X-RAY DIFFRACTION

PMN – B. Tech I/ M. Sc. I

Dr. D. R. Roy, Asso. Prof., DoP, SVNIT

X-rays and it’s production

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1985, Nobel 1901) &

First medical X-ray image by Wilhelm Röntgen
of his wife Anna Bertha Ludwig's hand
(Image source: Wikipedia )
 Electromagnetic Spectrum X-ray properties

• Wavelength (λ): 0.1 – 10 nm

• Energy : 120 eV – 120 KeV
• Travel in a straight line and do
not carry an electric charge
• Capable of travelling in a
vacuum
• They are used to capture the
Image Source: https://byjus.com/physics/electromagnetic-spectrum-x-rays/ human skeleton defects
 Bragg’s Diffraction Law

Image: Solid State Physics by Puri & Babbar

 X-ray diffraction experiments

• Rotating Crystal Method : Fixed λ, Varying θ

• Laue’s Method : Fixed θ, Varying λ
• Powder Crystal method : Fixed λ, Varying θ and d
 Rotating Crystal Method

Image: Solid State Physics by Puri & Babbar

XRD Spectra

Image: Internet resource

 Von Laue’s Diffraction Method

λ = 0.2-2 Å

1 mm3

Image: Solid State Physics by Puri & Babbar

 Powder Crystal Method

~1012 crystallites in 1 mm3

Image: Solid State Physics by Puri & Babbar

1. Find the shortest wavelength and corresponding frequencies
present in the radiation from an X-ray machine whose accelerating
potential is 50,000 V. Ans. 2.48 nm; 1.21×1019 Hz

2. The smallest angle of Bragg scattering in potassium chloride (KCl) is

28.4° for 0.30 nm X-rays. Find the distance between atomic planes
in KCl. Ans. 0.315 nm