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10. STRAIGHT LINES

CO-ORDINATES

1. Rectangular coordinate system

A system obtained by taking two mutually  r lines in a plane. The horizontal line is known as x -axis
and the vertical line is known as y -axis. The point of intersection of the two axes is known as origin,
denoted by O and its coordinates is (0,0).

The two mutually perpendicular lines divide a plane into four regions, each region is known as quadrant.
Quadrants are taken in the anti-clockwise direction from the positive x -axis.

2. Signs of co-ordinates in different quadrants

Quadrants I II III IV
Co-ordinates
x +   +
y + +  

3. Distance formula.

Distance between two points A  x1, y1  and B x2 , y2  is

AB   x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2  or  AB   x1  x2 2   y1  y2 2

E.g.: a) Find the distance between two points A(2,3) and B (5,  1).

AB   5  2 2   1  32
 32   4   9  16  25  5 units
2

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b) A a cos , a sin  and B  b cos , b sin 

AB   x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
  b cos   a cos  2   b sin   a sin  2
 cos   b  a    sin   b  a  
2 2

  b  a 2 cos2   sin 2    b  a 2  1   b  a 

4. Distance from origin to a point:

E.g.: Find the distance from origin to a point (3,4)

OP  32  42  9  16  25  5 units

5. Using distance formula, we can prove that the given points are the vertices of a:
a) rectangle
AB = CD
AB = BC
AC = BD

b) Parallelogram

AB = DC
AD = BC
AC  BD

c) Square
AD=AB=BC=CD
AC = BD

d) Rhombus
AB=DC = AD = BC
AC  BD

e) Isosceles triangle
Any two sides are equal.
AB = AC (or) BC = BA (or) CB = CA

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f) Equilateral triangle
AB = BC = AC

g) Right angled triangle

Using ‘Pythagoras’ theorem, square of the largest side is equal to sum of the squares of other
two sides.
i.e., AB2  BC 2  AC 2  or  BC 2  AB2  AC 2 or  AC 2  AB 2  BC 2

h) Right angled isosceles triangle

(e) + (g)
i) Collinear points: If three points lie on a line, then they are known
as collinear points.
If three points A,B,C are collinear, then AB + BC = AC (or) BC
+AC = AB
(or) AC + AB = BC.

6. Section formula

Coordinates of a point R which divides the line joining two points

A  x1 y1  and B  x2 , y2  in the ratio m : n
a) internally is
 mx  nx1 my2  ny1 
R 2 , 
 mn mn 

b) externally is
 mx  nx1 my2  my1 
R 2 , 
 mn mn 

7. Midpoint formula

If R (x,y) be the midpoint of AB then the ratios m and n are equal.

 mx  mx1 my2  my1 

R   2
m  m 
,
 mm
 m  x2  x1  m  y2  y1  
  
 2m 2m 
 x  x y  y2 
 1 2 , 1 is known as midpoint formula.
 2 2 

Note: Using midpoint formula, we can prove the points are the vertices of a rectangle, parallelogram, square
and rhombus using the formula,
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midpoint of diagonal AC = midpoint of diagonal BD

8. Area of a triangle.
If A, B and C be the vertices of a triangle ABC, then
1
Area of a ABC   x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2  
2
(or)
x1 y1
1 x2 y2
Area of triangle ABC=
2 x3 y3
x1 y1

 x1 y2  x2 y3  x3 y1  x2 y1  x3 y2  x1 y3 
1

2

E.g.: Find the the area of the triangle with vertices A(2,1) B (3,5) and C( 0,  2)
1
Ar  ABC    x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2  
2
1
  2  5  2   3  2  1  0 1  5  
2
1
  2  7   3  3 
2
1
 14  9
2
1 5
  5   sq units
2 2

Alternate Method:

2 1
13 5
Ar  ABC  
2 0 2
2 1

1 1
= 10  6  0  3  0  4  10  6  3  4
2 2

1 5
 14  9  squnits
2 2

9. Collinearity of 3 points: If A,B,C are collinear, then ar ABC   0

10. If A, B, C and D are the vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD, then

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Area of quadrilateral ABCD, A=ar( ADC ) + ar( ABC )

(OR)

x1 y1
y2 y2
1
A x3 y3
2
x4 y4
x1 y1

Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD, having vertices A(2,1), B(5,2),
C(3,6) and D(-2,3).

