Section 1: Area and Volume

Section 2: Particle Motion

Section 3: Accumulation Functions and Definite
Integrals in Applied Contexts
(Rate In/Rate Out Problems)

Detailed Solutions

1
 Area and Volume
Area Between Two Curves
• Sketch the region and determine the points of intersection.
• Draw a small strip either as dx or dy slicing.
• Use the following templates to set up a definite integral:
(y )
right x
dx slicing: A = òleft x top
- ybottom dx where ytop and ybottom are written in terms of x.

(x )
top y
dy slicing: A = ò
bottom y right
- xleft dy where xright and xleft are written in terms of y.

Volume of a Solid with a Known Cross-Section

• Sketch the region and draw a representative rectangle to be used in determining whether setting up with
respect to dx or dy.
• Determine the slicing direction then find the volume of the slice which will be the area of the “face” times
the “thickness”.
• Determine the total volume by summing up the slices using a definite integral.
• Use the following templates to set up a definite integral.
right x
dx slicing: V = ò A(x) dx where A(x) is the area of the face written in terms of x.
left x

top y
dy slicing: V = òbottom y
A( y) dy where A(y) is the area of the face written in terms of y.

Volume of a Solid of Revolution

• Sketch the region to be revolved and a representative rectangle whose width can be used to determine
whether integrating with dx or dy .
• Set up a definite integral after determining whether the slicing uses dx or dy so that the slicing is
perpendicular to the axis of revolution.
• Identify the outside radius and the inside radius and use the appropriate template from below:

• dx slicing: V = p ò ((outsideradius) - (insideradius) ) dx

right x

left x
2 2

where the outside and inside radii are written in terms of x.

V =pò
dy slicing: ((outsideradius) - (insideradius) ) dy
top y

bottom y
2 2

where the outside and inside radii are written in terms of y.

2
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

Multiple Choice Area and Volume Solutions

1. (calculator not allowed)

The region enclosed by the x-axis, the line x = 3, and the curve y = x is rotated about the
x-axis. What is the volume of the solid generated?
9 36 3
(A) 3p (B) 2 3p (C) p (D) 9p (E) p
2 5

2. (calculator not allowed)

x
The area of the region bounded by the lines x = 0, x = 2, and y = 0 and the curve y = e 2 is
e -1
(A)
2
(B) e -1 (C) 2 e -1 (
(D) 2e -1 ) (E) 2e

2
right x
 x
2
 2
 x  x
A=  (y
left x
top − ybottom ) dx =   e 2 − 0  dx =   e 2  dx =  2e 2 
width 0  0   0
height

= 2 ( e1 − e0 ) = 2 ( e − 1)

3
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

3. (calculator not allowed)

p
The region bounded by the x-axis and the part of the graph of y = cos x between x = -
2
p
and x = is separated into two regions by the line x = k . If the area of the region for
2
p p
- £ x £ k is three times the area of the region for k £ x £ , then k =
2 2
æ 1ö æ 1ö p p p
(A) arcsin ç ÷ (B) arcsin ç ÷ (C) (D) (E)
è 4ø è 3ø 6 4 3

4. (calculator allowed)
The base of a solid is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the y-axis, the graph of
y = tan -1 x, the horizontal line y = 3, and the vertical line x = 1. For this solid, each cross
section perpendicular to the x-axis is a square. What is the volume of the solid?

(A) 2.561 (B) 6.612 (C) 8.046 (D) 8.755 (E) 20.773

4
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

Free Response Area and Volume Solutions

5. (calculator allowed) (2010 Form B AB/BC 1)
In the figure above, R, is the shaded region in the first
quadrant bounded by the graph of y = 4ln(3- x) , the
horizontal line y = 6 , and the vertical line x = 2.
(a) Find the area of R.
(b) Find the volume of the solid generated when R is
revolved about the horizontal line y = 8 .
(c) The region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, each
cross section perpendicular to the x-axis is a square.
Find the volume of the solid.
1: Correct limits in an
integral in (a), (b), or (c)

(a) ì1: integrand

2:í
î1: answer
= 6.8166

(b)
ì2 : integrand
3: í
î1: answer
Note: Form of integrand must be
( )
2

=   ( ytop − ybottom ) −  ( ytop − ybottom ) dx

2 2
a difference of squares or 0/3

0

( )
2

=   ( 8 − 4 ln ( 3 − x ) ) −  ( 8 − 6 ) dx
2 2


0

= 168.1795

ì2 : integrand
3: í
(c) î1: answer
Note: Form of integrand must be
2
a square or 0/3
=  ( 6 − 4 ln ( 3 − x ) ) dx
2
s
0

