CLIMATIC AND EDAPHIC CONDITION FOUND IN DHAKERI,

BANKE

Submitted for

The partial fulfillment of

Grade XI practical examination

Submitted to

Department of Botany

Gurukul Academy

Ghorahi-Dang

Submitted by

Aakriti Khadka, Anita Oli, Anuja Giri, Bidisha Adhikari, Sajja Chaudhary,

Samriddhi Pun Magar, Sagun Dangi, Shreeya Gautam, Manish Khadka,

Nikesh Neupane, Sachin Bista, Jeevan Chaudhary, Sanjeewani Lamsal

Shrutika Mishra, Jenisha Basnet.

2078/79 Batch
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This project work entitled “CLIMATIC AND EDAPHIC CONDITION FOUND IN

DHAKERI, BANKE” submitted by Darwin Squad. Under the supervision lecturer Toyanath
Belbase is approved for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Botany in grade XI. This
report has not been submitted in any other school and institution previously for the award of
grade XI.

……………………

Supervisor

Toyanath Belbase

Department of Botany

Gurukul Academy
 RECOMMENDATION LETTER

This is to certify that the project work entitled “CLIMATIC AND EDAPHIC CONDITION
FOUND IN DHAKERI, BANKE” has been carried out by Darwin Squad as a partial
fulfillment for the requirement of grade XI under my Supervision. To the best of my
knowledge, this work has not been submitted to any other purpose in this institute.

……………………

Supervisor

Toyanath Belbase

Department of Botany

Gurukul Academy
 DECLARATION

We Darwin Squad, hereby declare that the work present here in genuine work done originally
by us and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for the requirement of a grade XI.
Any literature, data or works done by others, presented in this dissertation are cited, has been
given due acknowledgement and listed in the reference section.

.......................

Jeevan Chaudhary

Grade : XI

Email address: chaudharyjeevan1010@gamil.com

Date: 2078\12\07
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our sincere gratitude and deep respect to our supervisor lecturer Mr.
Toyanath Belbase Department of Botany, for his continuous inspiration and constructive
guidance.

We would like to express our deep respect and gratitude to Mr. Mukunda Giri, principal,
Gurukul Academy, Mr. Nimananda Gaire, +2 coordinator, Mr. Krishna Dev Thapa Magar,
+2 management coordinator, Mr. Ajay Shah, +2 science coordinator, Department of Botany,
Mr. Kiran Chaudhary Department of Zoology, Gurukul Academy, school for providing us an
opportunity to conduct this project in this department. We would like to extend our deep
regards to all our respectful faculty members and non-teaching staffs of the department of
Science.

We are thankful to Mr. Basudev khatri, Department of physics, Mr. Sachin Pariyar, lab
technician, Mr. Anil Giri, librarian who help in this work.

Our special thanks goes to our thesis mates and colleagues (Mr. Jeevan Chaudhary who helps
by providing additional requirement of this project.)
Table of content

Topics

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Objective
1.3 Limitation

2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methodology
3.1 Selection of Study Area
3.2 Field visit
3.3 Data Collection
4. Result
5. Discussion and conclusion
Abstract

Dhakeri is a locality in Nepal. Dhakeri is situated nearby to Rampur, and close to Khairi.
Mainly in this paper we had discussed about the climates and soils that had found in dhakeri.
We had also discussed about the factors that influences both climate and soil. To find the
climatic and edaphic condition in Dhakeri.Certain time to explore that Dhakeri area.

We can explore many more herbivores plants like Preserved species of plants and herbs include
Sarpagandha, Kuchila, Shreekhanda, Sikkakai, Apamarga, Bojho, Bel, Amala, Karilo, Betlauri,
Aank, Rajbriksh, Kali Musli, Tejpat, Sitalchini, Sontata, Sindur, Khayer, Anantamul, Gudmar,
Simaltarul, Bijayasal, Satisal, Arjun and Gurjo etc. For more information, we can read this
paper.
 1. Introduction

Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. While the weather can change in
just a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of years to change. The term
“climate” refers to the average weather phenomena in a selected place, a large region or across
the entire globe over a period of at least 30 years. This time span is defined as a climate normal.
Since it covers a large timescale, climate is a slow, more stable system. Changes occur, but at a
slower pace, and the fluctuation range is likewise considerably narrower. The climate is
determined by a variety of factors.

