8 = 64. For a unit tube length (L = 1 m), the heat transfer
surface area and the mass flow rate of air (evaluated at the inlet) are
As = NπDL = 64π (0.021 m)(1 m) = 4.222 m 2
m& = m& i = ρ iV ( N T S T L) = (1.225 kg/m 3 )(3.8 m/s)(8)(0.05 m)(1 m) = 1.862 kg/s
Then the fluid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, and the rate of heat transfer become
⎛ Ah⎞ ⎛ (4.222 m 2 )(87.5 W/m 2 ⋅ °C) ⎞
Te = Ts − (Ts − Ti ) exp⎜ − s ⎟ = 90 − (90 − 15) exp⎜ − ⎟ = 28.41°C
⎜ m& c p ⎟ ⎜ (1.862 kg/s)(1007 J/kg ⋅ °C) ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(Ts − Ti ) − (Ts − Te ) (90 − 15) − (90 − 28.41)
ΔTln = = = 68.08°C
ln[(Ts − Ti ) /(Ts − Te )] ln[(90 − 15) /(90 − 28.41)]
Q& = hA ΔT = (87.5 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(4.222 m 2 )(68.08°C) = 25,150 W
s ln
For this square in-line tube bank, the friction coefficient corresponding to ReD = 9077 and SL/D = 5/2.1 =
2.38 is, from Fig. 7-27a, f = 0.22. Also, χ = 1 for the square arrangements. Then the pressure drop across
the tube bank becomes
ρV max
2
(1.204 kg/m 3 )(6.552 m/s) 2 ⎛⎜ 1N ⎞
⎟ = 45.5 Pa
ΔP = N L fχ = 8(0.22)(1)
2 2 ⎜ 1 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Discussion The arithmetic mean fluid temperature is (Ti + Te)/2 = (15 + 28.4)/2 = 21.7°C, which is fairly
close to the assumed value of 20°C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations.

18. Air is to be heated by passing it over a bank of 3-m-long tubes inside which steam is condensing at 100 ◦ C .
Air approaches the tube bank in the normal direction at 20 ◦ C and 1 atm with a mean velocity of 5.2 m/s. The
outer diameter of the tubes is 1.6 cm, and the tubes are arranged staggered with longitudinal and transverse
pitches of S L = S T = 4cm. There are 20 rows in the flow direction with 10 tubes in each row. Determine (a) the
rate of heat transfer, (b) and pressure drop across the tube bank, and (c) the rate of condensation of steam
inside the tubes.