= 26.2660

5
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

6. (calculator not allowed) (2011 Form B AB/BC 3)

The functions f and g are given by

f (x) = x and g(x) = 6 - x. Let R be the
region bounded by the x-axis and the
graphs of f and g , as shown in the figure
above.
(a) Find the area of R.
(b) The region R is the base of a solid.
For each y, where 0 £ y £ 2, the cross section of the solid taken perpendicular to the y-
axis is a rectangle whose base lies in R and whose height is 2 y . Write, but do not
evaluate, an integral expression that gives the volume of the solid.
(c) There is a point P on the graph of f at which the line tangent to the graph of f is
perpendicular to the graph of g . Find the coordinates of point.

(a)

ì1: integral
ï
3: í1: antiderivative
ï1: answer
î

(b) y = x Þ x = y 2 y = 6- x Þ x = 6- y
ì2 : integrand
h 3: í
w î1: answer

=ò
0
(( x - x )( h)) dy = ò (((6 - y ) - y )(2 y )) dy
2
right left
2

0
2

= ò ( 2 y ( 6 - y - y )) dy
2
2

ì1: f ¢ ( x )
0

()
(c) g ¢ x = -1Þ ^ slope = 1 ïï
3: í1: f ¢ ( x ) = 1
æ 1 1ö ï
f ¢( x) =
1 1 1 ïî1: answer
= 1Þ x = Þ x = Þ P :ç , ÷
2 x 2 4 è 4 2ø

6
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

7. (calculator allowed) (2007 ABBC 1)

Let R be the region in the first and second quadrants bounded above by the graph of
20
y= and below by the horizontal line y = 2.
1+ x 2
(a) Find the area of R.
(b) Find the volume generated when R is rotated about the x-axis.
(c) The region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, the cross sections perpendicular to the
x-axis are semicircles. Find the volume of this solid.
20
(a) = 2 Þ1+ x 2 = 10 Þ x 2 = 9 Þ x = ±3 1: Correct limits in an
1+ x 2
integral in (a), (b), or (c)

ì1: integrand
2:í
î1: answer

(b)

 ( ( y )
3

) −  ( ytop − ybottom ) dx
2 2
= − ybottom
ì2 : integrand
top
−3
3: í
3
  20  2
2
î1: answer
=   
 1 + x2
− 0  −  ( 2 − 0 ) 
dx Note: Form of integrand must be
−3     a difference of squares or 0/3
3
  20 2 2
=     −  ( 2 )  dx = 1871.1901
 1+ x  
−3  
2


(c)

d
3
 1  d 2  3 ì2 : integrand
=       dx =   ( d 2 ) dx
1 3: í
2 2  8 −3 î1: answer
−3  
2 Note: Form of integrand must be
 20 
3 3
=   ( ytop − ybottom ) dx =   
1 2 1 a square or 0/3
− 2  dx
8 −3 8 −3  1 + x 2

= 174.2684

7
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual
2004 AP® CALCULUS Student Study Session
AB FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS (Form B)

8. (calculator not allowed) (2004 Form B AB/BC 6)

Let ℓ be the line tangent to the graph of y = x n at the point
(1, 1), where n > 1, as shown above.

ò
1
(a) Find x n dx in terms of n.
0
(b) Let T be the triangular region bounded by ℓ , the x-axis,
1
and the line x = 1. Show that the area of T is .
2n
(c) Let S be the region bounded by the graph of y = x n , the
line ℓ , and the x-axis. Express the area of S in terms of n
and determine the value of n that maximizes the
6. Let be the area of S.
line tangent to the graph of y x n at the point 1, 1 , where n 1, as shown above.
1 1 n
é 1 n+1 ù é 1 n+1 ù é 1 (a) Find n+1 ù0
1 x dx in terms of n.