Soil is the loose surface material that covers most land. It consists of inorganic particles and
organic matter. Soil provides the structural support to plants used in agriculture and is also their
source of water and nutrients.

Soils vary greatly in their chemical and physical properties. Processes such as leaching,
weathering and microbial activity combine to make a whole range of different soil types. Each
type has particular strengths and weaknesses for agricultural production.

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Climate factors and drivers

The prevailing climate of our planet is determined by the following physical factors:

Atmosphere

The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere plays an important role in the average
global temperature.

Sun

Star in the center of our solar system. Its radiation emission is subject to fluctuations.

Ocean
Currents such as the Gulf Stream transport vast amounts of energy and the climate of entire
regions.

Atmospheric circulation

This distributes gas, water and energy within the atmosphere and defines the regional climate
above all.

Landscape and vegetation

Soil conditions and vegetation determine how much radiation is absorbed by the earth’s
surface.

Tectonics

The movement of land masses affects how much radiation falls on ocean areas and how much
on land masses. Ocean areas absorb more warmth than land masses.

Eccentricity (Milankovic Cycles)

Earth’s orbit around the sun changes over about 100,000 years. It starts o rounder and
becomes more elliptical.

Precession

In about 21,000 years, Earth’s axis rotates once like a spinning top round the vertical axis.

1.1.2 Edaphic Factor

The edaphic factor includes the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil that
result from biologic and geologic phenomena or anthropogenic activities.
Discontinuities in the edaphic factor contribute to the intriguing patterns of diversity we
see in the biotic world. Chemical and physical features of soil greatly influence the
ecology and evolution of plants and their associated biota. Extreme soil conditions, such
as those found on serpentine outcrops, limestone and gypsum deposits, and even mine
tailings, have led to the formation of unique plant communities characterized by both
 rarity and endemism. Such sites have also provided model organisms to examine the
process of divergence due to adaptation and reproductive isolation and subsequent
genetic differentiation, in some cases even resulting in speciation. Ever-expanding
agriculture and forestry, mining activity, and urbanization cause severe threats to the
world’s unusual edaphic habitats and their biota. While some areas have been preserved
for their unique biota associated with unusual edaphic conditions, there are many more
that are rapidly being impacted by human activities. Without strict conservation
measures, many species, including metal-hyperaccumulating plants that are useful for
innovative, green technologies such as phytoremediation, may soon be extirpated. Some
of the factors are mentioned below;

A. Soil type and structure

Soil structure includes the size, shape, and arrangement of particles such as sand, silt, and clay. It
was shown that micro-grained soils usually contain higher amounts of microbial biomass than
coarse-grained soils. It was found that the lighter soil structure favoured the development of
bacteria. Researchers indicate that clay molecules and a higher number of micropores in fine-
grained soil limit the development of mesofauna, which protects microorganisms from predation.

B. Soil pH and salinity

The soil pH depends on the type of rock from which the soil was formed. Acid soils are formed from
igneous rocks and sands. Alkaline soils are formed from carbon-ate rocks (e.g. limestone). In addition,
the pH of the soil is inuenced by climate, rock weathering, organic mat -ter and human activity .

The soils are strongly acidic (pH < 4.5), acidic (pH 4.5 – 5.5), slig htly acidic (pH 5.6 – 6.5), neutral
KCL KCL KCL

(pH 6.6 – 7.2) and alkaline (pH > 7.2) [23].

KCL KCL

C. Soil temperature
Temperature is one of the most important edaphic factors determining the limits of microbial
develop-ment because groups of microorganisms grow at the optimal temperature, and after

exceeding this limit their growth is terminated. Climate change, including an increase in

temperature, also affects the structure and functioning of soil microorganisms.

D. Soil moisture
Soil moisture is defined as the water content of the soil. It is one of the most important physical
parameters in agriculture, as it directly influences the growth of plants. A certain amount of
water is stored in the soil. The water content of soil varies in time and space. It depends on the
soil properties, the type of vegetation, the intensity of evaporation (thus indirectly also on
temperature), the amount and distribution of rainfall and irrigation in the case of arable land.