13
 Combustion air is heated by condensing steam in a tube bank. The rate of heat transfer to air, the
pressure drop of air, and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the tubes is equal to the
temperature of steam.
Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known. We evaluate the air
properties at the assumed mean temperature of 35°C (will be checked later) and 1 atm (Table A-15):
k = 0.02625 W/m⋅K ρ = 1.145 kg/m3
cp =1.007 kJ/kg⋅K Pr = 0.7268
μ = 1.895×10-5 kg/m⋅s Prs = Pr@ Ts = 100°C = 0.7111
Also, the density of air at the inlet temperature of 20°C (for use in the mass flow rate calculation at the
inlet) is ρi = 1.204 kg/m3. The enthalpy of vaporization of water at 100°C is hfg = 2257 kJ/kg-K (Table A-
9).
Analysis (a) It is given that D = 0.016 m, SL = ST = 0.04
m, and V = 5.2 m/s. Then the maximum velocity and the SL Ts=100°C
Reynolds number based on the maximum velocity
become V=5.2 m/s
ST 0.04 Ti=20°C
V max = V= (5.2 m/s) = 8.667 m/s
ST − D 0.04 − 0.016
ST
since S D > ( S T + D ) / 2
ρV max D (1.145 kg/m 3 )(8.667 m/s)(0.016 m)
Re D = = = 8379
μ 1.895 × 10 −5 kg/m ⋅ s
The average Nusselt number is determined using the D
proper relation from Table 7-2 to be
Nu D = 0.35( S T / S L ) 0.2 Re 0D.6 Pr 0.36 (Pr/ Prs ) 0.25
= 0.35(0.04 / 0.04) 0.2 (8379) 0.6 (0.7268) 0.36 (0.7268 / 0.7111) 0.25 = 70.87
Since NL =20, which is greater than 16, the average Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient for all the
tubes in the tube bank become
Nu D, N L = Nu D = 70.87
Nu D , N L k 70.87(0.02625 W/m ⋅ °C)
h= = = 116.3 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
D 0.016 m
The total number of tubes is N = NL ×NT = 20×10 = 200. For a unit tube length (L = 1 m), the heat transfer
surface area and the mass flow rate of air (evaluated at the inlet) are
As = NπDL = 200π (0.016 m)(1 m) = 10.05 m 2
m& = m& i = ρ i V ( N T S T L) = (1.204 kg/m 3 )(5.2 m/s)(10)(0.04 m)(1 m) = 2.504 kg/s
Then the fluid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, and the rate of heat transfer become
⎛ Ah⎞ ⎛ (10.05 m 2 )(116.3 W/m 2 ⋅ °C) ⎞
Te = Ts − (Ts − Ti ) exp⎜ − s ⎟ = 100 − (100 − 20) exp⎜ − ⎟ = 49.68°C
⎜ m& c p ⎟ ⎜ (2.504 kg/s)(1007 J/kg ⋅ °C) ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(Ts − Ti ) − (Ts − Te ) (100 − 20) − (100 − 49.68)
ΔTln = = = 64.01°C
ln[(Ts − Ti ) /(Ts − Te )] ln[(100 − 20) /(100 − 49.68)]
Q& = hAs ΔTln = (116.3 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(10.05 m 2 )(64.02°C) = 74,830 W
(b) For this staggered tube bank, the friction coefficient corresponding to ReD = 8379 and ST/D = 4/1.6 =
2.5 is, from Fig. 7-27b, f = 0.33. Also, χ = 1 for the square arrangements. Then the pressure drop across the
tube bank becomes
ρVmax
2
(1.145 kg/m 3 )(8.667 m/s) 2 ⎛ 1N ⎞
ΔP = N L fχ = 20(0.33)(1) ⎜ ⎟ = 284 Pa
2 2 ⎜ 1 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(c) The rate of condensation of steam is
Q& 74.83 kW
Q& = m& cond h fg @ 100°C ⎯
⎯→ m& cond = = = 0.0332 kg/s = 1.99 kg/min
h fg @ 100°C 2257 kJ/kg ⋅ °C
Discussion The arithmetic mean fluid temperature is (Ti + Te)/2 = (20 + 49.7)/2 = 34.9°C, which is very
close to the assumed value of 35°C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations.

19. Exhaust gases at 1 atm and 300 ◦ C are used to preheat water in an industrial facility by passing them over
a bank of tubes through which water is flowing at a rate of 6 kg/s. The mean tube wall temperature is 80 ◦ C .
Exhaust gases approach the tube bank in normal direction at 4.5 m/s. The outer diameter of the tubes is 2.1
cm, and the tubes are arranged in-line with longitudinal and transverse pitches of S L = S T = 8cm. There are 16
rows in the flow direction with eight tubes in each row. Using the properties of air for exhaust gases, determine
(a) the rate of heat transfer per unit length of tubes, (b) and pressure drop across the tube bank, and (c) the
temperature rise of water flowing through the tubes per unit length of tubes.