ò0 = = -
n
(a) x dx ê n +1 x ú ê n +1 ú ê n +1
1 0 ú ì1: antiderivative
ë û0 ë û ë (b) Let Tû be the triangular region2bounded
: í by , the x-axis, and the line x 1. Show that the area of T is
1 î1:graph
(c) Let S be the region bounded by the
answer
of y x n , the line , and the x-axis. Express the area of S
= terms of n and determine the value of n that maximizes the area of S.
n +1
(b) Let b be the length of the base of triangle T. The slope
ì
dy dy
= n (1) = n , the ï1: slope of ℓ is n
1 n-1
of ℓ is Þ = nx Þ
n-1

b dx dx (1,1) ï END OF EXAMINATION

ï 1
3: í1: base of T is
1 1 ï n
slope of the tangent line ℓ Þ = n Þ b =
b n ï 1
ïî1: shows area is 2n
1 æ 1ö
AT = ç ÷ 1 =
2 è nø
()1
2n
1
1 1
(c) AS = ò x n dx - AT = -
n +1 2n

( ( 2 ))
0

AS¢ ( n ) = -1( n + 1) - -1( 2n)

-2 -2

Copyright © 2004 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.

Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for AP students and parents).
1 2
=- + =0
( n + 1) ( 2n)
2 2
ì1: area of6 S in terms of n
ï
1
=
2
Þ 4n 2 = 2 ( n + 1) Þ
2
ïï1: d A
( n + 1) ( 2n) 4 : í dn S
2 2

ï1: critical value of n

2n = ( n + 1) Þ
2 2
2n = n + 1Þ ( )
2 -1 n = 1 ï
ïî1: reasoning
1 2 +1
n= = = 2 + 1 maximizes the area.
2 -1 2 -1
AS¢ ( n ) changes from + to – at n = 2 + 1 , the only
+ -
critical value. AS¢ + - - - + - - - - -
1 2+1

8
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

9. (calculator allowed) (2008 AB1/BC1)

Let R be the region bounded by the graphs of y = sin(p x)
and y = x 3 - 4x , as shown in the figure above.
(a) Find the area of R.
(b) The horizontal line y = -2 splits the region R into two
parts. Write, but do not evaluate, an integral expression
for the area of the part of R that is below this horizontal
line.
(c) The region R is the base of a solid. For this solid, each cross section perpendicular to the
x-axis is a square. Find the volume of this solid.
(d) The region R models the surface of a small pond. At all points in R at a distance x from
the y-axis, the depth of the water is given by h(x) = 3- x . Find the volume of water in
the pond.
( )
(a) x 3 - 4x = sin p x Þ x = 0,2

ì1: limits
ï
3: í1: integrand
ï1: answer
î

(b) x3 − 4 x = −2  x = 0.5391 = A,1.6751 =B

ì1: limits
2:í
î1: integrand

s
(c)

( )
2 2
=  ( ytop − ybottom ) dx =  sin ( x ) − ( x3 − 4 x ) dx
2 2
ì1: integrand
2:í
0 0 î1: answer
= 9.9783
(d) h
w
ì1: integrand
2:í
î1: answer

9
Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

10
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

Multiple Choice Particle Motion Solutions

1. (calculator not allowed)

A particle moves along the x-axis with velocity given by v(t) = 3t 2 + 6t for time t ³ 0 . If the
particle is at position x = 2 at time t = 0, what is the position of the particle at time t = 1?
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 0 (D) 11 (E) 12
t2

( )
1 1

Final Position = s ( t1 ) + ò v ( t ) dt = x ( 0 ) + ò v ( t ) dt = 2 + ò 3t 2 + 6t dt
t1 0 0

= 2 + éët 3 + 3t 2 ùû = 2 + éê13 + 3(1) ùú - éê03 + 3( 0 ) ùú = 6

1 2 2

0 ë û ë û
2. (calculator not allowed)
A particle travels in a straight line with a constant acceleration of 3 meters per second per
second. If the velocity of the particle is 10 meters per second at time 2 seconds, how far does
the particle travel during the time interval when its velocity increases from 4 meters per
second to 10 meters per second?
(A) 20m (B) 14m (C) 7 m (D) 6m (E) 3m

v ( t ) = ò a ( t ) dt = ò 3dt = 3t + C v ( 2 ) = 10 Þ 3( 2 ) + C = 10 Þ C = 4
2

v ( t ) = 3t + 4 = 4 Þ t = 0 distance = ò v ( t ) dt v ( t ) > 0 on the interval 0 £ t £ 2