1
Area of ADC   2  6  3  3  3  1  2 1  6  
2

1 1
  2  3  3  2   2  5    6  6  10
2 2
1
  22   11 sq units
2

1
Area of ABC   2  2  6   5  6  1  3 1  2 
2

1 1
  2  4   5  5   3  1    8  25  3
2 2
1
 14   7 sq.units
2

 area of the quadrilateral ABCD  11  7  18 sq.units

Alternate Method:
2 1
5 2
1 1
A 3 6   4  30  9   2   5  6   12   6 
2 2
2 3
2 1
1
  4  30  9  2  5  6  12  6
2
1 1
  4  30  9  2  5   36   18sq.units
2 2

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11. SLOPE OF A LINE

 If the inclination of a line with the +ve direction of the x-axis is  ,

then slope of the line, m  tan 

1 00 m  tan 0  0 the line is || to x  axis or  r to y  axis 

2 30 0 1
m  tan 30 
3
3 450 m  tan 45  1
4 60 0 m  tan 600  3
5 90 0 m  tan90    a line is  r to x  axis or || el to y  axis 
6 1200 m  tan120  tan180  60   tan 60   3
7 0 1
150 m  tan150  tan 180  30    tan 30  
3

 Slope of the line passing through two points A  x1, y1  and B  x2 , y2  is

y y y  y2
m 2 1  or  m 1
x2  x1 x1  x2

(Case i ) : When  is acute  900 .  

BAN  BTX  
AN  LM  OM  OL  x2  x1
BN  BM  NM  BM  AL  y2  y1

BN y2  y1
In BAN , tan    m ……………. (1)
AN x2  x1

Case ii) when  is obtuse  900 . 

BAN  BTO  180  
NA  ML  OL  OM  x1  x2
BN  BM  NM  BM  AL  y2  y1

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BN
In BAN , tan 180    
NA

y y
 tan   2 1
x1  x2
y2  y1
 tan  
  x2  x1 
y y y y
tan   2 1  m  2 1 ............  2 
x2  x1 x2  x1

y2  y1
From (1) and (2), we have slope of a line, m 
x2  x1

m2  m1
 Angle between the lines having slopes m1 and m2 is tan   .
1  m1m2
m2  m1
 Acute angle between the lines having slopes m1 and m2 is tan  
1  m1m2

 If three points A, B and C are collinear or lie on a line, then

Slope of AB = slope of BC (or) Slope of AB = slope of AC (or) Slope of AC = slope of BC
 If two lines are parallel, then slopes are equal. i.e., m1  m2
 If two lines are perpendicular, then product of their slopes is equal to 1 .
i.e., m1m2  1 .

Equation of a straight line

 Equation of the x axis is y  0

 Equation of the y axis is x  0
 Equation of a straight line parallel to the x axis is y  b
 Equation of a straight line parallel to the axis is x  a
 Equation of a straight line having slope ‘m’ and y intercept ‘c’ is y  mx  c
 Equation of a straight line having slope ‘m’ and passing through a point ( x1, y1 ) is y  y1  m  x  x1 
x  x1 y  y1
 Equation of a straight line passing through two points ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is 
x2  x1 y2  y1
x y
 Equation of a straight line making intercepts ‘a’ and ‘b’ on the coordinate axes is  1
a b
 Equation of a straight line whose perpendicular distance from the origin is ‘p’ and the perpendicular
makes an angle  with the positive direction of the x axis is x cos   y sin   p

