Practice Quiz unit 2 | 20 questions Alrits Unt 1= Expiong Ore-verah a Unit2-Exporing Two-Variable Data Unt 3-Coleting Data Unt 4-24 ty, Rencom Ve Unt S=Semaling Distiutions Unt 6=Prepertin Unt 7 -Mears Unt’ 8=chi Al subjects AP Statistics: {| Unit 2-Exploring Two-Variable Data 20 1.1 two variables have a correlation coefficient of -C.85, what can be inferred about their relationship? See ee ee ee eet Ned See ne oe , Wer , ‘The relationship between the variables cannot be determined There isa strong postive relationship between the varables, ee ee ae X Good try! Actuay..A correlation coefficient of -0.85 indicates strong negative relationship between the variables. The negative sign indicates an Inverse relationship, meaning that as one variable increases, the ater variable tends to decrease. The magnitude of-0.86 suggests strong degree of linear association between the variables. strong postive relationship, would be Indicated by a correlation coefficient close to +1, No relationship, would be indicated by a correlation coefficient close to zero, And lastly, the correlation coefficient provides information about the relationship between the variables. & Suggested Reading: Introducing Statistics: Are Variables Relates? 2.Which graphical display shows the relationship between two categorical variebles by dividing the bars in @ bar graph into segments representing the cfferent categories of one of the variables? See cerey ‘Side-by-side bar graphX Good try! Actually. A segmented bar graph shows the relationship between two categorical variables by dividing the bars into sections representing the cifferent catogores of one of the variables, They can be helpful fr comparing the proportions of data point within each category of one variable across the categories of the other variable. Suggested Reating 2.3 Statistics for Two Categorical Variables 3. Which graphical technique is used to visualize the relationship between two quantitative variables? Frequency char Histogram Mosaic plot ‘4. What is an influential point in a scatterplot? ‘data point that has a significant impact on th pens jeor Oe eee a ‘A data point that i significantly diferent from tne rest ofthe cata ‘data point with high leverage X Good try Actuay..an infuenta pint ina scatterplat sa data point that hae a significant impact onthe regression tine ar the fitted model, butt may rot be an outlier. can cause the regression ine to change ection or curvature and have alge iluence on the slope and intercept ofthe ine (Suggested Reading: 2.4 Representing the Relationship Between Two Quantitative Variables 5. Whatis the relationship between correlation ard causation in the context of bivariate categorical data? ee eee Ce a eee) Causation is uncelated to correlation Causation implies correlation X Good try Actuay..Corretation and causation are stint concepts. Correlation refers tothe statistical relationship between two variables, whereas ‘causation implies a cause-and-offect relationship between variables. Wile correlated variables may exhibit relationship or pattern, tisnot safe to ‘assume a cast relationship bated soley on correlation. Other factors and evidence are necessary to establsh causation between variables. Suggested Reacing: 2.2 Representing Two Categorical Variables 6, How is the correlation between two variables typically described in a scatterplot? Linear, quacratie, or eubiecoreation Categorical or numerleal correation Stora nedete owenccereon X Good try Actualy..the correlation betwoon two variables ina seatterplt is typically described as positive, negative, or no correlation. Positive Corretation means that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to Increase. Negative correlation means that az one varable increases, the ‘other variable tends to decrease. (Suggested Reading: 2.4 Representing the Relationship Between Two Quantitative Variables 7. What does the R'2 value indicate in a power/exoonential model?‘The correlation coefficient tween the response variable and the “The residual sum ofaquaresin the mode! ‘explanatory variable, Se re magnitude of influential points inthe model X Good try! Actuay. The R'2 value indicates the percent of variation inthe response variable explained by the model. Basically, the closer the R°2 ‘aluoisto the more relation there is between the dependent andindopondent variables. I's very important to calculate tin power/exponential models because one needs to ensure that there fa sufficlent amount of correlation. & Suggested Reading: 2.9 Analyzing Departures from Linearity 8, Ina scatterplot, what s the role of the horizontal axis (x-axis)? To display the outers how the correlation To represent the response variate {That's correct! Tehorizontal axis, often referred to asthe x-axis, plays a crucial ole na scatterplo. represents the explanatory variable or the Independent variable, which is typcaly the variable believed to have an effect on the other varabl, The values of the explanatory variable are plotted ‘along the x-axis, forming ahorzontalline that saves asa reference forthe data points. By examining the position ofthe datapoints along the x-axis, we ccanassess how the explanatory variable influences or relates tothe other variable plotted onthe vertical axl (y-ax).This axl provides a framework for ‘comparing and analyzing the relationship between the variables. ‘8, What does 2 scatterplot with a strong correlation incicate? that farm a curved pattern Points that closely align with a trendline Points that are randomly scattered Points that are evenly spaced (G That's corroct scattrplt with strong correlation indicates a high dogre of association or relationship between the variables being analyze. In ‘ch a scatterpot, the datapoints closely align witha trendine or regression ine, Indicating a clear and predictable relationship between the variables. A ‘strong correlation suggests that changes in one variable are highyindeative of changes in the other variable. The tightness and consistency of the data points around the trendline ustrate the strength and reliailty of he relationship. A scatterplot with a strong correlation often implies aelativey high coefficient of determination (R-squared value) and indicates that a substantia portion ofthe varabilt in one variable canbe explained o predicted by the other variable. Understanding a strong correlation a scatorpot enables us to make more accurate predictions, identity patterns, and draw ‘meaningfulconelislon about the relationship between the vatabies, 10. What is the marginal relative frequency of people younger than 18 years old? <20 min>=20 min Total <1Byo 120 180 © 300 >siByorsO 220» 400 Total 300 400 700 ‘20/300 Er s00reoe X Good try! Actually. The marginal relative frequency ofa category is caleulated by dividing the frequency of that category by the total frequency for the entire table. In this case, the frequency of people younger than 18 years olds 300 andthe total frequency s 700. Thus the marginal eative {roquancy of people younger than 18 years old is 300/700. @ Suggested Reading: 23 Statistics for Two Categorical Variables 11. correlation coefficient of -0.80 indicates?