0
2
é3 ù é3 2 ù é3 2 ù
2 2

distance = ò v ( t ) dt = ò ( 3t + 4 ) dt = ê t 2 + 4t ú = ê ( 2 ) + 4 ( 2 ) ú - ê ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) ú = 6 + 8 = 14
0 0 ë2 û0 ë 2 û ë2 û
3. (calculator not allowed)

If the position of a particle on the x-axis at time t is -5t 2 , then the average velocity of the
particle for 0 £ t £ 3is
(A) -45 (B) -30 (C) -15 (D) -10 (E) -5

average velocity =
x (3) - x (0)
=
( 2
)(
-5( 3) - -5(0 )
2
) = -45 - (0) = -15
3- 0 3 3

11
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

4. (calculator not allowed)

The table below gives selected values of the velocity, v(t), of a particle moving along the x-
axis. At time t = 0 the particle is at the origin. Which of the following could be the graph of
the position, x(t), of the particle for 0 £ t £ 4 ?

v ( 0) = -1 Þ x ( t ) is decreasing at x = 0
Þ eliminate (A), (B), and (D)
v (1) = 2 Þ x ( t ) is increasing at x = 1
Þ eliminate (E)
v ( 3) = 0 Þ x ( t ) has an horizontal tangent at x = 3
v ( 4 ) = -4 Þ x ( t ) is decreasing at x = 4

5. (calculator allowed)
A particle moves along the x-axis so that at any time t ³ 0 , its velocity is given by
( )
v(t) = 3+ 4.1cos 0.9t . What is the acceleration of the particle at time t = 4?

(A) -2.016 (B) -0.677 (C) 1.633 (D) 1.814 (E) 2.978

a ( 4) = v ( 4) = 1.6329
12
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

Free Response Particle Motion Solutions

6. (calculator allowed)
Two runners, A and B, run on a straight
track for 0 £ t £10 seconds. The graph
below, which consists of two line
segments, shows the velocity, in meters
per second, of Runner A. The velocity, in
meters per second, of Runner B is given
by the function v defined by the function,
24t
v(t) = .
2t + 3
a.) Find the velocity of Runner A and the velocity of Runner B at time t = 2. Indicate units of
measure.
b.) Find the acceleration of Runner A and the acceleration of Runner B at time t = 2
seconds. Indicate units of measure.
c.) Find the total distance run by Runner A and the total distance run by Runner B over the
interval 0 £ t £10 seconds. Indicate units of measure.
10 20
a.) Runner A : vA ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) = = 6.6666 m/s
3 3 ì1: Runner A velocity
2:í
24 ( 2 ) 48 î1: Runner B velocity
Runner B : vB ( 2 ) = = = 6.8571 m/s
2 ( 2) + 3 7
10
b.) Runner A : a A ( 2 ) = vA ( 2 ) = = 3.3333 m/s 2 ì1: Runner A acceleration
3 2 : í
Runner B : vB ( 2) = 1.4693 m/s2 î1: Runner B acceleration

c.) Runner A : ì2 : Runner A distance

10 ï
distance A = ò v A (t ) dt = (3)(10) + (7 )(10) = 85 m
1 ï 1: method
2 ï 1: answer
0
10
4:í
()
Runner B : distance B = ò v B t dt = 83.3361… m ï1: Runner B acceleration
ï 1: integral
0
ï
î 1: answer

1: units

13
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

7. (calculator allowed)

( )
A particle moves along the y-axis with velocity given by v(t) = t sin t 2 for t ³ 0 .
a.) In which direction (up or down) is the particle moving at time t = 1.5? Justify your
reasoning.
b.) Find the acceleration of the particle at time t = 1.5. Is the velocity of the particle
increasing at time t = 1.5? Justify your reasoning.
c.) Given that y(t) is the position of the particle at time t and that y(0) = 3, find y(2) .
d.) Find the total distance traveled by the particle from t = 0 to t = 2.
ì
ï1: considers v 1.5 ( )
a.) v (1.5) = 1.1671  up because v (1.5)  0 2:í
ï
î1: conclusion and reason

b.) a (1.5) = v (1.5) = −2.0487 ìï1: a (1.5)