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 Equation of a straight line parallel to a given line Ax  By  C  0 is Ax  By  K  0 , where ‘K’ is any
constant.
 Equation of a straight line perpendicular to a given line Ax  By  C  0 is Bx  Ay  K  0 , where ‘K’ is
any constant.
 General form of a straight line is Ax  By  C  0 , where A, B and C are constants.
 Reduction into slope-intercept form:
General form of a straight line is Ax  By  C  0
By   Ax  C
 Ax  C
y
B
 A  C
y   x  
 B  B
Comparing with y  mx  c , we have,
A
i. slope, m  
B
C
ii. y-intercept, c  
B

 Reduction into intercept form:

General form of a straight line is Ax  By  C  0

Ax  By  C
Ax By
 1  dividing by  C 
C C
x y
 1
 C  C
     
 A  B
x y
Comparing with   1 , we have,
a b
C
i. x-intercept, a  
A
C
ii. y-intercept, b  
B
 Reduction into normal form:

Let x cos   y sin   p be the normal form of the equation of a straight line is Ax  By  C  0 or
 A   B  C
Ax  By  C , then   x  y is the normal form of the straight
   
 A  B2
2
  A  B2
2

2
A B 2

line.
C
Note: The perpendicular distance from origin the line Ax  By  C  0 is p  .
A2  B 2

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E.g.: Reduce the equation 3x  y  8  0 into normal form. Also find p and  .
3 x  y  8 .............. 1

 3
2
A2  B 2   12  3  1  4  2

3 1 8 3 1
x y  x y4
2 2 2 2 2
Comparing with x cos   y sin   p
x and y in I quadrant.
3
cos      30
2
 x cos30  y sin 30  4 , is the normal form.
Here,   30 , p  4 .

 Perpendicular distance from one point  x1, y1  to a line Ax  By  C  0 is

Ax1  By1  C
d .
A2  B 2
C2  C1
 Distance between parallel lines Ax1  By1  C1  0 and Ax2  By2  C2  0 is d  .
2 2
A B
 Point of intersection between the lines Ax1  By1  C1  0 and Ax2  By2  C2  0 .
Either solving the two lines (using the solution of simultaneous linear equations in 2 unknowns) or using
 b c b c c a c a 
the formula  x, y    1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1  .
 a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1 
 Concurrent lines: If three or more lines are intersecting at a point, then the lines are known as
concurrent lines.
 To prove that the given three lines are concurrent:
i. Find the point of intersection of any two lines,
ii. Substitute this point in the third line,
iii. If it satisfies, then the lines are concurrent, otherwise not concurrent.
 To find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from one point to a
line.

Equation of AB is 3x  4 y  16  0 .............(1)
A 3 3
Slope of AB    
B 4 4
1 4
 Slope of PM    AB  PM 
slope of AB 3
Equation of PM: y  y1  m  x  x1 

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4
y 3   x  1
3
3 y  9  4  x  1
3 y  9  4 x  4  3 y  9  4 x  4  0  4 x  3 y  5  0 .............(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we have
1  3   2   4 
9 x  12 y  48  0
16 x  12 y  20  0
................................
25 x  68  0
68
 25 x  68  x 
25
in  2 
68
4  3y  5  0
25
272 125  272 147
3y  5   3y   3y 
25 25 25
49
y
25
 68 49 
 the foot of the perpendicular from P  1,3 to the line 3x  4 y  16  0 is M  ,   .
 25 25 
 To find the image of the point to a line.