‘Avweak postive relationship. Sey No relationship between the variables. A porfect negative ek onship. (© That's coract! A corretation cootficient of -0 80 indicates a strong negative relationship between the variables As the correlation coetficint approaches 1 the strength of the negative relationship increases, 12, What is the term for using a statistical model to make predictions outside the range of the data? Regression Interpolation. Ces X Good try Actually. Extrapolation refers to usinga statistical model to make predictions outside the range ofthe data, When making extrapolations, {t's important to proceed with caution because the predictions may notalways be accurate, I's good ideatobe aware ofa specific data models limitations and prroceed accordingly. Suggested Reading: 2.6 Linear Regression Models 13, What do small residuals indicate n a linear regression model? ‘The modelis net capturing the underlying relationship the data See et eto Coe corecty i” ” The models overestimating the tre value by a certain amount TSEC co X Good try! Actual... mallesiduals indicate thatthe models predicting the value ofthe response variable wellfor that point. This means thatthe predictions are close to the observed values because residuals are found by the diference between the observed and predicted values of the response ‘variable, and smal residuals mean that therefs las distance between the values and more accuracy. Suggested Reating: 27 Residuals 14.1n simple linear regression, how many independent variables are considered? None. Two or more, Ik cepends on the dataset {© That's correct! simple tnear regression, there Is only one Independent variable coneldered, The numberof Independent varlabies i fixedin simple linear regression, regardless ofthe dataset, 15, What is the coefficient of determination? ‘Ameasure of how much ofthe variability in theresponsevariable Wf A measure of how much ofthe variability in the predictor variable Cee tues Steen) ‘A measure of how much of the varablty Inthe predictor varlable ‘Armeasure of how much ofthe varablty inthe response variable can be explained by the model cannot be explained by the madel X Good try! Actually. The costficien of determination isa measure of how much ofthe variability inthe response variable canbe explained by the ‘model. The values ofthis measure range from 0101 Suggested Reading: 2.8 Least Squares Regression116. What does 2 scatterplot with a curved form indicate? No relationship between variables Nonlinear relationship between variables Strong postive correlation Weak negative correlation (G That's correct A seatterplt wth acurved formindicates anontinear relationship between the variables. Unlike a scaterpot witha iner form, where the dota pots follow straight-tine pattern a curved seatterplot suggests thatthe relationship between the variables Is beter representedby a curved line or curve. This implies thatthe rate of change or association between the variables snot constant throughout the entre range of values. indicates that th oltionship may be more complex, exhibiting gradual or rapid changes in one variable asthe other variablo changes. The curved form ofa scatterplot may be indicative of various types of nonlinear relationships, such as quadratic, exponenta,logaithmie, or sigmoidal retationships. By understand the nature of the relationship and make more accurate interpretations and protictions based on ‘77. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the weakest linear relationship? os 08 -09 {© That's correct A correlation coefficient of -0.20 Indicates the weakest near relatlonship. The closer the correlation coefficients t0 0 the weaker the linear relationship between the variable. 18, When the correlation coefficient is 0 it implies? ‘perfect posite relationship, DO cd ‘Aweak postive relationship. {strong postive relationship. (G That’s corroct! A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no linear relationship between the variables it doesnot imply any specific positive or negative relationship. 18, What is the purpose of a scatterplat in representing the relationship between two quantitative variables? ee oe Seay Toidenuiy outers Ta determine causation .X Good ty! Actual... seaterpotis a graphical representation that helps visualize the relationship etween two quantitative variables. It serves the ‘purpose of displaying the datapoints as naividual dots on a coordinate plane, allowing us to observe pattems or trends that may exist between the variables. By potting the datapoints on the seatterplt, we can quickly grasp the nature and strength of the relationship between the variables. This Visuaization sds in understanding correlations, identifying outs, and assessing the overall distribution ofthe data provides an effective means to analyze and interpret the relationship between the variables. (Suggested Reading: 2.4 Representing the Relationship Setween Two Quantitative Variables 20. Why is extrapolation generally less accurete than interpolation?{relies on assumptions about the relationship between variables. Ik uses a smaller range of data for predictions. " Her range of data for predic tet kis only applicable to tnear regression models. Itrequtes advanced statistical techniques. {© That's correct! Extrapolation relies on assumptions about the relationship between variables that may not hold true beyond the range ofthe data, leading to less accuracy in predictions. Fr instance, ifthe data drastically eliffers from whatit is inthe dataset as opposed tits values outside ofthese, ‘then extrapolton would provide results that are entirely inaccurate, depleting falaies.