1.2 Objectives

The main aim to carry out this research work is to know about the climate and soil found in
Dhakeri, Banke. In addition to clarify above statement, a point is mentioned below;

 To find the climatic and edaphic condition in Dhakeri.

1.3 Limitation of the study

The research work was completed within short time period. Due to which certain time
period to explore the climatic and edaphic factor found in that Dhakeri area, mostly
secondary source of data collection method was introduced by us. The comprehensive
and descriptive study could not be carried out from the study area due to limitation of
time.
2 Study Area

2.1 Introduction
Banke is bordered on the west by Bardiya district. Rapti zone's Salyan and Dang
Deukhuri Districts border to the north and east. To the south lies Uttar Pradesh, India, a
country in Asia; specifically Shravasti and Bahraich districts of Awadh. East of
Nepalganj the international border follows the southern edge of the Dudhwa Range of
the Siwaliks. The beauty of the botanical garden situated at Dhakeri along the East-West
Highway seldom escapes the view of passersby. The garden is 26-kilometers away from the
sub-metropolitan city of Nepalgunj. About 160 meters above the sea level and expanding over
five hectares, the garden serves as a place to conduct botanical studies, and survey and
preservation on medicinal herbs. we can explore many more herbivores plants like
Preserved species of plants and herbs include Sarpagandha, Kuchila, Shreekhanda,
Sikkakai, Apamarga, Bojho, Bel, Amala, Karilo, Betlauri, Aank, Rajbriksh, Kali Musli,
Tejpat, Sitalchini, Sontata, Sindur, Khayer, Anantamul, Gudmar, Simaltarul, Bijayasal,
Satisal, Arjun and Gurjo etc and also we can also explore climatic and edaphic
condition found in Dhakeri botanical garden since there are many distribution in this
things and also we cannot believe that there are some herbivores plants that cannot
found in terai region but in that botanical garden we can also find that types of
herbivores plants.

4. Materials and Methodology

4.1 Selection of Study Area

The Dhakeri botanical garden is the most important garden which is very
beautiful. We all visiedt Dhakeri which is located in terai region, since it is
popular for the herbivores plants.
4.2 Field visit

We visited that area on 28th falgun, we can aspect that there is too much
enjoyable things is happened we can easily explore many herbs like
Sarpagandha, Kuchila, Shreekhanda, Sikkakai, Apamarga, Bojho, Bel,
Amala, Karilo, Betlauri, Aank, Rajbriksh, Kali Musli, Tejpat, etc.

4.3 Data Collection

While collecting the data we use both primary and secondary collection.
a) Primary data
In primary data collection we ask some question to Suraj
Regmi (local people) and Lila Bahadur K c (worker).
b) Secondary data
In secondary data collection we collect some data by reading
various articles in websites.
5. Result
In dhakeri, we can observe many climatic factors that directly affect the climate.
Here the given bar diagram show the rainfall that occurs in this area.

Besides this fact we are also able to complete our task, we found a climatic and edaphic
condition in dhakeri i.e, soil is good and that soil is best for many herbivores plants and
also he says that there is very hot climate in mainly chaitra and baishakh, there isn’t
take rainfall in winter season but in rainy season rainfall take place in huge amount.
We are also able to find some herbs like Sarpagandha, Kuchila, Shreekhanda, Sikkakai,
Apamarga, Bojho, Bel, Amala, Karilo, Betlauri, Aank, Rajbriksh, Kali Musli, Tejpat,
Sitalchini, Sontata, Sindur, Khayer, Anantamul, Gudmar, Simaltarul, Bijayasal, Satisal,
Arjun and Gurjo,etc.
6. Discussion and conclusion

Dhakeri is one of the best botanical garden in Lumbini province, there is good
environment and also there are many herbivores plants i.e, there are altogether 385
herbivores plants. We can also easily learn that herbivores plants by touching and
seeing them. Not only that we can also gain a good experience about these
herbivores plants.
We had exlored many climatic and edaphic factor that directly cause that dhakeri
botanical garden. We also say that it was the best place for botanical tour which we
feel very exciting before visit there and we feel enjoyable after visiting there. At
last we would like say that, Dhakeri is one of the best botanical garden where there
are many herbs and If time will free for us to visit that botanical garden then again
we will visit that garden. Thank you.