Equation of AB is 3x  4 y  16  0 .............(1)

A 3 3
Slope of AB    
B 4 4

1 4
 Slope of PM    AB  PM 
slope of AB 3

Equation of PM: y  y1  m  x  x1 

4
y 3   x  1
3
3 y  9  4  x  1
3 y  9  4 x  4  3 y  9  4 x  4  0  4 x  3 y  5  0 .............(2)

Solving (1) and (2), we have

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1  3   2   4 
9 x  12 y  48  0
16 x  12 y  20  0
................................
25 x  68  0
68
 25 x  68  x 
25
in  2 
68
4  3y  5  0
25
272 125  272 147
3y  5   3y   3y 
25 25 25
49
y
25
 68 49 
 the foot of the perpendicular from P  1,3 to the line 3x  4 y  16  0 is M  ,   .
 25 25 
Now M is the midpoint of PP , using midpoint formula,

x  1 68 136 136 136  25 161

  x 1  x 1 
2 25 25 25 25 25

x3 49 98 98 98  25 73
   x  3    x   1 
2 25 25 25 25 25
 161 73 
 the image is  ,  .
 25 25 
 Equation of a straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines L1 : Ax1  By1  C1  0
and L2 : Ax2  By2  C2  0 is L1  k L2  0 , where ‘k’ be any constant.

E.g.:

1. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines 2 x  y  1  0
and x  2 y  3  0 passing through (2,1).

Required equation is L1  k L2  0
2 x  y  1  k  x  2 y  3  0 ………… (1)
Since (1) passes through (2,1)
2  2   1  4  k  2   2 1  3  0
4  1  4  k  2  2  3  0
7  7k  0  7 k  7  k  1
In (1), we have, 2 x  y  1  1 x  2 y  3  0
2x  y  1   x  2 y  3  0  x  3 y  2  0

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2. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines 2 x  y  1  0
and x  2 y  3  0 parallel to the line 2 x  y  2  0 .

Required equation is L1  k L2  0
2 x  y  1  k  x  2 y  3  0 ………… (1)
 2  k  x   2k  1 y  3k  1  0 ………….. (2)
A 2k
Slope of (2) is m1   
B 2k  1
A 2
Slope of the given line is m2      2
B 1
Since the lines are parallel, slopes are equal. i.e.,
2k
m1  m2   2
2k  1
   2  k   2  2k  1
 2  k  4k  2  2  2  4k  k
 5k  0  k  0
Since (1) passes through (2,1)
2  2   1  4  k  2   2 1  3  0
4  1  4  k  2  2  3  0
7  7k  0  7 k  7  k  1
In (1), we have, 2 x  y  1  1 x  2 y  3  0
2x  y  1   x  2 y  3  0  x  3 y  2  0
In (1), we have,
2 x  y  1  0  x  2 y  3  0
2 x  y  1  0 is the required equation.

3. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
2 x  y  1  0 and x  2 y  3  0 perpendicular to the line 3x  2 y  4  0 .

Required equation is L1  k L2  0
2 x  y  1  k  x  2 y  3  0 ………… (1)
 2  k  x   2k  1 y  3k  1  0 ………….. (2)
A 2k
Slope of (2) is m1   
B 2k  1
A 3 3
Slope of the given line is m2     
B 2 2
Since the lines are perpendicular,
2k 3
m1m2  1     1
2k  1 2

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Remesh’s Maths Coaching
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2k 3 3 2  k  6  3k
 1 1 1
2k  1 2 2  2k  1 4k  2
6  3k  4k  2  6  2  4k  3k  k  8
In (1), we have,
2 x  y  1  8  x  2 y  3  0
2 x  y  1  8x  16 y  24  0  10x  15 y  25  0
2 x  3 y  5  0 is the required equation.

4. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
2 x  y  1  0 and x  2 y  3  0 and has x intercept 3.

Required equation is L1  k L2  0
2 x  y  1  k  x  2 y  3  0 ………… (1)
Since the required line has x intercept 3, (1) passes through
the point (3,0)
2  3  0  1  k  3  2  0   3   0
7
6  1  k  6   0  6k  7  k  
6
In (1), we have,
7
2 x  y  1    x  2 y  3  0
6
12 x  6 y  6  7  x  2 y  3  0
12 x  6 y  6  7 x  14 y  21  0
5x  20 y  15  0 , is the required equation.

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