Heat Transfer(ME431)

Section 14 –Forced Convection

ENG. ZIAD ASHRAF ABOULSEOUD

College of Engineering & Technology

Mechanical Engineering Department (Mechatronics Program)
 Forced convection

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 Forced convection
Assume exit temperature and check the assumption at the end

𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑒
𝑇𝑏 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠(𝑘, 𝑐𝑝 , 𝜇, 𝜌, 𝑣, 𝑃𝑟 ) 𝑅𝑒 & 𝐿𝑡 𝑁𝑢 ℎ 𝑇𝑒 𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆
𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴 − 19 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴 − 20
𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴 − 22

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 Internal forced convection

𝑇𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑞 ′′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

𝑄ሶ = ℎ𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇𝐿𝑚 Logarithmic mean temperature difference 𝑄ሶ = 𝑞 ′′ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶

ሶ 𝑝 (𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑖 )
𝑷𝑳 𝑞 ′′ 𝐴𝑠
∆𝑇𝑒 − ∆𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑖 +
∆𝑇𝐿𝑚 = 𝑚𝐶 ሶ 𝑝
ln(∆𝑇𝑒 /∆𝑇𝑖 )
𝑞 ′′ = ℎ(𝑻𝒔,𝒆 − 𝑇𝑒 )
ℎ𝐴
− ሶ 𝑠
𝑚𝐶𝑝
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑠 − (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 )𝑒 𝑞 ′′ = ℎ(𝑻𝒔,𝒊 − 𝑇𝑖 )

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 Circular tube
4 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 𝜋
𝐷ℎ = 4 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 4 ∗ (4 𝐷2 )
𝑃 𝐷ℎ = = =𝑫
𝑃 𝜋𝐷

𝐷ℎ -hydraulic diameter
Square duct
𝐴𝑐 -cross-section area
4 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 4(𝑎2 )
𝑃-perimeter 𝐷ℎ = = =𝒂
𝑃 4𝑎

Rectangular duct

4 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 4(𝑎𝑏) 𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝐷ℎ = = =
𝑃 2(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝒂 + 𝒃)

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 Volume flow rate (𝒎𝟑 /𝒔)
𝑚ሶ 𝑉ሶ
𝑈𝑚 = =
𝜌𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐
𝑈𝑚 - mean-velocity

𝑼𝒎 𝑫𝒉
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝂

𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑳𝒕 - thermal entry length

For Turbulent flow we neglect entrance region & interested only in the fully developed region

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 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 (𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎)
𝐿ℎ,𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 = 0.05𝑅𝑒𝐷ℎ hydrodynamic entry length
𝐿𝑡,𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 = 0.05𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟𝐷ℎ = 𝑃𝑟𝐿ℎ,𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟

1 𝑖𝑓 𝐿 > 𝐿𝑡 Fully developed flow

𝑵𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕 ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

We use table 19-3

Pr > 1

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 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 (𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎)

𝑎/𝑏(𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦)

Pressure drop

ℎ
Friction factor (laminar)

Pumping power

ሶ
= 𝑉∆𝑝

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 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 (𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎)

𝐿𝑡,𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 = 0.05𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟𝐷ℎ = 𝑃𝑟𝐿ℎ,𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟

2 𝑖𝑓 𝐿 < 𝐿𝑡 Developing flow

𝑵𝒖 ≠ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕 ℎ ≠ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

Pr > 1

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 𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 (𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎)

𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆 (𝑻𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕)

𝒊𝒇 𝑳 = ∞ 𝒊𝒕 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝒊𝒏 (𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝟏𝟗 − 𝟑)

𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆 (𝑻𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕)

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 & 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
(𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚)

𝝁𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑻𝒊 + 𝑻𝒆

𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆(𝑻𝒃 ) 𝑻𝒃 =
𝟐
𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔

𝑫𝒉 − 𝒕𝒘𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔

(𝑹𝒆 ≤ 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎)

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 Entrance region neglected in turbulent
𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑹𝒆 > 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Based on constrain of the correlation used
(𝑹𝒆 > 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎)

1 𝑖𝑓 𝐿 > 𝐿𝑡 Fully developed flow

𝐿𝑡,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐿ℎ,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 10𝐷ℎ
𝑵𝒖 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝒇)

The Nu for the uniform surface temperature and uniform

surface heat flux conditions are identical in the
fully developed regions

The following relations applies to both

uniform surface temperature
uniform surface heat flux

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 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑹𝒆 > 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎)
(𝑹𝒆 > 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒉 & 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔

Roughness

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 𝑴𝒐𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕

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 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑹𝒆 > 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎)
(𝑹𝒆 > 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎)

For fully developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes

Accuracy of this correlation can be improved by replacing the power of Pr

𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑻𝒃

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 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑹𝒆 > 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎)
(𝑹𝒆 > 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒚 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝟐𝟓% 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎% 𝒃𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟖𝟎, 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟖𝟏 & 𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟕𝟔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑻𝒃

𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕 & 𝒒′′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕

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 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑹𝒆 > 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎)
(𝑹𝒆 > 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑷𝒓 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏

𝑻𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕

𝒒′′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕

𝑷𝒓𝒔 − 𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆

𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑻𝒃

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 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 & 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑁𝑢 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆

ℎ𝑖 𝐷ℎ ℎ𝑜 𝐷ℎ
𝑁𝑢𝑖 = 𝑁𝑢𝑜 =
𝑘𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑘𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

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 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬
𝑁𝑢 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 & 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄

𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 (𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎)

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 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬
𝑁𝑢 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒉𝒊 ≈ 𝒉𝒐 ∴ (𝑵𝒖𝒊 ≈ 𝑵𝒖𝒐 )

𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟗 − 𝟖𝟏

Friction factor – Moody chart

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒚 𝑵𝒖 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎𝟏𝟗 − 𝟖𝟏 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑭

𝑁𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 𝐹𝑖/𝑜 𝑁𝑢 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒖

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 Sheet4-Question12

𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 (𝑻𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕)

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 5℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝑻𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎℃
𝑻𝒊 + 𝑻𝒆 (𝟓𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎)
𝑻𝒃 = = = 𝟑𝟎℃
𝟐 𝟐

(𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
(𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒃𝒂𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑻𝒃 )

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 Sheet4-Question12

∆𝑇𝑒 = 8.74 − 5 = 3.74℃

∆𝑇𝑖 = 50 − 5 = 45℃

∆𝑇𝑒 − ∆𝑇𝑖 3.74 − 45

∆𝑇𝐿𝑚 = = = 16.59℃
∆𝑇𝑒 ln(3.74/45)
ln ∆𝑇
𝑖

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 Sheet4-Question15

𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝒒′′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕)

𝑻𝒊 + 𝑻𝒆 (𝟏𝟎 + 𝟖𝟎)
𝑻𝒃 = = = 𝟒𝟓℃
𝟐 𝟐

1𝑚3 = 1000𝐿

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 Sheet4-Question15

> 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘)

< 𝟕𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 (𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘)

𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

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 Sheet4-Question15

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