2:í
velocity is not increasing because a (1.5) < 0 ïî1: conclusion and reason

t2

()
c.) Final Position = s t1 + ò v t dt () ì1: definite integral of v ( t )
t1
ïï
2 2
3: í1: limits and constant
y ( 2 ) = y ( 0 ) +  v(t ) dt = 3 +  v(t ) dt = 3.8268 ï1: answer
0 0 ïî

2 ìï1: definite integral of v ( t )

()
d.) total distance = ò v t dt = 1.1731… 2:í
0 ïî1: answer

14
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

Free Response Using Accumulation and Defnite Integral in

Applied Contexts (Rate In/Rate Out Problem)
1. (calculator allowed)
A popular 24-hour health club, Get Swole, has 29 people using its facility at time t = 0.
During the time interval 0 £ t £ 20 hours, people are entering the health club at the rate

E(t) = -0.018t 2 +11 people per hour.

During the same time period people are leaving the health club at the rate of

L(t) = 0.013t 2 - 0.25t + 8 people per hour.

a.) Is the number of people in the facility increasing or decreasing at time t = 11?
Explain your reasoning.
b.) To the nearest whole number, how many people are in the health club at time t = 20.
c.) At what time t, for 0 £ t £ 20 , is the amount of people in the health club a maximum?
Justify your answer.
d.) If the health club has less than 10 people using its facility, the owner will serve everyone
a special health drink. Set up, but do not solve, an inequality involving one or more
integrals that could be used to find the time, H, when the number of people in the health
club is less that or equal to 10.
a.) E(11) = 8.822 ( )
L 11 = 6.823

ìï1: considers E (11) and L (11)

The number of people in the facility is increasing because
the people are entering at a rate (8.822 people per hour) 2:í
higher than the rate people are leaving (6.823 people per ïî1: answer with reason
hour) at t = 11 hours.
()
b.) P t is the number of people in the facility at time t
20
ì1: integral(s)
 20
2:í
P ( 20 ) = P ( 0 ) +  E (t ) dt −  L(t ) dt = 29 + (172 − 144.666...)
 0
î1: answer
0

= 56.3333  56 people
() () ()
c.) P¢ t = 0 Þ E t = L t Þ t = 14.66397 = a
ì1: sets E ( t ) - L ( t ) = 0
The number of people is ïï
maximum at t = 14.66397 hours 3: í1: answer
t P (t )
ï1: justification
0 29 ïî
a 67.2876
20 56.3333 ì1: integral(s)
2:í
H î1: inequality
( ) () ()
d.) P H == 29 + ò éë E t - L t ùû dt £ 10
0

15
 Topics from Unit 8 for the AP Calculus AB Exam

Virtual Student Study Session

2. (calculator allowed)
A parking garage has 230 cars in it when it opens at 8 AM (t = 0). On the interval
0 £ t £10 , cars enter the parking garage at a rate modeled by the function
E(t) = 58cos (0.163t - 0.642)
and leave the parking garage at a rate modeled by the function
L(t) = 65cos (0.281t ) + 7.1
beginning at 9 AM and continuing until 6 PM (t = 10). Both E(t) and L(t) are measured in
cars per hour while t is measured in hours.
a.) How many cars enter the parking garage over the interval t = 0 to t = 10 hours?
b.) Find E ¢(5) . Using correct units, explain the meaning of this value in the context of the
problem.
c.) Find the number of cars in the parking garage at time t = 10. Show the work that leads
to your answer.
d.) Find the time t on 0 £ t £10 when the number of cars in the parking garage is a
maximum. To the nearest whole number, what is the maximum number of cars in the
parking garage? Justify your answer.
10
ì1: integrand
a.)  E (t ) dt = 510.1599 cars enter the parking garage 2:í
0 î1: answer
b.) E ( 5) = −1.6273 The rate at which the cars are
entering the parking garage is decreasing by1.6273…
2:í
ì1: E ¢ 5
ï ()
cars per hour per hour at time t = 5 hours (or at 1 ï
î1: meaning
PM).
10 10 ì1: integral
c.) 230 +  E (t ) dt −  L(t ) dt = 665.103 cars 2:í
0 1
î1: answer
d.) E ( t ) − L ( t ) = 0 when t = 2.5212
ì1: sets E ( t ) - L ( t ) = 0
ïï
t cars 3: í1: answer
0 230 ï1: justification
ïî
2.5212 264.425
10 665.103

At t = 10 hours the number of cars

is at a maximum of approximately 665 cars.

16