ANTH 102 Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology – Fall 2023

ASSIGNMENT 05 – Origins of Cities and States

Name Score/34 Percentage

Manpreet Singh #0164720

Your ASSIGNMENT Should Be TYPED

1. Civic
2. State
3. Egalitarian
4. Mesopotamia
5. Henry Wright and Gregory Johnson defined a state as a region with one or more
administrative centers exercising coercive power, which is particularly concentrated in
cities.
6. Bullae are clay envelopes that encased tokens and were used for record-keeping in ancient
Mesopotamia.
7. 5000, Cuneiform script.
8. Social stratification and status differences.
9. Pyramid of the Moon.
10. No.
11. Longshan Culture, China
12. Gold
13. Irrigation systems
14. The limitation is probably that community or territory around you tries to get nearby
territory.
15.
(i) Infrastructure development: Establishment of the organized states leads to the
construction of roads, bridges, and other public facilities.
(ii) Social organization: States also do improvement for the social organization, legal
systems, and governance, which gives power to stability and order.
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16.
(i) Social inequality: State formation can create social inequality by which sometimes
social stratification and inequality becomes the main concern in society. In which
some people have the majority of power, and some are not.
(ii) Conflict and warfare: The process of state formation and competition for resources
can lead to conflicts and warfare, both within and between states.
17.
(i) Environmental degradation: States collapse because of unsustainable exploitation
of natural resources, leading to environmental degradation, resource depletion etc.
(ii) Internal strife and conflict: Internal conflicts, social unrest, or political instability
can contribute to the collapse of states.

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