14
 Water is preheated by exhaust gases in a tube bank. The rate of heat transfer, the pressure drop of
exhaust gases, and the temperature rise of water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 For exhaust gases, air properties are used.
Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known. We evaluate the air
properties at the assumed mean temperature of 250°C (will be checked later) and 1 atm (Table A-15):
k = 0.04104 W/m⋅K ρ = 0.6746 kg/m3
cp =1.033 kJ/kg⋅K Pr = 0.6946
μ = 2.76×10-5 kg/m⋅s Prs = Pr@ Ts = 80°C = 0.7154
The density of air at the inlet temperature of 300°C (for use in the mass flow rate calculation at the inlet) is
ρi = 0.6158 kg/m3. The specific heat of water at 80°C is 4.197 kJ/kg.°C (Table A-9).
Analysis (a) It is given that D = 0.021 m, SL = ST = 0.08 Ts=80°C
m, and V = 4.5 m/s. Then the maximum velocity and the
Reynolds number based on the maximum velocity SL
become V=4.5 m/s
Ti=300°C
ST 0.08
V max = V= (4.5 m/s) = 6.102 m/s
ST − D 0.08 − 0.021 S T
ρV max D (0.6746 kg/m 3 )(6.102 m/s)(0.021 m)
Re D = = = 3132
μ 2.76 × 10 −5 kg/m ⋅ s
The average Nusselt number is determined using the
proper relation from Table 7-2 to be
Nu D = 0.27 Re 0D.63 Pr 0.36 (Pr/ Prs ) 0.25 D
= 0.27(3132) 0.63 (0.6946) 0.36 (0.6946 / 0.7154) 0.25 = 37.46
Since NL =16, the average Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient for all the tubes in the tube bank
become
Nu D, N L = Nu D = 37.46
Nu D , N L k 37.46(0.04104 W/m ⋅ °C)
h= = = 73.2 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
D 0.021 m
The total number of tubes is N = NL ×NT = 16×8 = 128. For a unit tube length (L = 1 m), the heat transfer
surface area and the mass flow rate of air (evaluated at the inlet) are
As = NπDL = 128π (0.021 m)(1 m) = 8.445 m 2
m& = m& i = ρ iV ( N T S T L) = (0.6158 kg/m 3 )(4.5 m/s)(8)(0.08 m)(1 m) = 1.774 kg/s
Then the fluid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, and the rate of heat transfer become
⎛ Ah⎞ ⎛ (8.445 m 2 )(73.2 W/m 2 ⋅ °C) ⎞
Te = Ts − (Ts − Ti ) exp⎜ − s ⎟ = 80 − (80 − 300) exp⎜ − ⎟ = 237.0°C
⎜ m& c p ⎟ ⎜ (1.774 kg/s)(1033 J/kg ⋅ °C) ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(Ts − Ti ) − (Ts − Te ) (80 − 300) − (80 − 237)
ΔTln = = = 186.7°C
ln[(Ts − Ti ) /(Ts − Te )] ln[(80 − 300) /(80 − 237)]
Q& = hAs ΔTln = (73.2 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(8.445 m 2 )(186.7°C) = 115,430 W

(b) For this in-line arrangement tube bank, the friction coefficient corresponding to ReD = 3132 and SL/D =
8/2.1 = 3.81 is, from Fig. 7-27a, f = 0.18. Also, χ = 1 for the square arrangements. Then the pressure drop
across the tube bank becomes
ρV max
2
(0.6746 kg/m 3 )(6.102 m/s) 2 ⎛ 1N ⎞
ΔP = N L fχ = 16(0.18)(1) ⎜ ⎟ = 36.2 Pa
2 2 ⎜ 1 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(c) The temperature rise of water is
Q& 115.43 kW
Q& = m& water c p , water ΔTwater ⎯
⎯→ ΔTwater = = = 4.6°C
m water c p , water (6 kg/s)(4.197 kJ/kg ⋅ °C)
&
Discussion The arithmetic mean fluid temperature is (Ti + Te)/2 = (300 + 237)/2 = 269°C, which is
sufficiently close to the assumed value of 250°C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations.

20. Air is to be cooled in the evaporator section of a refrigerator by passing it over a bank of 0.8-cm-outer-diameter
and 0.4-m-long tubes inside which the refrigerant is evaporating at -20 ◦ C . Air approaches the tube bank in
the normal direction at 0 ◦ C and 1 atm with a mean velocity of 4 m/s. The tubes are arranged in-line with
longitudinal and transverse pitches of S L = S T = 1.5 cm. There are 30 rows in the flow direction with 15 tubes
in each row. Determine (a) the refrigeration capacity of this system and (b) and pressure drop across the tube
bank.

15
 Air is cooled by an evaporating refrigerator. The refrigeration capacity and the pressure drop across
the tube bank are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the tubes is equal to the
temperature of refrigerant.
Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known. We evaluate the air
properties at the assumed mean temperature of -5°C (will be checked later) and 1 atm (Table A-15):
k = 0.02326 W/m⋅K ρ = 1.317 kg/m3
cp =1.006 kJ/kg⋅K Pr = 0.7375
μ = 1.705×10-5 kg/m⋅s Prs = Pr@ Ts = -20°C = 0.7408
Also, the density of air at the inlet temperature of 0°C (for use in the mass flow rate calculation at the inlet)
is ρi = 1.292 kg/m .
3

Analysis It is given that D = 0.008 m, SL = ST = 0.015 m, Ts=-20°C

and V = 4 m/s. Then the maximum velocity and the
Reynolds number based on the maximum velocity become SL
ST 0.015 V=4 m/s
V max = V= (4 m/s) = 8.571 m/s Ti=0°C
S −D
T 0.015 − 0.008
ρV max D (1.317 kg/m 3 )(8.571 m/s)(0.008 m) ST
Re D = = = 5296
μ 1.705 × 10 −5 kg/m ⋅ s
The average Nusselt number is determined using
the proper relation from Table 7-2 to be
Nu D = 0.27 Re 0D.63 Pr 0.36 (Pr/ Prs ) 0.25
= 0.27(5296) 0.63 (0.7375) 0.36 (0.7375 / 0.7408) 0.25 = 53.62
D
Since NL > 16. the average Nusselt number and heat transfer
coefficient for all the tubes in the tube bank become
Nu D, N L = FNu D = 53.62
Nu D , N L k 53.62(0.02326 W/m ⋅ °C)
h= = = 155.9 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
D 0.008 m
The total number of tubes is N = NL ×NT = 30×15 = 450. The heat transfer surface area and the mass flow
rate of air (evaluated at the inlet) are
As = NπDL = 450π (0.008 m)(0.4 m) = 4.524 m 2
m& = m& i = ρiV ( NT ST L) = (1.292 kg/m3 )(4 m/s)(15)(0.015 m)(0.4 m) = 0.4651 kg/s
Then the fluid exit temperature, the log mean temperature difference, and the rate of heat transfer
(refrigeration capacity) become
⎛ Ah⎞ ⎛ (4.524 m 2 )(155.9 W/m 2 ⋅ °C) ⎞
Te = Ts − (Ts − Ti ) exp⎜ − s ⎟ = −20 − (−20 − 0) exp⎜ − ⎟ = −15.57°C
⎜ m& c p ⎟ ⎜ (0.4651 kg/s)(1006 J/kg ⋅ °C) ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(Ts − Ti ) − (Ts − Te ) (−20 − 0) − [−20 − (−15.57)]
ΔTln = = = 10.33°C
ln[(Ts − Ti ) /(Ts − Te )] ln[(−20 − 0) /( −20 + 15.57)]
Q& = hA ΔT = (155.9 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(4.524 m 2 )(10.33°C) = 7286 W
s ln
For this square in-line tube bank, the friction coefficient corresponding to ReD = 5296 and SL/D = 1.5/0.8 =
1.875 is, from Fig. 7-27a, f = 0.27. Also, χ = 1 for the square arrangements. Then the pressure drop across
the tube bank becomes
ρVmax
2
(1.317 kg/m 3 )(8.571 m/s) 2 ⎛⎜ 1 N ⎞
⎟ = 392 Pa
ΔP = N L fχ = 30(0.27)(1)
2 2 ⎜ 1 kg ⋅ m/s 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Discussion The arithmetic mean fluid temperature is (Ti + Te)/2 = (0 -15.6)/2 = -7.8°C, which is fairly close
to the assumed value of -5°C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations.

16